Article(id=1241408714574451632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904501812, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904501812, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904501812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904501812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2183, endPage=2196, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408715786605524, articleId=1241408714574451632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Hydrogeochemical process and health risk of boron in groundwater in oasis area of Turpan Basin, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a typical arid oasis in northwest China, economic development in the Turpan Basin is heavily dependent on groundwater. In this study, hydrogeochemical mechanisms controlling groundwater boron (B) enrichment and associated health risks through an integrated approach combining hydrochemical analysis, isotopic tracing, and UNMIX receptor modeling were systematically investigated based on 6 river water and 49 groundwater collected in the study area. The results indicated that: (1)surface water in the study area was neutral to slightly alkaline, while groundwater ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline;groundwater B existed in a mixed form of H3BO3 and B(OH)4-, with H3BO3 being the dominant species. (2) Groundwater B concentrations ranged from ND to 4.26mg/L, with 24.5% exceeding China's drinking water standard (1.0mg/L, GB5749-2022). High-B groundwater (mainly Cl·SO4-Na·Ca type) exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, clustering in the Gaochang District downstream of B-bearing river. (3) Groundwater B enrichment originated from mountain rock weathering (dominant source), supplemented by anthropogenic inputs (wastewater/fertilizers), with surface water infiltration being the principal transport pathway. Key controlling processes included pH-dependent speciation, cation exchange, competitive adsorption, dissolution of evaporite, and the mixing, with significant variations between aquifers. (4) The UNMIX model identified four factors: surface water infiltration recharge (36.6%), carbonate-silicate dissolution (21.8%), evaporite dissolution (21.6%), and industrial/agricultural activities (20.0%), with boron primarily originating from surface water infiltration recharge (56.0%). (5) The order of vulnerable segments of the population in terms of risk posed by B in groundwater was: infants > adult men > adult women > children. in the arid region of Northwest China.

, correspAuthors=Jin-long ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi-zhen DING, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-long ZHOU, Feng JIANG, Ying SUN, Mi LEI, Le REN, Shui-jin ZHAO, Na-yan ZHAO, Jun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408724091327071, articleId=1241408714574451632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及健康风险, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新疆吐鲁番盆地绿洲区作为西北典型的干旱区,地下水是经济发展的重要水源.基于6组地表水和49组地下水水样,利用水化学、同位素和UNMIX模型等方法分析了地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及潜在的健康风险.结果表明:(1)研究区地表水呈中性-弱碱性,地下水为弱酸-弱碱性;硼在地下水中以H3BO3和B(OH)4-形式混合存在,H3BO3占主导.(2)地下水硼浓度介于ND~4.26mg/L,24.5%的水样超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022)的限值1.0mg/L,高硼地下水水化学类型以Cl·SO4-Na·Ca为主;硼浓度表现出明显的空间差异性,聚集在含硼河流下游的高昌区.(3)山区岩石风化淋溶是地下水硼富集的主要来源,废水和化肥排放也影响着硼浓度,地表水补给是硼进入地下水的主要途径.pH值、竞争吸附、阳离子交换、蒸发盐溶解和混合作用控制着地下水硼的富集,不同含水层具有明显差异.(4)UNMIX模型识别出4个因子:地表水入渗补给(36.6%)、碳酸盐-硅酸盐溶解(21.8%)、蒸发盐溶解(21.6%)和工农业活动(20.0%),其中硼主要来源于地表水入渗补给(56.0%).(5)就硼在地下水中构成的风险而言,弱势群体的顺序为:婴儿>成年男性>成年女性>儿童.

, correspAuthors=周金龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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丁启振(1998-),男,山东郓城人,新疆农业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为干旱区地下水水质演化.发表论文7篇..

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丁启振(1998-),男,山东郓城人,新疆农业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为干旱区地下水水质演化.发表论文7篇..

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丁启振(1998-),男,山东郓城人,新疆农业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为干旱区地下水水质演化.发表论文7篇..

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Water Research200943(5):1159-1170., articleTitle=Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface- and groundwater, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408737177555700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, awardId=2021xjkk1000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021xjkk1000), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408724468814487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408724473008792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, companyId=1241408724468814487, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China), 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figureFileBig=+ywROBXc3SvkbbFE10g+tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408732865810893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图1, caption=绿洲区的采样点(a),2023年的土地利用类型(b)和研究区的典型水文地质剖面(c)

土地利用类型数据来自https://http://www.gis5g.com/home,分辨率1km×1km

, figureFileSmall=+apfL6P3nlo5gsL4pQn1Ow==, figureFileBig=+ywROBXc3SvkbbFE10g+tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733234909672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Durov diagram of surface water and groundwater, figureFileSmall=Wvndti1RKj1amsDtSEapEg==, figureFileBig=QuA/RJVQKeEp4i6lkoo7YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733406876154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图2, caption=地表水、地下水Durov图, figureFileSmall=Wvndti1RKj1amsDtSEapEg==, figureFileBig=QuA/RJVQKeEp4i6lkoo7YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733557871109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of boron in soils, surface water and groundwater. (modified [63]), figureFileSmall=3uw+VMzyC2qUr8b6VUSpkg==, figureFileBig=ZBF3qXzPY46+V2D4maSYaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733734031892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤、地表水和地下水中硼的比较(改自[63]), figureFileSmall=3uw+VMzyC2qUr8b6VUSpkg==, figureFileBig=ZBF3qXzPY46+V2D4maSYaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733864055330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scatterplots of δ2H versus δ18O (a) and the main processes that control dissolved solutes(b~c), figureFileSmall=URaBMvqSeMFh4LmlcbbrUA==, figureFileBig=5ZH70TETtOCnyEdSJKERog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408734048604718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图4, caption=δ2H-δ18O散点图(a)以及控制溶质的主要过程(b~c), figureFileSmall=URaBMvqSeMFh4LmlcbbrUA==, figureFileBig=5ZH70TETtOCnyEdSJKERog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408734174433845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Contribution of different rock weathering (a~c) and cation exchange (d~e), figureFileSmall=zL3rmcxq7/i3dPyH0+e6ww==, figureFileBig=fLwZBFRvHPbwjCHcBUCnTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408734358983233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同岩石风化的贡献(a~c)以及阳离子交换作用(d~e), figureFileSmall=zL3rmcxq7/i3dPyH0+e6ww==, figureFileBig=fLwZBFRvHPbwjCHcBUCnTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408734468035150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation of the B concentrations with measured hydrogeochemical parameters(a~e) and scatterplots of δ18O versus Cl- (f), figureFileSmall=rumxVorCZ8YGdIcdab+n6A==, figureFileBig=6ctfAK9k8TF+Rk84s/mQBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408734719693404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图6, caption=B浓度与实测水化学参数的相关性(a~e)以及δ18O与Cl-的散点图(f), figureFileSmall=rumxVorCZ8YGdIcdab+n6A==, figureFileBig=6ctfAK9k8TF+Rk84s/mQBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735004906090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationships between NO3- and B in groundwater, figureFileSmall=EhGgALBYCNNmkAgdzK6+LA==, figureFileBig=25g45J3NaUnUVdRKP4bvmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735168483957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图7, caption=地下水中NO3-与B的关系, figureFileSmall=EhGgALBYCNNmkAgdzK6+LA==, figureFileBig=25g45J3NaUnUVdRKP4bvmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735315284609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Source apportionment of components in GW, figureFileSmall=G2Vod1zp/uH8Yr1X+OJvkw==, figureFileBig=bI6vgfjmWbW7lw41nXKq7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735449502347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图8, caption=地下水中各组分的来源解析, figureFileSmall=G2Vod1zp/uH8Yr1X+OJvkw==, figureFileBig=bI6vgfjmWbW7lw41nXKq7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735713743509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Hydrogeochemical process of groundwater boron in the study area, figureFileSmall=DrAkUr4FsU1/+zZk03FbMg==, figureFileBig=TiZO5gzkLkNdFer8IuFm/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408735977984672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图9, caption=研究区地下水硼的水文地球化学过程, figureFileSmall=DrAkUr4FsU1/+zZk03FbMg==, figureFileBig=TiZO5gzkLkNdFer8IuFm/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736124785318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Non-carcinogenic risk boron risk levels in drinking water for the different age groups in the study area, figureFileSmall=LBZG51IeaVF8IvlYEkbIOw==, figureFileBig=HhWQPiCullAxJMeS88CyKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736267391664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=图10, caption=研究区不同年龄组饮用水中硼的非致癌风险水平

短点线代表中位数,黑色圆点代表均值

, figureFileSmall=LBZG51IeaVF8IvlYEkbIOw==, figureFileBig=HhWQPiCullAxJMeS88CyKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736401609402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Exposure factor parameters in risk assessment model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露因子单位人群划分参考文献
婴儿(0~6个月)儿童(7个月~18岁)成年女性(>18岁)成年男性(>18岁)
IRL/d0.651.52.663.62[48]
EDa0.506.0030.0030.00[49]
BWkg7.6832.0260.4069.55[50]
EFd/a365[51]
RfDmg/(kg·d)0.20[52]
ATdED×365-
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736502272703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风险评估模型中的暴露因子参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露因子单位人群划分参考文献
婴儿(0~6个月)儿童(7个月~18岁)成年女性(>18岁)成年男性(>18岁)
IRL/d0.651.52.663.62[48]
EDa0.506.0030.0030.00[49]
BWkg7.6832.0260.4069.55[50]
EFd/a365[51]
RfDmg/(kg·d)0.20[52]
ATdED×365-
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736665850571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and chemical characteristics statistics for surface water and groundwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数pH值-ORP(mV)EC(μS/cm)浓度(mg/L)同位素(‰)
TDSK+Na+Ca2+Mg2+Cl-SO42-HCO3-THH2SiO3BNO3-δ2Hδ18O
SW(N=6)最小值7.4666.1149.075.00.1511.7024.103.407.0022.0090.0079.004.10ND2.47-69.95-10.72
最大值8.05135.2462.0230.01.9726.4060.2020.4025.00106.00194.00209.0013.500.65 7.24-49.83-7.93
中位数7.69104.3297.5149.00.5916.0541.159.3512.0052.00110.00143.507.020.01 4.44-61.13-9.58
平均值7.7399.9299.7149.80.8917.1041.489.4714.3354.67125.67142.338.080.16 4.37-61.04-9.54
超标率(%) 0.0--0.0-0.0--0.00.0-0.0-0.00.0--
SSPA(N=12)最小值6.8784.6290.0145.00.7620.5030.102.4021.0048.0089.0090.0018.70ND4.45-86.93-11.88
最大值7.68155.83441.01721.04.08486.40280.9050.90877.00686.00232.00875.0034.171.34 60.27-62.06-9.45
中位数7.43116.0973.0557.01.6784.5571.2519.50191.00166.00129.50255.0023.730.64 14.05-69.55-10.37
平均值7.36114.91359.8675.41.82145.3299.5223.13232.08218.25132.92343.5823.660.59 22.58-72.66-10.61
超标率(%) 0.0--16.7-25.0--33.341.7-33.325.025.0 69.2--
MSPA(N=21)最小值6.4131.9330.0165.00.5723.4022.102.4014.0057.0089.0070.0013.26ND2.93-71.30-10.50
最大值7.82170.26514.03261.016.481010.20551.80213.001131.002124.00414.002255.0027.642.00 121.16-49.62-7.76
中位数7.09111.61006.0564.02.6973.5092.3024.30121.00173.00183.00360.0020.830.75 9.21-64.33-9.83
平均值7.14106.71464.2784.43.87175.02125.8844.90238.24377.24191.67499.1421.730.71 21.51-61.97-9.37
超标率(%) 4.8--19.0-14.3--23.828.6-28.614.323.8 47.6--
MSCA(N=16)最小值6.7924.7310.0125.00.1734.2014.001.2015.0052.0044.0040.0017.33ND1.84-79.60-11.28
最大值8.47148.12072.01035.03.47152.00216.7060.60345.00592.00325.00791.0030.764.26 41.14-57.97-8.84
中位数7.3177.6771.0323.01.5970.8572.2014.00107.00118.00161.00255.5023.160.01 5.59-71.37-10.60
平均值7.3281.3865.7414.31.6883.6279.9619.16114.81173.19168.44278.6322.580.65 11.25-69.50-10.34
超标率(%)0.0--6.3-0.0--6.318.8-18.812.525.0 37.5--
限值6.50~8.50--1000.00-200.00--250.00250.00-450.0025.001.00 10.00--
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736808456911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

地表水和地下水的理化特征统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数pH值-ORP(mV)EC(μS/cm)浓度(mg/L)同位素(‰)
TDSK+Na+Ca2+Mg2+Cl-SO42-HCO3-THH2SiO3BNO3-δ2Hδ18O
SW(N=6)最小值7.4666.1149.075.00.1511.7024.103.407.0022.0090.0079.004.10ND2.47-69.95-10.72
最大值8.05135.2462.0230.01.9726.4060.2020.4025.00106.00194.00209.0013.500.65 7.24-49.83-7.93
中位数7.69104.3297.5149.00.5916.0541.159.3512.0052.00110.00143.507.020.01 4.44-61.13-9.58
平均值7.7399.9299.7149.80.8917.1041.489.4714.3354.67125.67142.338.080.16 4.37-61.04-9.54
超标率(%) 0.0--0.0-0.0--0.00.0-0.0-0.00.0--
SSPA(N=12)最小值6.8784.6290.0145.00.7620.5030.102.4021.0048.0089.0090.0018.70ND4.45-86.93-11.88
最大值7.68155.83441.01721.04.08486.40280.9050.90877.00686.00232.00875.0034.171.34 60.27-62.06-9.45
中位数7.43116.0973.0557.01.6784.5571.2519.50191.00166.00129.50255.0023.730.64 14.05-69.55-10.37
平均值7.36114.91359.8675.41.82145.3299.5223.13232.08218.25132.92343.5823.660.59 22.58-72.66-10.61
超标率(%) 0.0--16.7-25.0--33.341.7-33.325.025.0 69.2--
MSPA(N=21)最小值6.4131.9330.0165.00.5723.4022.102.4014.0057.0089.0070.0013.26ND2.93-71.30-10.50
最大值7.82170.26514.03261.016.481010.20551.80213.001131.002124.00414.002255.0027.642.00 121.16-49.62-7.76
中位数7.09111.61006.0564.02.6973.5092.3024.30121.00173.00183.00360.0020.830.75 9.21-64.33-9.83
平均值7.14106.71464.2784.43.87175.02125.8844.90238.24377.24191.67499.1421.730.71 21.51-61.97-9.37
超标率(%) 4.8--19.0-14.3--23.828.6-28.614.323.8 47.6--
MSCA(N=16)最小值6.7924.7310.0125.00.1734.2014.001.2015.0052.0044.0040.0017.33ND1.84-79.60-11.28
最大值8.47148.12072.01035.03.47152.00216.7060.60345.00592.00325.00791.0030.764.26 41.14-57.97-8.84
中位数7.3177.6771.0323.01.5970.8572.2014.00107.00118.00161.00255.5023.160.01 5.59-71.37-10.60
平均值7.3281.3865.7414.31.6883.6279.9619.16114.81173.19168.44278.6322.580.65 11.25-69.50-10.34
超标率(%)0.0--6.3-0.0--6.318.8-18.812.525.0 37.5--
限值6.50~8.50--1000.00-200.00--250.00250.00-450.0025.001.00 10.00--
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736934286047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Estimation of surface water and groundwater recharge elevation in shaded areas

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监测井名称地下水类型B(mg/L)δ18O(‰)δ2H(‰)高程(m)补给高程(m)补给区
G14MSPA1.95-9.90-66.37221.4353121.804天山
G21MSPA1.57-9.97-65.27-111.9452869.932
G22MSPA1.89-9.92-64.336.5973058.468
S5SW0.28-9.62-61.75402.9663646.811
S6SW0.65-10.08-63.82335.9253426.129
G25SSPA1.04-10.00-65.86-36.7942901.046
X1880SSPA1.15-9.73-64.1281.7693149.404
), ArticleFig(id=1241408737047532267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714574451632, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阴影区地表水和地下水补给高程的估算

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监测井名称地下水类型B(mg/L)δ18O(‰)δ2H(‰)高程(m)补给高程(m)补给区
G14MSPA1.95-9.90-66.37221.4353121.804天山
G21MSPA1.57-9.97-65.27-111.9452869.932
G22MSPA1.89-9.92-64.336.5973058.468
S5SW0.28-9.62-61.75402.9663646.811
S6SW0.65-10.08-63.82335.9253426.129
G25SSPA1.04-10.00-65.86-36.7942901.046
X1880SSPA1.15-9.73-64.1281.7693149.404
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吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及健康风险
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丁启振 1, 2, 3 , 周殷竹 1, 4 , 周金龙 1, 2, 3, * , 姜凤 1, 2, 3 , 孙英 1, 2, 3 , 雷米 1, 2, 3 , 任乐 1, 2, 3 , 赵水金 1, 2, 3 , 赵纳言 1, 2, 3 , 李军 1, 5
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2183-2196
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2183-2196
吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及健康风险
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丁启振1, 2, 3 , 周殷竹1, 4, 周金龙1, 2, 3, * , 姜凤1, 2, 3, 孙英1, 2, 3, 雷米1, 2, 3, 任乐1, 2, 3, 赵水金1, 2, 3, 赵纳言1, 2, 3, 李军1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2.新疆水文水资源工程技术研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 3.新疆水利工程安全与水灾害防治重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 4.中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心,天津 300304
  • 5.河北建筑工程学院,河北 张家口 075000
  • 丁启振(1998-),男,山东郓城人,新疆农业大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为干旱区地下水水质演化.发表论文7篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Hydrogeochemical process and health risk of boron in groundwater in oasis area of Turpan Basin
Qi-zhen DING1, 2, 3 , Yin-zhu ZHOU1, 4, Jin-long ZHOU1, 2, 3, * , Feng JIANG1, 2, 3, Ying SUN1, 2, 3, Mi LEI1, 2, 3, Le REN1, 2, 3, Shui-jin ZHAO1, 2, 3, Na-yan ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jun LI1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 3.Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 4.Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Tianijin 300304, China
  • 5.Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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新疆吐鲁番盆地绿洲区作为西北典型的干旱区,地下水是经济发展的重要水源.基于6组地表水和49组地下水水样,利用水化学、同位素和UNMIX模型等方法分析了地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及潜在的健康风险.结果表明:(1)研究区地表水呈中性-弱碱性,地下水为弱酸-弱碱性;硼在地下水中以H3BO3和B(OH)4-形式混合存在,H3BO3占主导.(2)地下水硼浓度介于ND~4.26mg/L,24.5%的水样超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022)的限值1.0mg/L,高硼地下水水化学类型以Cl·SO4-Na·Ca为主;硼浓度表现出明显的空间差异性,聚集在含硼河流下游的高昌区.(3)山区岩石风化淋溶是地下水硼富集的主要来源,废水和化肥排放也影响着硼浓度,地表水补给是硼进入地下水的主要途径.pH值、竞争吸附、阳离子交换、蒸发盐溶解和混合作用控制着地下水硼的富集,不同含水层具有明显差异.(4)UNMIX模型识别出4个因子:地表水入渗补给(36.6%)、碳酸盐-硅酸盐溶解(21.8%)、蒸发盐溶解(21.6%)和工农业活动(20.0%),其中硼主要来源于地表水入渗补给(56.0%).(5)就硼在地下水中构成的风险而言,弱势群体的顺序为:婴儿>成年男性>成年女性>儿童.

地下水  /  地球化学过程  /  硼  /  稳定同位素  /  UNMIX  /  吐鲁番盆地绿洲  /  西北干旱区

As a typical arid oasis in northwest China, economic development in the Turpan Basin is heavily dependent on groundwater. In this study, hydrogeochemical mechanisms controlling groundwater boron (B) enrichment and associated health risks through an integrated approach combining hydrochemical analysis, isotopic tracing, and UNMIX receptor modeling were systematically investigated based on 6 river water and 49 groundwater collected in the study area. The results indicated that: (1)surface water in the study area was neutral to slightly alkaline, while groundwater ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline;groundwater B existed in a mixed form of H3BO3 and B(OH)4-, with H3BO3 being the dominant species. (2) Groundwater B concentrations ranged from ND to 4.26mg/L, with 24.5% exceeding China's drinking water standard (1.0mg/L, GB5749-2022). High-B groundwater (mainly Cl·SO4-Na·Ca type) exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, clustering in the Gaochang District downstream of B-bearing river. (3) Groundwater B enrichment originated from mountain rock weathering (dominant source), supplemented by anthropogenic inputs (wastewater/fertilizers), with surface water infiltration being the principal transport pathway. Key controlling processes included pH-dependent speciation, cation exchange, competitive adsorption, dissolution of evaporite, and the mixing, with significant variations between aquifers. (4) The UNMIX model identified four factors: surface water infiltration recharge (36.6%), carbonate-silicate dissolution (21.8%), evaporite dissolution (21.6%), and industrial/agricultural activities (20.0%), with boron primarily originating from surface water infiltration recharge (56.0%). (5) The order of vulnerable segments of the population in terms of risk posed by B in groundwater was: infants > adult men > adult women > children. in the arid region of Northwest China.

groundwater  /  geochemical processes  /  boron  /  stable isotopes  /  UNMIX  /  Turpan Basin oasis  /  arid region of Northwest China
丁启振, 周殷竹, 周金龙, 姜凤, 孙英, 雷米, 任乐, 赵水金, 赵纳言, 李军. 吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼的水文地球化学过程及健康风险. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2183 -2196 .
Qi-zhen DING, Yin-zhu ZHOU, Jin-long ZHOU, Feng JIANG, Ying SUN, Mi LEI, Le REN, Shui-jin ZHAO, Na-yan ZHAO, Jun LI. Hydrogeochemical process and health risk of boron in groundwater in oasis area of Turpan Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2183 -2196 .
硼(B)是人类和植物生长发育的必需微量元素,主要以含硼矿物以及硼酸(H3BO3)、硼酸盐的形式赋存岩石圈和水圈中.但长期高剂量硼的摄入不仅会对人类生殖产生不良影响[1-2],而且会影响植物的生长及产量[3].进入21世纪,包括印度[4]、墨西哥[5]、玻利维亚[6]、沙特阿拉伯[7]、意大利[8]、中国、美国以及孟加拉国[9]等在内的至少20个国家报道存在地下水硼超标,硼浓度介于ND~391mg/L之间,其中受影响较为严重的国家主要分布在亚洲和非洲.可见,地下水中的硼或将成为继砷(As)、氟(F-)、碘(I-)之后又一全球性公共健康、水安全问题.
按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)[10]中的限值,将地下水B>1.0mg/L定义为高硼地下水.在我国针对高硼地下水来源做了相关研究,包括来源以基岩风化和土壤淋溶为主的华北平原[11]、塔里木河流域[12]、河套平原[13]和受工业影响较大的东北辽宁工业区[14],而在西南地区的青藏高原高硼地下水主要受地热的影响[15],在受海水入侵影响的东部沿海湿润地区也有高硼地下水的报道[16].因此,地下水硼的来源与自然环境和人类活动有关.硼酸盐矿物、火山活动、地热和海水被认为是地下水中硼的重要自然来源[5,17],人类活动也可通过农业灌溉[18-19]、污水排放[20-21]和矿产开采[22]等不同方式向地下水贡献硼.控制地下水中硼释放的众多因素包括地下水停留时间[23]、pH值[24]、吸附-解吸[25]、咸水与地下水的混合作用[26].在水文地球化学研究中,正演模型(FM)[27]、绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)[28]、正定矩阵分解(PMF)[29]和UNMIX[30]模型常被用于地下水化学成分来源的定量解析.其中,UNMIX模型操作简单,不需要数据转换,克服了其他受体模型在解析结果给出负值的缺点,且在污染物浓度低于检出限时可以进行自适应补偿,逐渐获得学者的青睐.此外,稳定同位素技术可用于阐明地下水补给和描述控制含水层中微量组分活动的因素[31-32].
在地表水资源匮乏的西北干旱区,山区降水形成地表径流,地表径流出山口后入渗转化补给的地下水成为绿洲最重要的饮用和灌溉水源,其水质与当地居民健康直接密切相关.尽管在西北干旱区已经进行了几项关于地下水硼的研究,但更多侧重于硼浓度的初步调查,缺乏硼富集机制研究[12,33].本研究于2023年在新疆吐鲁番盆地绿洲区采集了49组地下水水样,其中硼超标尤为突出(点位超标率为24.5%).尽管饮用水中硼浓度升高会引起健康问题,但截至目前,尚未对吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼的地球化学特征及其相关健康风险进行初步研究.综上,本研究首先初步调查了地下水中硼浓度、赋存状态、迁移和富集的控制因素,其次利用稳定δ2H和δ18O同位素以及UNMIX模型追踪水源的来源,最后评价饮用高硼地下水对人体健康的风险.研究结果将加深对西北干旱区盆地尺度下地下水硼的水文地球化学过程的理解.
吐鲁番盆地(88°20″~90°20″E,42°30″~43°20″N)地处祖国西北边陲的新疆东部.研究区位于吐鲁番盆地绿洲平原区(图1),面积1971.6km2,北部为博格达山,西部为喀拉乌成山,南接觉罗塔格山,东与库木塔格沙漠相邻,中部有火焰山和盐山沿着东西方向延伸并将盆地分为南盆地和北盆地两部分.总体地势北高南地、西高东低,倾向南盆地艾丁湖(中国陆地最低点).研究区属典型的大陆性暖温带干旱沙漠气候,具有降水稀少、蒸发强烈的特点.年平均气温为15.7℃,年平均降雨量仅为14.8mm,但年平均蒸发量极高达2727.0~3837.8mm[34],约为降水量的184~259倍.尽管发源于北部以及西部天山山脉的常年河有14条,但多年平均径流量较小,总径流量为10.6×108m3.
吐鲁番盆地属北天山地槽褶皱带范畴,包括博格达复背斜、吐鲁番山间断陷盆地及觉罗塔格复背斜3个三级构造单元.第四纪以来,在继承燕山和喜山期构造运动的基础上,加之新构造运动影响,形成了山地、洪积平原、湖积平原和流动沙漠等地貌单元.吐鲁番盆地北部博格达山区地层多为石炭系,岩性主要为安山岩、玄武岩及相应的火山碎屑岩为主,这为硼的富集奠定了物源基础[35].根据《新疆吐鲁番市小羊沟-苏伦纳一带硼矿地质调查评价报告》(中化地质矿山总局河南地质局,2017)可知,在北部煤窑沟中的西西塔克分布有火山岩沉积型硼矿矿点,距高昌区约40km;矿床成因类型为热液交代型,矿石类型主要为硅钙硼石(CaBSiO4);氧化硼(B2O3)品位1.35%~5.42%,平均品位2.60%,地质储量7.32×104t[36].
在北盆地,平原区出露地层主要为第四系,沉积厚度10~1000m的第四系卵砾石、砂砾石、砂以及少量黏土,以单一结构潜水含水层为主,地下水埋深以10~30m为主;而南盆地地层颗粒由北向南逐渐变细,在盆地腹部分布多层结构的潜水含水层和承压水含水层,沉积厚度10~700m,岩性为砂,隔水层主要为黏土,火焰山南部地下水埋深主要为50~100m、托克逊县至火焰山一带埋深多为10~30m.北盆地平原区主要接受山区基岩裂隙水侧向补给以及河水入渗补给,补给条件较好;地下水自北向南径流,径流较快;排泄以局部地下水开采、补给南盆地的侧向出流为主.南盆地地下水流向自山前向盆地中心(尾闾艾丁湖)汇聚,径流条件相对较差;补给项主要为河水、渠系水、农田灌溉水入渗补给和地下水侧向补给;人工开采、浅埋带潜水蒸发为主要的排泄方式.
2023年7月在吐鲁番盆地绿洲区采集地下水样品49组(井深5~300m)、地表水(SW)样品6组(图1a),其中,单一结构潜水(SSPA)样品12组,承压水区潜水(MSPA)样品21组,承压水(MSCA)样品16组.采样点密度为24.9眼/103km2,符合中国《地下水监测规范》(SL183-2005)[37]地下水水质监测站密度为1.0~1.6眼/103km2的要求.野外现场记录取样点的坐标、高程以及周围环境等信息.样品的采集、保存和检测严格按照中国《地表水环境质量监测技术规范》(HJ91.2-2022)[38]和《地下水环境监测技术规范》(HJ 164-2020)[39]进行.现场采集水样前,先抽取3倍井筒水量,用待取水样润洗3次取样瓶,之后使用0.22μm的微孔式滤膜过滤水样.地表水和地下水水样储存在250mL的瓶子进行化学分析,且在水样中使用超纯化的HNO3,直到达到pH<2.样品保存在15mL高密度聚乙烯瓶中,用于氘氧稳定同位素(δ2H和δ18O)分析.所有样品经Parafilm膜密封后,在4℃冷藏保存直至送检.采用便携式多参数综合水质测定仪(HANNA,HI9828)现场测定地下水pH值、水温、电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)、溶解性总固体(TDS)等指标.
根据中国《生活饮用水标准检验法》(GB/T5750-2023)[40],在新疆维吾尔自治区地质勘查开发局第二水文地质工程地质大队化验室对主要阴、阳离子进行分析.地下水检测指标包括K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-、NO3--N、TH、F-、As、I-、H2SiO3.B样品送新疆有色地质勘查局测试中心检测.δ2H和δ18O样品在中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所采用液态水同位素分析仪(DEL-100)测试,测试结果以相对维也纳标准平均海水(VS-MOW)千分偏差表示(δ,‰),测试精度:δ2H为±0.1‰、δ18O为±0.8‰.电荷平衡误差(CBE)计算结果显示79.6%的样品CBE在±5%以内,其余样品的CBE均介于±10%,表明数据可靠[41].
在本研究中利用Origin 2022和ArcGIS 10.8软件进行绘图,并通过SPSS 26.0进行数据处理.离子比例系数图用来探究地下水硼控制因素及富集机理,采用EPA UNMIX 6.0软件进行UNMIX分析,结合同位素手段对研究区地下水溶质来源进行识别.出于统计目的,将低于检测限值的参数替换为检测限值的一半[42].地下水中各别参数往往不服从正态分布,本文统一采用中位数代替平均值进行数理统计说明.
δ18O和δ2H具有高程效应,而同位素交换反应对δ2H几乎没有影响,因此利用δ2H确定含水层补给区大气降水的同位素入渗高度(含水层补给高度).计算公式为[43]:
式中:H为补给区高程(m);h为取样点标高(m);δG为取样点的δ2H值;δp为取样点附近大气降水的同位素组成,取为-105.3‰[44]k为同位素高度梯度(‰/m),取-1.34‰/100m.
UNMIX模型是基于主成分分析(PCA)的一种多元受体模型,该模型通过自建模曲线分辨率(SMCR)方法确保源贡献服从非负约束[45],现已成为美国环保署(EPA)推荐的源解析模型之一,计算公式如下:
式中:Cij为第i个样品中第j个组分的含量;Fjk为第j个组分在源k(1…m)的质量分数,代表源的组成;Sik为源k在第i个样品的总量,代表源贡献率;E为各个源组成的不确定度.
模型的详细计算过程请参阅美国环保局UNMIX 6.0基础和用户指南[46].模型结果是否合理,需要以下原则评判:①模型推荐计算值与测量值间的相关系数Min R2>0.8;②模型推荐信噪比min(Sig/Nois)>2.0.
世界各地许多缺水地区的地下水受到污染,并引发了健康风险问题[47].本研究以USEPA推荐的确定性健康风险评估方法为基础,开展地下水中硼的非致癌风险评估.相比于皮肤摄入,经饮水摄入被认为是危害估计的重要暴露途径[13].因此,针对饮水暴露途径的非致癌健康风险评估模型如下:
式中:EDI表示估计的日均摄入量[mg/(kg·d)];C表示地下水中污染物浓度(mg/L);IR表示水的摄入速率(L/d);ED为暴露持续时间(a);EF为暴露频率(d/a);BW表示体重(kg);AT表示平均暴露时间(d),一般为ED×365.
通过饮用水途径接触硼而引起的非致癌危险系数(HQ)计算公式如下:
本研究使用的硼的参考计量(RfD)为0.20[mg/(kg·d)],暴露参数详见表1.HQ<1被认为是安全的,HQ>1则被认为对暴露人群有健康风险.
研究区不同水体的理化特征见表2.地表水pH值呈中性-弱碱性,中位数与范围为7.69(7.46~8.05);地下水pH值呈弱酸-弱碱性,介于6.41~8.47之间,地下水样本组之间无明显差异;与地表水相比,地下水样本组pH值的中位数均较低.地表水TDS中位数为149.0mg/L,低于黄河(486.0mg/L)、长江(778.0mg/L)、雅鲁藏布江(174.2mg/L)[53],且与印度马哈纳迪河(147.0mg/L)、越南红河(147.0mg/L)相差不大[54].地下水TDS范围介于125.0~3261.0mg/L,SSPA、MSPA和MSCA的中位数分别为557.0,564.0和323.0mg/L,远低于塔里木盆地(2607.3mg/L)[55].地表水中主要阴、阳离子浓度中位数排序依次分别为HCO3->SO42->Cl-、Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+,与MSPA分布规律相似,初步认为二者之间联系密切.在SSPA、MSPA和MSCA中均检测到了相对高的NO3-浓度(>10mg/L),最大值分别为60.27,121.16和41.14mg/L,而地表水中NO3-浓度通常较低.硼的富集出现在S5、S6两条河流上,远超过全球范围内主要河流的平均硼浓度0.03mg/L[56],其余四条河流未检出.通常在地表水中,富硼岩石的淋溶可能导致硼的富集[22],因此推断研究区富硼岩石风化淋溶是将硼引入河流的来源.地下水中硼浓度范围为ND~4.26mg/L,检出率为55.1%,低于海水硼浓度4.50mg/L[57].4.1%的水样(均属于MSCA)超过世界卫生组织推荐值2.40mg/L;24.5%的水样为高硼地下水,其中SSPA、MSPA和MSCA中高硼地下水水样占比分别为25.0%、23.8%和25.0%.
Durov图不仅可以对不同水体水化学类型进行描述,而且也可根据水体的pH值和TDS来表征水化学[58-59].简单溶解和阳离子交换是影响研究区水化学的两个主要过程(图2).地表水中阳离子分布在离子三角形A处,阴离子主要分布在F处,此外地表水集中分布在离子方形②处,一致表明HCO3-Ca型为地表水主要的水化学类型.对于高硼地下水,阳离子分布在离子三角形A、C处,阴离子主要分布在D处,SO4-Ca(Na)占据主导地位,表明地下水硼的富集可能与蒸发岩盐溶解有关;高硼地下水普遍低的pH值影响矿物的溶解,导致TDS增加,这在MSPA、MSCA中表现更加明显.采用舒卡列夫分类法,地表水水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型为主,地下水水化学类型以HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca型、HCO3·Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型为主,而高硼地下水主要的水化学类型为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型.
对土壤中硼进行分析,以确定地表水和地下水中硼存在的可能来源(图3).北部博格达山土壤呈环形自山区-平原区展布,硼含量主要介于53.00~123.00mg/kg,高于新疆土壤中硼含量40.90mg/kg、中国土壤中硼含量47.14mg/kg[60]、全球土壤硼含量42.00mg/kg[61],与2.1节相互印证;而西部和东南部土壤硼含量相对较低(<53.00mg/kg),且地下水中很少检测到硼,个别点位超标或检出可能受到其他因素(蒸发等)的影响.在土壤中硼含量较高的核心区域,分布2组检测到硼的地表水,与之对应的下游绿洲区内大量地下水中检测到硼,并出现高硼地下水.与污染源对比发现,在生活垃圾填埋场(TL04)的下游约8.0km内,MSCA中1组水样(G19)硼浓度显著升高,初步推断生活污水排放是导致该处地下水硼富集的因素之一.
地下水中δ2H和δ18O同位素含量相对稳定,常用来示踪地下水的运动状况[64].研究区地下水δ2H和δ18O值分布在当地大气降水线[65]附近偏右下方,表明其初始补给源为大气降水,且受一定蒸发作用影响(图4a).地表水、MSPA、SSPA和MSCA的(δ2H,δ18O)逐渐贫化,具有明显的深度效应,中位数分别为(-61.13,-9.58),(-64.33,-9.83),(-69.55,-10.37)和(-71.37,-10.60)(表1).表明地表水和MSPA受到一定程度的蒸发作用,SSPA和MSCA更多受到山前河流的入渗转化补给.阴影部分中,MSPA的δ2H和δ18O值均与地表水相近,相同区域呈聚集分布,且MSPA随着距地表水越远呈贫化的特征,指示引地表水灌溉对MSPA产生补给[15].进一步对阴影区内地表水与MSPA和SSPA中高硼地下水的补给源高程进行计算(表3).地表水的补给高程在3500m左右,而地下水主要介于2800~3200m之间,与土壤中硼含量核心高值区(高程介于1118~4023m)基本吻合.
Gibbs在1970年提出控制水体水化学组成的三大机制,即岩石风化、蒸发-结晶以及大气降水[66],广泛用于地表水和地下水中.区内大多数水样的水化学受到岩石风化作用影响(图4b),MSPA、SSPA中个别高硼水样的水化学与蒸发作用有关,而位于模型外的水样可能是受到阳离子交换作用或者人类活动影响.另外,MSCA中的个别高硼水样,并未落在框线外,但受到了人类活动的影响(图7).因此,在使用Gibbs图分析承压水时,需结合微量元素进一步分析人类活动的影响.根据Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和HCO-3的关系可进一步判断不同岩石风化对地下水溶质的影响[54].大部分高硼水样落入蒸发盐岩优势区(图4c),在硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩附近零星分布,表明除硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩溶解作用外,蒸发盐岩溶解对高硼地下水化学起着至关重要的作用.
离子比值可进一步确定不同岩石风化对水化学的影响.由(Ca2++Mg2+)与(HCO3-+SO42-)的比值关系可知(图5a),MSPA、MSCA中多数高硼水样落在1:1线附近或位于上方,SSPA中高硼水样位于下方.表明MSPA、MSCA中高硼地下水的Ca2+和Mg2+主要来自蒸发盐的溶解,而SSPA中高硼地下水受到碳酸盐溶解的影响,但也有可能随着阳离子交换反应的进行而有所增加[55,67].为进一步阐明石膏溶解对地下水水化学的贡献,采用了(Ca2++Mg2+-HCO3-)与SO42-的关系图(图5b).显然,高硼地下水水样大多绘制在1:1线附近,这进一步表明石膏是其溶质的重要来源.利用Na+与Cl-的比值关系可以判断岩盐溶解对地下水溶质的贡献.岩盐被认为是高硼地下水中Na+和Cl-的重要来源,因为这些样品大多分布在1:1线附近.SSPA、MSPA中高硼水样随着Na+含量的增加,明显远离1:1线,进一步表明发生了阳离子交换作用[68].(Na++K+)-Cl-与(Ca2++Mg2+)-(HCO3-+SO42-)的比值关系也常被用来研究阳离子交换作用是否明显[69].图5d显示,不同含水层阳离子交换程度不同,SSPA、MSCA以及MSPA的斜率绝对值逐渐减小,分别为0.973(R2=0.915)、0.839(R2=0.793)和0.660(R2=0.713).可进一步根据Schoeller提出的氯碱指数(CAI-Ⅰ和CAI-Ⅱ)判断地下水存在阳离子交换作用的可能性[70].整体来看,研究区地下水水样主要落在图5e左下方,以发生正向阳离子交换作用为主.其中,MSCA主要发生正向阳离子交换作用,而SSPA、MSPA中高硼的地下水水样以发生反向阳离子交换作用为主.
地下水的pH值对硼在水中的赋存状态有决定作用.实验发现[71],当pH值<6.5时,硼主要以H3BO3的形式存在;当pH值>11时,主要以络阴离子B(OH)4-的形式存在;pH值为9.5时,一半的硼酸发生下式反应.解离平衡方程式为:
研究区高硼地下水的pH值集中分布在6.5~7.0范围内(图6a),显然地下水中硼以H3BO3和B(OH)4-的形式混合存在,H3BO3占主导.硼在黏土上的吸附量随pH值的变化而变化,主要是由于H3BO3和B(OH)4-以及OH-的浓度变化导致的吸附位竞争.当pH值<7时,黏土对H3BO3的亲和力较低,吸附量较小;随着pH值的升高(7.0~9.0),B(OH)4-浓度增加,由于黏土对B(OH)4-具有较强的亲和力,因此吸附量迅速增加,从而降低了地下水中硼含量,在这个pH值范围内尽管OH-本身对黏土有一定的亲和力,但OH-的浓度仍然较低,对硼吸附的影响较小[72].这在MSPA与MSCA中得到了很好的印证,而在SSPA中不明显的原因是缺少黏土层.
HCO3-作为一种常见的竞争阴离子,减少了吸附剂上的有效吸附位置,从而触发了B从沉积物中的解吸[73-74].B与HCO3-的正相关表明,竞争吸附作用是水体中B解吸的驱动因素,这在青藏高原STR干流中观察到了类似现象[15];与SSPA相比,MSPA和MSCA中的B与HCO3-的呈正相关,拟合R2分别为0.671和0.763(图6b).研究区地下水B>1.0mg/L的平均HCO3-浓度为219.20mg/L,远大于B<1.0mg/L的平均HCO3-浓度128.90mg/L.因此认为地下水中B与HCO3-对矿物表面的竞争吸附也是控制B在含水层中运移的重要过程.
阳离子交换作用也会促进硼在含水层中的迁移[75].研究区大部分地下水样品在阳离子交换后变的富钠,而高硼地下水则变得更加富钙(图5d、e).研究区地下水平均Na/Ca为2.83,B<1.0mg/L的平均Na/Ca为3.71,而B>1.0mg/L的平均Na/Ca为1.63(图6c),表明低Na/Ca的地下水比高Na/Ca的地下水可能释放更多的B.而对于高氟地下水而言,结论恰相反[76].换句话说,富钙贫钠的环境更利于地下水B的富集,这一现象的产生可能归因于硼酸根、钙离子、镁离子与黏土矿物之间的相互作用,需进一步深入研究.
尽管盐岩的溶解为地下水提供了Cl-,但这种过程对B的富集并没有显著的贡献,这从Cl-增加过程中B浓度的变化就可以看出(图6d).相反,与SSPA相比,MSPA和MSCA中SO42-与B的具有正相关性,R2>0.500(图6e).研究区富含石膏和芒硝等蒸发盐矿物,为上述过程奠定了基础[77].因此,对于地下水硼的富集,石膏、芒硝等蒸发盐岩溶解也可能是一个不可忽视的驱动因素.
2022年吐鲁番盆地分布4个重点中型灌区,设计灌溉总面积为33567hm2,频繁的耕作和灌溉使硼和盐分通过包气带渗入地下水中.为了揭示灌溉入渗对地下水硼迁移和富集的影响,绘制了地下水δ18O和Cl-的关系(图6f).地下水水样主要分为二个区域.I区地下水中Cl-含量较小且变化不大,而δ18O变化较大,MSCA中硼有逐渐富集的趋势,这部分地下水主要受侧向补给的影响[78].Ⅱ区地下水中Cl-含量较高,且呈上升趋势,并伴有高硼含量(>1.0mg/L),δ18O相对丰富,没有显著变化,灌溉水的垂直入渗将大量的可溶盐和B带入MSPA和SSPA地下水,可能是造成这种现象的原因.
地下水中NO3-浓度高于5.0mg/L,被认为是受到人类活动的影响[79].但本研究区NO3-浓度普遍较高,因此采用平均值21.36mg/L作为自然背景值.从图7可以看到,不同地下水中NO3-与B均具有明显的相关关系,SSPA、MSPA、MSCA的相关系数R2依次为0.793、0.541和0.767.地下水中NO3-与B的关系大致分为两种:Ⅱ区地下水NO3-<21.36mg/L,普遍B<1.0mg/L,该部分地下水硼的富集主要取决于自然背景.而Ⅰ区地下水NO3-浓度>21.36mg/L,且B>1.0mg/L,尽管有研究表明含硼化肥对地下水中硼富集影响相对较小[18],但不可忽略.值得一提的是,从图1图3可知,地处燃煤发电厂(TL05)附近的MSCA水样(G28)硼浓度显著富集至最大,可能与燃煤发电厂底部渗滤液有关[21].因此,污水排放和农业施肥等对地下水硼的富集产生了显著影响.
利用UNMIX 6.0软件,得出24组地下水水样的14个参数在可解析的4个源的浓度分配情况.其中,4个源的Min Rsq=0.85,代表85.0%的物种方差可由该模型解释,大于系统要求的最小值0.80;Min Sig./ Noise=2.03,大于系统要求的最低值2.00.由此认为得出的解析结果是可靠的.由图8可知,EC(42.0%)、Na+(64.0%)、Ca2+(48.0%)、Cl-(60.0%)和SO42-(58.0%)在源1上有较大的载荷,同时也高于其余三个源.载荷之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),指示地下水化学成分主要来源岩盐(NaCl)、硫酸盐(CaSO4、Na2SO4·10H2O)等蒸发盐岩的溶解.命名源1为蒸发盐溶解,贡献率为21.6%.Mg2+(71.0%)、HCO3-(37.0%)在源2上有较大的载荷,二者之间呈正相关,相关系数r2=0.85,表明碳酸盐的溶解为其主要来源,但不排除硅酸盐溶解的影响.因此,命名源2为碳酸盐-硅酸盐溶解,贡献率为21.8%.NO3-(60.0%)在源3上有较大的载荷,地下水中NO3-主要与化肥施用、大气沉降、动物粪便和人类污水排放有关[80].前文分析认为研究区地下水受到污水排放和化肥施用的双重影响,因此命名源3为工农业活动,贡献率为20.0%.pH值(100.0%)、B(56.0%)、H2SiO3(68.0%)、F-(98.0%)、δ2H(72.0%)和δ18O(71.0%)在源4上有较大的载荷.研究区北部硼矿以硅硼钙石(CaBSiO4)为主,风化后,随降水淋溶进入地表水形成B和H2SiO3,最后通过地表水补给进入地下水.同位素表现出明显的高程效应和深度效应.因此,命名源4为地表水入渗补给,贡献率为36.6%,在4个源中贡献率最大.
本研究经过前期分析,发现研究区地下水B存在一定程度的污染,并通过图9详细阐释了地下水硼的水文地球化学行为过程:研究区北部硼矿是地下水中硼的最初来源,岩石风化淋溶随降水进入地表水后,一部分通过引水灌溉入渗补给地下水;另一部分,在出山口入渗转化为地下水后,沿程侧向补给地下水.当然,工农业活动产生的废水和化肥对地下水中硼的影响也不可忽略.
为进一步评估饮水途径下地下水B对人体潜在的健康风险,计算了HQ值(图10).结果显示:全部地下水(SSPA、MSPA和MSCA)均表现为婴儿风险最大,其次为成年男性、儿童,最后为成年女性.中位数排序依次为,SSPA: 0.32>0.20>0.18>0.17; MSPA:0.35>0.22>0.20>0.18; MSCA: 0.51>0.31>0.28>0.26.SSPA、MSPA中所有地下水对于四类人群的HQ均<1.0,构成的非致癌风险较小,表明所有地下水都适合饮用.而MSCA中个别地下水对于婴儿和成年男性的HQ>1.0,说明对人体构成了非致癌风险.建议未来通过除硼处理设施来确保饮用水安全,对硼异常的监测井实施定期追踪监测.同时,通过采用硼同位素手段、测定土壤硼含量对地下水硼的来源做进一步精准溯源,以减少或控制硼从源头进入地下水和地表水系统.此外,应严格控制当地工农业活动对地下水的污染,从而降低地下水中硼对公众健康构成的风险.
4.1 吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水硼浓度范围为ND~4.26mg/L,高硼地下水占比24.5%,主要水化学类型为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型.地下水硼富集分布在高昌区境内的绿洲区,来源除北部山区含硼矿物的风化淋溶外,还与人类活动产生的废水和肥料等有关.
4.2 MSCA整体硼浓度较低(中位数0.10mg/L),因局部硼浓度较高(2.56,4.26mg/L),对婴儿和成年男性具有非致癌风险,不适合饮用;MSPA(中位数0.72mg/L)硼浓度整体略高于SSPA(中位数0.64mg/L),对人群不构成非致癌风险,均适合饮用.
4.3 地下水硼的富集与pH值、Na2+/Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-有关,反映了水-岩相互作用、阳离子交换和蒸发盐溶解的影响.另外,地表水对地下水的补给是硼富集一个重要过程.阳离子交换作用通过将地下水从富Na2+变为富Ca2+,有利于B释放到水中,这一现象在MSPA和MSCA中表现的更为明显.同时,HCO3-、SO42-的增加也利于MSPA和MSCA中硼的富集.
4.4 运用UNMIX模型开展地下水水化学组分定量溯源解析,共得到蒸发盐溶解(21.6%)、碳酸盐-硅酸盐溶解(21.8%)、工农业活动(20.0%)和地表水入渗补给(36.6%)4个来源.其中,地下水中硼主要来自地表水入渗补给,贡献率为(56.0%).
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021xjkk1000)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
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    1.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
    2.新疆水文水资源工程技术研究中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
    3.新疆水利工程安全与水灾害防治重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
    4.中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心,天津 300304
    5.河北建筑工程学院,河北 张家口 075000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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