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A systematic study on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant pathogenic bacteria in the air and corresponding sewage of the sewage treatment plant was conducted. Their enrichment rate in the air and influencing factors were analyzed, and daily respiratory exposure was assessed. A divergence in the distribution of predominant ARGs in ambient air and sewage was revealed, with Sul1 and tetW being identified as the most abundantly detected genetic markers. The taxonomic composition of the dominant pathogenic bacteria was found to be similar across both matrices, with Bacteroides, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus genera being identified as the most prevalent in sequential order. Enrichment of certain ARGs and pathogenic bacteria was observed in the air of wastewater treatment plants, with the highest enrichment rates being attributed to the tetW gene and Megamonas genus, respectively. The transfer process of ARGs and pathogenic bacteria from wastewater to air was influenced by factors such as water quality and aeration processes. Tracing analysis indicated that approximately 73.59%±3.61% of the bacteria in the air of wastewater treatment plants originated from the sewage. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was successfully isolated from both air and sewage samples, with MRSA in the air being observed to exhibit an antibiotic resistance index (0.24) that was significantly higher than that in sewage (0.077±0.045). Furthermore, MRSA's resistance to vancomycin in the air was also found to be greater than that of the corresponding isolates from sewage. The daily inhalation exposure to bacteria for workers at the wastewater treatment plant was estimated to be (1.9±1.5)×105 copies/d, with average exposure to ARGs and mobile genetic elements(MGEs) being calculated as (7.4±7.5)×104 copies/d and (0.8±1.0)×104 copies/d, respectively. The findings of this study were expected to provide scientific data for a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with air quality in wastewater treatment plants and for the development of corresponding control strategies.

, correspAuthors=Min GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shan-shan GAO, Shuo LIU, Shao-bin LI, Ze-ran WEI, Hui-bo XIN, Jia-yu TIAN, Min GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408719766999180, articleId=1241408714347959210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=空气中耐药基因和致病菌逸散特征与暴露风险——以典型市政污水处理厂为例, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对污水处理厂空气和对应污水中的抗生素耐药基因(ARGs)和耐药致病菌(ARBs)展开系统研究,分析其在空气中的富集率以及影响因素,评估其日呼吸暴露量.结果显示,空气和污水中的优势ARGs的种类和浓度均存在差异,最高浓度基因分别为Sul1tetW.两种介质中优势致病菌种类相似,依次为拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)和肠球菌(Enterococcus).污水厂空气中某些ARGs和ARBs存在富集现象,其中富集率最高ARGs和ARBs分别为tetW和巨单胞菌(Megamonas).污水中ARGs和ARBs向空气的转移受到污水水质和曝气工艺等因素的影响.溯源分析结果显示,污水厂空气中细菌约有73.59%±3.61%来自污水.本研究在空气和污水样本中均分离出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),发现空气中MRSA的抗生素耐药指数(0.24)远高于污水(0.077±0.045),并且其对万古霉素的耐药性能也高于污水中相应分离株.人体呼吸暴露分析结果显示,污水厂工人的细菌日吸入量为(1.9±1.5)×105copies/d,ARGs和移动遗传元件(MEGs)的日吸入量分别为(7.4±7.5)×104copies/d和(0.8±1.0)×104copies/d.

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* 责任作者,研究员,
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高珊珊(1981-),女,黑龙江大庆人,高级工程师,博士.研究方向为污废水资源化与环境健康.发表论文20余篇. .

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高珊珊(1981-),女,黑龙江大庆人,高级工程师,博士.研究方向为污废水资源化与环境健康.发表论文20余篇. .

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高珊珊(1981-),女,黑龙江大庆人,高级工程师,博士.研究方向为污废水资源化与环境健康.发表论文20余篇. .

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黑色圆圈代表A,白色圆圈代表B

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空气中耐药基因和致病菌逸散特征与暴露风险——以典型市政污水处理厂为例
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高珊珊 1 , 刘硕 1, 2 , 李少斌 1, 2 , 魏泽冉 2 , 辛会博 2 , 田家宇 1 , 高敏 2, *
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(4): 2276-2287
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(4): 2276-2287
空气中耐药基因和致病菌逸散特征与暴露风险——以典型市政污水处理厂为例
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高珊珊1 , 刘硕1, 2, 李少斌1, 2, 魏泽冉2, 辛会博2, 田家宇1, 高敏2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北工业大学土木与交通学院,天津 300401
  • 2.北京市农林科学院,北京 100097
  • 高珊珊(1981-),女,黑龙江大庆人,高级工程师,博士.研究方向为污废水资源化与环境健康.发表论文20余篇. .

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* 责任作者,研究员,
The dispersion characteristics and exposure risks of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant pathogenic bacteria in air——Take a typical municipal sewage treatment plant as an example.
Shan-shan GAO1 , Shuo LIU1, 2, Shao-bin LI1, 2, Ze-ran WEI2, Hui-bo XIN2, Jia-yu TIAN1, Min GAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 2.Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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对污水处理厂空气和对应污水中的抗生素耐药基因(ARGs)和耐药致病菌(ARBs)展开系统研究,分析其在空气中的富集率以及影响因素,评估其日呼吸暴露量.结果显示,空气和污水中的优势ARGs的种类和浓度均存在差异,最高浓度基因分别为Sul1tetW.两种介质中优势致病菌种类相似,依次为拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)和肠球菌(Enterococcus).污水厂空气中某些ARGs和ARBs存在富集现象,其中富集率最高ARGs和ARBs分别为tetW和巨单胞菌(Megamonas).污水中ARGs和ARBs向空气的转移受到污水水质和曝气工艺等因素的影响.溯源分析结果显示,污水厂空气中细菌约有73.59%±3.61%来自污水.本研究在空气和污水样本中均分离出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),发现空气中MRSA的抗生素耐药指数(0.24)远高于污水(0.077±0.045),并且其对万古霉素的耐药性能也高于污水中相应分离株.人体呼吸暴露分析结果显示,污水厂工人的细菌日吸入量为(1.9±1.5)×105copies/d,ARGs和移动遗传元件(MEGs)的日吸入量分别为(7.4±7.5)×104copies/d和(0.8±1.0)×104copies/d.

市政污水处理厂  /  抗生素耐药基因(ARGs)  /  抗生素耐药致病菌(ARBs)  /  耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)  /  富集规律  /  呼吸暴露

A systematic study on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant pathogenic bacteria in the air and corresponding sewage of the sewage treatment plant was conducted. Their enrichment rate in the air and influencing factors were analyzed, and daily respiratory exposure was assessed. A divergence in the distribution of predominant ARGs in ambient air and sewage was revealed, with Sul1 and tetW being identified as the most abundantly detected genetic markers. The taxonomic composition of the dominant pathogenic bacteria was found to be similar across both matrices, with Bacteroides, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus genera being identified as the most prevalent in sequential order. Enrichment of certain ARGs and pathogenic bacteria was observed in the air of wastewater treatment plants, with the highest enrichment rates being attributed to the tetW gene and Megamonas genus, respectively. The transfer process of ARGs and pathogenic bacteria from wastewater to air was influenced by factors such as water quality and aeration processes. Tracing analysis indicated that approximately 73.59%±3.61% of the bacteria in the air of wastewater treatment plants originated from the sewage. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was successfully isolated from both air and sewage samples, with MRSA in the air being observed to exhibit an antibiotic resistance index (0.24) that was significantly higher than that in sewage (0.077±0.045). Furthermore, MRSA's resistance to vancomycin in the air was also found to be greater than that of the corresponding isolates from sewage. The daily inhalation exposure to bacteria for workers at the wastewater treatment plant was estimated to be (1.9±1.5)×105 copies/d, with average exposure to ARGs and mobile genetic elements(MGEs) being calculated as (7.4±7.5)×104 copies/d and (0.8±1.0)×104 copies/d, respectively. The findings of this study were expected to provide scientific data for a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with air quality in wastewater treatment plants and for the development of corresponding control strategies.

municipal sewage treatment plant  /  ARGs  /  ARBs  /  MRSA  /  enrichment  /  inhalation exposure
高珊珊, 刘硕, 李少斌, 魏泽冉, 辛会博, 田家宇, 高敏. 空气中耐药基因和致病菌逸散特征与暴露风险——以典型市政污水处理厂为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2276 -2287 .
Shan-shan GAO, Shuo LIU, Shao-bin LI, Ze-ran WEI, Hui-bo XIN, Jia-yu TIAN, Min GAO. The dispersion characteristics and exposure risks of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant pathogenic bacteria in air——Take a typical municipal sewage treatment plant as an example.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2276 -2287 .
目前,抗生素耐药性(AMR)已经成为全世界关注的热点问题[1-2].环境中残留的大量抗生素会对周边微生物施加选择压力,导致其中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的进化和富集,并加速其向临床致病菌(HPBs)的转移,使得医疗成本大幅增加[3-4].现阶段全球因抗生素耐药导致的死亡人数高达70万[5].如果不采取有效的控制措施,据估计到2050年,该数值将攀升至1000万[6].
国内外研究人员对不同环境中细菌的AMR特征及影响因素展开了系统研究,包括水体[7]、土壤[8]、污泥[9]和动物粪便[10]等.近些年,空气环境中细菌AMR污染受到越来越多的关注[1],动物养殖场[11],市政污水处理厂[12],垃圾填埋场[13]和医院[14]等作为空气AMR污染的“热点”地区得到了重点关注.其中,市政污水处理厂作为人类排泄物的受纳体,污水和污泥中富含有多种人类相关的ARGs,抗生素耐药菌(ARBs)以及HPBs[12-15].在污水处理过程中,搅拌、曝气、机械脱水和生物处理等操作过程可促进包裹着生物质的液滴突破液气两相界面,逸散到空气中形成生物气溶胶,其中包括ARGs的ARBs,甚至是抗生素耐药致病菌[16-17].这些污染物不仅威胁工人的职业健康[18],而且可以通过远距离传输,污染周边社区甚至是更远距离的空气环境[19-20].因此,市政污水处理厂空气中ARGs和ARBs的污染现状以及其所引发的健康和生态风险不容忽视.
目前,人们已经初步掌握了污水处理厂空气中ARGs和ARBs的种类和丰度特征[21-22].然而,越来越多的研究结果表明由于空气ARBs和ARGs受到的选择压力不同于水陆生态系统,以上生物质在空气中存在富集现象[23],导致携带ARGs宿主菌(特别是致病菌宿主)的生态和健康风险增加.现阶段,对污水处理厂空气中ARG富集现象的相关研究仍处于起步时期,特别是对空气中致病菌的富集少有报道.而且已有研究主要是基于分子生物学方法对目标基因展开分析,缺少对分离致病菌株的相关耐药表型验证.以上分析对空气传播的耐药菌研究尤其重要,因为空气中的ARGs和ARBs可通过呼吸途径进入工人体内,沉降在人体的鼻腔,甚至进入肺泡区[11].基于对污水厂空气ARGs和ARBs的富集规律,致病菌耐药表型及相关暴露量展开分析,将有助于更加全面的理解污水厂以及周边环境中的流行病以及生物风险.
因此,本研究采集了天津市两个市政污水处理厂生物处理单元和沉淀处理单元的污水,两个处理单元上方,以及污水厂上风向和下风向的空气样本.分析了污水和空气中ARGs、优势细菌、ARBs的浓度和种类分布,解析了其逸散的影响因素;研究了以上目标污染物在空气中的富集特性;分离空气和污水中金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药菌株,对两种介质中金黄色葡萄球菌的抗生素耐药性图谱进行表征.在此基础上,对污水厂工人的ARGs和ARBs日呼吸暴露风险进行定量评估.
本研究于2023年5月对天津市2个市政污水处理厂A和B的污水及空气样本进行采集.A和B分别采用的是A2O和MBBR工艺,均接纳生活污水,日处理量分别是15万t和0.6万t. A采集污水样本2份(W1、W2),B采集污水样本2份(W3、W4),共4份;空气总颗粒物(TSP)样本,A厂采集4份(A1、A2、A3、A4),B厂采集4份(A5、A6、A7、A8),共8份.A污水采样点位于生物池厌氧段和二沉池,B污水采样点位于生物池好氧段和二沉池,分别在污水处理单元上方,以及厂区上风向和下风向采集空气样本,具体位置如图1所示.空气采样仪使用崂应中流量智能空气采样器(2030A型),流量为100L/m3,采样时间为48h,位置距离地面1.5m.采样所用滤膜为90mm的石英纤维滤膜(Ahlstrom Munktell,瑞典),采样前滤膜在马弗炉中400℃烘干灭菌5h.每次采集的污水和滤膜(放置于冰盒中)在5h以内运回实验室,污水放置4℃冰箱保存,滤膜放置于-80℃冰箱保存.
使用EZ-Stream™ Pump真空泵(Millipore,德国)将污水抽滤,富集到聚碳酸酯膜(孔隙率0.2μm,直径47mm)(Millipore,德国),取抽滤后完整的聚碳酸酯膜和空气样本的1/5石英纤维膜,将其加入到50mL无菌1×PBS缓冲液中,在4℃条件下200g低速离心3h,涡旋震荡后,使用0.2μm的PES滤膜过滤.使用FastDNATM SPIN Kit for Soil试剂盒(MP Biomedicals,美国)提取DNA,并测定DNA浓度和纯度Quanti Fluor™-ST(Promega,美国).采用qPCR检测20种不同的ARGs(tetWaadA1mexFsul1sul2tetM-01mphA1blaTEMermBfloRblaOXA10aac(6′)-IItetGmphA2tnpA-01ermAacrAqnrSblaCTX-M-01ndm-1)、2个移动遗传元件(MGEs)(IS26intI1),具体引物序列及反应条件参考已报道文献[24].进行PCR扩增反应,反应采用25μL反应体系进行.PCR扩增过程为:95℃预变性5min;95℃变性30s,58℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s,共35个循环.PCR扩增反应结束后,进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,琼脂糖浓度为1.5%.纯化实验使用DNA纯化试剂盒(Takara,日本)进行.使用TAKARA质粒纯化提取试剂盒从3mL扩增培养液中提取质粒.以提取的携带所需片段的标准质粒为模板,采用SYBR-Green实时荧光定量PCR方法绘制目的基因的标准曲线,并进行检测,仪器为Bio-Rad iQ5定量PCR系统(Bio-Rad,美国).反应混合物(总体积=25μL)含有SYBR Premix Ex Taq II(12.5μL,Takara)、DNA样品(1μL)、ddH2O(9.5μL)和正向、反向引物(1μL).扩增在以下条件下进行:95℃预变性3min;95℃变性5s,58℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min,共40个循环后进行熔解曲线分析.
使用通用引物338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGA-3')和806R (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')对细菌16S rRNA的V3-V4可变区进行扩增.扩增产物由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司的Illumina MiSeq PE300平台进行测序.测序完成后,原始fastp文件在Trimmomatic中进行质控,在FLASH中拼接,使用的UPARSE软件(version 7.1http://drive5.com/uparse/),根据97%的相似度对序列进行OTU聚类;使用UCHIME软件剔除嵌合体.利用RDP classifier (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/))对每条序列进行物种分类注释,比对Silva数据库(SSU115),设置比对阈值为70%.本文报道的原始序列数据已存放在中国生物信息中心(核酸研究中心2022)基因组序列档案(GSA:CRA018223),可在https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa上获取.
为了从空气样品中分离金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,将纤维滤膜加入10mL Mueller–Hinton肉汤中,加入6.5% NaCl,在37℃下富集培养18h.将100μL菌液直接移至CHRO Magar™ S. aureus (CSA)选择性培养基(CHRO Magar,Paris,法国)上,在37℃下培养24h.收集具有金黄色葡萄球菌形态特征的菌落,在CSA选择性培养基上进行分离,在37℃下培养24h.为了鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,提取金黄色葡萄球菌的DNA,并使用通用引物27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因.进行16S rRNA基因测序(Tsingke Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,北京,中国),每个菌株的序列在NCBI核苷酸数据库比对(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide).序列相似性阈值>99%鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌.根据临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)的协议,使用纸片扩散法在Mueller-Hinton琼脂上进行Kirby-Bauer抗生素敏感性实验.使用青霉素G(PEN)、氨苄西林(AMP)、头孢哌酮(CFP)、链霉素(STR)、庆大霉素(GEN)、阿米卡星(AMK)、红霉素(ERY)、环丙沙星(CIP)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、左氧氟沙星(LEV)、四环素(TET)、强力霉素(DO)、磺胺甲噁唑(SXT)、万古霉素(VAN)、氯霉素(CHL)、克林霉素(CLI)、利福平(RIF)等17种抗生素对鉴定出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验.采用多重抗生素耐药指数(MAR)评价菌株的多重抗生素耐药水平.
式中:A表示该分离物耐药的抗生素数量;B表示单个分离物所检测的抗生素总数.
对采集的污水理化指标以及阴阳离子(Na+、K+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-)及抗生素浓度(磺胺吡啶SPD、四环素类CTC、磺胺甲噁唑SMX)进行检测.其中,化学需氧量(COD)采用重铬酸盐法检测(消解仪DBR200,哈希,美国),总磷(TP)采用钼酸铵分光光度法检测(分光光度计9230G,登科普瑞,中国),氨氮(NH3-N)采用纳式试剂分光光度法检测.将样品进行预处理后使用离子色谱仪(ICS-900,戴安,美国)对阴阳离子Na+、K+、Mg2+、Cl-及SO42-进行检测.使用超高效液相色谱(Acquity UPLC,沃特斯,中国)对预处理之后水样进行抗生素浓度测定.采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1mm×50mm×1.7μm)色谱柱对目标抗生素进行分离.预处理及测定方法参考文献操作[25].
空气中微生物和ARG的富集比计算公式如下:
式中:RAbacteria是气溶胶中细菌的相对丰度;RWbacteria是污水中细菌的相对丰度;RAARG是空气中ARG的相对丰度,RWARG是污水中ARG的相对丰度.
基于ARGs、ARB和16s rRNA的浓度,应的吸入量计算方法如下:
式中:DIARG和DIARB分别是暴露在污水厂空气中每人每天ARG和ARB吸入量.其中,吸入速率基于美国环保署的建议,每人平均吸入空气量为20m3/d[26].
本研究使用OriginPro 2022软件绘制了合并的折线图和散点图.热图,小提琴图和箱线图分析使用R软件完成,并基于“pheatmap”软件包,评估水质指标、阴阳离子和抗生素浓度对ARGs、细菌和致病菌的直接和间接影响.P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.显著性差异分别为*P<0.05、**P<0.01、***P<0.001.利用Source Tracker 1.0.1,通过贝叶斯方法估算源环境(污水)中微生物类群对汇环境(空气)的相对贡献[27].
基于16S rRNA扩增子测序结果对污水和空气中细菌的组成(OTU数量)及生物多样性(Shannon指数)进行分析,如图2(a)和(b)所示.研究显示污水样本中细菌OTU的平均数值为(1587±431),显著高于空气细菌(1114±294)(P=0.047).同时发现污水中细菌的Shannon指数(6.82±0.41)也显著高于空气(6.23±1.12)(P=0.039).以上结果说明污水中细菌组成及α多样性均显著高于空气,这与前人对北京某污水厂(A2O工艺)的研究所得规律一致[28],而与动物养殖场的相关研究趋势相反,动物养殖场空气中的细菌组成和多样性普遍高于粪便.综合分析以上两种污染环境,动物养殖场空气中微生物或者ARGs具有多种来源,导致养殖场空气中生物的组成和生物多样性较高[11],而污水处理厂空气中的细菌来源较为单一,主要来自于对应的污水或者污泥,使得空气中生物质的组成和生物多样性均低于其潜在源头.
利用qPCR对污水和空气中目标基因的浓度进行定量分析,包括16S rRNA,17个ARGs和2个移动遗传元件(MGEs).研究发现(图2(c))污水中ARGs的检出数量(11.75±5.3)高于空气(8.5±3.2)(P=0.031),同时污水和空气中的ARGs主要检出类型也存在差异.空气中的ARGs优势类型为对MLSB和四环素类抗生素具有抗性的基因,而污水中主要ARGs是对大环内酯类、四环素类、磺胺类和β-内酰胺类具有抗性,在之前对中国中部济南的某污水厂的报道中,发现污水中的优势ARGs亚型为多耐药类、四环素类和磺胺类,在中国东北部哈尔滨的4座污水厂的研究中,发现污水中的优势ARGs亚型为四环素类和磺胺类,本研究结果与前人对中国中部[29]和东北部[30-31]等污水中优势ARGs的分析结果类似.综上,本研究结果证实了中国不同地区污水厂污水中优势ARGs亚型相似,而空气和对应污水两种介质负载的优势ARGs亚型存在差异.
所调查ARGs的浓度结果表明(图2(d)),污水中的平均浓度为5.3×106copies/mL,与国内外等人报道的浓度相当[32-33].值得注意的是,污水厂中MGEs(3×106copies/mL)浓度(图2(d))虽然与长江流域多个污水厂进水MGEs浓度[(5.44×105~1.09×107)copies/mL]结果相似[14],但整体上远高于Makowska等[57]对波兰某污水处理厂中报道的MGEs丰度[(2.3×104~3.8×104)copies/mL],我国污水厂中MGEs的浓度普遍高于波兰,这说明在国内污水厂中ARGs向潜在宿主菌转移的风险较高.
图2(e)所示,对空气中细菌的总浓度以及ARGs的浓度进行定量分析.污水厂空气中16S rRNA和ARGs的平均浓度分别为(3.8±3.0)×104copies/m3和(3.7±3.6)×103copies/m3.尽管本研究所调查的2个污水厂空气细菌总浓度与香港市政污水处理厂(CEPT工艺)的浓度相似(3.2×104copies/m3),但本研究空气中ARGs的平均浓度比该污水厂的优势ARGs低约一个数量级(1.2×104copies/m3[18].本研究中2个移动元件MGEs(intl1、IS26)的平均浓度为(2.6±3.2)×102copies/m3和(5.3±6.6)×102copies/m3,该结果高于对市政污水厂和医院污水处理厂空气中MGEs的报道[14-34].鉴于MGEs在ARGs不同宿主菌的转移中所发挥的作用[9],所调查的2个污水厂空气中ARGs的潜在转移风险可能较高,后续研究需要对MGEs的种类以及相应浓度分布规律展开系统研究.
对2个污水处理厂污水和空气中ARGs,优势细菌和致病菌(HPBs)相对丰度的变化规律进行分析(图3),结果显示污水中前3个优势ARGs依次为sul1(2.46%±0.35%)、sul2(2.27%±1.65%)和aadA1(1.60%±0.75%)(图3(a)).在此前对欧洲和中国不同区域污水厂的研究结果也证实了磺胺类抗性基因的优势分布(Sul1Sul2[30-33].分析原因,水中磺胺类药物有较高的溶解度和化学稳定性,导致其浓度要高于其他类型抗生素[35-36],该化合物持续的选择压力使得其对应耐药基因处于优势.与图2(c)中检出率结果相同,空气中的优势ARGs的相对丰度也不同于污水样本,依次为四环素类抗性基因tetW(2.76%±2.03%)、多耐药类抗性基因mexF(1.31%±0.62%)和氨基糖苷类抗性基因aadA1(1.20%±0.65%).基于污水和空气中17种ARGs亚型的对比结果,本研究显示两种介质中优势ARGs亚型存在差异,分别是磺胺类和四环素类耐药基因.
空气和污水中的前3个优势菌门整体上相同,均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、和变形菌门(Proteobacteria).其中,空气中的厚壁菌门(39.8%±9.4%)的相对丰度远高于污水(25.6%±19.7%)(P<0.05).Szulc等研究也发现,厚壁菌门和变形菌门是污水处理厂空气中的主要菌门[37].值得注意的是,虽然变形菌门在空气中的相对丰度(16.6%±9.9%)低于污水(24.4%±17.3%),但考虑到它是ARGs的主要宿主,且通常表现出多重耐药性[38],因此2个污水厂空气中变形菌门的大量检出仍值得关注.对空气和污水中优势细菌菌属及其相对丰度分析结果显示(图3(b)),空气中普遍存在的优势菌属为拟杆菌(Bacteroides,(11.57%±7.29%))、普氏粪植杆菌(Faecalibacterium,(7.37%±5.30%))、双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium,(6.72%±8.23%)),污水中为克雷伯菌(Klebsiella,(7.85%±13.36%))、普雷沃氏菌(Preνotella,(7.55%±12.59%))和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium,(5.82%±10.53%)).本研究进一步对细菌群落中的致病菌属展开分析.根据图3(c)结果,在2个污水厂空气中共检到28个潜在致病菌属,其数量略高于污水(27个).空气和污水样本中的优势致病菌属均为拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)和肠球菌(Enterococcus).值得注意的是,克雷伯菌属包含大量病原体,可引起腹泻、肠道感染等疾病[39],且目前大多数临床使用抗生素对其均已失效.此外,粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)也可能会引起心内膜炎等疾病[40].尽管污水厂的污水和空气中致病菌的污染在国内外已有相关报道[34-41-42],但以往研究仅限于对少数几个目标致病菌.本文基于对污水厂空气中致病菌的系统图谱分析发现,克雷伯菌(Klebsiella )和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)在空气中的所占比例比污水中更高,优势更加显著.目前,肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)被世界卫生组织划分为“ESKAPE致病菌”,以上两种致病菌属在污水厂空气中的优势分布及其可能引发的健康风险需要引起相关部门的关注.
基于空气和污水中ARGs、细菌和致病菌的相对丰度,本研究对2个污水处理厂空气中的以上3种目标污染物的富集比率进行研究.其中,富集比值>0的目标污染物被认为在空气中发生了富集现象[43].结果显示(图4(a)),四环素类(tetWtetM-01)、β-内酰胺类(blaCTX-M-01blaTEM)、多耐药类(floR)、MLSB类(ermB)和氨基糖苷类(aac(6′)-II)等5类ARGs在2个污水厂空气中存在富集现象.其中,2个厂平均富集率最高的前3个ARGs依次为tetW(0.73)、ermB(0.35)和tetM-01(0.20).由于空气中胞外ARGs的占比较低[44],污水厂空气中四环素类ARGs的富集主要归因于其宿主的富集.由此推测,在污水处理过程中携带四环素类ARGs(tetWtetM-01)的微生物可能更容易从污水向空气中逸散.造成以上现象的原因可能是污水中的四环素会使得微生物细胞外聚合物(EPS)的成分发生变化,细胞粘性变低后胞间微观作用力减少,导致宿主微生物更容易逸散[45-46].作为四环素类ARGs的重要宿主,本研究所调查污水厂空气中丰度较高的拟杆菌可能是导致四环素耐药基因富集的另外一个原因[47].同时,结果显示B污水厂空气中ARGs发生富集的种类数整体上高于A,且具体ARGs的富集率存在差异,如A厂主要为多耐药基因(mexF)和β-内酰胺类基因(blaTEM),而B厂主要是四环素类基因(tetWtetM-01).为了阐明污水处理厂空气中ARGs的富集规律,未来研究需要针对更多种不同处理工艺的污水厂展开系统调查.
2个污水厂空气中优势细菌的富集规律如图4(b)所示.研究表明,整体上革兰氏阴性菌比阳性菌更容易在空气中发生富集,富集率较高的巨单胞菌(Megamonas)、戴阿利斯特杆菌(Dialister)和肠杆菌(Enterobacter)均为革兰氏阴性菌,富集比值分别为0.94、0.65和0.56.与ARGs的富集规律相似,B厂空气中细菌的富集率整体上高于A厂空气中相应的细菌,且2个污水厂空气中具体细菌富集比存在差异.污水处理过程中曝气方式是影响生物气溶胶逸散的主要因素,本研究所调查的2个污水厂分别采用了底部曝气(A)和表面曝气(B).在底部曝气过程中,污水中包裹细菌的气泡在液体底部形成,逐渐上升到液体,发生表面破裂和雾化形成气溶胶.而在表面曝气过程中,气体的运动干扰水面,使得污水中液滴发生飞溅和雾化,携带的微生物转移到空气[48].以往对采用氧化沟、SBR和A2O工艺的污水厂分析结果显示,采用表面曝气工艺的污水厂产生的细菌浓度要高于底部曝气工艺[48],高浓度的细菌可能间接导致其在空气中的富集.
致病菌的富集规律与细菌相似(图4(c)),B厂(19种)中致病菌属的富集数量整体上略高于A厂(17种).A厂空气中特有的富集致病菌属包括分歧杆菌属(Mycobacterium)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus),而B厂的特有菌属有所不同,主要为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter )、嗜血杆菌属(Baemophilus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella).本研究还发现肠杆菌属(1.30)和肠球菌属(0.49)分别是B厂和A厂中富集比最高的致病菌属,以上两种致病菌通常具有广泛的多重抗生素耐药性.肠杆菌的某些种,如产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)可能会引起肺炎、脑膜炎及术后感染[49],而肠球菌中的粪肠球菌(Enterococcus Faecium)常引起心内膜炎、血液感染等疾病[50].污水厂空气中致病菌属污染已有相关研究[48-51],但关于致病菌富集的规律未见相关报道.本研究表明的多种致病菌存在富集现象,这不仅说明了空气中致病菌污染的程度,而且表明空气途径传输的致病菌比污水途径传输的致病菌对环境潜在危害可能更大.综上,未来关于污水厂空气中抗生素耐药性的相关研究,除了ARGs的种类和浓度之外,还应该对其富集率展开分析,以全面评估污水厂空气中ARGs的潜在生物风险.
除了处理工艺之外,污水中微生物向空气中的传输还会受到其他多种因素的影响[52],从而间接影响空气中微生物的污染浓度.因此,本研究使用皮尔森相关性分析探索了2个污水厂空气中ARGs、优势细菌和致病菌的可能影响因素,结果如图5所示.研究发现污水中的NO2-、NH4+和蛋白(PS)与所考察的20个ARGs中的16个基因的浓度呈现正相关性,其中包括tetWermBtetM01blaCTXM01等富集比较高的ARGs.这说明这3个因素可能对绝大部分ARGs的逸散都起到促进作用.并且,在空气中富集比最高的四环素类ARGs与阴离子呈正相关.β-内酰胺类ARGs (blaCTXM01blaTEMblaOXA10)受到环境因子的影响最为明显,且与相同的理化因子(TP、NO2-、NH4+、Na+、Cl-)呈现显著正相关的一致性.同时发现污水中硝酸盐的浓度与大部分空气中ARGs的浓度呈现负相关,分析原因可能是污水中硝酸盐浓度的增加减少了污水中ARGs宿主的浓度,从而间接影响其向空气中ARGs逸散的浓度[43].值得注意的是,水体中的3种抗生素(SPD、CTC、SMX)对绝大多数ARGs的逸散呈现抑制作用.ARGs在不同介质中转移的过程复杂且影响因素众多,除了以上考察的因素之外,还可能受到pH值、温度和工艺等条件的影响,如A2O工艺有氧过程产生的泡沫具有多样化和丰富的细菌群落,也可能促进ARGs的逸散.
图5(b),可以发现,在所考察的15个水质指标中,绝大部分与空气中优势细菌呈正相关.在30个优势细菌属中,COD、SO42-、TP、NO3-、Na+、Cl-、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)与至少18个空气中细菌的浓度呈正相关.对前30个致病菌属中的影响因素考察结果呈现不同的趋势(图5(c)).除了污水中的K+与16个空气中的致病菌呈正相关外,其余大部分影响因素,如水质指标、金属离子、抗生素都与致病菌呈负相关.A厂空气中特有的富集致病菌属包括分歧杆菌属(Mycobacterium)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus),而B厂的特有菌属有所不同,主要为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、嗜血杆菌属(Baemophilus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)及脱硫弧菌属(Desulfoνibrio).其中,A厂中的分歧杆菌与大多数水质指标(TP、NO2-、NH4+、PS、PN)呈负相关,而B厂中的特有菌属受到环境因子的影响较小.整体上,2个污水厂中ARGs和优势细菌的逸散可能受到污水中水质指标、金属离子和抗生素的影响,但对潜在致病菌从污水到空气中转移过程的影响较小.
使用Source Tracker评估了2个污水处理厂污水对空气中细菌的贡献,结果如图6(a)所示.分析显示A污水厂空气中的菌70%来自对应的污水样本,而B中则是77%,这可能是由于曝气导致液滴发生表面破裂、飞溅、雾化形成气溶胶逸散到空气中.综合分析,所考察的污水厂空气中的菌绝大部分来自对应的污水样本(73.59%±3.61%),表明污水中的绝大部分微生物可以通过气溶胶化逸散到空气中.这些微生物不仅污染周边空气,还可能对工人的健康造成危害,特别是其中包含的抗生素耐药致病菌.金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是一种重要的人类致病菌,皮肤金黄色葡萄球菌感染通常会引发后续的血液、肺、心脏等深层组织发生临床感染.它是人体微生物群落中的常见成员,约50%的健康成年人鼻腔会间歇性或持续性地携带金黄色葡萄球菌[53].鉴于鼻腔定植是随后发生金黄色葡萄球菌感染的重要风险因素[53],且葡萄球菌在两个污水厂空气中表现出一致的富集趋势(图4(c)).因此,本研究对2个污水厂空气和污水中所含金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离鉴定,检测了其对17种抗生素的耐药性分布,以及抗生素耐药指数(图6(b)).本研究分别在空气和污水中分离到了1株和7株金黄色葡萄球菌(A1,W1~W7),基于抗生素药敏试验(AST)测试结果,发现空气和污水中的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率分别是100%和42.86%.空气中仅分离出一株MRSA,但其抗生素耐药指数为0.24,远高于污水中金葡的耐药指数(0.077±0.045).该株MRSA的耐药表型分析结果显示,它对多种抗生素耐药,包括青霉素G (PEN)、氨苄西林(AMP)、头孢哌酮(CFP)和红霉素(ERY).空气中该株金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素(VAN)的耐药特性为中介敏感(I),而污水中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药性均为敏感(S).万古霉素是治疗革兰氏阳性致病菌临床感染的最后一道防线[54],本研究结果显示空气中MRSA对万古霉素的耐药能力高于水体中的MRSA,这暗示着人体通过呼吸和皮肤暴露途径摄入MRSA造成的流行病学风险可能比其他摄入途径更高,需要引起极度关注.
综合A、B两厂数据,本研究进一步分析了空气中ARGs和HPBs的日平均暴露量.图6(c)的结果显示,ARGs的日平均暴露量达到(7.4±7.5)×104copies/d污水厂工人通过呼吸途径摄入ARGs最高的为四环素类抗性基因,达到(2.6±2.8)×104copies/d,暴露量较高的前3类目标基因依次是tetWIS26mexF.与城市固体废物处理厂的工作人员相比[26],污水厂工人会吸入更多的mexF.但污水厂工人的ARGs暴露量与养殖场工人相近,且tetW的暴露量均为最高[55].本研究同时发现,2个污水厂空气中2个MGEs暴露量也较高,平均暴露量为(0.8±1.0)×104copies/d. intl1IS26的平均值分别为(5.2±5.3)×103copies/d和(1.1±1.2)×104copies/d.目前关于污水厂空气中MGEs的暴露量相关分析尚未见报道,但是其相关的暴露风险不容忽视.MGEs通常携带各种ARGs甚至是未知基因,不仅使摄入MGEs的人群可能获得多种抗生素耐药性[56],而且MGEs的大量摄入也可能为侵染部位ARGs的水平转移提供机会.
对污水处理厂工人耐药菌的呼吸暴露研究结果显示(图6(d)),2个污水厂的工人对空气中微生物的日平均摄入量为(1.9±1.5)×105copies/d.其中,平均暴露量最高的为拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),达(9.4±7.3)×104copies/d.Han等[16]对北京、合肥等9个污水厂空气中致病菌研究,发现拟杆菌属在空气中的暴露量最高,与本研究结果一致.值得注意的是,2个污水处理厂工人对空气中ESKAPE相关致病菌的日暴露量在3.4×102~4.8×104copies/d之间,其中的克雷伯菌属在2个水厂的平均暴露浓度仅次于拟杆菌属,为(4.8±6.4)×104copies/d.ESKAPE所涵盖的6种致病菌属中,葡萄球菌属的平均暴露量虽然不是最高[(3.4±3.5)×102copies/d],但本研究在空气中检测出高风险的MRSA,所以污水厂工人对该菌属的暴露风险仍然需要重点关注.
3.1 污水和空气中的抗生素耐药基因(ARGs)亚型存在差异,空气和污水中主要ARGs亚型分别四环素类和磺胺类.2种介质中的优势致病菌属相同,均以拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)和肠球菌(Enterococcus)为主,其中空气(11.6%±7.2%)中的拟杆菌属相对丰度高于污水(5.5%±4.3%).
3.2 2个污水厂空气中存在ARGs和致病菌的富集现象,富集比最高的ARGs和致病菌分别是四环素类(tetW)和巨单胞菌属(Megamonas),但不同污水厂的ARGs和致病菌富集结果受到多种因素的影响,其中曝气方式、污水水质是主要影响因素,使用表面曝气工艺的水厂会向空气中转移更多种类的ARGs和致病菌,而TP、NO2-、NH4+、Na+、Cl-与多个ARGs的转移相关,K+与多个致病菌的转移相关.
3.3 空气中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的耐药指数,以及对万古霉素的耐药性均高于污水中相应菌株.2个污水厂的工人通过呼吸摄入量最高的ARGs和致病菌分别是四环素类抗性基因(tetW)和拟杆菌(Bacteroides).同时,空气中的移动遗传元件MGEs(intl1IS26)也具有较高的暴露量,这可能会为ARGs在环境中转移提供充足的机会.
  • 国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目(41961134033)
  • 河北工业大学本科教育教学改革研究与实践项目(220250)
  • 北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20230113)
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
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国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目(41961134033)
河北工业大学本科教育教学改革研究与实践项目(220250)
北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20230113)
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    1.河北工业大学土木与交通学院,天津 300401
    2.北京市农林科学院,北京 100097

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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