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An Approximate Homogeneous Turbulence Simulation system was employed to systematically explore algal responses to the interactive effects of turbulence and salinity by integrating the regulatory roles of these interactions on photosynthesis, nutrient metabolism, extracellular polymeric substances secretion, and grazing activities. It was demonstrated that at the biomass level, the damage to algae caused by turbulence was enhanced at 1‰ salinity, with Chl-a content in the low- and high-turbulence groups being 0.37 and 1.41 times that of the still-water group, respectively. At 4‰ salinity, damage was mitigated, with Chl-a content in these groups being 0.82 and 2.29 times that of the still-water group. This phenomenon was attributed to the regulation of algal photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient utilization rate by salinity. At the community structure level, the energy metabolism was enhanced by the increased salinity, which resulted in a lower water pH, thereby providing a competitive advantage to diatoms and leading to their dominance within the phytoplankton community. However, gas exchange and the shift in zooplankton composition were intensified by the elevated turbulence, mitigating the competitive advantage of diatoms caused by increased salinity. Consequently, the proportion of cyanobacteria increases, reinstating them as the dominant phylum.

, correspAuthors=Sheng-fa YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-feng MAO, Wen-shu GUO, Hong LI, Rui-xu HE, Kai-lai YE, Jiang HU, Yi XIAO, Wei-wei YU, Bing-ran TANG, Jia LI, Qiang HE, Sheng-fa YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408719334985844, articleId=1241408714104689574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类生长及群落的影响, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用近似均匀湍流模拟系统,通过研究湍流与盐度对光合作用、营养盐代谢、胞外聚合物分泌以及牧食作用等关键环节的调控作用,系统性地阐明了藻类在湍流与盐度交互作用下的响应.结果表明,生物量层面,盐度为1‰时,湍流对藻类的损伤增强,实验结束时低湍流和高湍流组的Chl-a含量分别为静水组的0.37和1.41倍;盐度为4‰时,湍流对藻细胞的损伤减弱,低湍流和高湍流组的Chl-a含量分别为静水组的0.82和2.29倍.盐度通过调控藻的光合效应和对营养盐的利用率,导致湍流对藻类的损伤随盐度的提升先增加后降低.群落结构层面,盐度的增加促进了能量代谢,进而降低水体pH值,为硅藻提供竞争优势,使其成为优势门类.但高湍流增强了气体交换并改变了浮游动物的组成,削减了盐度提升导致的硅藻竞争优势,导致蓝藻比例上升,再次成为优势门类.

, correspAuthors=杨胜发, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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毛羽丰(1992-),男,四川自贡人,博士,主要从事水生态环境效应研究.发表论文20余篇..

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毛羽丰(1992-),男,四川自贡人,博士,主要从事水生态环境效应研究.发表论文20余篇..

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毛羽丰(1992-),男,四川自贡人,博士,主要从事水生态环境效应研究.发表论文20余篇..

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Hydrobiologia2011662:157-162., articleTitle=Using the guild ratio to characterize pelagic rotifer communities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408731032899879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, awardId=2023YFC3208800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3208800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408731146146096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, awardId=2022QNRC001, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408731301335355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, awardId=2024S0045, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆交通大学研究生科研创新项目(2024S0045), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408719733444746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719771193485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, companyId=1241408719733444746, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719783776398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, companyId=1241408719733444746, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241408719884439707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719892828317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, companyId=1241408719884439707, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719930577055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, companyId=1241408719884439707, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408727153169309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Approximately homogeneous turbulence simulation system (AHTS), figureFileSmall=IufyDJsqcL3d99Rlh577qw==, figureFileBig=6bUmowmyMGPjpHMyOlsZHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408727312552877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, language=CN, label=图1, caption=近似均匀湍流模拟系统(AHTS), figureFileSmall=IufyDJsqcL3d99Rlh577qw==, figureFileBig=6bUmowmyMGPjpHMyOlsZHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408727652291534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The content of Chl-a under different turbulence and salinity treatments, figureFileSmall=CEcwM6I4ybZxr7f22L21Cg==, figureFileBig=ZAHTmM0qX+h3zDO7pygA6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408727836840929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同湍流与盐度处理下Chl-a含量

图中含有不同大写字母表示相同湍流水平下不同盐度水平的Chl-a含量之间差异显著(P<0.05);含有不同小写字母表示相同盐度水平下不同湍流水平的Chl-a含量之间差异显著(P<0.05)

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图中logFC表示log2变化

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Experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理设置处理简称湍流耗散率(ε,m2/s3)盐度(‰)
静水+无盐度0+000
低湍流+无盐度L+00.90×10-40
高湍流+无盐度H+03.86×10 -20
静水+低盐度0+101
低湍流+低盐度L+10.90×10-41
高湍流+低盐度H+13.86×10 -21
静水+高盐度0+404
低湍流+高盐度L+40.90 ×10-44
高湍流+高盐度H+43.86×10 -24
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730877710611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408714104689574, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理设置处理简称湍流耗散率(ε,m2/s3)盐度(‰)
静水+无盐度0+000
低湍流+无盐度L+00.90×10-40
高湍流+无盐度H+03.86×10 -20
静水+低盐度0+101
低湍流+低盐度L+10.90×10-41
高湍流+低盐度H+13.86×10 -21
静水+高盐度0+404
低湍流+高盐度L+40.90 ×10-44
高湍流+高盐度H+43.86×10 -24
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湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类生长及群落的影响
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毛羽丰 1 , 郭文淑 1 , 李宏 2 , 何蕊序 1 , 叶开来 1 , 胡江 1 , 肖毅 1 , 余薇薇 1 , 唐炳然 2 , 李佳 1 , 何强 2 , 杨胜发 1, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2098-2111
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2098-2111
湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类生长及群落的影响
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毛羽丰1 , 郭文淑1, 李宏2, 何蕊序1, 叶开来1, 胡江1, 肖毅1, 余薇薇1, 唐炳然2, 李佳1, 何强2, 杨胜发1, *
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
  • 2.重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045
  • 毛羽丰(1992-),男,四川自贡人,博士,主要从事水生态环境效应研究.发表论文20余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
The impact of turbulence and salinity interaction on algal growth and community structure
Yu-feng MAO1 , Wen-shu GUO1, Hong LI2, Rui-xu HE1, Kai-lai YE1, Jiang HU1, Yi XIAO1, Wei-wei YU1, Bing-ran TANG2, Jia LI1, Qiang HE2, Sheng-fa YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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利用近似均匀湍流模拟系统,通过研究湍流与盐度对光合作用、营养盐代谢、胞外聚合物分泌以及牧食作用等关键环节的调控作用,系统性地阐明了藻类在湍流与盐度交互作用下的响应.结果表明,生物量层面,盐度为1‰时,湍流对藻类的损伤增强,实验结束时低湍流和高湍流组的Chl-a含量分别为静水组的0.37和1.41倍;盐度为4‰时,湍流对藻细胞的损伤减弱,低湍流和高湍流组的Chl-a含量分别为静水组的0.82和2.29倍.盐度通过调控藻的光合效应和对营养盐的利用率,导致湍流对藻类的损伤随盐度的提升先增加后降低.群落结构层面,盐度的增加促进了能量代谢,进而降低水体pH值,为硅藻提供竞争优势,使其成为优势门类.但高湍流增强了气体交换并改变了浮游动物的组成,削减了盐度提升导致的硅藻竞争优势,导致蓝藻比例上升,再次成为优势门类.

湍流  /  盐度  /  藻类  /  生长  /  群落结构

An Approximate Homogeneous Turbulence Simulation system was employed to systematically explore algal responses to the interactive effects of turbulence and salinity by integrating the regulatory roles of these interactions on photosynthesis, nutrient metabolism, extracellular polymeric substances secretion, and grazing activities. It was demonstrated that at the biomass level, the damage to algae caused by turbulence was enhanced at 1‰ salinity, with Chl-a content in the low- and high-turbulence groups being 0.37 and 1.41 times that of the still-water group, respectively. At 4‰ salinity, damage was mitigated, with Chl-a content in these groups being 0.82 and 2.29 times that of the still-water group. This phenomenon was attributed to the regulation of algal photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient utilization rate by salinity. At the community structure level, the energy metabolism was enhanced by the increased salinity, which resulted in a lower water pH, thereby providing a competitive advantage to diatoms and leading to their dominance within the phytoplankton community. However, gas exchange and the shift in zooplankton composition were intensified by the elevated turbulence, mitigating the competitive advantage of diatoms caused by increased salinity. Consequently, the proportion of cyanobacteria increases, reinstating them as the dominant phylum.

turbulence  /  salinity  /  algae  /  growth  /  community structure
毛羽丰, 郭文淑, 李宏, 何蕊序, 叶开来, 胡江, 肖毅, 余薇薇, 唐炳然, 李佳, 何强, 杨胜发. 湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类生长及群落的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2098 -2111 .
Yu-feng MAO, Wen-shu GUO, Hong LI, Rui-xu HE, Kai-lai YE, Jiang HU, Yi XIAO, Wei-wei YU, Bing-ran TANG, Jia LI, Qiang HE, Sheng-fa YANG. The impact of turbulence and salinity interaction on algal growth and community structure[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2098 -2111 .
藻类是水生生态系统的关键初级生产者,其在维持水生系统中元素循环、能量流动和物质传递中扮演着重要角色[1-2].水体中藻类对外界胁迫较敏感,其群落结构受到营养盐、水动力条件、光照、盐度等环境因子的共同驱动[3-6].水动力和盐度是普遍存在于河口及内陆水域等水生系统中的动态变化因素[7],潜在影响着水生系统中藻类分布.因此,深入理解水动力和盐度如何塑造藻类群落的结构和功能,对于预测和管理水生生态系统对环境变化的响应具有重要意义.
水动力条件作为水环境中普遍存在的环境因素[8],其变化对藻类的生长以及群落演替具有显著的调控作用[9-10].水动力条件可以通过改变流速、水体紊动和输运过程,直接影响藻类细胞的形态、抗氧化应激系统及光合作用等代谢过程,进而影响藻类的生长[11].在高流速和强湍流条件下,藻类细胞结构可能遭受物理损伤,而适度的水动力条件可能促进营养物质的吸收和能量代谢,从而有利于藻类生长[12].
此外,藻类广泛分布于湖泊、江河、海岸河口以及潮间带等不同水环境中,而这些区域的盐度各不相同[13].盐度是一种复杂的非生物因素,会导致藻细胞内外的渗透压发生变化,进而影响细胞膜上的离子通道和转运蛋白的活性,改变细胞内的离子和有机溶质浓度[14].这种渗透平衡的调整潜在影响着藻类的光合作用和代谢过程[15],进而对藻类的生长产生影响.此外,不同种类的藻细胞对盐度的适应能力和耐受程度存在显著差异,进而导致藻类群落结构的变化[16-17].
在自然水环境中,水动力和盐度变化往往是共同存在的,例如在河口生态系统中,淡水与海水的混合形成了盐度梯度[18],潮汐作用导致水动力条件变化[19],大坝和船闸等水利工程则会进一步改变盐度和水动力条件,盐度和水动力交互作用下会改变单一环境因素对藻的影响,进而极大的改变其在水生系统中的分布.藻类分布的改变可能引发生态系统失衡、水质恶化、气候反馈加剧以及包括饮用水安全在内的公共健康风险等生态环境问题[20],但迄今为止对于藻类如何响应水动力与盐度交互作用的理解仍然有限.湍流作为水体中普遍存在的水动力特征,能全面和本质地反映水体流动特性.此外,湍流的量化指标(如湍流动能耗散率,ε)为研究提供了可操作的参数[9],有助于探究水动力与藻类生长之间的复杂关系.因此,本研究运用广泛使用的近似均匀湍流模拟系统(AHTS)[21],通过整合湍流与盐度对光合作用、营养盐代谢、胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌以及牧食作用等关键环节的调控效应,系统性地研究藻类在湍流与盐度交互作用下的响应.研究目标包括:(1)阐明藻类在面对湍流和盐度双重胁迫时生物量的变化;(2)揭示湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类群落结构的调控效应.本研究可为藻类对水环境中多重胁迫响应研究提供新的视角,并为变化水动力和盐度环境下水生系统风险评估提供科学依据和理论基础.
水样于2023年9月采自藻类物种丰富的重庆大学民主湖(29.57° N,106.46° E),采集的水样用孔径500µm的浮游生物网(CalCOFI,HYDRO-BIOS,德国)过滤,去除大型浮游动物以及其他杂质[22].过滤后的水样低温4℃避光保存直至后续的实验及分析.
本研究用含盐水体中广泛存在的氯化钠(NaCl)作为盐度试剂[23],设置了0、1‰、4‰三个盐度水平(在河口及内陆水域常见盐度范围内)[24-25].利用AHTS (图1)控制ε值,设置了0,0.90×10-4,3.86×10-2m2/s3 3个ε水平,该湍流强度梯度在自然河流河口湍流范围之内[26].
在AHTS中进行湍流与盐度交互作用对藻类影响的模拟试验[21].每个反应器注入4L初始藻液,初始藻密度为1.60×107cells/L[27].分别设置3个盐度组,每个盐度组内均设置3个ε水平(表1),每个处理设置3个平行.AHTS在控制的实验室条件(25℃,3300lx,12h/12h光暗循环)下运行[9].
利用便携性pH计(HI9811-5,哈纳)测定pH值、便携性多参数水质分析仪(HQ30d,HACH)测定水体溶解氧(DO)[28].总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的测定参照《水和废水监测分析方法》[29].
将样品取出暗适应20min后加入采用配备Fluor Pen 1.0软件的基于脉冲调制式的浮游植物光合荧光仪(AquaPen AP-C 100,捷克)中,测定藻最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm[30].
采用基于激光衍射技术的激光粒度仪(Mastersizer 2000,Malvern,英国),在0.01~3000μm范围内对藻的粒径进行测定[31].
将样品在4℃条件下离心取上清液,用0.45μm滤膜过滤后,使用三维荧光光谱仪(F-7000,Hitachi,日本)测定EPS的激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光,在室温((25±1)℃)条件下用600V氙灯以扫描模式记录光谱.激发和发射波长扫描范围为200~600nm,扫描间隔为5nm[32].
取实验装置中水样1L,加入1.5%体积的鲁哥氏液(Lugols solution)固定,静置沉淀48h后浓缩至30mL,使用光学显微镜(BX 53,Olympus,日本)在400倍下进行定量[9]及藻类物种鉴定[33],细胞计数采用0.10mL的浮游生物计数框显微计数[34].
用孔径为0.22μm的无菌滤膜(GTTP04700,Millipore,美国)抽滤水样,富集水体微生物的滤膜立即存放于无菌管中.所有的无菌管均在-80℃的温度下保存,等待进行16s扩增子测序.根据E.Z.N.A.® soil试剂盒(OMEGA-soil DNA Kit,Omega Bio-tek,美国)的说明书提取水样中微生物总DNA,利用超微量分光光度计(NanoDrop2000,Thermo Scientific,美国)检测DNA浓度和纯度,使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳判定DNA提取质量,确保DNA的浓度、纯度、质量后,进行后续扩增.使用引物515FmodF(5’-GTGYCAGCMGC-CGCGGTAA-3’)-806RmodR(5’GGACTACNVGGG TWTCTAAT-3’),对细菌兼顾古菌16S rRNA基因的V4高度可变区进行PCR扩增[28].PCR产物利用2%琼脂糖凝胶进行回收,利用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences,美国)对其进行纯化,用Tris-HCl进行洗脱,并用2%琼脂糖电泳检测.根据Illumina MiSeq平台(Illumina,San Diego,美国)的标准操作规程,构建纯化后的扩增片段的PE2*300的文库.创建Illumina数据库后,纯化的扩增子在Illumina MiSeq PE300平台上进行双端测序(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司).使用PICRUSt2[32-33]对样本中微生物功能信息进行预测性建模.
取实验装置中水样1L,使用1%鲁哥氏液固定后进行种类鉴定及计数.使用浮游生物计数框(原生动物和轮虫、枝角类和桡足类的计数框分别为1mL和0.10mL)(CC-F,中国)对每个样品中的至少200个个体进行计数.浮游动物的鉴定依据《中国淡水轮虫志》[37]《中国动物志(淡水枝角类)》[38]《中国动物志(淡水桡足类)》[39]等资料,使用荧光显微镜(BX-51,Olympus,日本)对样品中的浮游动物进行鉴定[34].
采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27对数据进行统计学分析,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)比较处理间的显著性差异,以检验对照和处理组平均值之间的差异,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.藻类以及浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′按照式(1)[34]计算:
式中:ni为某物种的丰度,个/L;N代表样品中藻类或浮游动物的丰度,个/L.
在无盐度水体环境中(图2(a)),Chl-a含量在低湍流组与静水组相比无显著变化(P>0.05),而在高湍流组中显著提升(P<0.01),第18d时Chl-a含量增至190.58μg/L,分别是0+0和L+0组的1.53、1.49倍.双因素方差分析结果表明盐度与湍流存在显著交互效应(图2(d)).进一步分析表明,在添加盐度的环境中,湍流对Chl-a含量的影响发生了改变.低盐度环境中(图2(b)),第18d时静水组Chl-a含量为105.84μg/L,相比于静水组,Chl-a含量在低湍流组中显著降低(P<0.01),高湍流组中显著提升(P<0.01).第18d时Chl-a含量分别是0+1组的0.37和1.41倍.高盐度环境中(图2(c)),第18d时静水组Chl-a含量为169.45μg/L,相比于静水组,湍流对Chl-a含量的影响趋势与低盐度环境中相似.L+4、H+4分别是0+4组的0.82和2.29倍.
第18d时对照组(0+0)藻细胞的Fv/Fm值为0.54(图3(a).在无盐度环境中(图3(a),与静水组相比,Fv/Fm值在低湍流组中显著降低(P<0.05),而在高湍流组中无显著差异.低盐度环境中(图3(b)),第18d时静水组藻细胞的Fv/Fm值为0.44,湍流组中Fv/Fm值与静水组相比均呈现一定升高趋势(P<0.05),分别是0+1组的1.18和1.05倍.高盐度环境中(图3(c),与静水组相比,Fv/Fm值在低湍流组中显著降低(P<0.05),第18d时该值为0.58,分别是0+4和H+4组的0.88和0.91倍.
在无盐度环境中,相比于静水组,水体pH值在湍流组中都呈现不同程度的升高(P<0.05)(图4(a)).而低盐度环境中,各处理组中水体pH值无明显差异(P>0.05).高盐度环境中,相比于静水组,水体pH值在低湍流组中显著降低(P<0.05),最终pH值为6.66.而在高湍流组中显著升高(P<0.05).与此同时,在无盐度环境中,相比于静水组,湍流显著提高了水体DO浓度(P<0.05)(图4(b)),并且在高湍流组中水体DO浓度升高至8.35mg/L.低盐度环境中,相比于静水组,水体DO浓度在湍流组中显示出不同程度的升高趋势(P<0.05),而高盐度环境中,湍流组中水体DO浓度相较于静水组均呈现不同程度的降低,其中,L+4组的水体DO浓度降低至6.38mg/L,显著低于0+4、H+4组.
在无盐度环境中,与静水组相比,低湍流组中TN含量无显著变化,高湍流组中TN显著升高,第18d时达到4.32mg/L,为静水组的1.26倍(图5(a)).而湍流组中NH4+-N含量无显著变化(图5(b)),与此同时,湍流组中NO3--N含量都显著降低(图5(c)).低盐度环境中,湍流处理中水体TN、NH4+-N含量的变化与无盐度环境中相似.然而,与静水组相比,低湍流组中NO3--N含量升高,高湍流组无显著变化.高盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流组中水体中TN含量显著升高,NH4+-N含量仍无显著差异.值得注意的是,水体中NO3--N含量在低湍流组中显著升高,而在高湍流组呈相反趋势.
无盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流组中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度降低,而蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和硝基螺菌门(Nitrospirota)的相对丰度则有所增加(图6(a)).KEGG分析(图6(b))表明,在湍流组中,固氮(M00175)和硝酸盐同化还原(M00531)作用通路升高.其中,固氮作用中涉及的酶1.18.6.1以及硝酸盐同化还原中涉及的酶1.7.7.2和1.7.7.1(图6(c))的丰度也呈现相同的趋势.然而,硝酸盐异化还原(M00530)、硝化(M00528)和反硝化(M00529)作用通路在湍流组中降低.硝酸盐异化还原中涉及的酶1.7.1.15以及反硝化作用中涉及的酶1.7.99.4、1.7.99.1、1.7.2.1、1.7.2.5和1.7.2.4的丰度在湍流组中均显著低于静水组.硝化作用中涉及的酶1.14.99.39和1.7.2.6的丰度与静水组相比,在低湍流组中显著降低.
低盐度环境中,与静水组相比,变形菌门的相对丰度在低湍流组中显著升高,而在高湍流组中降低.放线菌门和硝基螺菌门的相对丰度在湍流组中普遍降低,而绿弯菌门的相对丰度则无明显变化.KEGG分析表明,与静水组相比,湍流组中固氮、硝化、反硝化和硝酸盐异化还原作用通路都降低.这些氮代谢过程所涉及的酶的丰度也普遍呈现相同的趋势.但硝酸盐同化还原作用通路与静水组相比在湍流组中上升,硝酸盐同化还原作用涉及的酶的相对丰度也呈现相同的趋势.
高盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流组中变形菌门的相对丰度显著升高,而放线菌门、绿弯菌门和硝基螺菌门相对丰度则普遍降低.KEGG分析表明,与静水组相比,湍流组中固氮作用通路无明显变化.而湍流组中反硝化作用和硝酸盐异化还原作用通路显著升高.这些氮代谢过程中涉及的酶的丰也呈现相同的趋势.
无盐度环境中,湍流对浮游动物的密度、群落结构以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的影响并不显著(图7),添加盐度后,湍流的影响效果发生显著变化.低盐度环境中,低湍流组中浮游动物的密度及多样性与静水组相比显著降低,高湍流组中浮游动物的密度虽无显著变化,但多样性显著降低.高盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流组中浮游动物的密度整体升高,但多样性普遍降低.其中,高湍流组中浮游动物密度达到最高(2633.33ind./L),并且轮虫占总密度95%以上.
实验结束时,无盐度环境中,静水组的藻细胞群体平均粒径为18.88μm(图8(a)),未见明显的细胞聚集现象(图8(b)).相比之下,湍流组的藻细胞开始形成聚集体,群体平均粒径相较于静水组显著增加,L+0和H+0组藻细胞群体平均粒径分别增加到176.52和89.08μm.盐度的添加对藻群体粒径产生了显著影响.低盐度环境中,静水组的藻细胞出现严重聚集现象,群体平均粒径增加至285.34μm,与静水组相比,湍流组的藻细胞聚集程度有所减轻,群体平均粒径分别降低到161.93和154.33μm.高盐度环境中,静水组的藻细胞聚集依然明显,群体平均粒径为98.19μm,相比之下,低湍流组的藻细胞聚集现象加剧,群体平均粒径略微增加,达到110.44μm,而高湍流中,藻细胞群体平均粒径相较于静水组无显著变化.
本研究结果表明EPS的主要成分为色氨酸类蛋白质物质(A峰)和类富里酸(B峰)[35-37]图9).无盐度环境中,相比与静水组,湍流组的EPS含量均呈现不同程度的升高,其中L+0组的EPS含量显著高于0+0、H+0组.低盐度环境中,随着湍流强度的增加,EPS含量随之升高.高盐度环境中,相比于静水组,EPS含量在湍流处理组中均略有升高,但低湍流和高湍流组之间EPS含量的变化并不显著.
门水平层面(图10(a)),无盐度和低盐度环境中,蓝藻门都在藻类群落中占据主导地位.其中,在无盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流处理显著提高了蓝藻门的相对丰度,但同时导致藻类多样性降低,且低湍流和高湍流间无明显差异.相比之下,高盐度环境中,静水处理组中硅藻门取代了蓝藻门成为优势门类.低湍流组中硅藻门的相对丰度与静水组相比显著升高,但多样性无显著变化.然而,在高湍流组中,蓝藻门相对丰度显著增加,并重新占据主导地位,但藻类多样性却显著降低.
种水平层面(图10(b)),蓝藻(浮丝藻Planktothrix sp.和微囊藻Microsystis sp.)和硅藻(小环藻Cyclotella sp.和直链藻Melosira sp.)是研究期间所有处理中占比较高的藻.第18d,0+0组中浮丝藻与微囊藻相对丰度几乎相等.与其相比,微囊藻相对丰度在各组实验处理下均显著降低.无盐度环境中,与静水组相比,湍流组中微囊藻被浮丝藻取代.而高盐度环境中,静水组中小环藻相对丰度显著高于浮丝藻,低湍流组中小环藻的相对丰度与静水组相比显著增加,而高湍流组中,硅藻的相对丰度显著降低,浮丝藻的相对丰度显著增加并占据主导地位.
Chl-a是评估藻生物量的重要指标[38],本研究结果显示,在无盐度环境中,与静水组相比,低湍流条件下Chl-a含量没有显著变化,而在高湍流条件下Chl-a含量增加了49%(图2(a)).首先,湍流组中与固氮作用相关微生物的相对丰度显著增加,而与反硝化作用相关微生物的相对丰度显著降低(图6(c)),有助于水体中营养盐的积累[39].同时,湍流可以增加跨细胞表面的层流剪切力,侵蚀浓度边界层,从而引起向细胞的营养通量相应增加[40].EPS作为一种聚集介质,有助于微藻细胞粘连在一起形成聚集体,有利于藻类的生长.但如果聚集足够大,且足以对抗湍流混合,可增加藻细胞间的自我遮蔽[41],导致光衰减,并降低聚集体内部藻细胞对营养物质的利用率,抑制藻细胞生长[42].低湍流条件下,EPS的大量分泌导致藻类聚集体平均粒径显著增加,这削减了低湍流对藻细胞在营养通量方面的积极影响,从而导致Chl-a含量在低湍流条件下变化不明显.相比之下,高湍流减少了EPS的分泌(图9),同时高湍流的剪切力不利于聚集体的形成,导致微藻聚集体的平均粒径减小(图8(a)),从而增加了营养物质的可利用性和藻细胞的光照条件[41],促进藻类生长.
盐度的添加显著调节了湍流对藻类生长的影响,进一步通过多因素方差分析表明,湍流与盐度的交互具有显著性(P<0.01).低盐度环境中,与静水组相比,低湍流条件下Chl-a含量平均下降了63%,而高湍流条件下,Chl-a含量平均增加了42%(图2(b)).这一结果表明,与无盐度组相比,低盐度增加了湍流对藻细胞的损伤(增强了低湍流条件的抑制作用,降低了高湍流条件的促进效应).这主要归因于营养物质利用率和光合作用的降低(图11).首先,带负电荷的EPS可与阳离子发生反应,形成电解质架桥,增强EPS分子之间的吸引力,导致微藻的聚集体更加紧密[43-44],从而阻碍营养物质向聚集体内部的运输.本研究营养盐结果进一步证实,在湍流条件下,虽然固氮作用相关微生物的相对丰度显著降低,但氮素的含量却有所上升,表明藻对营养盐的利用率降低.其次,藻类聚集增强后,内部细胞可能因光照不足而使得光合作用受限,同时,聚集体内部还可能产生氧气过饱和或CO2供应不足的现象,进一步抑制光系统的效率[45-46].此外,低盐度添加后促进了EPS的生成和分泌,这个过程需要消耗大量能量,减少了可用于光合作用的能量,从而降低光合效率[47].本研究光合荧光动力学结果表明,低盐度的添加显著降低了藻细胞的Fv/Fm值(图3(d)),这一结果证实了光合作用效率的降低.光合作用以及营养物质利用率的降低,导致藻细胞用于调节渗透压的能量不足,细胞结构稳定性降低[48],不能有效的抵御湍流的胁迫.同时,光合作用受到抑制后会导致光合电子传递受阻,促进电子传递链上电子的累积,进而加速活性氧的生成[49].而低盐度下抗氧化物包括超氧化物歧化酶等活性会受到抑制[50],导致细胞内活性氧物质清除不足,无法有效保护新陈代谢相关蛋白质,使得湍流胁迫下的损伤和修复无法达到平衡[51].
高盐度环境中,与静水组相比,低湍流条件下Chl-a含量平均下降了17%,而高湍流条件下,Chl-a含量平均增加了130%(图2(c)).这一结果表明,与低盐度组相比,盐度进一步增加削弱了湍流对藻细胞的损伤(降低了低湍流条件的抑制作用,增强了高湍流条件的促进效应).与低盐度相比,盐度进一步增加会导致藻细胞表面电荷反号,反过来增加细胞间的静电斥力[52-53],导致藻类聚集体粒径减小,有利于营养物质向聚集体内部的运输.随着藻类聚集的减弱,单个细胞的光照条件得到改善,有效避免了聚集体内部因光限制导致的光合作用效率降低.同时,藻类EPS的分泌减少,使得更多的能量得以分给光合作用,从而提高光合效率[47].其次,已有研究表明,在4‰盐度下,可以增加磷脂酰甘油的合成,这有助于保护光合结构和稳定光合产物,从而维持PSII的功能[54-55].本研究中,与无盐度和低盐度相比,当添加高盐度后,显著提高了藻细胞的Fv/Fm值(图3(d)).表明适当提高盐度的确促进了藻光合作用[55],进而有助于藻生长.光合作用以及营养物质利用率的提高为藻类提供了足够的能量来调节渗透压,增强了细胞表面结构的稳定性[48],使其能更好地抵御湍流的胁迫.同时,高湍流混合不仅可以促进藻细胞对营养[48]物质的吸收,还可以防止聚集体沉降,促进营养物质和光照的有效供给,进一步促进藻类生长[21].
在无盐度环境中,从门水平来看,湍流组物种多样性逐渐降低,蓝藻门的相对丰度在湍流条件下显著升高,而硅藻的相对丰度则显著降低(图10).随着湍流的增加,固氮作用相关的微生物相对丰度增加(图6),表明湍流有利于NH4+-N的积累.已有研究[56-57]表明,相较于其他藻种,蓝藻对NH4+-N具有较强的选择性吸收,进而有利于蓝藻的生长.进一步分析蓝藻门结果,相较于静水处理,随着湍流的增加,浮丝藻逐渐代替微囊藻占据主导地位.具有气囊的微囊藻通常会形成聚集体或团块,通过在水环境中漂浮(迁移)增加营养盐通量和光吸收,从而促进其增殖.然而,湍流导致微囊藻从表层水体被分散到较深水层,使其失去了优势.相比之下,浮丝藻细长的形态使其在水流中有更好的分散能力[58],能够通过湍流混合获得最佳的营养和光照条件,从而代替微囊藻占据主导地位.另外,已有水库系统研究表明,当剪切应力过高时,会破坏微囊藻细胞形态[59].本研究中的水动力条件基于河流系统,且湍流强度较水库系统更高,因此微囊藻会受到更强的剪切应力,从而导致微囊藻丰度的降低.
相比于无盐度组,高盐度的添加使得低湍流组蓝藻相对丰富急剧降低而硅藻的相对丰度显著升高且占据主导地位,高湍流组蓝藻的相对丰度也有一定程度降低,但仍占据主导地位(图10).与无盐度组相比,当高盐度添加到低湍流水体中时,藻细胞为调节渗透压以及EPS的生成分泌都需要消耗大量能量,从而促进藻细胞内源代谢活动的效率和速率,氧气消耗和CO2产生增加[60],导致水体pH值降低至偏酸性(图4(a)).此外,本研究微生物功能分析结果表明(图6(b)),硝化作用关联的代谢通路上调(图10(b)),有助于系统中硝化作用活性的增强.在此过程中,氨氮被氧化为硝酸盐,同时消耗了水体中的碱性物质,进而导致水体pH值下降[61],这种环境变化为硅藻提供了竞争优势.随着pH值的降低,碳酸氢根(HCO3-)比例可能增加,硅藻通过其独特的固碳途径,能有效利用HCO3-进行碳固定,从而维持较高的光合作用效率[62].同时,因为硅藻能够形成硅质外壳,为其在酸性条件下提供了额外的缓冲能力,从而增强其对低pH值环境的适应性[58,63-64].这种壳的形成需要溶解的硅酸盐,在低pH值条件下,硅酸盐的溶解度上升,为硅藻提供更多的生长必需元素[65].这些因素共同作用,使得在高盐度和低湍流条件下,硅藻相对于蓝藻具有更强的生长优势.相比之下,高湍流耗散增加了水体中的气体交换[66],使得水体DO增加以及CO2在水中积累降低,导致pH值升高,降低了硅藻的竞争优势.另外,上述分析已表明,蓝藻对特定氮源的偏好性和其形态适应性使其在湍流强度增加的情况下更具竞争优势,从而导致蓝藻的丰度随着湍流强度的增加而上升.除此之外,高盐度高湍流条件下,轮虫丰度显著增加.已有研究表明,由于轮虫体积相对于湍流涡流来说很小,相对于其他浮游动物,具有一定竞争优势[67-68].高盐度的添加降低了浮游动物的多样性,减少了与轮虫竞争资源的物种数量,从而促进了轮虫丰度的增加(图7).由于轮虫偏好捕食非运动、尺寸较小且营养丰富的藻类(如绿藻、硅藻),高盐度高湍流条件下增加的轮虫比例导致硅藻和绿藻的丰度降低.因此,与无盐度组相比,高盐度的添加,虽然也使得高湍流环境中蓝藻的比例降低(同低湍流条件下趋势一致),但由于高湍流抑制了硅藻的竞争优势,并增加了轮虫丰度,使得蓝藻仍占据主导地位.
4.1 无盐度环境中,实验结束时低湍流和高湍流组中Chl-a含量分别是静水组的1.03和1.53倍;添加1‰盐度后,藻类聚集增强,同时藻细胞的Fv/Fm值降低,增强了湍流对藻类的损伤,低湍流和高湍流组中Chl-a含量分别是静水组的0.37和1.41倍;添加4‰盐度后,藻类聚集减弱,同时藻细胞的Fv/Fm值升高,削弱了湍流对藻类的损伤,低湍流和高湍流组中Chl-a含量分别是静水组的0.82和2.29倍.
4.2 无盐度组蓝藻门为优势门类,添加4‰盐度后,静水和低湍流组中硅藻门取代了蓝藻门成为优势门类.然而,在高湍流组中,水体pH值降低,同时轮虫丰度增加,共同削弱硅藻的竞争优势,蓝藻门相对丰度显著增加,并重新占据主导地位,但整体藻类多样性却显著降低.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3208800)
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  • 重庆交通大学研究生科研创新项目(2024S0045)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3208800)
中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001)
重庆交通大学研究生科研创新项目(2024S0045)
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    1.重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
    2.重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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