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This research addressed the issue of low-carbon development in hydropower, provided a review of the key factors influencing the carbon footprint of hydropower and the regional variations in these footprints. The findings of this research indicated an increasing global focus on research into the carbon footprint of hydropower. Case studies revealed that the primary contributors to the hydropower carbon footprint were the manufacture of construction materials and engineering activities during the construction phase, as well as energy consumption by equipment during the operation and maintenance phase. This research identified key factors affecting hydropower carbon emissions, including the type of hydropower, installed capacity, water storage volume, reservoir area, and life cycle stages. Furthermore, from a geographical perspective, it explored the regional variation in hydropower carbon emissions, highlighting the impact of differences in climate, precipitation, and ecological environment due to geographical location on the hydropower carbon footprint.
, correspAuthors=Gao-xiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng LI, Xiao-xuan BAI, Ning DING, Si-qi ZHAO, Chao LI, Wei-qing ZHOU, Gao-xiang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408716810015716, articleId=1241408713899168674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=水电碳足迹关键影响因素及区域化研究趋势, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
面向水电低碳发展问题,对水电碳足迹关键影响因素及水电碳足迹区域化差异进行综述研究.结果表明,全球范围内对现有水电碳足迹研究的关注度不断增高.通过案例研究发现,水电碳足迹主要由建设阶段的建材制造和工程施工,以及运行维护阶段的设备运行耗能产生.总结了影响水电碳排放的关键因素:水电类型、装机量、蓄水量、蓄水区面积和生命周期阶段等,并从地理空间的视角对水电碳排放进行了区域化研究,指出因地理位置不同导致的气候、降水量、生态环境等差异对水电碳足迹的影响.
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李朋(1986-),男,湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士.主要从事能源与环保领域、绿色供应链相关研究.发表论文20余篇.lipengzt@139.com.
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李朋(1986-),男,湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士.主要从事能源与环保领域、绿色供应链相关研究.发表论文20余篇.lipengzt@139.com.
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2.中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408722342302098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Number of publications in Chinese on hydropower carbon footprint and hydropower LCA, 1992~2023, figureFileSmall=MJUKTJuNRvLkQZV8UlesfQ==, figureFileBig=gEhIqAkYgwfQ263JBCYBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408722493297054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
1992~2023年水电碳足迹和水电LCA相关中英文出版物数量基于检索式1,2
, figureFileSmall=MJUKTJuNRvLkQZV8UlesfQ==, figureFileBig=gEhIqAkYgwfQ263JBCYBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408722820452798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Visualization of keywords of domestic and foreign publications, figureFileSmall=MDkkZWx8GUTYsiRQ0seicQ==, figureFileBig=ItDJfjtnFvuPVf4ZgmOdBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408722912727500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
国内外出版物关键词可视化., figureFileSmall=MDkkZWx8GUTYsiRQ0seicQ==, figureFileBig=ItDJfjtnFvuPVf4ZgmOdBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408723042750938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of the review articles on hydropower carbon footprint
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| GHG主要影响因素 | 主要内容 | 存在问题 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 水电建设、蓄水区植被淹没、备用电力系统、总静头(进水口与涡轮之间的距离)高度、电力生产能力和现有水利基础设施的利用 | 使用分类指数对水电系统进行统计评估,水电系统的GHG排放受建设活动、淹没植被和备用电力系统等因素的影响,结果将有助于制定减少GHG排放的能源政策 | 水电生命周期系统边界划分不一致;缺乏统一的功能单位;GHG排放研究方法不统一;水电碳排放差异受地域性影响较大 | [5] |
| 水库特性(库容量、使用年限、位置等)、建设阶段、运行和维护阶段、退役阶段(大坝拆除和废弃回收) | 研究水电生命周期内的GHG排放,重点分析不同类型水电(如水库型和径流式水电)的排放差异 | 数据不一致、缺乏标准化;LCA不确定性分析不足;区域化分析缺乏 | [8] |
| 水温、溶解氧含量、有机碳输入、水温的热分层、水库使用年限、平均深度、季节变化 | 探讨了水电生命周期内GHG排放的多样性和影响因素.指出蓄水水库相关的GHG排放是主要的驱动因素,而径流水电项目的排放相对较低 | 数据有限且不一致;LCA模型和方法不一致;局限于某些地理区域,如印度的热带和亚热带 | [6] |
| 蓄水区生物质分解、运营排放、基础设施建设、拆除和废弃回收 | 对比水电和其他发电技术在GHG排放方面的差异,从生命周期角度分析水电的建设和运营过程中产生的排放.水电的碳排放量低于火电,但由于建设过程中生物质分解和基础设施建设等原因,水电仍会产生显著的GHG排放 | 碳排放核算方法缺乏标准化;模型不确定性较高;数据不足 | [7] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241408723231494639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
水电碳足迹中英文综述文章概要
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| GHG主要影响因素 | 主要内容 | 存在问题 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 水电建设、蓄水区植被淹没、备用电力系统、总静头(进水口与涡轮之间的距离)高度、电力生产能力和现有水利基础设施的利用 | 使用分类指数对水电系统进行统计评估,水电系统的GHG排放受建设活动、淹没植被和备用电力系统等因素的影响,结果将有助于制定减少GHG排放的能源政策 | 水电生命周期系统边界划分不一致;缺乏统一的功能单位;GHG排放研究方法不统一;水电碳排放差异受地域性影响较大 | [5] |
| 水库特性(库容量、使用年限、位置等)、建设阶段、运行和维护阶段、退役阶段(大坝拆除和废弃回收) | 研究水电生命周期内的GHG排放,重点分析不同类型水电(如水库型和径流式水电)的排放差异 | 数据不一致、缺乏标准化;LCA不确定性分析不足;区域化分析缺乏 | [8] |
| 水温、溶解氧含量、有机碳输入、水温的热分层、水库使用年限、平均深度、季节变化 | 探讨了水电生命周期内GHG排放的多样性和影响因素.指出蓄水水库相关的GHG排放是主要的驱动因素,而径流水电项目的排放相对较低 | 数据有限且不一致;LCA模型和方法不一致;局限于某些地理区域,如印度的热带和亚热带 | [6] |
| 蓄水区生物质分解、运营排放、基础设施建设、拆除和废弃回收 | 对比水电和其他发电技术在GHG排放方面的差异,从生命周期角度分析水电的建设和运营过程中产生的排放.水电的碳排放量低于火电,但由于建设过程中生物质分解和基础设施建设等原因,水电仍会产生显著的GHG排放 | 碳排放核算方法缺乏标准化;模型不确定性较高;数据不足 | [7] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241408723340546561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Global hydropower carbon footprint cases based on LCA method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 水电设施名称 | 区域 | 气候 | 水电设施类型 | 装机容量 | 水电设施等级 | 发电量/面积/总发电量 | 方法 | 单位发电碳足迹 | 寿命周期碳排放 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 1 | 溪洛渡水电站 | 四川省、云南省交界中国西南部 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 双曲拱坝 | 13860MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 575.5亿kW⋅h/a133.65km² | LCA | 3.83kgCO2eq/(MW•h) | 生命周期碳排放量为1.10×1010kg | [36] |
| 2 | 庄河抽水蓄能电站 | 辽宁省,中国东北部 | 暖温带季风气候 | 抽水蓄能电站 | 1000MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 12亿kW·h/a35.4万m2(上水库)143.97万m2(下水库) | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 43.46gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.09×106tCO2eq | [32] |
| 3 | 隔河岩水电站 | 湖北省中国中部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 121.2万kW | 大(1)型水电站 | 30.4亿kW·h/a72km2 | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 33.22gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 1.01×107tCO2eq | [37] |
| 4 | 金沙江水电基地 | 金沙江中游前段:乌东德水电站 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 梯级水电站 | 10200MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 38.93TW·h/a127.1km² | EIO-LCA、LCA | 7.22gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.81×107tCO2eq | [15] |
| 金沙江中游后段:白鹤滩水电站 | 16000MW | 62.52TW·h/a216.49km² | 9.14gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 5.72×107tCO2eq |
| 金沙江下游前段:溪洛渡水电站 | 12600MW | 57.12TW·h ~64.06TW·h/a133.65km² | 4.39gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.51×107tCO2eq |
| 金沙江下游后段:向家坝水电站 | 6400MW | 30.88TW·h /a95.6km² | 6.32gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 1.94×107tCO2eq |
| 5 | 通城县外环大桥拦河闸枢纽水电站 | 湖北省中国中部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 河床式水电站 | 900kW | 小(2)型水电站 | 374.5万kW·h/a703km2 | LCA | 251.35gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.88×104tCO2eq | [30] |
| 6 | 可渡河阿都水电站 | 贵州省中国西南部 | 亚热带温湿季风气候 | 水库型水电站 | 60MW | 中型水电站 | 2.72亿kW·h/a66.8万m2 | EIO-LCA | 13.05gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.77×105tCO2eq | [38] |
| 7 | 犬木塘水利工程 | 湖南省中国南部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 34MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 1.15亿kW·h/a(暂无水库水域面积) | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 12.80gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 4.78×105tCO2eq | [18] |
| 8 | 伊泰普水电站 | 巴西西南部与巴拉圭临近处 | 亚热带气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 12.6GW | 大(1)型水电站 | 3.26E+11MJ(2007a) | LCI | 1.56kgCO2/(MW·h) | 9.64×104tCO2/a | [39] |
| 9 | 某土耳其河流蓄能式水力发电厂 | 吉雷松省土耳其北部 | 地中海气候 | 河流蓄能式水力发电厂 | 4MW | 小(2)型水电站 | 7.43GW·h/a49.6km2 | LCI | 30.6kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [40] |
| 10 | 马扎尔-杜达斯水电项目 | 厄瓜多尔中南部 | 热带气候 | 径流式水电站 | 21MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 125GW·h/a | LCI | 2.6kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [41] |
| 11 | 巴巴水电站 | 厄瓜多尔中西部沿海地区 | | 多用途水坝 | 42MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 161GW·h | | 547kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 8.8×106tCO2eq | |
| 12 | 耶涯大坝 | 彬乌伦缅甸中部 | | | 790MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 3550GW·h/a59.0km2 | | 16.62kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 5.9×1010kgCO2eq | |
| 13 | 瑞丽江一级水电站 | 木姐县缅甸东北 | | | 600MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 4022GW·h/a1.1km2 | | 13.43kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 5.41×1010kgCO2eq | |
| 14 | 下邦朗大坝 | 彬马那镇缅甸中南部 | 热带季风气候. | 径流式水电站 | 280MW | 中型水电站 | 911GW·h/a17km2 | LCI | 8.14kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 7.42×109kgCO2eq | [35] |
| 15 | 达平河1水坝 | 八莫市缅甸北部 | | | 19MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 1065GW·h/a0.4km2 | | 7.31kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 7.79×109kgCO2eq | |
| 16 | 塔耶卡特2水电站 | 东吁缅甸南部 | | | 120MW | 中型水电站 | 604GW·h/a13.8km2 | | 8.19kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 4.95×109kgCO2eq | |
| 17 | 峡江水电站 | 江西省吉安市峡江县巴邱镇中国东南部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 综合性水利枢纽工程 | 360MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 11.4亿kW·h/a119km2 | LCA | 32.63gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 3.72 × 106tCO2eq | [31] |
| 18 | 库鲁阿-乌纳水电站 | 圣塔伦市西南70公里巴西北部 | 赤道(热带)雨林气候 | 无 | 30.3MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 8年内18MW,32年内28MW,60年内39MW102km2 | LCI、LCIA | 5.46kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [42] |
| 19 | 加拿大安大略省的水电站 | 安大略省加拿大东部 | 亚寒带气候 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | LCA | 15.2gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [17] |
| 20 | 糯扎渡水电站 | 云南省南部澜沧江下游,向家坝之后中国西南部 | 低热河谷地区,部分属热带气候 | 心墙土石坝混凝土重力坝 | 5850MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 239.1×108kW·h/a | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 8.36gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.8×106tCO2eq | [43] |
| 11.11gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.17×107tCO2eq |
| 21 | 长江上游34座水电站 | 四川省中国西南部 | 亚热带气候 | 无 | 79GW | 无 | 无 | TES-LCA | 28.76gCO2eq/(kW·h)(LHP);9.82gCO2eq/(kW·h)(SHP) | 无 | [33] |
| 22 | 直孔水电站 | 西藏自治区拉萨河中下游中国西南部 | 温带半干旱季风气候区 | 无 | 100MW | 中型水电 | 4.07×108kW·h/a | EIO-LCA | 195gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 3.97×1012gCO2eq | [44] |
| 23 | 三峡大坝 | 长江中国西南部 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 无 | 22500MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 | EIO-LCA | 17.8gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [16] |
| 向家坝水电站溪洛渡水电站 | 金沙江下游河段上中国西南部金沙江中国西南部 | 6400MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 |
| 12600MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 |
| 白鹤滩水电站 | 金沙江中国西南部 | 16000MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 7.4gCO2eq/(kW·h) |
| 乌东德水电项目 | 云南省金沙江中国西南部 | 10200MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 9.3gCO2eq/(kW·h) |
| 24 | A公司的水电站 | 利马市东北秘鲁西侧 | 沙漠草原气候 | 径流式水电站迷你径流式水电站 | 172MW | 中型水电站小(1)型水电站 | 837GW·h/a | LCA | 2.06gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.46×104tCO2eq/a | [45] |
| B公司的一号水电 | 利马市东南秘鲁西侧 | 220MW | 1100GW·h/a | 2.42gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.26×105tCO2eq/a |
| B公司的二号水电 | 18.4MW | 147GW·h/a | 2.33gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.72×104tCO2eq/a |
| 25 | 巴西某水电站 | 巴西 | 热带气候. | 无 | 87789MW | 无 | 517TW·h,2021年 | LCA | 0.0509kgCO2eq/(kW·h) | 2.1×1010kgCO2eq/2021年 | [46] |
| 26 | 美国某抽水储能水电站 | 美国 | 无 | 抽水储能水电站 | 31~2100MW | 无 | 无 | LCA-EIO | 5.6gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [47] |
| 27 | 图库鲁伊水电站 | 巴西 | 热带气候. | 无 | 4000MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 18TWh/a | LCA | 237gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 4.26×106tCO2eq | [48] |
| 28 | 克莱德达曼德水电站. | 新西兰 | 北部为亚热带气候;南部为温带气候. | 无 | 432MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 186 ×109kW/100a | LCA | 4.6gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.61 × 108kgCO2 | [49] |
| 29 | 威尔德格-布鲁格水电站 | 瑞士 | 海洋性气候 | 径流式水电站 | 50MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 300GW·h/a | LCA | 3.1gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [50] |
| 30 | 恩布雷茨瀑布水电站 | 挪威 | 温带海洋性气候. | 径流式水电站 | 无 | 无 | 285.736.000kW·h/a | | 2.19gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [51] |
| 31 | 蓄水式水电站径流式水电站 | 无 | 无 | 蓄水式水电站径流式水电站 | 1,000MW100MW | 大(2)型水电站中型水电站 | 无 | 无 | 15gCO2eq/(kW·h)5.0gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [52] |
| 32 | 印度尼西亚某微型水电站 | 印度尼西亚 | 热带气候. | 径流式水电站 | 9MW | 小(2)型水电站 | 3312GW·h/50a180000m2 | LCA | 1.2kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [53] |
| 33 | 比利时某抽水储能电站 | 比利时 | 温带海洋性气候. | 非高山地区抽水蓄能电站 | 无 | 无 | 190GW·h/a | LCA | 5.46gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [54] |
| 34 | 威尔士某微型水电站 | 英国 | 温带海洋性气候. | 无 | 70kW85kW90kW100kW | 小(2)型水电站 | 无 | LCA | 7.19±3.09gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [55] |
| 35 | 佩尼·塞芬水处理工程;瓦特里水库及水处理厂;斯特拉塔弗洛里达水处理厂 | 英国 | 温带海洋性气候. | 无 | 15kW90kW140kW | 小(3)型水电站 | 无 | LCA | 2.14gCO2eq/(kW·h) 4.36gCO2eq/(kW·h)2.78g CO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [56] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241408723499930127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713899168674, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基于LCA方法的全球范围内水电碳足迹案例
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 水电设施名称 | 区域 | 气候 | 水电设施类型 | 装机容量 | 水电设施等级 | 发电量/面积/总发电量 | 方法 | 单位发电碳足迹 | 寿命周期碳排放 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 1 | 溪洛渡水电站 | 四川省、云南省交界中国西南部 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 双曲拱坝 | 13860MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 575.5亿kW⋅h/a133.65km² | LCA | 3.83kgCO2eq/(MW•h) | 生命周期碳排放量为1.10×1010kg | [36] |
| 2 | 庄河抽水蓄能电站 | 辽宁省,中国东北部 | 暖温带季风气候 | 抽水蓄能电站 | 1000MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 12亿kW·h/a35.4万m2(上水库)143.97万m2(下水库) | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 43.46gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.09×106tCO2eq | [32] |
| 3 | 隔河岩水电站 | 湖北省中国中部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 121.2万kW | 大(1)型水电站 | 30.4亿kW·h/a72km2 | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 33.22gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 1.01×107tCO2eq | [37] |
| 4 | 金沙江水电基地 | 金沙江中游前段:乌东德水电站 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 梯级水电站 | 10200MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 38.93TW·h/a127.1km² | EIO-LCA、LCA | 7.22gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.81×107tCO2eq | [15] |
| 金沙江中游后段:白鹤滩水电站 | 16000MW | 62.52TW·h/a216.49km² | 9.14gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 5.72×107tCO2eq |
| 金沙江下游前段:溪洛渡水电站 | 12600MW | 57.12TW·h ~64.06TW·h/a133.65km² | 4.39gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 2.51×107tCO2eq |
| 金沙江下游后段:向家坝水电站 | 6400MW | 30.88TW·h /a95.6km² | 6.32gCO2eq/(kW•h) | 1.94×107tCO2eq |
| 5 | 通城县外环大桥拦河闸枢纽水电站 | 湖北省中国中部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 河床式水电站 | 900kW | 小(2)型水电站 | 374.5万kW·h/a703km2 | LCA | 251.35gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.88×104tCO2eq | [30] |
| 6 | 可渡河阿都水电站 | 贵州省中国西南部 | 亚热带温湿季风气候 | 水库型水电站 | 60MW | 中型水电站 | 2.72亿kW·h/a66.8万m2 | EIO-LCA | 13.05gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.77×105tCO2eq | [38] |
| 7 | 犬木塘水利工程 | 湖南省中国南部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 34MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 1.15亿kW·h/a(暂无水库水域面积) | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 12.80gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 4.78×105tCO2eq | [18] |
| 8 | 伊泰普水电站 | 巴西西南部与巴拉圭临近处 | 亚热带气候 | 蓄水式水电站 | 12.6GW | 大(1)型水电站 | 3.26E+11MJ(2007a) | LCI | 1.56kgCO2/(MW·h) | 9.64×104tCO2/a | [39] |
| 9 | 某土耳其河流蓄能式水力发电厂 | 吉雷松省土耳其北部 | 地中海气候 | 河流蓄能式水力发电厂 | 4MW | 小(2)型水电站 | 7.43GW·h/a49.6km2 | LCI | 30.6kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [40] |
| 10 | 马扎尔-杜达斯水电项目 | 厄瓜多尔中南部 | 热带气候 | 径流式水电站 | 21MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 125GW·h/a | LCI | 2.6kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [41] |
| 11 | 巴巴水电站 | 厄瓜多尔中西部沿海地区 | | 多用途水坝 | 42MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 161GW·h | | 547kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 8.8×106tCO2eq | |
| 12 | 耶涯大坝 | 彬乌伦缅甸中部 | | | 790MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 3550GW·h/a59.0km2 | | 16.62kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 5.9×1010kgCO2eq | |
| 13 | 瑞丽江一级水电站 | 木姐县缅甸东北 | | | 600MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 4022GW·h/a1.1km2 | | 13.43kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 5.41×1010kgCO2eq | |
| 14 | 下邦朗大坝 | 彬马那镇缅甸中南部 | 热带季风气候. | 径流式水电站 | 280MW | 中型水电站 | 911GW·h/a17km2 | LCI | 8.14kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 7.42×109kgCO2eq | [35] |
| 15 | 达平河1水坝 | 八莫市缅甸北部 | | | 19MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 1065GW·h/a0.4km2 | | 7.31kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 7.79×109kgCO2eq | |
| 16 | 塔耶卡特2水电站 | 东吁缅甸南部 | | | 120MW | 中型水电站 | 604GW·h/a13.8km2 | | 8.19kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 4.95×109kgCO2eq | |
| 17 | 峡江水电站 | 江西省吉安市峡江县巴邱镇中国东南部 | 亚热带季风气候 | 综合性水利枢纽工程 | 360MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 11.4亿kW·h/a119km2 | LCA | 32.63gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 3.72 × 106tCO2eq | [31] |
| 18 | 库鲁阿-乌纳水电站 | 圣塔伦市西南70公里巴西北部 | 赤道(热带)雨林气候 | 无 | 30.3MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 8年内18MW,32年内28MW,60年内39MW102km2 | LCI、LCIA | 5.46kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [42] |
| 19 | 加拿大安大略省的水电站 | 安大略省加拿大东部 | 亚寒带气候 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | LCA | 15.2gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [17] |
| 20 | 糯扎渡水电站 | 云南省南部澜沧江下游,向家坝之后中国西南部 | 低热河谷地区,部分属热带气候 | 心墙土石坝混凝土重力坝 | 5850MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 239.1×108kW·h/a | EIO-LCA、PA-LCA | 8.36gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.8×106tCO2eq | [43] |
| 11.11gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.17×107tCO2eq |
| 21 | 长江上游34座水电站 | 四川省中国西南部 | 亚热带气候 | 无 | 79GW | 无 | 无 | TES-LCA | 28.76gCO2eq/(kW·h)(LHP);9.82gCO2eq/(kW·h)(SHP) | 无 | [33] |
| 22 | 直孔水电站 | 西藏自治区拉萨河中下游中国西南部 | 温带半干旱季风气候区 | 无 | 100MW | 中型水电 | 4.07×108kW·h/a | EIO-LCA | 195gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 3.97×1012gCO2eq | [44] |
| 23 | 三峡大坝 | 长江中国西南部 | 亚热带季风性湿润气候 | 无 | 22500MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 | EIO-LCA | 17.8gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [16] |
| 向家坝水电站溪洛渡水电站 | 金沙江下游河段上中国西南部金沙江中国西南部 | 6400MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 |
| 12600MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 无 |
| 白鹤滩水电站 | 金沙江中国西南部 | 16000MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 7.4gCO2eq/(kW·h) |
| 乌东德水电项目 | 云南省金沙江中国西南部 | 10200MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 9.3gCO2eq/(kW·h) |
| 24 | A公司的水电站 | 利马市东北秘鲁西侧 | 沙漠草原气候 | 径流式水电站迷你径流式水电站 | 172MW | 中型水电站小(1)型水电站 | 837GW·h/a | LCA | 2.06gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.46×104tCO2eq/a | [45] |
| B公司的一号水电 | 利马市东南秘鲁西侧 | 220MW | 1100GW·h/a | 2.42gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.26×105tCO2eq/a |
| B公司的二号水电 | 18.4MW | 147GW·h/a | 2.33gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 1.72×104tCO2eq/a |
| 25 | 巴西某水电站 | 巴西 | 热带气候. | 无 | 87789MW | 无 | 517TW·h,2021年 | LCA | 0.0509kgCO2eq/(kW·h) | 2.1×1010kgCO2eq/2021年 | [46] |
| 26 | 美国某抽水储能水电站 | 美国 | 无 | 抽水储能水电站 | 31~2100MW | 无 | 无 | LCA-EIO | 5.6gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [47] |
| 27 | 图库鲁伊水电站 | 巴西 | 热带气候. | 无 | 4000MW | 大(1)型水电站 | 18TWh/a | LCA | 237gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 4.26×106tCO2eq | [48] |
| 28 | 克莱德达曼德水电站. | 新西兰 | 北部为亚热带气候;南部为温带气候. | 无 | 432MW | 大(2)型水电站 | 186 ×109kW/100a | LCA | 4.6gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 8.61 × 108kgCO2 | [49] |
| 29 | 威尔德格-布鲁格水电站 | 瑞士 | 海洋性气候 | 径流式水电站 | 50MW | 小(1)型水电站 | 300GW·h/a | LCA | 3.1gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [50] |
| 30 | 恩布雷茨瀑布水电站 | 挪威 | 温带海洋性气候. | 径流式水电站 | 无 | 无 | 285.736.000kW·h/a | | 2.19gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [51] |
| 31 | 蓄水式水电站径流式水电站 | 无 | 无 | 蓄水式水电站径流式水电站 | 1,000MW100MW | 大(2)型水电站中型水电站 | 无 | 无 | 15gCO2eq/(kW·h)5.0gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [52] |
| 32 | 印度尼西亚某微型水电站 | 印度尼西亚 | 热带气候. | 径流式水电站 | 9MW | 小(2)型水电站 | 3312GW·h/50a180000m2 | LCA | 1.2kgCO2eq/(MW·h) | 无 | [53] |
| 33 | 比利时某抽水储能电站 | 比利时 | 温带海洋性气候. | 非高山地区抽水蓄能电站 | 无 | 无 | 190GW·h/a | LCA | 5.46gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [54] |
| 34 | 威尔士某微型水电站 | 英国 | 温带海洋性气候. | 无 | 70kW85kW90kW100kW | 小(2)型水电站 | 无 | LCA | 7.19±3.09gCO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [55] |
| 35 | 佩尼·塞芬水处理工程;瓦特里水库及水处理厂;斯特拉塔弗洛里达水处理厂 | 英国 | 温带海洋性气候. | 无 | 15kW90kW140kW | 小(3)型水电站 | 无 | LCA | 2.14gCO2eq/(kW·h) 4.36gCO2eq/(kW·h)2.78g CO2eq/(kW·h) | 无 | [56] |
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