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TiCeOx bimetallic catalysts were prepared as catalyst carries. And the Ru-supported catalysts with different dispersions were synthesized by the methods of Ru3+ impregnation reduction (bottom to up) and Ru colloid solution thermal diffusion (top to down) methods. In the catalyst RuTiCeOx-N prepared by Ru3+ immersion reduction method, Ru species exist in the form of RuOx nanoclusters. In the catalyst RuTiCeOx-A prepared by Ru colloid solution thermal diffusion, Ru species exist in the form of single-atom dispersion. The different dispersion states of Ru species lead to the difference of active oxygen species and acid sites involved in chlorobenzene (CB) oxidation. Chemisorbed oxygen and surface lattice oxygen could be the dominating active oxygen species for RuTiCeOx-N and RuTiCeOx-A, respectively. And due to the chemisorption of CB, that could be transformed into hydroxyl radical (-OH) to be involved in the catalytic reaction. Catalyst RuTiCeOx-A performed better with the complete conversion of CB at 300℃ and 24h of durability test without deactivation. That could be attributed to the synergy between its resulted active oxygen species and multiple acid sites (strong and weak).

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在相同的催化剂载体TiCeOx和贵金属含量下,利用Ru3+浸渍还原(自下而上)和Ru胶体溶液热扩散(自上而下)两种方法制备具有不同分散性的贵金属负载型催化剂.其中Ru3+浸渍还原法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-N中,Ru物种以RuOx纳米团簇的形式存在;Ru胶体溶液热扩散法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-A中,Ru物种以单原子分散的形式存在.Ru物种不同的分散状态导致其参与氯苯(CB)氧化反应的活性氧物种和酸性位点的差异性,其中RuTiCeOx-N中的主要活性氧物种为化学吸附氧,RuTiCeOx-A中的主要活性氧物种为表面晶格氧. CB的化学吸附诱使活性氧物种转变为羟基(-OH)官能团参与催化反应.在活性氧物种和强弱多种酸性位的共同作用下,RuTiCeOx-A催化剂表现出了优异的活性和稳定性,CB在300℃可以完全转化,且可以维持24h而不失活.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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陈曦(1986-),男,山西太原人,讲师,博士,主要从事VOCs与NOx的去除与控制研究.发表论文8篇..

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陈曦(1986-),男,山西太原人,讲师,博士,主要从事VOCs与NOx的去除与控制研究.发表论文8篇..

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陈曦(1986-),男,山西太原人,讲师,博士,主要从事VOCs与NOx的去除与控制研究.发表论文8篇..

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Surface element composition of samples

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样品Oads/Olatt(%)Ce3+/Ce4+(%)
TiCeOx0.3580.195
RuTiCeOx-N0.3630.191
RuTiCeOx-A0.4430.234
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表面元素组成分析(XPS)

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样品Oads/Olatt(%)Ce3+/Ce4+(%)
TiCeOx0.3580.195
RuTiCeOx-N0.3630.191
RuTiCeOx-A0.4430.234
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Intermediate products during activity tests

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温度(℃)RuTiCeOx-NRuTiCeOx-A
200C8H10(二甲苯)C3H6Cl2(1,2-二氯丙烯)
C2H2Cl2(1,1-二氯乙烯)CH2Cl2(1,1-二氯乙烯)
C7H8(甲苯)C6H14(1,2-甲基戊烷)
/C8H10(二甲苯)
C3H6Cl2(1,2-二氯丙烯)C8H10(二甲苯)
300C2H3Cl3(1,1,2-三氯乙烷)C3H4O(丙烯醛)
CHCl3(三氯甲烷)/
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730630246648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713622344604, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

反应中间产物分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度(℃)RuTiCeOx-NRuTiCeOx-A
200C8H10(二甲苯)C3H6Cl2(1,2-二氯丙烯)
C2H2Cl2(1,1-二氯乙烯)CH2Cl2(1,1-二氯乙烯)
C7H8(甲苯)C6H14(1,2-甲基戊烷)
/C8H10(二甲苯)
C3H6Cl2(1,2-二氯丙烯)C8H10(二甲苯)
300C2H3Cl3(1,1,2-三氯乙烷)C3H4O(丙烯醛)
CHCl3(三氯甲烷)/
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RuOx分散性导致的活性氧异化与氯苯氧化相关性
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陈曦 1, 2 , 贾子良 1 , 王梦雪 1 , 王鹏 1 , 季鑫佟 1 , 乔昕茹 1 , 郭冬瑞 1 , 梁美生 1, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1820-1832
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1820-1832
RuOx分散性导致的活性氧异化与氯苯氧化相关性
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陈曦1, 2 , 贾子良1, 王梦雪1, 王鹏1, 季鑫佟1, 乔昕茹1, 郭冬瑞1, 梁美生1, *
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学环境与生态学院,山西 晋中 030600
  • 2.山西省生态环境规划和技术研究院,山西 太原 030009
  • 陈曦(1986-),男,山西太原人,讲师,博士,主要从事VOCs与NOx的去除与控制研究.发表论文8篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Correlation between chlorobenzene oxidation and active oxygen species induced by the dispersity of RuOx
Xi CHEN1, 2 , Zi-liang JIA1, Meng-xue WANG1, Peng WANG1, Xin-tong JI1, Xin-ru QIAO1, Dong-rui GUO1, Mei-sheng LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
  • 2.Shanxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Planning and Technology, Taiyuan 030009, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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在相同的催化剂载体TiCeOx和贵金属含量下,利用Ru3+浸渍还原(自下而上)和Ru胶体溶液热扩散(自上而下)两种方法制备具有不同分散性的贵金属负载型催化剂.其中Ru3+浸渍还原法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-N中,Ru物种以RuOx纳米团簇的形式存在;Ru胶体溶液热扩散法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-A中,Ru物种以单原子分散的形式存在.Ru物种不同的分散状态导致其参与氯苯(CB)氧化反应的活性氧物种和酸性位点的差异性,其中RuTiCeOx-N中的主要活性氧物种为化学吸附氧,RuTiCeOx-A中的主要活性氧物种为表面晶格氧. CB的化学吸附诱使活性氧物种转变为羟基(-OH)官能团参与催化反应.在活性氧物种和强弱多种酸性位的共同作用下,RuTiCeOx-A催化剂表现出了优异的活性和稳定性,CB在300℃可以完全转化,且可以维持24h而不失活.

催化剂载体  /  贵金属  /  团簇  /  单原子分散  /  氧物种  /  羟基

TiCeOx bimetallic catalysts were prepared as catalyst carries. And the Ru-supported catalysts with different dispersions were synthesized by the methods of Ru3+ impregnation reduction (bottom to up) and Ru colloid solution thermal diffusion (top to down) methods. In the catalyst RuTiCeOx-N prepared by Ru3+ immersion reduction method, Ru species exist in the form of RuOx nanoclusters. In the catalyst RuTiCeOx-A prepared by Ru colloid solution thermal diffusion, Ru species exist in the form of single-atom dispersion. The different dispersion states of Ru species lead to the difference of active oxygen species and acid sites involved in chlorobenzene (CB) oxidation. Chemisorbed oxygen and surface lattice oxygen could be the dominating active oxygen species for RuTiCeOx-N and RuTiCeOx-A, respectively. And due to the chemisorption of CB, that could be transformed into hydroxyl radical (-OH) to be involved in the catalytic reaction. Catalyst RuTiCeOx-A performed better with the complete conversion of CB at 300℃ and 24h of durability test without deactivation. That could be attributed to the synergy between its resulted active oxygen species and multiple acid sites (strong and weak).

catalyst carries  /  noble metals  /  clusters  /  single-atom dispersion  /  oxygen species  /  hydroxyl
陈曦, 贾子良, 王梦雪, 王鹏, 季鑫佟, 乔昕茹, 郭冬瑞, 梁美生. RuOx分散性导致的活性氧异化与氯苯氧化相关性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1820 -1832 .
Xi CHEN, Zi-liang JIA, Meng-xue WANG, Peng WANG, Xin-tong JI, Xin-ru QIAO, Dong-rui GUO, Mei-sheng LIANG. Correlation between chlorobenzene oxidation and active oxygen species induced by the dispersity of RuOx[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1820 -1832 .
作为PM2.5和O3的前体物,气态有机化合物(VOCs)不仅对会对人体健康产生严重影响,且会与氮氧化物和硫氧化物反应生成光化学烟雾,导致雾霾、温室效应等环境问题.以CB为代表的含氯挥发性有机物(CVOCs)化学稳定性更强、难以被降解,其治理工作日趋重要[1].催化氧化法(CO)是工业上普遍应用的治理方案,其中催化剂是方案的关键[2].贵金属负载型(Ru,Au,Pd,Pt)催化剂在低温下具有较高的催化活性,Pt和Pd贵金属催化剂对CVOCs的催化活性虽然较高,但抗氯中毒能力差,易产生多种多氯代副产物;Au负载催化剂在CVOCs的催化氧化时表现不活泼,活性较差.以上因素导致这三种贵金属催化剂在CVOCs催化领域的应用受到限制;Ru贵金属催化剂氧化态多(+2、+3、+4、+6、+8共5种氧化态),在CVOCs的催化氧化领域受到关注,近些年来取得了一定进展.但贵金属价格昂贵,单原子分散的形式可以提高贵金属利用率,最大化利用贵金属,降低贵金属负载型催化剂的成本,受到科研工作者的关注.
在CVOCs的催化氧化方面,Ru属催化剂的应用已有研究,Dai[3]等制备了Ru/CeO2催化剂用于CB的催化燃烧反应,提出了该催化剂上氯中毒和RuO2的Deacon反应机理;次年,他们研究了Ru与CeO2载体之间的相互作用与载体构型和晶面结构之间的关系,并对这种相互作用与催化氧化CB活性表现之间的关系进行了讨论[4].此后第三金属与贵金属稳定性的关联研究[5]、Ru负载于多种过渡金属元素时(Ce,Ti,W,Sn),活性与催化剂酸性位、氧空位及结构之间的关系[6]、Ru与多种贵金属(Au,Pd,Pt)之间相互作用[7]、Ru-O[8]与Ru-O-Ce[9]键与催化剂表面氧物种的关系、RuO2尺寸效应与活性位的关系[10]、其它盐类[11]和金属阳离子[12]对催化活性的影响、掺杂元素与Ru物种暴露晶面关系的影响等都得到了较充分的研究[13].
Ru基单原子贵金属催化剂应用于CVOCs的催化氧化研究开展的较晚.Zhao等[14]用RuCl3为前驱体,采用湿法浸渍合成了Ru/TiCe催化用于二氯甲烷和CB的催化氧化,发现Ru在催化剂中形成了Ru-O-Ti和Ru-O-Ce键,与TiO2和CeO2之间形成交互作用,该结构增加了强Lewis酸的数量,并有助于表面氧的形成. Sun等人于2022年将微纳米团簇Ru,Pd,和Rh负载于TiO2-(001)晶面,用于CB的催化氧化后}发现Ru负载的催化剂具有最好的活性和CO2选择性,并将这种深度氧化行为归因于Ru0和Ru4+之间的价态循环,并通过单原子稳态DFT计算证明了这一理论[15].Wu等人发现Sn掺杂的硅质岩载体负载Ru单原子后用于二氯甲烷(DCM)的催化氧化,结果表明该催化剂具有优良的耐氯和副产物抑制性.他们发现掺杂的Sn可以有效的锚定Ru原子,从而导致Ru以单原子分散的形态出现,产生大量的氧空位,优化了Lewis和Brønsted酸性位的协同作用[16].以上研究证明催化剂的活性来源包括元素间相互作用、晶面作用、电子电互以及分散性等,贵金属形态与活性氧物种及酸性位关联性研究尚未见报道.
研究结合CeOx和TiO2的优势,通过溶胶凝胶法的制备过程合成具有丰富氧缺陷和酸性位点的双金属催化剂TiCeOx,通过自下而上(浸渍还原)和自上而下(胶体热扩散)两种方法制备Ru纳米团簇和单原子分散形态的两种Ru属催化剂,并验证其在CB催化氧化中,活性与氧物种,以及催化剂结构与表面特性之间的关系.研究表明,Ru物种的分散形态不同,造成催化剂的主要活性氧物种和酸性位点的差异性,进而影响催化剂的活性和稳定性.研究扩展了单原子催化剂的应用场景,为其合成、结构与应用之间的关系提供借鉴和思路.
氯苯(C6H5Cl,≥99.5%,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司),氯化钌(RuCl3,99.95%,天津希恩思奥普德科技有限公),六水合硝酸铈(Ce(NO33·6H2O,AR,99.5%,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),冰醋酸(CH3COOH,AR,≥99.5%,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司),氢氧化钠(NaOH,AR,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司),钛酸四丁酯(Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH34,≥99.0%,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司),硼氢化钠(NaBH4,≥98.0%,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司),乙二醇(C2H6O2,AR,98%,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司),无水乙醇(CH3CH2OH,AR,≥99.7%,国药集团化学试剂有限公司),高纯氮气(N2,99.999%,济宁协力特种气体有限公司),普通空气(安旭鸿云科技发展有限公司).
反应过程中将CVOCs的浓度控制在100~1000×10-6之间,模拟工业尾气的气体浓度,反应评价通过固定床反应器进行,CVOCs用N2以鼓泡的形式从蒸汽发生器吹扫出来,空速通过调整混合气与吹扫气的比例,使用质流计调控气体流速的方式达到相应的要求.同时使用冷却槽控制CB的挥发温度以达到所需的气体浓度.CVOCs、CO2、CO浓度用气相色谱(GC)进行标定,色谱配备有两个氢离子火焰检测器和一个镍转化炉用以精确分析CB以及转化生成的COx浓度,使用管式炉加热样品,反应压力为大气压,空气量充足.具体的装置如图1所示.
将100mg催化剂样品(40~60目)置于一个8mm内径的石英管中,催化剂两端用石英棉堵住防止气流将催化剂吹散.调节CB浓度为1000×10-6,空速为15000mL/(g·h),反应前后CB的浓度分别用CinCout表示;反应前、反应后、以及CB完全转化所生成CO2的浓度分别用MinMoutMtol表示,所以CB的去除率和CO2矿化率可分别表示为:
对于反应可能产生的HCl和Cl2通过滴定的办法进行分析.反应尾气首先通过装有10mL去离子水的密封样品管,由于HCl极易溶于水,所以先吸收气氛中的HCl;接着通往装有10mL,0.1mol/L的NaOH溶液,用来吸收Cl2.最后通过离子色谱来分析溶液中氯离子的浓度,进而得到气氛中Cl2和HCl的浓度.
X射线衍射光谱(XRD,D8Advance,布鲁克,德国),用Cu Kα辐射确定晶体结构和相组成,速度为0.5(°)/min,步长为4(°)/min;用拉曼光谱(Raman,DXR 2xi,赛默飞,美国)分析化合物的化学键和官能团,激光波长为532nm,扫描范围为100-1200cm-1;通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES,730,安捷伦,美国)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS,ESCALAB 250Xi,赛默飞,美国),分析元素组成和表面元素价态,其中XPS使用Al Kα;使用化学吸附仪(AutoChem II 2920,麦克默瑞提克,美国)测试催化剂的Brunauer-Emmet-Teller(BET)比表面积、孔径分布和孔体积,其中孔径和体积通过Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)法计算;采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM,JEM-3200FS,JEOL,日本)配备元素分析仪(EDS)和球差校正高角度环形暗场扫描透射显微镜(AC-HAADF-STEM)对样品的晶粒尺寸、暴露晶面、形貌和均匀性进行分析;氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和CO脉冲滴定均采用化学吸附仪(AutoChem II 2920,麦克默瑞提克,美国)完成;氯离子浓度通过离子色谱进行分析(Dionex Aquion,赛默飞,美国);通过便携式HCl测试仪分析HCl浓度(MS104K-HCL,深圳,中国);反应中间产物用在线质谱(TILON-LC-D200M,美国)进行分析;CO原位红外(CO-DRIFTs)和CB吸附及氧化原位红外均通过原位红外设备(FTIR,INVENIO S,BRUKER,德国)完成.
首先将3mL冰醋酸和40mL无水乙醇混合,加入对应0.02mol(6.7383g)的钛酸四丁酯剧烈搅拌15min,加入稀硝酸(5mL浓硝酸+300mL水)调节pH值为4,记为A溶液;将3mL去离子水和20mL乙醇混合,加入0.02mol(8.6844g)六水合硝酸铈,搅拌至固体完全溶解,记为B溶液;将B缓慢加入A溶液中剧烈搅拌1h,然后80℃蒸发30min至溶胶状放入100℃鼓风烘箱干燥8h,然后在管式炉中升至350℃在空气中煅烧2h,最后将得到的固体颗粒记为TiCeOx.
将RuCl3加去离子水配至1mg/mL(以Ru计),避光保存;将20mg硼氢化钠溶解于50mL去离子水中待用;称TiCeOx载体500mg放于烧杯中,加50mL去离子水后超声30min,随后加入步骤配制的RuCl3溶液5mL剧烈搅拌1h后,加入NaBH4溶液继续搅拌1h后过滤,用去离子水洗涤;将过滤洗涤后的样品在干燥箱中100℃干燥8h;最后在管式炉中350℃空气气氛中煅烧2h,得到的催化剂记为RuTiCeOx-N(Ru质量分数为1%,Ti和Ce元素的摩尔比为1:1).
将0.15g RuCl3固体粉末溶解于盛有50mL乙二醇(C2H6O2)的100mL平底烧瓶中,再加入0.16g NaOH固体颗粒,持续搅拌30min待到溶液完全溶解,随后将烧瓶口添加蛇形冷凝管后置在油浴锅保持150℃回流3h,最后冷却至室温得到深棕色的Ru胶体溶液,Ru浓度为1.46mg/mL;将合成的Ru胶体溶液2.74mL加入到含有400mg TiCeOx和50ml去离子水的混合物中,持续搅拌24h,随后过滤洗涤,放入60℃的烘箱中干燥24h,最后在350℃的管式炉中煅烧2h得到RuTiCeOx-A(Ru质量分数为1%,Ti和Ce元素的摩尔比为1:1).
图2为样品的XRD图谱.从图中可以看到3种催化剂的主晶相都为CeO2(PDF#43-1002),观察不到TiO2晶相.在使用不同的方法负载贵金属Ru(1wt%)后,催化剂呈现出不同的结构变化,其中在浸渍还原法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-N的衍射峰上出现了RuO2相(PDF#71-2273),分别位于28.07°、35.092°和54.339°.对于使用Ru纳米胶体热扩散法制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-A,在采用相同的干燥和焙烧温度处理后,其XRD图谱与载体TiCeOx接近,没有与Ru物种相关的物相(RuO2或金属Ru)出现.XRD结果表明采用不同方法制备的催化剂,Ru物种的形态或者颗粒大小有差别.在RuTiCeOx-N中,Ru可能以RuO2纳米颗粒形式存在,在RuTiCeOx-A中,Ru可能以原子尺度存在.
图3为样品的HR-TEM和AC-HAADF-STEM图.通过HR-TEM观察样品的表面晶相,从图3(a)和(d)可以看出RuTiCeOx-N和RuTiCeOx-A其暴露晶面均为CeO2的(111)晶面,这是由于其使用了同一催化剂载体TiCeOx.为了观察到Ru物种的形态和负载方式,使用球差校正电镜(Cscorrected TEM)对催化剂进行观察,从图3(b)和(c)可以看到在RuTiCeOx-N表面,Ru物种以纳米团簇的形式负载于催化剂的边缘或结构缺陷处,团簇的尺寸大约在2nm.对于RuTiCeOx-A,可以看到Ru物种以原子级分散的形式均匀的负载于载体表面(图3(e)和(f)).结合XRD (图2)分析可知Ru物种在RuTiCeOx-N和RuTiCeOx-A中分别以纳米团簇和原子级分散的形式存在.和图3(f)的分散形式不同,从图3(g)可以看出在个别区域Ru物种以纳米团簇的形式存在.
通过CO-DRIFTs以及CO脉冲滴定进一步分析Ru物种的分散形式.以CO为探针分子进行原位红外光谱分析,可以快速方便的表征金属单原子和纳米颗粒.图4为CO-DRIFTs图谱,先通入CO气体后发现图中存在4个主要的特征吸收带,其中2173cm-1处的吸收带为气相CO的吸附[16].紧接着通入Ar随时间观察谱图变化,发现位于2173cm-1处的两个峰逐渐减弱.位于2119cm-1处的吸收带代表着正价Ru和CO的线性键合形成的多羰基物种Ruδ+(CO)x[17].2058和1988cm-1处的吸附带对应于吸附在零价Ru上的单羰基物种(Ru-CO)[18].从图4(a)可以看到在持续Ar流中,RuCeTiOx-A在以上两处吸收带基本保持不变,也没有发生偏移,说明样品与吸附的CO之间没有发生相互作用,Ru以单原子的形式分散在载体上;而图4(b)中,催化剂RuCeTiOx-N随时间持续变化,在1988cm-1的特征峰偏移到了1985cm-1,并且在1996cm-1处出现了一个弱吸收带[19],对应于Ru纳米颗粒的CO吸附峰.通过CO化学吸附脉冲滴定分析RuCeTiOx-N和RuCeTiOx-A的分散度分别为77%和93%.以上表征结果与XRD和AC-HAADF-STEM的分析相符合,说明两种催化剂在分散度上有较大的差别.
通过H2-TPR测试样品的还原性.从图5可以看到对于RuCeTiOx-N和RuCeTiOx-A,其还原峰共被分为3个区域,分别为100~300℃、300~450℃,以及450℃以上.根据所制备催化剂特性及研究报道,其分别代表RuO2的还原[20-21],化学吸附氧以及晶格氧的还原[22].可以看到RuCeTiOx-N在128℃低温区出现了RuO2的还原峰,远低于RuCeTiOx-A的216℃,说明两种催化剂中Ru-O键的结合强不同.且RuCeTiOx-A上RuO2的还原峰高且尖锐,说明此催化剂上RuO2与载体的相互作用更强,贵金属在载体上呈现高度分散的状态[22].RuCeTiOx-A和RuCeTiOx-N晶格氧还原峰分别位于520和575℃,结合RuO2的还原温度差异,进一步说明RuCeTiOx- A中RuO2对载体产生了较大影响.一般情况下,对于同一种反应机制的催化剂,其初始还原度一般与催化剂的催化氧化活性紧密相关,初始还原温度越低活性越好[23].从图4可以看出RuCeTiOx- N的初始还原温度(128℃)要低于RuCeTiOx-A的216℃,但其对CB的催化氧化活性却较低(图8),由此可以推测两种催化剂参与反应的活性氧物种可能不同.根据H2-TPR结果可以推测在RuCeTiOx-N中,Ru与其表面化学吸附氧结合形成Ru-O键容易被还原,而在RuCeTiOx-A中,Ru与催化剂表而晶格氧结合形成Ru-O-Ce键而难被还原.根据文献报道,RuO2的还原峰一般位于100℃左右[24],而RuCeTiOx-A中RuO2的还原峰向高温大幅偏移进一步说明RuCeTiOx-A中Ru物种高的分散性增强了其与O物种的结合能力,导致Ru-O键中的氧物种难以与H2反应而被消耗.
通过O2-TPD测试样品氧物种活度,氧的脱附顺序为O2ad~O-ad~O2-Latt-S~O2-Latt-B[25-26],分别代表了物理吸附氧(O2ad),化学吸附氧(O-ad),表面晶格氧(O2-Latt-S)和体相晶格氧(O2-Latt-B),由于在测试前于200℃使用N2对催化剂进行了预处理,所以在谱图(图6)中看不到物理吸附氧的脱附.可以看到载体TiCeOx与催化剂RuCeTiOx-N的氧脱附曲线形状和强度接近.对于TiCeOx,在约356℃出现的氧物种的脱附峰可归属为表面晶格氧的脱附[27].对于RuCeTiOx-N,位于258℃,344℃和508℃的脱附峰按顺序可分别归结为化学吸附氧,表面晶格氧和体相晶格氧.与TiCeOx相比,Ru物种的负载使得RuTiCeOx-N产生了大量的化学吸附氧. RuTiCeOx-A的主要的氧脱附峰位于371℃和538℃,分别代表了表面晶格氧和体相晶格氧的脱附.除去物理吸附氧,最先脱附的氧物种一般是参与氧化反应的主要活性氧物种[28-29],根据O2-TPD中氧的脱附顺序可推测RuCeTiOx-N和RuCeTiOx-A的主要活性氧分别为化学吸附氧和表面晶格氧.有研究表明CeO2[23]或Ru负载型催化剂中[24]化学吸附氧的脱附一般位于300℃之间,RuCeTiOx-A中化学吸附氧脱附温度的提升(370℃)说明了形成的Ru-O键强度较高,这与H2-TPR(图5)的结论一致.
通过NH3-TPD分析载体和其负载Ru物种后的表面酸性.根据脱附温度,图谱可分为α,β,和γ共3个区域(图7),分别代表NH3从弱酸(0~250℃),中酸(250~500℃)和强酸(>500℃)上脱附[30].可以看到对于载体TiCeOx,其弱酸和中酸位点比较丰富,看不到NH3从强酸位点上的脱附峰.负载Ru物种后,RuTiCeOx-N上位于弱酸和中酸位点的脱附峰变的很弱,但在500℃以上出现了明显的脱附峰,说明Ru元素的加入可以很大程度上丰富RuTiCeOx-N的强酸位,抑制弱酸和中强酸位点的数量和强度.与TiCeOx和RuTiCeOx-N不同,在采用不同的方案负载Ru物种形成单原子分散形态后,RuCeTiOx-A表面的弱酸,中强酸和强酸都很丰富.有研究认为弱酸和中强酸有利于CVOCs的吸附和C-Cl键的解离,强酸位点有利于苯环的裂解既CVOCs的深度氧化[31].说明单原子分散形态的贵金属催化剂RuCeTiOx-A不仅有利于CB的吸附,C-Cl键的解离,同时也可以促进苯环的裂解和深度氧化,这可能是其在活性和耐受性测试(图9)都表现较好的主要原因.
元素的表面组成和价态通过XPS进行表征.如图8(a)所示,在529.6、531.7、533.0三个峰分别指代晶格氧(Olatt)、化学吸附氧(Oads)和物理吸附的H2O/羟基(OH2O[32].对化学吸附氧与晶格氧的相对含量(Oads/Olatt)进行计算,如表1所示其比值顺序为TiCeOx (35.8%) ≈ RuTiCeOx-N (36.3%) <RuTiCeOx-A (44.3%).图8(b)中Ce 3d轨道的XPS图谱共分为8个峰,其中位于886.0和904.4eV结合能处的峰分别代表Ce 3d3/2和Ce 3d5/2轨道处的Ce3+,其余峰代表Ce4+[33-34].从表1中可以看到催化剂中Ce3+/Ce4+的比例分别为19.5%(TiCeOx),19.1%(RuTiCeOx-N),与23.4%(RuTiCeOx-A).Ce3+的比例一般与CeO2中氧缺陷的数量正相关,结果说明原子分散形态的Ru与载体形成的Ru-O-Ce键使得催化剂形成了更多的氧缺陷,与图8(a)中对氧物种的分析一致.结合O 1s和Ce 3d轨道的XPS图谱可知在RuTiCeOx-A中,单原子分散的Ru物种易于与载体晶格氧和Ce原子形成Ru-O-Ce键,使得催化剂出现较多的活化晶格氧(晶格氧缺陷)参与氧化反应,这也与图6中O2-TPD的结论相对应.
图8(c)为催化剂Ru 3d轨道的XPS图谱.由于Ru 3d3/2处的峰与C1s的峰重叠,所以利用Ru 3d5/2处的峰来分析Ru的价态,其Ru0+,Ru4+和Ru6+一般位于280.6,281.5以及282.8eV[35-36]结合能处.从图中可以看出两种催化剂中均不存在Ru0,Ru主要以正价形式存在(Run+).RuCeTiOx-N中的峰位于281.2eV结合能处,说明其中Ru物种更偏向于低价态; RuCeTiOx-A中峰位于281.8eV结合能处,说明其中Ru物种更偏向于高价态.结合能以及Ru价态的差异是由于载体和Ru之间的电荷转移引起的.与RuCeTiOx-N相比,RuCeTiOx-A中Ru更偏向于高价态,说明原子分散形态的Ru物种更易于与氧紧密结合,形成较强的电子交互[24].
图9(a)为催化剂对CB催化氧化的转化率曲线,可以看到TiCeOx与RuTiCeOx-N对CB的转化率接近,在低温和高温区的活性都低于RuTiCeOx-A.转化率与CB的化学吸附、不完全转化和完全转化相关,所以对于转化率来说,酸性位对CB的化学吸附非常关键[37].从图7可以看到RuTiCeOx-N中弱酸和中强酸相对量较少,不利于其对CB的吸附,这可能是其转化率较低的原因[38-41].而对于RuTiCeOx-A,有着丰富的中强酸,可以吸附更多的有机物,所以CB的转化率较高.图9(b)为CO2的矿化率曲线,从大到小依次为RuTiCeOx-A>RuTiCeOx-N>TiCeOx.矿化率与CB的深度氧化有关,催化剂中强酸位点有利于CB的深度氧化[42-44].从图7可以看到RuTiCeOx-N和RuTiCeOx-A中强酸位点较丰富,CO2矿化率也高于TiCeOx.结合图9活性测试和图7中NH3-TPD表征结果可知,由Ru分散态引起的酸性位的变化可能对活性的影响起着关键的作用.在不同的反应温度通过滴定法确定HCl和Cl2的浓度(1.2CVOCs催化氧化装置及其工作原理),发现原本吸收Cl2的碱性溶液中检测不到氯离子,说明生成的无机氯物种均为HCl.从图9(c)可以看出来在300℃时,RuTiCeOx-N和RuTiCeOx-A活性虽然有差异,但都可以保持25h而不失活,说明两种催化剂虽然分散度不同但均对CB有着较高的耐受性.
在200和300℃通过在线质谱和便携式HCl分析仪分别分析反应的中间产物(图9表2)和HCl浓度.可以看到在200℃,两种催化剂在反应过程中有多种气态中间产物生成,包括芳香烃、烯烃、烷烃等.当温度升至300℃时RuTiCeOx-A的副产物种类明显少于RuTiCeOx-N.对于RuTiCeOx-N,200和300℃时HCl的浓度分别为115和325×10-6;对于RuTiCeOx-A,200和300℃时HCl的浓度分别为275×10-6和620×10-6.以上结果说明RuTiCeOx-A在高温时更容易将CB中的氯物种快速转变,生成更多的HCl.
从以上分析可知在不同的制备方法下,RuTiCeOx-A中的Ru物种为单原子分散的形态与催化剂表面晶格氧结合,且其活性、耐受性都要好于Ru物种以团簇形态分布的RuTiCeOx-N.为了进一步验证该推论,将RuTiCeOx-N和RuTiCeOx-A催化剂的焙烧温度由原来的350℃提高至500和600℃验证其活性与结构的关系.从图10(a)和(b)看到,在500或650℃焙烧后RuTiCeOx-N催化剂的CB转化率和CO2矿化率缓慢下降.从图10(c)和(d)可以看到RuTiCeOx-A在经过高温焙烧后其CB转化率和CO2矿化率剧烈下降,甚至失活.
根据图6中O2-TPD分析,催化剂在500℃以上焙烧时其表面晶格氧会出现大量脱附,说明晶格氧的脱附对RuTiCeOx-A活性造成了很大的负面影响,而对RuTiCeOx-N影响较小.由此可以推测RuTiCeOx-A的主要活性氧物种为晶格氧,在高温焙烧其晶格氧脱附后很难再恢复,所以活性下降;而RuTiCeOx-N由于其主要活性氧物种为化学吸附氧,尽管晶格氧在高温大量脱附,但仍然可以对氧分子进行活化而使其以化学吸附氧的形式参与氧化反应,所以其活性下降较小.以上推测与H2-TPR、O2-TPD和XPS的分析相互印证.
为了进一步阐明反应机理,通过原位红外(In situ DRIFTs)研究RuTiCeOx-N与RuTiCeOx-A催化剂中主要活性氧物种的参与过程.根据O2-TPD(图6)测试结果,首先将催化剂在340℃(<350℃焙烧温度)氩气气氛中预处理1h后自然冷却至室温去除大部分化学吸附氧,冷却过程中持续通氩气保证惰性氛围.冷却至室温后通入1000×10-6的CB持续5min后重新切换氩气再吹扫10min.最后氩气氛围中缓慢升温,并在过程中采取样品谱图观察吸附CB和氧物种的变化过程.
图11(a)RuTiCeOx-N的In situ DRIFTs可以看出在高温预处理温度降至40℃后谱图为一条直线,看不到物种或者基团的振动.在通入CB后,在光谱图中出现了较强的吸附峰,其中位于1630,1180和1078cm-1处的吸附峰分别归属为C=C伸缩振动[45]、芳香环非对称的C-C伸缩振动以及小分子中的-CH振动[46],意味着CB成功吸附到了催化剂表面.在3400~3800cm-1处出现的包峰[47]和3668cm-1[48]处的峰为羟基官能团(-OH).由于在惰性气氛中经过了高温预处理,所以-OH主要由CB的化学吸附诱使催化剂表面剩余活性氧转变生成.随着温度升高至150℃以上,位于1613cm-1处的吸附峰为催化剂表面芳香环中C=C伸缩振动[45,49],吸附带位置由低温的1630cm-1转变为高温处的1613cm-1,说明CB在催化剂表面发生了转变,可能是由于CB分子中C-Cl键断裂造成的.另外两个峰位于1211和1556cm-1处,分别归属为表面酚盐的C=C伸缩振动以及表面(含Cl)醋酸盐(COOH-)的非对称伸缩振动[49].以上结果表明随着温度的升高在RuTiCeOx-N表面,CB中的C-Cl键首先断裂,接着生成表面酚盐和醋酸盐物种.可以看到位于1613,1556以及1211cm-1处的吸附峰强度随着温度的升高逐渐变弱,到240℃时仍然存在,说明催化剂活性较差,反应速率较慢.值得注意的是随着温度的升高,位于3400~3800cm-1处的-OH基峰逐渐变小,说明伴随着温度的升高,-OH在持续消耗参与催化反应,最终在240℃,-OH官能团消失,而位于1613cm-1处的C=C伸缩振动峰始终没有消失,说明在该温度下RuTiCeOx-N中的活性氧物种被完全消耗,不能再转变为-OH参与催化反应.
图11(b)为RuTiCeOx-A吸附CB并随温度变化的In situ DRIFTs.在低温吸附CB后,位于1630和1287cm-1处的振动峰归属于C=C伸缩振动,说明CB成功吸附在催化剂表面.同时生成的大量-OH官能团表明吸附的CB可以诱使活性氧物种转化为-OH.随着温度升高到150℃以上时,在1613和1259cm-1处的吸附峰分别为芳香环中C=C伸缩振动和表面酚盐的C-O伸缩振动[46],说明在低温吸附的CB转变为其它含苯环类的物种和酚盐.当温度高于180℃达到210℃时,光谱图上吸附带完全消失,并伴随有大量CO2的生成,同时位于3368和3750cm-1[47-48]处的-OH随着温度的升高逐渐增强,中心位于3300cm-1处的包峰在180℃以上也没有随着温度的升高而逐渐减弱.以上结果表明吸附在RuTiCeOx-A表面的CB及其衍生物可以在较低温度(210℃)完全转化,并且不断有新的-OH生成,说明其活性氧物种数量较大,可以满足持续转化.相比之下RuTiCeOx-N表面的-OH随着温度升高和CB的转化逐渐变少直至消失,说明经过预处理后其表面的活性氧物种得到了很大的消耗.
结合XPS、O2-TPD、高温活性测试以及In situ DRIFTs可知RuTiCeOx-N的主要活性氧物种为化学吸附氧,RuTiCeOx-A的主要活性氧物种为表面晶格氧,其氧物种在CB化学吸附的作用下可转变为-OH官能团参与催化反应.根据In situ DRIFTs分析,可以推测可能的反应路径(图12).CB首先吸附在催化剂表面诱使活性氧转变为羟基(-OH),接着活性羟基与吸附的CB反应生成表面酚盐(含氯).随着温度升高,表面酚盐转变为醋酸盐物种,最后转变为CO2、H2O和HCl.
4.1 AC-HAADF-STEM观测和XRD图谱分析表明通过浸渍还原法(自下而上)制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-N中Ru物种以纳米团簇的形式负载于载体边缘,而采用纳米胶体热扩散法(自上而下)制备的催化剂RuTiCeOx-A中Ru物种以单原子分散的形式负载于载体表面.
4.2 H2-TPR、O2-TPD、XPS、高温活性测试以及In situ DRIFTs表明,由于Ru物种的分散态不同,催化剂的主要活性氧物种不同,RuTiCeOx-N的主要活性氧物种为化学吸附氧,RuTiCeOx-A的主要活性氧物种为表面晶格氧,CB的化学吸附诱使活性氧转化为-OH参与反应.
4.3 结合NH3-TPD表征和活性测试(CB转化率和CO2矿化率)表明RuTiCeOx-A表面丰富的弱酸、中强酸、以及强酸有利于CB的吸附和深度氧化.转化率T90为290℃,且可维持24h而不失活.
4.4 单原子分散的RuTiCeOx-A虽然活性表现较好,但耐高温性能较差,在500和600℃焙烧后由于晶格氧的大量脱附导致活性变差,需要在以后的研究中改进.
  • 国家自然科学基金(22376156)
  • 山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021211140)
  • 太原市生态环境局委托项目(RH2400000291)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
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国家自然科学基金(22376156)
山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021211140)
太原市生态环境局委托项目(RH2400000291)
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    1.太原理工大学环境与生态学院,山西 晋中 030600
    2.山西省生态环境规划和技术研究院,山西 太原 030009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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