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We used the PLUS model to predict the land use pattern under different development scenarios in 2030 in the Loess Plateau, an important ecological barrier in China, and applied the InVEST-Geodector model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and driving factors in ecosystem carbon storage from 2020 to 2030. The findings were as follows: (1) The area of cropland will decrease under the natural development and ecological protection scenarios; the area of grassland decreases significantly under the cropland protection scenario, and forests and waters are effectively protected under all three scenarios. (2) The ecosystem carbon storage under the natural development, ecological protection, and cropland protection scenarios is 4.922, 5.021, and 4.922Pg, respectively. Compared with those in 2020, carbon storage will increase by 8.07, 37.22, and 8.07Tg, respectively. Carbon storage has obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high carbon density in the northern Qinling Mountains, Taihang Mountains, and Lvliang Mountains and low carbon density in Erdos City and its surrounding areas. Changes in carbon storage are closely related to the changes in the number of land classes and conversion of land use types. In conclusion, the ecological protection scenario is more in line with the future development needs of the study area. (3) The core determinants of ecosystem carbon storage are slope and precipitation, and the dominating combinations of factors driving regional differences and changes in carbon storage are the interactions of slope, soil type, or average annual temperature content with other variables.

, correspAuthors=Han ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kang LIU, Han ZHANG, Dao-jun ZHANG, Wei-wei ZHENG, Chao-zheng ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408719104299114, articleId=1241408713559430043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=黄土高原生态系统碳储量情景模拟与驱动因素——基于PLUS–InVEST-Geodector模型的研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以我国重要生态屏障黄土高原为案例地,借助PLUS模型预测2030年不同发展情景下的土地利用格局,运用InVEST-Geodector模型对生态系统碳储量时空变化及驱动因素展开分析,研究结果表明:(1)自然增长与生态保护情景下耕地面积将减少,耕地保护情景下草地面积大幅减少,林地与水域在三种情景下均得到了有效保护.(2)自然发展、生态保护、耕地保护情景下生态系统碳储量分别为4.922,5.021,4.922Pg;相比2020年分别增加8.07,37.22,8.07Tg.碳储量具有明显的空间异质性,秦岭北麓、太行山、吕梁山等区域碳密度高,鄂尔多斯市及其周边区域碳密度低.地类数量变化与地类转换对碳储量增减变化有重要影响.综合来看,生态保护情景更符合研究区未来发展需求.(3)坡度与降水是影响生态系统碳储量的核心因素,坡度、土壤类型或年均气温与其他因素的交互作用是驱动碳储量区域差异及变化的主导因素组合.

, correspAuthors=张寒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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刘康(1995–),男,陕西安康人,博士研究生,从事土地高效低碳利用研究.发表论文10余篇..

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刘康(1995–),男,陕西安康人,博士研究生,从事土地高效低碳利用研究.发表论文10余篇..

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刘康(1995–),男,陕西安康人,博士研究生,从事土地高效低碳利用研究.发表论文10余篇..

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Acta Ecologica Sinica202141(1):360-373., articleTitle=Carbon storage assessment in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River under different land use scenarios, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408727685845970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, awardId=24&ZD108, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社科基金重大项目(24&ZD108), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408719683113093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719699890310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, companyId=1241408719683113093, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719720861833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, companyId=1241408719683113093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,陕西 杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241408719859273878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719876051097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, companyId=1241408719859273878, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408719880245402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, companyId=1241408719859273878, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国地质大学(武汉)公共管理学院,湖北 武汉 430074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408724099715681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Soil carbon density sampling sites of arable land, forest land and grassland, figureFileSmall=g1smrCwihXi8+Ov8QYUfng==, figureFileBig=pIZAxIg/5G+sGMHK0gut0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408724238127738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=图1, caption=耕地、林地、草地土壤碳密度采样点

本图基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统下载的审图号为GS(2019)1822号的标准地图制作,底图无修改,下同

, figureFileSmall=g1smrCwihXi8+Ov8QYUfng==, figureFileBig=pIZAxIg/5G+sGMHK0gut0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408724569477795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Land use pattern and scenario situation in the study area, figureFileSmall=Wd4oEcXNeqgecHQJewM/bQ==, figureFileBig=z3yKCVcQn2aSukkCFLouew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408724682724019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区土地利用格局与情景模拟, figureFileSmall=Wd4oEcXNeqgecHQJewM/bQ==, figureFileBig=z3yKCVcQn2aSukkCFLouew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408724871467717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial patterns and changes in carbon storage in the study area from 2000 to 2035, figureFileSmall=kQh6HeJRUV71Qxf4FCNwCw==, figureFileBig=0R8n2OVknwa0MzYtC2OEVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408725018268370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发展情景碳储量空间格局及增减变化, figureFileSmall=kQh6HeJRUV71Qxf4FCNwCw==, figureFileBig=0R8n2OVknwa0MzYtC2OEVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408725211206378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of factor interaction detection of regional differences in ecosystem carbon storage, figureFileSmall=YL11ucOGLJCL/3y5zRM0+w==, figureFileBig=CaYViwqKao7hvCYEHAlOlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408725374784252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=图4, caption=生态系统碳储量区域差异的因子交互探测结果, figureFileSmall=YL11ucOGLJCL/3y5zRM0+w==, figureFileBig=CaYViwqKao7hvCYEHAlOlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408725622248208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Driving factors of land use change

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大类二级类数据名称(简称)单位/区间时间格式数据来源
自然因素地形DEM(X1)m2020栅格中科院资源环境科学与数据中心
(http://www.resdc.cn)
利用DEM数据计算得到
坡度(X2)°/[0,90]2020栅格
气候当前年平均降水(X3)mm℃2020栅格地理国情监测云平台(http://www.dsac.cn/)
当前年平均气温(X4)
未来年平均降水(X3)mm℃2020~2040s栅格CMIP6不同情境气候预测数据(https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/)
未来年平均气温(X4)
土壤土壤类型(X5)15个类型变量2010矢量中科院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
土壤侵蚀(X6)3个类型变量2010矢量
粉砂土含量(X7)%/[0,100]栅格
砂土含量(X8)%/[0,100]——栅格
黏土含量(X9)%/[0,100]栅格
水系到河流距离(X10)km——矢量中科院资源环境科学与数据中心做缓冲区分析得到(http://www.resdc.cn)
社会经济因素人口人口密度(X11)人/(km2)2020栅格中科院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
经济发展水平GDP强度(X12)万元/(km2)2020栅格
交通可达性到城市一级路距离(X13)km2020矢量数据来自中科院资源环境科学与数据中心
(http://www.resdc.cn),对数据做缓冲区分析得到距离
到铁路距离(X14)km
到国道距离(X15)km
到省道距离(X16)km
到高速公路距离(X17)km
), ArticleFig(id=1241408725735494429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土地利用变化驱动因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大类二级类数据名称(简称)单位/区间时间格式数据来源
自然因素地形DEM(X1)m2020栅格中科院资源环境科学与数据中心
(http://www.resdc.cn)
利用DEM数据计算得到
坡度(X2)°/[0,90]2020栅格
气候当前年平均降水(X3)mm℃2020栅格地理国情监测云平台(http://www.dsac.cn/)
当前年平均气温(X4)
未来年平均降水(X3)mm℃2020~2040s栅格CMIP6不同情境气候预测数据(https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/)
未来年平均气温(X4)
土壤土壤类型(X5)15个类型变量2010矢量中科院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
土壤侵蚀(X6)3个类型变量2010矢量
粉砂土含量(X7)%/[0,100]栅格
砂土含量(X8)%/[0,100]——栅格
黏土含量(X9)%/[0,100]栅格
水系到河流距离(X10)km——矢量中科院资源环境科学与数据中心做缓冲区分析得到(http://www.resdc.cn)
社会经济因素人口人口密度(X11)人/(km2)2020栅格中科院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
经济发展水平GDP强度(X12)万元/(km2)2020栅格
交通可达性到城市一级路距离(X13)km2020矢量数据来自中科院资源环境科学与数据中心
(http://www.resdc.cn),对数据做缓冲区分析得到距离
到铁路距离(X14)km
到国道距离(X15)km
到省道距离(X16)km
到高速公路距离(X17)km
), ArticleFig(id=1241408725873906478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ELAS values of land use types under different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景耕地林地草地水域建设用地未利用地
历史时期/Q10.420.150.030.010.340.05
Q20.420.160.040.010.340.03
Q30.450.150.030.010.320.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241408726008124223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同情景下土地利用类型的ELAS值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景耕地林地草地水域建设用地未利用地
历史时期/Q10.420.150.030.010.340.05
Q20.420.160.040.010.340.03
Q30.450.150.030.010.320.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241408726209450832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Carbon density of different land use types (t/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型地上碳密度C_above地下碳密度C_below土壤碳密度C_soil死亡有机碳密度C_dead
耕地5.581.0641.8213
林地69.0618.3049.0513
草地3.3320.4548.492
建设用地0.06052.530
水域0.36058.360
未利用地0.06053.680
), ArticleFig(id=1241408726360445788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究区土地利用类型的碳密度(t/hm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型地上碳密度C_above地下碳密度C_below土壤碳密度C_soil死亡有机碳密度C_dead
耕地5.581.0641.8213
林地69.0618.3049.0513
草地3.3320.4548.492
建设用地0.06052.530
水域0.36058.360
未利用地0.06053.680
), ArticleFig(id=1241408726490469225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of area of different categories in 2035 and 2020 under different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型2020年2030年2020~2030年变化
Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3
面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)
耕地194175.26191541.29191530.16221738.24-2633.97-2645.127562.98
林地96088.3499313.8299321.9599321.953225.483233.613233.61
草地259813.9263391.23263391.23237522.853577.333577.33-22291.05
水域8900.699173.7610415.529041.02273.071514.83140.33
建设用地26518.9834056.1528885.5629852.227537.172366.583333.24
未利用地41436.4329457.3533389.1829457.32-11979.08-8047.25-11979.11
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2030年不同情景下各地类面积与2020年比较

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土地利用类型2020年2030年2020~2030年变化
Q1Q2Q3Q1Q2Q3
面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)面积/(km2)
耕地194175.26191541.29191530.16221738.24-2633.97-2645.127562.98
林地96088.3499313.8299321.9599321.953225.483233.613233.61
草地259813.9263391.23263391.23237522.853577.333577.33-22291.05
水域8900.699173.7610415.529041.02273.071514.83140.33
建设用地26518.9834056.1528885.5629852.227537.172366.583333.24
未利用地41436.4329457.3533389.1829457.32-11979.08-8047.25-11979.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241408726901511041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of single-factor detection of regional differences in ecosystem carbon storage

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项目X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15X16X17
q值(2020)0.0500.1660.1050.0600.0640.0700.0740.0770.0750.0170.0210.0160.0380.0170.0070.001*0.016
q值(Q1)0.0620.1480.0870.0690.0690.0360.0550.0470.0480.009**0.0300.0220.0440.0210.0080.003*0.021
q值(Q2)0.0520.1570.0970.0630.0630.0570.0660.0660.0650.0140.0240.0160.0380.0160.0070.002*0.017
q值(Q3)0.0620.1480.0870.0690.0690.0360.0550.0470.0480.009**0.0300.0220.0440.0210.0080.003 *0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1241408727056700303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

生态系统碳储量区域差异的单因子探测结果

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项目X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15X16X17
q值(2020)0.0500.1660.1050.0600.0640.0700.0740.0770.0750.0170.0210.0160.0380.0170.0070.001*0.016
q值(Q1)0.0620.1480.0870.0690.0690.0360.0550.0470.0480.009**0.0300.0220.0440.0210.0080.003*0.021
q值(Q2)0.0520.1570.0970.0630.0630.0570.0660.0660.0650.0140.0240.0160.0380.0160.0070.002*0.017
q值(Q3)0.0620.1480.0870.0690.0690.0360.0550.0470.0480.009**0.0300.0220.0440.0210.0080.003 *0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1241408727283192744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Impact of land type conversion on carbon storage differences under different scenarios

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发展情景排序土地利用类型转换面积变化(km2)碳储量变化(106t)小计(106t)
Q11草地–林地296822.3048.00
2未利用地–草地1075922.09
3耕地–林地4113.61
1草地–建设用地4112-6.39-8.59
2林地–建设用地243-2.20
Q21未利用地–林地156114.9435.58
2建设用地–林地129511.74
3耕地–林地3753.30
4耕地–草地22622.90
5未利用地–草地13132.70
1草地–林地658749.4970.53
2未利用地–草地1024821.04
Q31林地–耕地3557-31.29-65.21
2草地–耕地23132-29.63
3草地–建设用地2759-4.29
), ArticleFig(id=1241408727484519355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408713559430043, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

地类转化对不同情景下碳储量差异的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展情景排序土地利用类型转换面积变化(km2)碳储量变化(106t)小计(106t)
Q11草地–林地296822.3048.00
2未利用地–草地1075922.09
3耕地–林地4113.61
1草地–建设用地4112-6.39-8.59
2林地–建设用地243-2.20
Q21未利用地–林地156114.9435.58
2建设用地–林地129511.74
3耕地–林地3753.30
4耕地–草地22622.90
5未利用地–草地13132.70
1草地–林地658749.4970.53
2未利用地–草地1024821.04
Q31林地–耕地3557-31.29-65.21
2草地–耕地23132-29.63
3草地–建设用地2759-4.29
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黄土高原生态系统碳储量情景模拟与驱动因素——基于PLUS–InVEST-Geodector模型的研究
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刘康 1 , 张寒 1, * , 张道军 2 , 郑伟伟 1 , 张超正 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2159-2170
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2159-2170
黄土高原生态系统碳储量情景模拟与驱动因素——基于PLUS–InVEST-Geodector模型的研究
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刘康1 , 张寒1, * , 张道军2, 郑伟伟1, 张超正1
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2.中国地质大学(武汉)公共管理学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 刘康(1995–),男,陕西安康人,博士研究生,从事土地高效低碳利用研究.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Scenario simulation and driving factors of ecosystem carbon storage in the Loess Plateau: A study based on the PLUS-InVEST-Geodector model.
Kang LIU1 , Han ZHANG1, * , Dao-jun ZHANG2, Wei-wei ZHENG1, Chao-zheng ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2.School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以我国重要生态屏障黄土高原为案例地,借助PLUS模型预测2030年不同发展情景下的土地利用格局,运用InVEST-Geodector模型对生态系统碳储量时空变化及驱动因素展开分析,研究结果表明:(1)自然增长与生态保护情景下耕地面积将减少,耕地保护情景下草地面积大幅减少,林地与水域在三种情景下均得到了有效保护.(2)自然发展、生态保护、耕地保护情景下生态系统碳储量分别为4.922,5.021,4.922Pg;相比2020年分别增加8.07,37.22,8.07Tg.碳储量具有明显的空间异质性,秦岭北麓、太行山、吕梁山等区域碳密度高,鄂尔多斯市及其周边区域碳密度低.地类数量变化与地类转换对碳储量增减变化有重要影响.综合来看,生态保护情景更符合研究区未来发展需求.(3)坡度与降水是影响生态系统碳储量的核心因素,坡度、土壤类型或年均气温与其他因素的交互作用是驱动碳储量区域差异及变化的主导因素组合.

生态系统碳储量  /  情景模拟  /  驱动因素  /  PLUS-InVEST模型  /  地理探测器  /  黄土高原

We used the PLUS model to predict the land use pattern under different development scenarios in 2030 in the Loess Plateau, an important ecological barrier in China, and applied the InVEST-Geodector model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and driving factors in ecosystem carbon storage from 2020 to 2030. The findings were as follows: (1) The area of cropland will decrease under the natural development and ecological protection scenarios; the area of grassland decreases significantly under the cropland protection scenario, and forests and waters are effectively protected under all three scenarios. (2) The ecosystem carbon storage under the natural development, ecological protection, and cropland protection scenarios is 4.922, 5.021, and 4.922Pg, respectively. Compared with those in 2020, carbon storage will increase by 8.07, 37.22, and 8.07Tg, respectively. Carbon storage has obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high carbon density in the northern Qinling Mountains, Taihang Mountains, and Lvliang Mountains and low carbon density in Erdos City and its surrounding areas. Changes in carbon storage are closely related to the changes in the number of land classes and conversion of land use types. In conclusion, the ecological protection scenario is more in line with the future development needs of the study area. (3) The core determinants of ecosystem carbon storage are slope and precipitation, and the dominating combinations of factors driving regional differences and changes in carbon storage are the interactions of slope, soil type, or average annual temperature content with other variables.

ecosystem carbon storage  /  scenario simulation  /  driving factors  /  PLUS-InVEST-Geodector model  /  the Loess Plateau
刘康, 张寒, 张道军, 郑伟伟, 张超正. 黄土高原生态系统碳储量情景模拟与驱动因素——基于PLUS–InVEST-Geodector模型的研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2159 -2170 .
Kang LIU, Han ZHANG, Dao-jun ZHANG, Wei-wei ZHENG, Chao-zheng ZHANG. Scenario simulation and driving factors of ecosystem carbon storage in the Loess Plateau: A study based on the PLUS-InVEST-Geodector model.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2159 -2170 .
陆地生态系统在减排固碳环节发挥着重要作用[1],提升陆地生态系统碳储量被普遍认为是固碳增汇进程中经济可行的重要途径之一[2-3].作为人类活动赖以生存的空间载体,土地利用结构和方式会对陆地生态系统碳储量产生重要影响[4-5].黄土高原作为中国重要的生态屏障,是新时代推动西部大开发和生态建设的重要区域.近年来,该区城镇化发展进程迅速推进[6].但随着城镇空间快速扩张,区域土地利用格局发生了深刻变化,导致黄土高原成为我国经济、资源与生态环境矛盾最为突出的地区之一[7].因此,模拟黄土高原在碳达峰之际不同发展情景下的土地利用格局及碳储量变化,识别碳储量区域差异的驱动因素,不仅有助于为该区的土地利用结构优化提供认知依据,还可为提高区域陆地生态系统碳汇潜力提供有益的决策参考.这对研究区实现土地高效利用和落实“双碳”目标而言,具有重要的现实意义.
就土地利用情景模拟而言,现有研究多采用元胞自动机(CA)模型[8-10]、CLUE−S模型[11-13]、FLUS[14-15]模型等方法,但它们均难以对多种土地利用类型的斑块级时空动态展开模拟.PLUS模型应用一种新的用地扩张分析策略(LEAS),可以更精确地模拟多类土地利用的斑块级变化[16],在预测研究中取得了良好效果[17-19];但相关研究在土地利用情景模拟中未将不同情景下的气候变化因素考虑在内,这可能会对模拟精度产生影响.
现有研究就生态系统碳储量评估展开了广泛讨论.研究内容多聚焦碳储量的空间格局变化[20-22]以及情景模拟[23-25],但是对生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化的驱动因素以及因素间的交互作用影响关注有限.研究方法主要以实地调查、遥感反演和模型模拟为主.其中,实地调查法采用实地采样的方式确定碳密度,因此具有准确性高的优点;但该方法仅适用小范围研究,且无法反映碳储量的时序变化[26].遥感反演可以开展大尺度碳储量时空变化研究,但研究对象多聚焦森林[27]、湿地[25]等特定生态系统,或者泥炭土、砾岩[28]等部分炭库.相较于前两种方法,InVEST模型具有简单可靠、数据需求少、运行速度快、适合多种尺度研究等特点[29].因此,诸多研究采用InVEST模型对不同陆地生态系统的地上、地下、土壤、死亡有机物等全部碳库的碳储量展开评估[20-24,29];但在确定碳密度时,多采用文献搜集[20-21]或结合碳密度修正方式[22-24,29]获取参数.相较于实地采样法,上述研究忽略了土壤碳密度在不同研究区的异质性差异,这可能导致InVEST模型评估的碳储量结果出现偏误.
综上所述,既有成果为本研究提供了重要的参考与启示,但仍存在一定拓展空间.第一,从研究视角看,采用InVEST模型进行碳储量评估的研究,一方面在土地利用情景模拟中,对不同情景下的气候变化因素关注有限;另一方面对土壤碳密度在不同研究区的异质性差异关注不足.第二,从研究内容看,现有文献对生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化的驱动因素以及因素间的交互作用影响关注有限.鉴于此,本文以黄土高原为案例地,首先,将不同发展情景下的气候数据纳入土地利用预测框架,借助PLUS模型模拟研究区碳达峰之际(2030年)的土地利用格局.而后,对当前和未来不同发展情景下的生态系统碳储量展开评估.最后,借助地理探测器模型,识别生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化的驱动因素以及因素间的交互作用影响.以期研究结果能为黄土高原生态系统固碳增汇提供决策参考.
黄土高原是落实黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展战略的主体区域[30],位于33°41′~41°16′N,100°52′~114°33′E之间,横跨山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、青海七省,面积约63.5万km2.黄土高原地形起伏落差大,是世界上水土流失最严重的地区之一,同时还是生态环境高度脆弱区[31].鉴于此,将黄土高原作为典型案例地,模拟不同发展情景下的土地利用格局及其固碳潜力,识别适合研究区现实需求的土地利用情景,是改善区域生态环境、提升生态系统碳汇能力的必然要求.
本文所用数据包括土地用数据、土地利用变化驱动力数据、行政边界数据三部分.其中,土地利用数据来自中科院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn),参考相关研究[23-24,29],将土地利用数据重分类为耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地、未利用地6类.基于自然因素和社会经济因素两个维度,构建土地利用变化驱动力指标体系,该体系包含地形、经济发展水平等7个二级指标,17个三级指标,数据具体情况见表1.借助ArcGIS工具将上述数据统一边界与坐标系,数据分辨率大小统一调整为100m×100m.
需要说明的是:(1)考虑到研究区的土地利用现状,在已有研究基础上加入与土壤相关的数据,以期更精准地模拟土地利用格局.其中,土壤质地包括粉砂土、砂土和黏土含量三类;土壤类型借助“重分类”工具分为15个土纲;土壤侵蚀根据外力作用不同分为水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀3类.(2)在预测未来不同发展情景下的土地利用格局时,用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中不同共享社会经济路径(SSP)下的气温、降水数据替换当前气候数据.
(1)PLUS模型的运行流程关于PLUS模型的原理和算法流程详见文献[16],本文运行流程如下:
1)用地扩张分析策略模块(LEAS).2002年退耕还林条例颁布后,我国于2003年全面实施退耕还林还林工程,这一工程对土地利用及其覆被有一定影响.因此本文相应模块中输入2005(t1)、2010年(t2)2期土地利用数据,通过提取各地类发生变化的区域并随机提取采样点进行分析,然后采用随机森林算法通过训练数据集挖掘土地利用变化规则.将t1~t2的土地扩张数据以及17个驱动因子数据(气候数据为当前的年平均气温、年平均降水)输入LEAS模块,进而得到研究区2005~2010年各土地利用类型发展概率,在此基础上模拟研究区2020年的用地格局.通过精度验证后在LEAS模块中输入2005、2020年2期土地利用数据,同时将当前气候数据更新为未来不同情景下的气温、降水数据,采用相同流程获取各类用地的发展概率后,对2030年不同情景下的土地利用格局展开预测.
2)基于多类随机斑块种子的CA模型(CARS).CARS的核心是以全部土地利用类型的总概率构建轮盘赌的自适应惯性竞争机制.该模块可以灵活处理多种土地利用斑块变化,特别是时空动态地模拟林地、草地等自然用地类型的斑块级变化,并结合了多类随机斑块种子和递减阈值机制,在转化概率的约束条件下模拟斑块的自动生成,进而对不同情景下的土地利用格局精确预测,模型公式见文献[16].
3)土地利用需求计算.以2005年和2010年两期土地利用数据为基础,借助Markov模块根据历史用地转移概率矩阵对2030年的用地需求进行预测.
4)邻域权重与转移矩阵.邻域权重表示各种土地利用类型的扩张概率,取值范围为0~1,值越大表示邻域影响越大.参考相关研究[16],本文根据2005~2020年土地利用扩张的面积占比,结合2020年土地利用模拟精度和Kappa系数,通过多次调试使模拟效果达到最佳,最终确定历史时期耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地、未利用地的邻域权重分别为0.42、0.15、0.03、0.01、0.34、0.05.转移矩阵表示各地类间的转移规则,1代表可以转变,0代表不能转变,根据不同发展情景设置相应的转移矩阵.
5)精度验证.将2020年的土地利用现状与2020年预测的结果进行精度验证,显示准确率为87.55%,Kappa系数为0.8224,表明此次模拟精度高,可以满足研究需要,预测结果见图2(a).
(2)土地利用情景设置 结合黄土高原的土地利用现状以及未来发展对土地资源的现实需求,在参考相关研究的基础上[23,32],本文设置3种土地利用情景.
1)自然发展情景(Q1).保持研究区2005~2020年的各类用地发展趋势,同时将水域设置为限制转化区.以适应“存量时代”需要为目标,参考各地区的国土空间规划,合理设置土地转移矩阵和邻域权重,引导土地有序开发利用.各类用地的转换顺序为建设用地、林地、耕地、水域、草地、未利用地.
2)生态保护情景(Q2).该发展情景以生态保护为目的,必须严守生态保护红线.禁止耕地、林地、草地和水域转化为建设用地,整体向生态友好型发展.将水域和国家级生态保护区设置为限制转化区,各类用地的转换顺序为林地、草地、耕地、水域、其他.
3)耕地保护情景(Q3).该发展情景以耕地保护为目的,必须严守耕地保护红线.需要对建设用地侵占其他用地(尤其是耕地)的趋势加以遏制,同时禁止耕地转化为其他地类.将水域设置为限制转化区,该情景下除建设用地外其他用地均可以转换为耕地.
不同发展情景下的气候数据选择IPCC最新发布的3种共享社会经济路径(即SSP245、SSP370和SSP585).SSP245是政府干预下的社会经济路径,该路径下植树造林等政策的进一步实施使得森林面积增加,同时温室气体排放量显著降低,因此本文的生态保护情景选择该路径下的气候数据.SSP370为区域竞争路径,是耕地保护、粮食安全以及生态保护、减排固碳等多目标竞争和冲突的情景模式,本文的耕地保护情景采用该路径下的气候数据.SSP585为无气候变化政策干预时的基线情景,本文的自然发展情景采用该路径下的气候数据.考虑到研究区的地理区位,本文选择中国气象局国家气象中心的大气环流模式(BBC-CSM2-MR);时段选择2020~2040s,以更好模拟2030年的土地利用格局.
结合不同情景下土地利用需求,参考相关研究[23],对各土地利用类型的ELAS值进行调整(表2).自然发展情景下,各用地类型的转移概率不变,与2005~2020年的转移概率一致.生态保护情景下,为有效保护生态用地,增大林地和草地的转出限制,同时要求未利用地转为其他用地,因此分别将林地、草地的ELAS值增大0.01,将未利用地的ELAS值减小0.02.耕地保护情景下,增大耕地的转出限制,同时要求未利用地转为其他用地,并降低建设用地挤占耕地的概率.因此将耕地的ELAS值增大到0.45,建设用地和未利用地的ELAS值分别减小0.02、0.01.
InVEST模型主要根据各类型土地利用面积以及对应的碳密度参数对碳储量进行评估,碳储量计算公式详见文献[2432],本文的碳密度确定过程如下:
各地类的死亡有机物碳密度,参考黄土高原区相关研究得到[32-33].耕地、草地、林地的土壤碳密度参数,通过计算实地采样数据的均值得到.具体操作时,通过计算2010s中国陆地生态系统碳密度数据集[34]中在黄土高原行政边界内的地下20cm和100cm土壤碳密度采集点(图1)数值的平均值,分别得到耕地、草地、林地的土壤碳密度.
根据李克让等关于草地、林地碳密度的研究[35],并结合农作物的根茎比[36-38],得到全国层面耕地、草地、林地的地上、地下生物量碳密度数据.建设用地、水域、未利用地的地上、地下和土壤碳密度参考相关研究[39],并借助碳密度与气温、降水的关系模型[40-41],将数据修正为切合黄土高原实际的碳密度参数.
式中:MAP表示年均降雨量;MAT表示年均气温;CBPCSP分别表示根据降雨量修正后得到的生物量碳密度与土壤碳密度;CBT表示根据年均气温修正得到的生物量碳密度;KBPKBT表示地上生物量碳密度年均降水因子、年均气温因子修正系数;KB表示地上生物量碳密度修正系数;KSP表示土壤碳密度修正系数.将全国、江苏省和黄土高原的年均降水量(628,1040.4[24],418.73mm[42])和年均气温(9,15.7[24],11.21℃[43])数据带入上述公式,得到修正后的碳密度数据(表3).
本文借助地理探测器模型中的“因子探测”和“交互探测”模块,识别不同因素对生态系统碳储量区域差异的影响程度.其中,因子探测计算方法为[44]:
式中:q为影响因子Xi的探测力值,q∈[0,1],q值越大,表明因素Xi对于生态系统碳储量的影响程度越高;NNh分别表示h区和全区的单元数和σ2分别表示h区和全区因变量Y值的方差;h=1,2,…,L为因变量Y或因子X的分层.
交互探测主要用于分析影响因子X1X2共同作用时是否会增强或削弱对生态系统碳储量的影响力.交互作用的强弱、方向、线性亦或是非线性判断依据详见文献[44].
影响因素选取及离散化处理.生态系统碳储量的区域差异及变化是自然因素和社会经济因素综合作用的结果.参考相关研究[29]以及黄土高原的现实情况,本文将土地利用变化的17个驱动因子初步筛选为生态系统碳储量变化的影响因素.根据地理探测器对数据类型的要求,本文将数值量的自变量和因变量均离散处理为类型量.具体操作时,借助ArcGIS软件中的渔网工具,以研究区为界生成10km×10km的规则格网,最终共生成6190个有效采样点(剔除无数据采样点后),并将生态系统碳储量的数值和所有影响因素的数值提取至采样点.参考相关研究[45],采用自然断点法将碳储量和所有社会经济因素的数值分为6类;除土壤类型和土壤侵蚀分类不变外,将剩余自然因素的数值分为9类.
图2(b~d)展示了研究区的土地利用模拟结果,表4为不同情景下各地类面积及其相较于2020年的变化情况.总体来看,自然增长与生态保护情景下均呈现耕地与未利用地面积减少,林地、草地、水域、建设用地面积增加的变化趋势;耕地保护情景下草地与未利用地面积减少,耕地、林地、水域、建设用地面积增加.
分地类看,耕地面积在自然发展与生态保护情景下均呈现减少态势,减少幅度约为1.36%;在耕地保护情景下呈增长态势,增长幅度达14.19%.林地在3种情景下均得到了有效保护,生态保护与耕地保护情景下林地面积增幅(3.37%)高于自然发展情景(3.36%).相较于2020年,林地在2030年将会沿秦岭北麓、太行山以及吕梁山两侧等区域向四周扩张.草地面积在自然发展与生态保护情景下增加了3577.33km2;耕地保护情景下草地面积减少了22291.05km2,图2(d)显示该情景下大部分草地被耕地替代.水域面积在3种情景下均呈增加趋势,生态保护情景下增加幅度最大(17.02%),耕地保护情景下增加幅度较小(1.58%),河套平原周围、鄂尔多斯市以及汾河等区域水域面积扩张明显.建设用地在3种情景下均呈扩张趋势,且表现为以居民点为中心的圈层式扩张,以及沿河流与道路两侧的轴式扩张.建设用地在自然发展情景下扩张面积达7537.17km2,扩张幅度达28.42%;耕地保护情景下扩张幅度达12.57%;生态保护情景下扩张幅度较小(8.92%).未利用地面积在3种情景下均呈现不同程度下降趋势,耕地保护情景下大量未利用地转移为耕地,因而该情景下未利用地面积减少幅度较大.
图3所示,总体来看,相比2020年,2030年3种情景下碳储量与碳密度均呈增加趋势.2020年碳储量和碳密度分别为4.984Pg、79.50t/hm2.自然发展情景下碳储量与碳密度达4.992Pg、79.63t/hm2,分别增加8.07Tg、0.13t/hm2;生态保护情景下碳储量与碳密度达5.021Pg、80.09t/hm2,分别增加37.22Tg、0.59t/hm2;耕地保护情景下碳储量与碳密度达4.992Pg、79.63t/hm2,分别增加8.07Tg、0.13t/hm2.数据表明,生态保护情景能有效增加碳储量,具有最强的固碳潜力.
分地类看,3种情景下草地碳储量占比均超过35%,林地碳储量占比约为29%,建设用地、未利用地、水域碳储量之和占比不足5%.相比2020年,自然发展与生态保护情景下草地、水域、建设用地碳储量均有不同程度增加,耕地、未利用地碳储量有所减少;耕地保护情景下草地、未利用地碳储量大幅减少165.57Tg和64.38Tg,其他地类碳储量则表现出增加态势.
图3显示黄土高原生态系统碳储量具有明显的空间异质性,碳储量密度最高值达149.41t/hm²,最低值为52.59t/hm².采用自然间断点法将碳密度分为低值区、中低值区、中高值区、高值区,间断点分别为53.74,61.46,74.27t/hm².由图3(a~c)可知:未来三种情景下碳储量高值区域均呈条带状集中分布于研究区东南部,秦岭北麓、太行山、吕梁山等区域碳密度最高.上述区域地类以林地为主,植被覆盖率高,因而碳储能力强.碳储量低值区域呈团块状集中分布于研究区中部偏北区域,鄂尔多斯市及其周边区域碳密度低.中高与中低值碳储量区域交错分布,用地类型大多为耕地、草地、建设用地,这3种用地是研究区的主要土地利用类型,因此碳储量的中高值和中低值区域面积之和占总面积的比重超过77%.
将碳储量空间变化值划分为减少、增加以及基本不变三类,由图3(d~f)可知碳储量变化主要以不变为主,但不同情景下碳储量空间变化表现出一定的差异性.自然发展以及生态保护情景下碳储量增加面积占比分别为2.42%、1.67%,减少面积占比分别为1.09%、0.24%,其余区域碳储量保持不变.鄂尔多斯市内部、鄂尔多斯与其他行政区交界区域碳储量增加明显,主要原因是大量未利用地转化为草地、林地.耕地保护情景下碳储量增加区域面积占比约为2.95%,受未利用地转化为草地、林地影响,鄂尔多斯、榆林市西北部等区域碳储量增加明显;榆林市东南部、忻州、吕梁、庆阳、平凉、中卫、固原、天水等区域碳储量大幅度减少,减少区域面积占比约为4.72%,碳储量减少与严格的耕地保护导致草地、未利用地面积大幅度减少有关.
将分级后的因变量与自变量带入地理探测器模型,获得黄土高原生态系统碳储量区域差异的因子探测结果.表5显示,除到省道距离(X16)这一因子对生态系统碳储量的影响不显著外(P>0.10),剩余因子均通过了10%水平的显著性检验,各因子在不同时期、不同情景下的解释度q值(q值越大,说明该因子的影响力越大)存在差异.具体而言,2020年的因子影响力大小依次为:坡度>降水>砂土含量>黏土含量>粉砂土含量>土壤侵蚀>土壤类型>气温>高程>到城市一级路距离>人口密度>到铁路距离>到河流距离>到高速距离>GDP强度>到国道距离.可见,坡度对黄土高原生态系统碳储量的影响程度最大,其次是降水,二者的解释度均大于0.1,为核心影响因素;剩余14因素的解释度均小于0.1,为次级影响因素.
自然发展(Q1)与耕地保护(Q3)情景下,坡度仍然是生态系统碳储量的首要影响因素,解释度达14.8%;年均降水量次之,解释度达8.7%.和2020年相比,上述两情景下自然因素对生态系统碳储量的影响力整体呈下降趋势,但社会经济因素对生态系统碳储量的影响力显著增强.生态保护情景下(Q2),各因素的影响力大小以及排序与2020年基本保持一致.
总体而言,自然因素是黄土高原生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化的主导因素.其中,坡度的影响力最大,其次是降水.一方面,研究区坡度低、地势平坦的区域,用地类型以建设用地和耕地为主;而坡度大、地势陡峭的区域,用地类型以林地为主.林地的碳密度远高于建设用地和耕地,因此坡度成为生态系统碳储量的核心影响因素.另一方面,研究区的降水自东南向西北递减,充足的雨水使得东南部的植被覆盖率显著高于西北部,这是研究区东南部碳密度高于西北部的重要原因之一.因此,年平均降水量成为生态系统碳储量区域差异的另一个核心影响因素.到2030年,自然发展和耕地保护情景下,自然因素的影响力整体将会减弱,社会经济因素的影响力将会显著增强.其中,GDP强度和人口密度将会对生态系统碳储量产生愈加重要的影响,影响力增幅分别为39.74%、38.82%.
在单因子探测基础上,进一步考察各影响因子是否存在交互驱动关系,以及因子交互作用的强弱与方向(图4).交互探测结果显示:任意两个影响因子的交互作用均大于单个因子的作用,其结果表现为不同程度的非线性增强或双因子增强,且以非线性增强为主,不存在独立及减弱关系.这表明两个驱动因素的交互作用会进一步增强对生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化的影响程度,即生态系统碳储量的区域差异受各因素共同作用影响.
2020年,坡度和土壤类型(X2X5)对生态系统碳储量区域差异的交互作用最大,为0.216;坡度和年平均气温(X2X4)的交互作用次之,为0.205.表明该阶段的生态系统碳储量区域差异主要受到坡度、土壤类型和年均气温共同作用.到2030年,自然发展和耕地保护情景下,坡度和土壤类型的交互作用仍然位于主导地位,坡度和年均气温的交互作用力次之,但交互作用的解释度分别小幅度下降为0.200、0.191.生态保护情景下,交互作用最强的驱动组合仍然是坡度和土壤类型,交互作用力为0.205;坡度和年均气温的交互作用力次之,交互作用力0.197.
综合来看,2020年和未来3种情景下,坡度与其他因子的交互作用能最大幅度提升原单一因子对生态系统碳储量区域差异的驱动力,土壤类型和年均气温次之.这说明坡度、土壤类型或年均气温与其他因素的交互作用是影响黄土高原生态系统碳储量空间格局及变化的主导因素组合.可见,黄土高原生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化是多因素共同驱动、正向促进作用的结果,单一影响因素不足以驱动生态系统碳储量的格局变化.
通过分析地类转换对不同情景下碳储量差异的影响,发现林地、耕地、草地以及未利用地的转换是引发不同情景下生态系统碳储量剧烈变化的主要原因(表6).自然发展情景下,草地转化为林地、未利用地转化为草地是碳储量增加的主要原因(22.30Tg、22.09Tg);草地转化为建设用地是碳储量损失的首要原因(6.39Tg).由于社会经济发展需要,该情景下建设用地扩张侵占了大量草地以及部分林地,不利于研究区的可持续发展.生态保护情景下,未利用地、建设用地、耕地转化为林地是碳储量增加的重原因(14.94Tg、11.74Tg、3.30Tg).该情景下建设用地扩张速度得到有效控制,生态用地得到有效保护.耕地保护情景下,林地、草地转化为耕地导致碳储量分别减少31.29Tg、29.63Tg;此外,草地转化为建设用地导致碳储量损失4.29Tg.该情景下为了保障耕地数量,生态用地未得到有效保护,碳储存能力最弱.
综上,地类数量变化与地类转换对研究区碳储总量以及各地类碳储量增减变化有重要影响.自然发展情景下建设用地迅速扩张,耕地面积大幅减少,不利于研究区的可持续发展.生态保护情景可以有效地遏制建设用地扩张速度,在保护林地、草地、水域的同时,有助于进一步改善研究区脆弱的生态环境,该情景具有最强的固碳能力.耕地保护情景可以有效增加耕地面积,但挤占了大量草地、林地,因而该情景固碳潜力最弱,不利于研究区的生态环境保护以及碳储服务功能改善.结合研究区生态环境高度脆弱、水土流失严重这一发展现状以及生态屏障的战略定位,研究认为生态保护情景更适合黄土高原保护生态环境、提升碳储存能力的现实需求.相关文献对淇河流域[23]以及汾河流域[46](均位于黄土高原区域内)的碳储量展开情景预测,研究结果也表明生态保护情景是适合研究区现实发展需求的最优情景,这与本文的结论一致.
本文基于PLUS–InVEST模型对黄土高原2030年不同发展情景下的土地利用格局与生态系统碳储量进行模拟,并借助地理探测器模型识别了生态系统碳储量区域差异的驱动因素.研究过程存在不确定性,可能对研究结果存在影响.
首先,囿于数据可得性限制,本文假定各生态系统不同碳库在时间尺度保持不变.但在城市扩张等人类活动以及气温、降水、土壤等自然环境的影响下,碳密度值会发生动态变化,这会导致碳储量估算结果存在不确定性.其次,土地利用变化以及生态系统碳储量区域差异均会受到环境、政策等因素影响[23],考虑到相关因素难以量化并科学表达,本文未将其考虑在内.
有鉴于此,未来的研究一方面应借助野外监测、卫星遥感等多源数据获取方式,对不同时段、不同生态系统、不同碳库的碳密度参数开展多尺度、连续性监测,为科学、系统识别陆地生态系统碳储量的动态演化规律及驱动机制提供数据支撑.另一方面,应开展跨学科研究,在已有模型的基础上,持续优化开发能耦合土地利用情景模拟和生态系统碳储量评估的模型,使得新模型能充分考虑环境、经济、生态等因素.继而能将更多因素进行量化并纳入土地利用变化以及生态系统碳储量区域差异的驱动因素体系中,以便提高土地利用格局的预测精度,并提升生态系统碳储量模拟和驱动因素研究的准确性[24],进而为优化土地利用结构、提高区域陆地生态系统碳汇潜力提供科学的决策依据.
4.1 至2030年,自然增长与生态保护情景下均呈现耕地与未利用地面积减少,林地、草地、水域、建设用地面积增加的变化趋势;耕地保护情景下草地与未利用地面积减少,耕地、林地、水域、建设用地面积增加.
4.2 2020年碳储量为4.984Pg,自然发展、生态保护、耕地保护情景下碳储量分别为4.922,5.021,4.922Pg,相比2020年分别增加8.07,37.22,8.07Tg.3种情景下草地碳储量占比均超过35%,林地碳储量占比约为29%,建设用地、未利用地、水域碳储量之和占比不足5%.
4.3 碳储量与碳密度具有明显的空间异质性,秦岭北麓、太行山、吕梁山等区域碳密度高,鄂尔多斯市及其周边区域碳密度低.地类数量变化与地类转换对碳储量增减变化有重要影响.生态保护情景不仅可以保护生态环境还具有最强的碳储存能力,符合研究区未来发展需求.
4.4 黄土高原生态系统碳储量区域差异及变化是多因素共同驱动、正向促进作用的结果.自然因素是主导因素,其中坡度的影响力最大,其次是降水.自然因素的影响力整体将会减弱,社会经济因素的影响力将会显著增强.坡度、土壤类型或年均气温与其他因素的交互作用是影响黄土高原生态系统碳储量空间格局及变化的主导因素组合.
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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    1.西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
    2.中国地质大学(武汉)公共管理学院,湖北 武汉 430074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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