Article(id=1241408712934478743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904501422, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904501422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904501422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904501422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1777, endPage=1788, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408713278411673, articleId=1241408712934478743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Research progress on the marine photochemical release of reactive volatile organic compounds, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly contributes to the atmospheric oxidative balance and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, thereby influencing global climate. Reactive substances such as methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, dimethyl sulfide, and halocarbons in the ocean are important components of VOCs, primarily produced through biological and non-biological processes. To date, substantial research has been conducted on the source-sink processes of marine VOCs and their response mechanisms to environmental factors. However, much of this research has focused on biological processes, overlooking the contributions of photochemical processes involving dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the sea surface (micro) layer, which may result in an underestimation of their emissions. In recent years, marine photochemistry, particularly the photochemical processes of DOM in the sea surface micro-layer, has gained increasing attention. This review systematically examines the research progress on the sources and emission fluxes of marine VOCs, with a focus on the mechanisms of VOCs production via DOM photochemistry, their response to environmental factors, and their implications for climate change. Furthermore, future research directions are proposed from the perspectives of technological innovation, mechanism exploration, and environmental assessment. Long-term observation and simulation studies of photochemical processes of DOM in the sea surface micro-layer are highlighted as crucial for revealing the response of marine VOCs photochemical production to human activities and its impact on climate change.

, correspAuthors=Jian-long LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-ying ZHANG, Jian-long LI, Lin DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408714880635828, articleId=1241408712934478743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=海洋光化学释放活性挥发性有机物的研究进展, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

挥发性有机物(VOCs)释放对大气氧化平衡和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成具有重要贡献,从而对全球气候产生影响.海洋中的甲烷、非甲烷烃、二甲基硫、卤代烃等活性物质也是VOCs的重要组成部分,其主要是由海洋生物和非生物过程产生.截至目前,关于海洋VOCs的源-汇过程以及其对影响因素响应机制已做了大量研究,但重点多聚焦于海洋生物过程却忽视了海洋(微)表层溶解有机质(DOM)光化学过程的贡献,从而导致其释放可能被低估.近年来针对海洋光化学,特别是微表层DOM光化学过程的研究备受关注,本综述系统描述了海洋VOCs的来源与释放通量的研究进展,重点围绕海洋DOM光化学过程的VOCs产生机理和对环境因素的响应,以及其对气候变化的影响三个方面展开,并从技术创新、机制揭示和环境评价的角度对未来的重点关注领域进行了展望.指出未来应加强海洋微表层DOM光化学过程的长期观测与模拟研究,以期揭示海洋VOCs的光化学产生与贡献对人类活动的响应以及对气候变化的影响.

, correspAuthors=李建龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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张舒颖(2001-),女,山东临沂人,山东大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋光化学方面研究..

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张舒颖(2001-),女,山东临沂人,山东大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋光化学方面研究..

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张舒颖(2001-),女,山东临沂人,山东大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋光化学方面研究..

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Nature1987326(6114):655-661., articleTitle=Oceanic phytoplankton,atmospheric sulfur,cloud albedo and climate, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408720412922065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, awardId=42476033; 42006044, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42476033; 42006044), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408715446866882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408715459449795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, companyId=1241408715446866882, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408715476227012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, companyId=1241408715446866882, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学环境研究院,青岛市沿海城市大气污染防治重点实验室,山东 青岛 266237)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408719146242155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Photochemical processes of DOM in the sea surface micro-layer, figureFileSmall=4yaclsdOO/gjaO/WdjEUAw==, figureFileBig=TzhX7ip96fTVZweRSdKfag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408719305625714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海洋微表层DOM光化学过程

SML:海洋微表层

, figureFileSmall=4yaclsdOO/gjaO/WdjEUAw==, figureFileBig=TzhX7ip96fTVZweRSdKfag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408719716667528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The active VOCs generated by photochemical reactions in the sea surface micro-layer have significant implications for sea-air emissions and environmental climate, figureFileSmall=CVdECp6cai0NlrBf6kx49g==, figureFileBig=aOWb6r3gXL/tMG0cWNc/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408719871856792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海洋微表层光化学产生的活性VOCs对海-气排放和环境气候意义, figureFileSmall=CVdECp6cai0NlrBf6kx49g==, figureFileBig=aOWb6r3gXL/tMG0cWNc/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408720043823273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical VOCs concentration and sea-air flux

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs海域/季节海水浓度(nmol/L)大气浓度(×10-9)海-气通量(µmol/(m2·d))文献
乙醛阿拉伯海季风1.00~7.101.73±1.617.10~36.10[46]
大西洋秋季[40]
印度洋冬季0.32±0.04[47]
加勒比海10月0.55[48]
甲醛热带西太平洋1~2月0.075~0.5[49]
太平洋中部3~4月0.1~1.2[50]
加勒比海10月0.50[48]
丙酮印度洋冬季0.515±0.031[47]
西北阿拉伯海季风0.43±0.18[51]
加勒比海10月0.38[48]
丙烯阿拉伯海季风3.38±1.30[52]
孟加拉湾冬季0.05±0.010[53]
北冰洋6~7月0.32[54]
乙烯阿拉伯海季风8.92±3.50[52]
孟加拉湾冬季0.1±0.04[53]
二甲基硫东海全年1.76~8.38[15]
阿拉伯海季风0.1~0.8[55]
北印度洋全年5~20[56]
异戊二烯阿拉伯海季风0.38~0.75[57]
南印度洋夏季0.400.01~0.140.18~0.31[58]
北冰洋6~7月0.0260.0080~0.15[54]
东海晚春和秋季0.032~0.0260.0050~0.24[59]
甲烷北冰洋4.40~14.50[60]
东西伯利亚北极海2.50~40.00228.00[61]
甲基碘西太平洋9~10月0.0050[62]
西北大西洋和太平洋7月100.00[63]
东海春季0.00280.000530.0087±0.0062[64]
东海秋季0.00430.000800.023±0.021[64]
二溴甲烷东海春季0.00300.00130.0056±0.0056[64]
东海秋季0.00430.00160.011±0.013[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408720224178364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408712934478743, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型VOCs的浓度与海-气通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs海域/季节海水浓度(nmol/L)大气浓度(×10-9)海-气通量(µmol/(m2·d))文献
乙醛阿拉伯海季风1.00~7.101.73±1.617.10~36.10[46]
大西洋秋季[40]
印度洋冬季0.32±0.04[47]
加勒比海10月0.55[48]
甲醛热带西太平洋1~2月0.075~0.5[49]
太平洋中部3~4月0.1~1.2[50]
加勒比海10月0.50[48]
丙酮印度洋冬季0.515±0.031[47]
西北阿拉伯海季风0.43±0.18[51]
加勒比海10月0.38[48]
丙烯阿拉伯海季风3.38±1.30[52]
孟加拉湾冬季0.05±0.010[53]
北冰洋6~7月0.32[54]
乙烯阿拉伯海季风8.92±3.50[52]
孟加拉湾冬季0.1±0.04[53]
二甲基硫东海全年1.76~8.38[15]
阿拉伯海季风0.1~0.8[55]
北印度洋全年5~20[56]
异戊二烯阿拉伯海季风0.38~0.75[57]
南印度洋夏季0.400.01~0.140.18~0.31[58]
北冰洋6~7月0.0260.0080~0.15[54]
东海晚春和秋季0.032~0.0260.0050~0.24[59]
甲烷北冰洋4.40~14.50[60]
东西伯利亚北极海2.50~40.00228.00[61]
甲基碘西太平洋9~10月0.0050[62]
西北大西洋和太平洋7月100.00[63]
东海春季0.00280.000530.0087±0.0062[64]
东海秋季0.00430.000800.023±0.021[64]
二溴甲烷东海春季0.00300.00130.0056±0.0056[64]
东海秋季0.00430.00160.011±0.013[64]
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海洋光化学释放活性挥发性有机物的研究进展
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张舒颖 , 李建龙 * , 杜林
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1777-1788
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1777-1788
海洋光化学释放活性挥发性有机物的研究进展
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张舒颖 , 李建龙* , 杜林
作者信息
  • 山东大学环境研究院,青岛市沿海城市大气污染防治重点实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 张舒颖(2001-),女,山东临沂人,山东大学硕士研究生,主要从事海洋光化学方面研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副研究员,
Research progress on the marine photochemical release of reactive volatile organic compounds
Shu-ying ZHANG , Jian-long LI* , Lin DU
Affiliations
  • Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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挥发性有机物(VOCs)释放对大气氧化平衡和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成具有重要贡献,从而对全球气候产生影响.海洋中的甲烷、非甲烷烃、二甲基硫、卤代烃等活性物质也是VOCs的重要组成部分,其主要是由海洋生物和非生物过程产生.截至目前,关于海洋VOCs的源-汇过程以及其对影响因素响应机制已做了大量研究,但重点多聚焦于海洋生物过程却忽视了海洋(微)表层溶解有机质(DOM)光化学过程的贡献,从而导致其释放可能被低估.近年来针对海洋光化学,特别是微表层DOM光化学过程的研究备受关注,本综述系统描述了海洋VOCs的来源与释放通量的研究进展,重点围绕海洋DOM光化学过程的VOCs产生机理和对环境因素的响应,以及其对气候变化的影响三个方面展开,并从技术创新、机制揭示和环境评价的角度对未来的重点关注领域进行了展望.指出未来应加强海洋微表层DOM光化学过程的长期观测与模拟研究,以期揭示海洋VOCs的光化学产生与贡献对人类活动的响应以及对气候变化的影响.

挥发性有机物  /  海洋光化学  /  影响因素  /  释放通量  /  环境效应

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly contributes to the atmospheric oxidative balance and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, thereby influencing global climate. Reactive substances such as methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, dimethyl sulfide, and halocarbons in the ocean are important components of VOCs, primarily produced through biological and non-biological processes. To date, substantial research has been conducted on the source-sink processes of marine VOCs and their response mechanisms to environmental factors. However, much of this research has focused on biological processes, overlooking the contributions of photochemical processes involving dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the sea surface (micro) layer, which may result in an underestimation of their emissions. In recent years, marine photochemistry, particularly the photochemical processes of DOM in the sea surface micro-layer, has gained increasing attention. This review systematically examines the research progress on the sources and emission fluxes of marine VOCs, with a focus on the mechanisms of VOCs production via DOM photochemistry, their response to environmental factors, and their implications for climate change. Furthermore, future research directions are proposed from the perspectives of technological innovation, mechanism exploration, and environmental assessment. Long-term observation and simulation studies of photochemical processes of DOM in the sea surface micro-layer are highlighted as crucial for revealing the response of marine VOCs photochemical production to human activities and its impact on climate change.

volatile organic compounds  /  marine photochemical processes  /  influence factor  /  emission flux  /  environmental effect
张舒颖, 李建龙, 杜林. 海洋光化学释放活性挥发性有机物的研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1777 -1788 .
Shu-ying ZHANG, Jian-long LI, Lin DU. Research progress on the marine photochemical release of reactive volatile organic compounds[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1777 -1788 .
挥发性有机物(VOCs)作为大气化学组成的重要组成部分,不仅影响空气质量,还与气候变化和人体健康息息相关.众所周知,VOCs不仅会与羟基自由基(·OH)、氮氧化物或臭氧(O3)反应调控大气氧化能力,而且与无机污染物相互作用形成硝酸盐和硫酸盐也可影响大气环境酸度[1].与此同时,VOCs的氧化产物也是二次有机气溶胶(SOA)和云凝结核(CCN)[2]的重要来源,进而影响全球辐射平衡[3].此外,VOCs在对O3的产生与消除、延长大气中CH4、CO等温室气体的寿命和作为持久性污染物的前体物具有非常重要的作用[4-5].VOCs的结构复杂、种类繁多、来源广泛,聚焦其化学组成识别与定量、来源追踪以及其潜在的环境影响评估一直是环境科学研究的难题与热点.VOCs作为碳、硫元素的重要载体在全球物质循环以及气候环境变化中均具有重要地位[6-7],但由于VOCs的复杂化学组成及其来源和去除机制的不确定性,对其进行全面深入的研究仍是一项巨大的挑战.
尽管VOCs主要由陆源植物和人为活动释放[8],但海洋作为全球气候和环境变化的“调节器”也是VOCs的另一重要来源.例如:南大洋水华期间生物源异戊二烯释放显著,其氧化产物能够有效影响CCN的组成和数量,很大程度上削弱短波辐射的吸收通量[9].有模型研究表明海洋异戊二烯SOA对海洋有机碳排放的贡献接近50%,在调节浅海云层的性质和影响气候方面都发挥了关键作用[10].在海洋环境中,VOCs有两个主要来源:(1)生物的直接代谢释放;(2)溶解有机质(DOM)的光化学产生[11].据统计,海洋光化学过程每年向大气释放的VOCs大约为23.2~91.9Tg C[12].近年来针对海洋环境中VOCs的源-汇机制以及环境效应已成为大气和海洋科学交叉研究的热点,也是目前国际“上层海洋-低层大气研究计划(SOLAS)”的重点研究内容之一[13].然而,对于海洋表层,特别是微表层光化学过程在整个VOCs循环过程中的相关研究仍存在一定空白,忽略海洋(微)表层光化学的直接释放贡献,从而在一定程度上会低估海洋源VOCs的释放强度.因此,在全球变化背景下,开展海洋(微)表层VOCs的光化学产生过程及其影响机制的研究工作是十分必要和迫切的.鉴于此,本文系统总结了海水光化学产生释放VOCs的相关进展,重点介绍海洋VOCs的光化学来源、产生机制与环境因素响应以及其对环境和气候的影响,并指出了当前研究中的不足以及对未来的研究方向进行了展望.
1967年,Swinnerton等[14]首次测定了北太平洋和南太平洋海水中的C1-C4碳氢化合物含量,证实了VOCs在海洋环境中普遍存在.统计结果显示目前在海水环境中测得的大部分VOCs是过饱和的,其浓度一般在nmol/L和pmol/L范围内,且浓度分布存在显著的时空差异性.例如:我国东海海域表层海水中DMS的浓度在0.41~18.31nmol/L之间,呈现近岸高远岸低的分布特征,且季节上呈现夏高冬低的变化规律[15].此外,王健等[16]曾测得长江口及邻近海域表层海水中异戊二烯的平均浓度在枯水季和丰水季分别为6.28和57.01pmol/L,存在明显的季节差异.CH4和非甲烷烃(NMHCs)是海洋中普遍存在的一类碳氢化合物,其中海洋生物活动在其产生释放过程中发挥重要作用,如在厌氧环境中细菌代谢能够产生CH4[17].NMHCs包括乙烷、乙烯、丙烷、丙烯和异戊二烯等,其海洋释放量与CH4大体相当[18].海洋生物过程和光化学反应共同构成了海洋VOCs的重要来源,显著影响海-气界面的VOCs释放强度和全球气候过程.
研究表明海洋多种藻类可直接释放乙烯、丙烯和异戊二烯,且其释放能力具有显著的藻种依赖性.其中,异戊二烯主要由浮游植物[19]产生,其次是由一些细菌、真菌、原生生物[20-23]产生.DMS是海洋中含量丰富且分布最广泛的含硫生源活性气体,主要由藻细胞合成的一种具有渗透压调节能力的含硫物种-DMSP酶解产生[24-26].此外,DMS还可以来源于藻细胞合成的一种与DMSP生理功能相似的物种-DMSO厌氧还原[27-28].海洋大型藻和微藻[29-30]也会释放含溴和碘的挥发性卤代烃(VHCs),为含卤素VOCs的生物源提供证据.此外,Davie等[31]在北大西洋的研究中测定了表层海水中乙醛、丙酮和甲醇等含氧VOCs的净生物产率,发现其与浮游植物季节变化密切相关.综上所述,海洋生物过程对海水中VOCs的产生与释放具有重要贡献.
海洋溶解有机物(DOM)的光化学释放对于海洋VOCs的源平衡也具有重要贡献[32-34].Wilson等[11]首次研究证实了海水中DOM光化学过程可以产生不饱和烃.此后,在多个海洋调查航次中均发现表层海水不饱和烃与DOM存在正相关关系[35-36].学者们普遍认为这与浮游植物释放的DOM是不饱和烃的光化学前体物质有关,但这并不能排除生物生产释放的影响.之后的多项研究也证实海洋上层水体中的异戊二烯等不饱和烃可以由海水中DOM的光降解产生[37].Fu等[38]提出不饱和烃的光化学产生途径主要由有机物质通过光敏剂(有色溶解有机物-CDOM)催化产生的.最新的研究结果也证实了海洋微表层(SML)中的光敏反应过程伴随有异戊二烯的产生[39].除了异戊二烯外,光化学反应还会导致其他VOCs的生成.例如,Zhu等[40]探究了大西洋中乙醛、乙二醛等羰基化合物的光化学产生;CDOM和海水卤化物的光敏反应会产生部分VHCs[41-42],如甲基碘(CH3I)和甲基氯(CH3Cl).Brüggemann等[12]的结果表明,海-气界面DOM光化学是全球范围内VOCs的主要非生物来源,能够与海洋生物的排放过程相竞争,但却往往被忽视.SML具有独特的物理、化学和生物特性[43],如天然DOM在海洋SML中的浓度往往高于在海水中的浓度[44-45].它们可以吸收紫外线辐射(UV),从而产生许多低分子量VOCs[32-33].但目前对于SML光化学过程的研究还不充分,忽略SML光化学的直接释放贡献,在一定程度上会低估海洋源VOCs的释放强度.
海洋是大气VOCs的重要来源,其中多种化合物对全球大气的组成和气候效应具有显著影响,其释放通量在不同海域和季节表现出显著差异.表1中总结了典型VOCs的浓度与海-气通量特征,反映了其分布的时空变化和多样性.首先,DMS作为海洋中含量最丰富的挥发性含硫化合物,其全球海气交换通量可达15~33Tg/a,贡献超过90%的海洋硫排放[65-67].其次,海洋也是大气CH4的一个重要来源,全球沿海排放通量高达6.80~7.85Tg/a[68-69].此外,异戊二烯作为一种高反应性物种,是仅次于CH4的最大海洋排放烃类,其全球海洋通量范围为0.2~1.2Tg/a[70],Booge等[71]应用卫星遥感数据和航次观测数据估计了2014年全球范围内的异戊二烯海洋排放量为0.21Tg C.除此之外,海洋也是大气羰基化合物的主要来源之一,如:早期对全球海气丙酮净通量的估计为13Tg/a[72-74];乙醛全球海洋净排放量通过模型计算达到了34~57Tg/a[75-76].同理,海洋作为天然含溴和碘VHCs的最大来源,其排放不容小觑,如:CHBr3的全球海-气排放通量为1.5~2.5Gmol/a,CH2Br2为0.78~0.98Gmol/a,CH3I为1.24~1.45Gmol/a[77].截至目前,已获得的海洋VOCs的通量估算数据多为特定海域和特定时间的船测结果外推得到,缺少全球海洋高分辨率VOCs数据的有效支撑,从而导致全球海洋VOCs释放通量的估算存在很大的不确定性.因此,亟需广泛开展不同季节、不同海域VOCs的时空分布研究,以及系统的生物源和DOM光化学源VOCs的贡献研究,这对于准确评估全球VOCs释放通量以及气候效应具有重要意义.
目前有关海洋活性VOCs的光化学产生研究方法主要包括外场观测、实验室模拟和模型模拟三种.外场观测通过巡航实地采样分析,如Hudson等[36]在北欧海域发现表层海水中的DOC是低分子量NMHCs的重要来源.实验室模拟则通过构建光化学反应器,通过添加壬酸、辛醇等表面活性物质和简单的光敏剂[如:4-苯甲酰苯甲酸(BBA)、腐殖酸(HA)、2-咪唑甲醛(IC)]来研究界面光化学反应和VOCs生成[39].模型模拟使用全球化学传输模型和气候模型,结合光学参数与现场观测数据,广泛用于模拟大气中海洋VOCs的时空分布及传输过程.如:Brüggemann等[12]通过生物净生产力与风速推导SML的光化学VOCs排放潜力;Wang等人[76]则通过CAM-chem模型计算全球海洋乙醛净排量;Cui等人[78]开发了包含浮游植物和SML光化学两类排放过程的全球海洋源异戊二烯排放模型,弥补了在海洋异戊二烯排放模拟和高时空分辨率数据方面的空白.这些研究方法相辅相成,共同推进了对海洋VOCs光化学产生机制的深入理解.
海洋VOCs非生物源的释放主要涉及DOM的光化学转化过程,其中CDOM作为DOM中的光学活性成分,是水体中一类重要的光吸收物质,尤其在紫外和蓝光波段具有较强的吸收能力[79].CDOM的颜色来源于含有疏水酸(腐殖酸和富里酸)的中等高分子量芳香族部分[80],这些芳香族结构既是CDOM发色团,也是主要的光化学活性组分.CDOM的光化学过程主要涉及腐殖质中双键结构(如C=C和C=O)的光激发,这些结构易于吸收光子能量,参与直接光化学反应.此外,激发的物种还可以参与许多间接化学反应[81].直接光化学反应是指CDOM在吸收光子后发生异构化、键断裂或光解,导致CDOM较大的聚合物单元降解,从而使较小的脂肪族化合物释放出来.此外,CDOM的直接光解会生成多种活性氧物质(ROS),如羟基自由基(·OH)、单线态氧(1O2)、超氧化物(O2-)等[82],具体过程如下:光照下CDOM吸收光子后会进入激发态,生成单线态的CDOM(1CDOM*[83],但1CDOM*在水中的寿命极短,它可以释放电子给水中的溶解氧,从而生成ROS(图1).同时,1CDOM*也可以通过释放荧光的方式衰减为能量较低的三重态激发态CDOM(3CDOM*[83].3CDOM*具有一定的氧化性,也可以通过与溶解氧反应,生成1O2.这些活性氧物质与受激发的溶解有机质具有较高的反应活性,其会攻击DOM的活性位点触发化学反应,从而导致有机物碎片化后重排而形成VOCs.与直接反应相比,间接的光化学反应更为普遍,对CDOM的光化学降解起着更为重要的作用[84].例如,溶解的DMSP不会直接与环境海水浓度下的ROS反应,但在某些海藻细胞内DMSP浓度很高时[85],颗粒DMSP会与·OH和O2-反应,生成DMS.Mopper等人[86]也发现DMSP与O2-反应的形成的主要硫产物是DMS,占DMSP损失的>95%.部分卤代烃,如CH3I也来自海水中CDOM和碘化物的光化学反应产物[41,87].在热带大西洋的测量也证实,CH3I的表面饱和异常与光强度相关[88].关于氯代烃,相关实验室[42]已经证明,涉及CDOM和氯的类似光化学反应会产生CH3Cl.除上述之外,最为常见的一类光解产物就是含碳气体,包括:CO2、CO和CH4[89-91].例如,Bange等[92]评估了CDOM在多条河流中光化学产生CH4的可能性,发现仅在添加甲基自由基前体(如丙酮)的缺氧条件下该过程才会发生.此外,光解还产生了一系列低分子质量的有机化合物,目前已经发现了近20种,包括甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、乙二醛、甲基乙二醛,乙醛酸和丙酮酸等[32,40,89,93-94].
目前关于海洋VOCs光生成过程的研究,主要集中在DOM光降解过程中的影响因素分析上.其中,物理因素在这一过程中起着重要作用,如光强、波长和水温等.光强是影响DOM光降解的关键因素.例如:范晓明等[95]的研究指出,增大光照强度可以促进DOM的光解;毕雪薇[96]则通过实验表明,光强的增加有效促进了以腐殖酸为光敏剂的CH3Cl的生成.此外,Chen等[97]通过模拟太阳辐射发现,较高的光照强度和更长的光照持续时间可以促进人工海水中CH3I的光化学形成.不同研究一致表明,增加光强度能显著加速DOM的光化学降解,进而促进海洋VOCs的生成.波长不同的紫外辐射,其能量不同,对CDOM光降解的影响也有所差异.水环境中紫外辐射主要包括UVB(波长:280~320nm)和UVA(320~400nm),其可以显著促进ROS(活性氧类物质)的生成[98].Zhu等[99]研究发现了不同站点海水中乙醛、乙二醛和甲基乙二醛光产生的表观量子产率(AQY)与波长之间的关联,结果显示在20℃、290~380nm波长范围内,上述三种化合物的AQYs随着波长的增加呈指数下降,其中UVB贡献约30%,而UVA贡献约70%.类似地,孙欣等[100]研究发现,DOM光降解速率随所吸收波长增加而逐渐降低,其光解的AQY随波长的增加呈指数下降,这与CO2和CO的光化学生产的AQY变化趋势相似[101].因此,波长越长,DOM的光解速率和VOCs的生成效率越低,UVB和UVA对DOM光解的影响存在显著差异.水温对DOM光降解的影响则存在一定争议.范晓明等[95]指出,温度对DOM光解速率的影响不显著;然而,Porcal等[102]通过5项室内实验发现,DOM光降解对温度具较强的依赖性.Zhu等[99]进一步指出,乙二醛和甲基乙二醛的AQY随温度升高显著上升,而乙醛的AQYs对温度的变化则不敏感.因此,温度对DOM光降解的影响机制需要进一步阐明.
除物理条件的影响外,海洋中的化学成分也在VOCs的光化学产生过程中也具有重要影响,特别是海水pH值及其金属离子的种类和浓度.pH值是海洋生态系统中的重要调控因子,即使微小的变化也会对海洋化学产生影响[103].在相同pH值下,不同VOCs的产生机理可能不尽相同.Chen等[97]探究了pH值对人工海水中CH3I光化学生成的影响,发现酸性(pH=3.53)条件更有利于加速CH3I的生成;而中性(pH=6.71)和碱性(pH=9.04)环境该过程则受到抑制.类似地,Yang等[104]发现,随着pH值从5.5升至10.5,CH3Cl的产率逐渐下降,在pH=10.5时达到最低值.简单来说,腐殖酸具有多个甲氧基(-O-CH3),在中性和碱性条件下OH-和I-或Cl-竞争甲基结合位点,从而阻碍了I-或Cl-与-CH3的结合,导致CH3I或CH3Cl生成减少[96,105].金属离子对VOCs的光化学生成同样具有显著影响.Stirchak等[106]发现将天然有机物添加到含壬酸的淡水和海水溶液中,所形成的VOCs总浓度存在差异,表明由于卤化物和金属的存在,两种底物的光化学途径不同.海水中的CDOM是一种重要的痕量金属络合剂,其与金属离子络合会改变反应性中间体的形成,从而影响VOCs的光化学生成[106-107].例如,Cu2+、Fe2+和Mn2+可通过静态淬灭作用抑制腐殖质的激发态,进而减缓有机物的光降解[108].金属离子通过抑制DOM光敏化过程对VOCs生成产生影响,具体的反应机理:金属离子的静态淬灭作用抑制了1CDOM*的形成,进而减少了1CDOM*3CDOM*的过渡,并进一步减少了ROS的生成[107].此外,金属离子可以通过络合物的形成直接动态淬灭3CDOM*[109].Pan等[110]的研究表明,微量Cu2+可降低3CDOM*的氧化效率,进而降低1O2的稳态浓度,导致有机污染物的光转化速率下降.同样,Wan等[107]发现,顺磁性过渡金属离子(Fe3+、Cu2+、Mn2+和Cr3+)对CDOM有较强的结合能力,导致3CDOM*的静态和动态淬灭作用显著,抑制了1O2和·OH的形成.然而,在特定条件下,某些金属离子(尤其是Fe3+)也可能通过增强DOM的光敏化反应,促进VOCs的形成.Huang等[111]发现,Fe3+能够促进壬酸中VOCs的形成;毕雪薇[96]也发现Fe3+的加入促进CH3Br的生成,但对CH3Cl的生成有抑制作用.此外,Chen等[97]研究表明,适量Fe3+添加可以促进CH3I的光化学生成,但过高浓度则会抑制.Gu等[112]探讨了不同pH值条件下Fe3+对CDOM光化学反应的贡献,发现在低pH值条件下Fe3+能够提高CDOM的光漂白速率,而中性或碱性条件则相反.总的来看,物理因素、pH值及金属离子种类及浓度等因素共同调控了DOM光降解过程中ROS的生消过程,从而促进或抑制VOCs的生成[113].
海洋生物因素也会对VOCs的光化学产生过程产生重要影响.DOM是由多种复杂成分构成的,包括多元酚、羧基、甲氧基、醌、碳水化合物和肽等[114].不同来源的DOM的化学组成存在明显差异,这对VOCs的光化学产生过程有直接影响.海洋中DOM的种类繁多,已鉴定的种类超过4700种,其来源主要分为两类:一类是海洋生物活动产生,另一类是通过陆地径流输入.在近岸海域,DOM主要来自陆地径流,通常具有较强的芳香性[115-116],且浓度较高.相对而言,开放海域的DOM主要来源于海洋生物过程,具有更强的脂肪族特性,且浓度较低[96].例如,Chen等[97]研究表明,长江入海口地区的CH3I浓度明显高于开阔大洋,这与该区域具有丰富的DOM密切相关.Riemer等[37]的实验进一步表明,河口区域以外的其他区域NMHCs光产生的AQY明显较低,进一步佐证了DOM来源与含量对光化学过程的显著影响.总体来说,陆源输入的DOM在沿海区域的VOCs生成中起关键作用,而海洋生物来源的DOM则在开放海域的VOCs生成中更具影响力.除DOM的来源外,DOM的分子量和结构也将直接影响其光敏化反应过程.研究表明,DOM的分子量越大,其光敏效率越低,而小分子量的DOM则表现出更高的光敏活性.以往研究中通常采用300nm或330nm处的吸收系数来表征CDOM的丰度[117],并用其光谱斜率系数作为描述DOM性质的指标.一般而言,在275~295nm波长范围拟合出的斜率S275-295与DOM平均分子量呈反比关系,即分子量越大,斜率越小,光敏效率也随之降低[118-119].Richard等[120]发现,大多数发色团位于腐殖酸的低分子量组分中,小分子量DOM的光敏效率更高.Boyle等[121]也发现VOCs的AQY和光谱斜率与CDOM的分子量呈现负相关.Zhang等[122]通过分馏海藻细胞内有机物,进一步证实细胞内有机物的光敏活性与其分子量分布密切相关.类似地,Maizel等人[123]的研究表明,用电子和能量转移探针测得的3CDOM*1O2的量子产率随着分子量的增加而降低,其中3CDOM*随着高分子量组分的淬灭作用增强而减少.综上所述,海洋DOM的种类、来源和分子量不仅影响其光解反应过程,也通过改变光敏化作用进而间接影响VOCs的光化学生成过程.因此,不同来源和分子量的DOM在海洋VOCs的光化学生成过程中扮演关键角色.
大气氧化容量(AOC),也称大气自净化能力,通常是指大气中氧化还原物质的反应能力.AOC是推动大气化学反应、形成复杂空气污染的核心驱动力之一[124],其不仅决定了一次污染物(如NMHCs)的清除速率[125],还影响了二次污染物(如O3和SOA)的生成速率[126].AOC的强弱取决于羟基自由基(·OH)、硝基自由基(NO3)、氯原子(Cl)、臭氧(O3)等大气氧化剂的浓度[127].其中,·OH是对流层大气中关键的氧化剂,其极强的反应活性使其能与大气中绝大多数痕量组分发生化学反应[128].因此,·OH的浓度直接决定了大气的化学活性,影响污染物的去除及新粒子的形成[124].大气氧化能力的核心是自由基化学的循环,除了·OH,过氧羟基自由基(HO2)、过氧烷基自由基(RO2)和烷氧基自由基(RO)也起到重要作用.它们通过链式循环反应与VOCs的氧化反应生成新的氧化产物,如过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN),改变大气成分并影响区域空气质量[129].海洋释放的活性VOCs,如DMS、CH4、NMHCs和羰基化合物等,通过与·OH反应,可以直接参与大气氧化过程.这些反应不仅消耗了这些活性氧化剂,还会生成新的化学物质,进而调节大气的氧化性(图2).此外,海洋VOCs的光化学转化过程也会产生·OH,进一步影响大气的氧化能力.例如,羰基化合物是·OH反应性的主要贡献者[130-131],其贡献了80%以上的HO2和RO2来源,以及20%~40%的ROx总产量[132-133].同时,羰基也是城市O3形成的最大贡献者,占O3峰值产量的三分之一以上[134].另外,Travis等[135]的研究将海洋VOCs的光化学反应纳入模型,结果表明海洋上空·OH的反应性提高了约10%,凸显了海洋VOCs的光化学对提升大气氧化容量具有显著贡献.
大多数VOCs的大气寿命较短[136],它们会与不同的自由基(·OH、NO3等)或O3发生氧化反应生成低挥发性有机物(LVOCs)[137],其可通过气-粒分配[138]、均相成核[139]等方式形成SOA,显著影响大气中的气溶胶颗粒浓度.然而,由于缺乏对海洋环境中VOCs作为SOA前体物的观测数据[140],现有模型对海洋边界层中SOA生成量常常出现低估的现象.Tsigaridis等[141]研究发现,随着光化学反应的持续,模型对SOA的低估程度增加,表明现有模型中缺少或低估了与光敏化反应相关的SOA来源.根据Kim等[142]的建模方法,通过VOCs排放量计算全球海洋源SOA的产量范围为6.1~40.8Tg/a;而Brüggemann等[12]估计,海洋界面光化学源可额外贡献0.48~0.60Tg/a的SOA质量,其中光化学生成的异戊二烯的氧化产物预计每年对总SOA质量的贡献为33~73Gg,约占海洋有机气溶胶质量的0.2%~ 0.5%.乙二醛作为SOA重要的前体物,其在沿海水域中的光化学生成已广为人知[143].若模型中忽略乙二醛的SOA贡献,将导致SOA生成量明显低估.另外,在空气-水界面上,2-咪唑甲醛和辛醇[38]以及脂肪酸和腐植酸[39]的化学反应会生成饱和和不饱和的VOCs,其会发生臭氧化反应诱导颗粒的形成与增长[144].Bernard等[144]的模拟实验显示,腐殖酸和壬酸在空气-水界面上经过光照后与O3的二次暗反应,能导致SOA颗粒浓度上升至1000cm-3以上,表明海-气界面化学过程在SOA生成中具有重要作用.不仅如此,研究发现壬酸存在的水溶液接受光照时,气相中也能够观察到饱和醛和不饱和醛的生成[145].Alpert等[140]在实验室模拟了以壬酸和壬醇为饱和长链脂肪酸的紫外光照射实验,观察到气相光化学产物的臭氧分解促进颗粒的成核和增长.尽管脂肪酸光化学反应已被认为是SOA的新潜在来源,但其对气溶胶成核过程的实际影响仍然缺乏足够的观测和评估.SML作为SOA前体物的重要非生物光化学来源,其潜在的SOA生成能力应得到更准确的估算,将有助于更全面地理解海洋在全球大气化学循环中的作用.
辐射平衡是指地球-大气系统接收和发射的辐射能量达到平衡的状态[146-147].如3.2.2所述,大多数海洋表层光化学释放的VOCs被排放到大气中会被氧化,从而形成海洋SOA.这些SOA不仅通过散射太阳辐射直接影响全球辐射平衡,还可以通过充当CCN改变云的特性,从而间接影响气候系统[148-149].Meskhidze等[9]研究发现,浮游植物产生的异戊二烯氧化生成的SOA,可能影响海洋CCN的化学成分和云滴数.例如,当南大洋发生水华时,海区上空的云滴数是其他海区的2倍,而且云滴有效半径减小30%,导致大气层短波辐射通量达-15W/m2,这一数值与高浓度大气污染区域的气溶胶间接效应产生的辐射强迫相当.尽管目前对海洋产生的二次气溶胶是否存在显著的气候效应还存在一定的争议[150],但近年来海洋环境中VOCs的生产、释放过程以及气候效应越来越受到海洋科学工作者的高度关注.此外,海洋VOCs的光化学转化过程还会产生温室气体,如CO2和CH4,由于它们可以在热红外辐射光谱中吸收和发射特定波长的辐射,因此这些气体会通过温室效应影响辐射平衡,从而导致地球温度升高.CO2作为大气中最重要的温室气体,贡献了约65%的长寿命温室气体辐射强迫,CH4贡献约为17%[151].而DMS则被称为“负温室气体”,它在大气中氧化后生成硫酸盐气溶胶,增加了云凝结核的数量进而提高云层的反射率,减少地球吸收的太阳辐射[152].这种作用在一定程度上可以抵消CO2等温室气体引发的温室效应,凸显了DMS在调节全球气候和减缓温室效应中的重要作用.综上所述,海洋VOCs的光化学过程通过多种途径影响全球辐射平衡,进而对气候产生深远影响.深入了解这些过程不仅对理解气候调节机制具有重要意义,也为制定有效的环境政策提供了科学依据.
综上所述,国内外已从不同角度对海洋DOM光化学产生与释放VOCs开展了诸多研究,但总结发现海洋DOM的种类、分子量、来源对VOCs产生与贡献存在显著差异,同时其受到复杂海水环境的影响,进而给系统揭示海洋光化学过程产生释放VOCs的机理研究带来许多难题和挑战.目前,人类活动已引起海洋环境,特别是近海环境的剧烈变动,进而导致海洋VOCs的光化学产生与释放过程对海洋物理、化学和生物因素变化的响应认识仍存在许多不足,亟需开展更加全面深入的研究:从分子角度充分解析VOCs光化学产生的DOM来源;从活性中间体角度全面揭示VOCs光化学产生的驱动机制;从环境变量角度精准识别调控VOCs光化学产生的关键因素,从而为量化评价光化学源对VOCs的释放以及对区域和全球气候变化的贡献提供支撑.未来需要解决的问题主要包括:
(1)创新研究技术:海水和大气中大部分的VOCs具有高的反应活性,且其浓度受到各类环境因素的共同控制,能否准确测定原位产生的VOCs是研究海洋VOCs源-汇过程的关键.海洋VOCs浓度多处于痕量级别范畴,无法直接分析,通常需经过预富集处理才能实现定量,这势必对VOCs浓度的真实值产生影响.因此,亟需研发普及一种标准化的实时原位VOCs分析技术,不仅可以提升分析效率,也可保证数据质量,最终为揭示多源VOCs的产生机制奠定基础.
(2)揭示分子机制:聚焦海洋DOM光敏化过程在VOCs的产生、迁移与转化行为对多种环境因素耦合影响的响应机制,识别影响该过程的关键调控因子.利用分子探针技术和同位素示踪技术定量描述不同ROS对不同活性VOCs产生的贡献.未来还需要着重考虑SML中VOCs的光化学产生与贡献,科学评估微表层光化学对大气VOCs的贡献,并合理评价SML光产生VOCs对区域或全球气候变化的影响.
(3)评价环境影响:VOCs作为气溶胶形成的重要前体物质,也是影响辐射平衡等气候变化的关键不确定因素.目前对于海洋光化学源VOCs的释放及其大气迁移转化过程的定量仍然不足,可能导致低估海洋源VOCs对环境和气候的影响.如何结合对现有数据的分析,同时开展多海域的调查和模拟,聚焦海洋光化学产生VOCs的过程,精准定量不同海洋环境体系下海洋光化学源VOCs对SOA贡献的绝对值,为全面认识VOCs的源-汇过程及其气候效应提供科学支撑.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42476033; 42006044)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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    山东大学环境研究院,青岛市沿海城市大气污染防治重点实验室,山东 青岛 266237

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