Article(id=1241116669477712524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834872836, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834872836, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834872836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834872836, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1657, endPage=1673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116669846811312, articleId=1241116669477712524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=The spatiotemporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties, columnId=1234106417825772207, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Impact Assessment and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the panel data of 2383 counties in China from 2003 to 2022, the composite system synergy model and super-efficient SBM-DEA model were initially employed to quantify the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. Subsequently, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in counties were explored by kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and standard deviation ellipse. Ultimately, the XGBoost algorithm and SHAP value interpretation algorithm were combined to identify the main influencing factors of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. The results show that. the level of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties has been gradually rising, with a marked acceleration observed after 2020. The synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions exhibits a “high in the east, low in the west” pattern, accompanied by a significant spatial positive correlation. The distribution center of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in counties generally migrates to the southeast, reflecting a north-south centripetal trend and an east-west spatial divergence. Energy intensity is the main influencing factor of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions, and has a negative impact on the synergistic reduction. Technological innovation and industrial structure generally promote the synergistic reduction. The impact of economic development, population density and financial development on the synergistic reduction shows complex nonlinear characteristics. Compared with the eastern region, the impact of energy intensity on the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in the central and western regions is more significant.

, correspAuthors=Hui XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui XING, Xiao-qian HUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116679078473867, articleId=1241116669477712524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变及影响因素, columnId=1234106419604157142, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境影响评价与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于中国2003~2022年2383个区县的面板数据,首先采用复合系统协同度模型和超效率SBM-DEA模型测度减污降碳协同增效水平,之后利用核密度估计、空间自相关分析和标准差椭圆探究县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变特征,最后结合XGBoost算法和SHAP值解释算法识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素.结果表明:中国县域减污降碳协同增效水平总体上呈提升趋势,特别是2020年后提升幅度相对较大;县域减污降碳协同增效呈现“东高西低”的空间格局,并具有显著的空间正相关性;县域减污降碳协同增效的分布重心总体向东南方向迁移,呈现南北方向向心集聚、东西方向空间发散的趋势;能源强度是减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素,并对减污降碳协同增效产生负向影响.技术创新和产业结构整体上推动减污降碳协同增效,经济发展、人口密度和金融发展对减污降碳协同增效的影响呈现复杂非线性特征;相较于东部地区,能源强度对中西部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更为显著.

, correspAuthors=邢会, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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邢会(1979-),女,河北定州人,教授,博士,主要从事资源与环境管理研究.发表论文40余篇..

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邢会(1979-),女,河北定州人,教授,博士,主要从事资源与环境管理研究.发表论文40余篇..

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邢会(1979-),女,河北定州人,教授,博士,主要从事资源与环境管理研究.发表论文40余篇..

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Technological Forecasting and Social Change2020152:119884., articleTitle=Carbon emissions,technology upgradation and financing risk of the green supply chain competition, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241116686166847794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, awardId=72304085, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72304085), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116686246539573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, awardId=ZD202407, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省教育厅人文社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(ZD202407), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241116679325937811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116679334326420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, companyId=1241116679325937811, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116679342715029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, companyId=1241116679325937811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北工业大学经济管理学院,天津 300130)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116682471665905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Kernel density plot of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties, figureFileSmall=q1x/DlrXNek570JKnPgmJg==, figureFileBig=mzxF6vSH+w/qp8qBJRwwyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116682555551989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国县域减污降碳协同增效核密度图, figureFileSmall=q1x/DlrXNek570JKnPgmJg==, figureFileBig=mzxF6vSH+w/qp8qBJRwwyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116682761072895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatial distribution of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties, figureFileSmall=WtOHTwge64BCvgv57DEVFw==, figureFileBig=UilNvD5Eld3mqv6ZI7b+SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116682840764673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国县域减污降碳协同增效空间分布

审图号:GS(2022)1873号

, figureFileSmall=WtOHTwge64BCvgv57DEVFw==, figureFileBig=UilNvD5Eld3mqv6ZI7b+SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116682962399495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Local indicators spatial autocorrelation of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties, figureFileSmall=t6wQHy2dpAq7AuTHzKk+Cg==, figureFileBig=IXQchrRo6luf/D3qS0bgKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683096617226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国县域减污降碳协同增效LISA图

审图号:GS(2022)1873号

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审图号:GS(2022)1873号

, figureFileSmall=tmFdKIZmOCKkIpqLEboj3A==, figureFileBig=8VqTEPtKCGM+TjbX0sowaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683373441299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Algorithm fitting results, figureFileSmall=eLCToWEqsTbcekToyBRH6A==, figureFileBig=a2nTVHkEGrShu1QkF5RlpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683465715990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图5, caption=算法拟合结果, figureFileSmall=eLCToWEqsTbcekToyBRH6A==, figureFileBig=a2nTVHkEGrShu1QkF5RlpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683541213465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=SHAP value of influencing factors, figureFileSmall=ve9rv9MQMrtMixI/moYJDg==, figureFileBig=LN5mSlM4jCFS0wF+0zxuYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683595739419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图6, caption=影响因素SHAP值, figureFileSmall=ve9rv9MQMrtMixI/moYJDg==, figureFileBig=LN5mSlM4jCFS0wF+0zxuYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116683704791324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=SHAP value partial dependence plot, figureFileSmall=qnygpDPf1Fb6QJ1eeY6DfA==, figureFileBig=GoY1wWxIn33JK7qtHMFRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116685172797726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SHAP值部分依赖图, figureFileSmall=qnygpDPf1Fb6QJ1eeY6DfA==, figureFileBig=GoY1wWxIn33JK7qtHMFRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116685302821154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Heterogeneity analysis of influencing factors, figureFileSmall=HogPmLLNniIBah3T3gHqng==, figureFileBig=IWxkZigEX8ZbaQDOBw8Zdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116685378318626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=图8, caption=影响因素异质性分析, figureFileSmall=HogPmLLNniIBah3T3gHqng==, figureFileBig=IWxkZigEX8ZbaQDOBw8Zdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116685462204708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation index system for synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合系统子系统序参量单位指标属性
减污降碳复合系统减污子系统PM2.5浓度下降率%+
SO2浓度下降率%+
降碳子系统碳排放总量下降率%+
碳排放强度下降率%+
人均碳排放下降率%+
), ArticleFig(id=1241116685541896486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国县域减污降碳协同度评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合系统子系统序参量单位指标属性
减污降碳复合系统减污子系统PM2.5浓度下降率%+
SO2浓度下降率%+
降碳子系统碳排放总量下降率%+
碳排放强度下降率%+
人均碳排放下降率%+
), ArticleFig(id=1241116685638365479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The global Moran's index for synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Moran’s I指数Z年份Moran’s I指数Z
20030.123020.375620130.102517.0769
20040.117919.555520140.089214.9269
20050.112218.629920150.088214.7579
20060.114118.945320160.087014.5712
20070.113718.865420170.087414.6393
20080.112318.639620180.090015.0418
20090.100217.044020190.105517.5458
20100.107517.879520200.112018.5907
20110.103717.256220210.110018.2716
20120.099616.604120220.106417.6956
), ArticleFig(id=1241116685722251561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国县域减污降碳协同增效全局Moran’s I指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份Moran’s I指数Z年份Moran’s I指数Z
20030.123020.375620130.102517.0769
20040.117919.555520140.089214.9269
20050.112218.629920150.088214.7579
20060.114118.945320160.087014.5712
20070.113718.865420170.087414.6393
20080.112318.639620180.090015.0418
20090.100217.044020190.105517.5458
20100.107517.879520200.112018.5907
20110.103717.256220210.110018.2716
20120.099616.604120220.106417.6956
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Variable definitions and descriptive statistics

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变量名称定义单位均值标准差最小值最大值
能源强度单位GDP的标准煤消耗量t/万元1.4631.3250.1186.687
产业结构第三产业增加值与第二产业增加值之比/1.2411.1050.1616.949
技术创新每万人发明专利授权量件/万人0.4031.0680.0067.728
经济发展经平减处理的人均实际GDP万元3.4113.7500.21421.492
金融发展金融机构贷款余额占GDP比重%0.6290.4260.0523.561
人口密度单位面积内的人口数量万人/km20.0420.0850.0000.689
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变量定义及描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称定义单位均值标准差最小值最大值
能源强度单位GDP的标准煤消耗量t/万元1.4631.3250.1186.687
产业结构第三产业增加值与第二产业增加值之比/1.2411.1050.1616.949
技术创新每万人发明专利授权量件/万人0.4031.0680.0067.728
经济发展经平减处理的人均实际GDP万元3.4113.7500.21421.492
金融发展金融机构贷款余额占GDP比重%0.6290.4260.0523.561
人口密度单位面积内的人口数量万人/km20.0420.0850.0000.689
), ArticleFig(id=1241116686007464238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116669477712524, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Algorithm evaluation results

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算法缩写RMSEMAER2
支持向量机SVM0.0020.0330.936
K近邻KNN0.0020.0300.945
神经网络Neural Network0.0010.0290.947
随机森林Random Forest0.0010.0230.966
轻量级梯度提升机LightGBM0.0010.0200.971
极端梯度提升XGBoost0.0010.0190.973
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算法评估结果

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算法缩写RMSEMAER2
支持向量机SVM0.0020.0330.936
K近邻KNN0.0020.0300.945
神经网络Neural Network0.0010.0290.947
随机森林Random Forest0.0010.0230.966
轻量级梯度提升机LightGBM0.0010.0200.971
极端梯度提升XGBoost0.0010.0190.973
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中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变及影响因素
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邢会 * , 霍晓谦
中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025,45(3): 1657-1673
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中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025, 45(3): 1657-1673
中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变及影响因素
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邢会* , 霍晓谦
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学经济管理学院,天津 300130
  • 邢会(1979-),女,河北定州人,教授,博士,主要从事资源与环境管理研究.发表论文40余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
The spatiotemporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties
Hui XING* , Xiao-qian HUO
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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基于中国2003~2022年2383个区县的面板数据,首先采用复合系统协同度模型和超效率SBM-DEA模型测度减污降碳协同增效水平,之后利用核密度估计、空间自相关分析和标准差椭圆探究县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变特征,最后结合XGBoost算法和SHAP值解释算法识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素.结果表明:中国县域减污降碳协同增效水平总体上呈提升趋势,特别是2020年后提升幅度相对较大;县域减污降碳协同增效呈现“东高西低”的空间格局,并具有显著的空间正相关性;县域减污降碳协同增效的分布重心总体向东南方向迁移,呈现南北方向向心集聚、东西方向空间发散的趋势;能源强度是减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素,并对减污降碳协同增效产生负向影响.技术创新和产业结构整体上推动减污降碳协同增效,经济发展、人口密度和金融发展对减污降碳协同增效的影响呈现复杂非线性特征;相较于东部地区,能源强度对中西部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更为显著.

县域  /  减污降碳  /  协同增效  /  时空演变  /  XGBoost

Based on the panel data of 2383 counties in China from 2003 to 2022, the composite system synergy model and super-efficient SBM-DEA model were initially employed to quantify the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. Subsequently, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in counties were explored by kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and standard deviation ellipse. Ultimately, the XGBoost algorithm and SHAP value interpretation algorithm were combined to identify the main influencing factors of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. The results show that. the level of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties has been gradually rising, with a marked acceleration observed after 2020. The synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions exhibits a “high in the east, low in the west” pattern, accompanied by a significant spatial positive correlation. The distribution center of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in counties generally migrates to the southeast, reflecting a north-south centripetal trend and an east-west spatial divergence. Energy intensity is the main influencing factor of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions, and has a negative impact on the synergistic reduction. Technological innovation and industrial structure generally promote the synergistic reduction. The impact of economic development, population density and financial development on the synergistic reduction shows complex nonlinear characteristics. Compared with the eastern region, the impact of energy intensity on the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in the central and western regions is more significant.

county-level  /  pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation  /  synergistic reduction  /  spatiotemporal pattern evolution  /  XGBoost
邢会, 霍晓谦. 中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变及影响因素. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1657 -1673 .
Hui XING, Xiao-qian HUO. The spatiotemporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in Chinese counties[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1657 -1673 .
2023年,中国地级及以上城市PM2.5年均浓度为30µg/m3,远超过世界卫生组织制定的健康标准5µg/m3;同时,碳排放总量达到126亿t,并较上年增长5.65亿t,创下迄今全球最大增幅[1].因此,我国仍面临环境和气候的双重压力.
环境污染物与碳排放具有同根、同源、同过程的特性,都主要来自化石能源消费、工业生产和居民生活等方面[2].基于这一特征事实,通过统筹谋划、协同推进减污与降碳工作,能够以更低的成本实现环境保护和气候减缓双赢[3].2022年6月,生态环境部等七部委联合印发《减污降碳协同增效实施方案》,强调要“把实现减污降碳协同增效作为促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型的总抓手”.量化评估减污降碳协同增效,并探究其时空演变特征及主要影响因素是实现减污降碳协同增效的必要前提[4-5].目前,全国范围的量化评估工作尚未全面启动,仅浙江部分城市发布了减污降碳协同增效指数.同时,已有文献对我国省级[6]、城市级[7]、特定区域[8]和部门[9]的减污降碳协同增效进行了量化评估.然而,鲜有研究细化至县域尺度.县域是经济社会发展和生态文明建设的基本单元,同时也是新型城镇化建设的重要载体[10].深入剖析县域尺度下减污降碳协同增效的时空演变规律及主要影响因素,能够为实现减污降碳协同增效提供更具科学性、针对性和可操作性的决策参考.
长期以来,环境污染和碳排放被视为两个独立的研究主题.随着全球环境和气候风险不断加剧,以及环境污染物和碳排放“同根、同源、同过程”的特征被证实,减污降碳的协同效应逐渐受到广泛关注.
在环境科学领域,协同效应最早被定义为“伴随效益”,由联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)于2001年正式提出,即温室气体减排政策产生的环境质量提升等非气候效益[11].随后,在发展中国家,特别是中国的环境治理实践中,又证实了环境政策也能够协同减少碳排放[12-13].事实上,减污降碳协同效应存在的根本原因在于环境污染物和碳排放高度同根同源[14].然而,与发达国家在20世纪末基本解决环境问题后转入气候治理不同,中国当前同时面临着污染防治和气候减缓的双重压力[2].因此,不同于国外仅强调降碳对减污的单向协同,中国重视减污降碳的双向协同,即通过减污与降碳政策的统筹谋划和优化组合,实现两者相互促进、协同发展,从而以更低的成本实现美丽中国建设和碳达峰碳中和的双重目标.
目前,国内外学者对减污降碳协同增效的研究主要集中于以下三个方面.①基本内涵方面,田春秀等[3]较早提出将传统污染物和温室气体排放进行协同控制和管理,有助于以较低的成本实现环境保护和气候减缓双赢.随后,姜华等[15]、郑逸璇等[16]、戴静怡等[17]从目标、管理、政策、成效等多个维度界定了减污降碳协同增效的基本内涵.②量化评估方面,现有文献主要基于三种方法:一是直接以环境污染物和CO2排放的绝对量作为量化指标.二是从目标、路径和管理等维度构建评价指标体系[4].三是基于复合系统协同度[6]、耦合协调度[8]等系统协同度模型测度减污降碳协同增效水平.③影响因素方面.现有文献主要采用双重差分、合成控制等传统计量模型,探讨了绿色金融[18]、碳排放权交易制度[19]等因素对减污降碳协同增效的影响.
综上所述,现有文献围绕减污降碳协同增效的基本内涵、量化评估和影响因素展开了系统深入的探讨,为本研究提供了坚实的理论基础和方法参考.然而,现有文献主要聚焦于省域和市域层面,鲜有研究细化至县域层面.此外,现有文献主要采用传统计量模型识别减污降碳协同增效的影响因素,但传统计量模型为参数估计模型,需人工预设函数形式,可能造成模型设定的主观性偏误.同时,在处理高维、大规模的复杂数据时,传统计量模型不仅难以捕捉非线性关系,还可能面临“维度诅咒”和多重共线性问题,并且对异常值较为敏感,从而影响研究结果的稳健性.鉴于此,本研究基于中国2003~2022年2383个区县的面板数据,首先利用复合系统协同度模型和超效率SBM-DEA模型测度减污降碳协同增效,之后综合运用核密度估计、空间自相关、标准差椭圆等方法刻画县域减污降碳协同增效的时空演变规律,最后采用XGBoost机器学习算法和SHAP值解释算法识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素.
本研究可能的边际贡献如下:①在研究尺度上,进一步细化至县域,并深入剖析县域尺度下减污降碳协同增效的时空演变规律和影响因素,以期为制定更精准、更高效的减污降碳协同增效政策提供依据.②在研究方法上,采用XGBoost机器学习算法识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素.与传统计量模型相比,XGBoost机器学习算法凭借非参数估计的优势能够有效避免函数形式预设的主观性偏误,同时能够适应更高维、更复杂的数据结构,在精准捕捉非线性关系的同时能够有效处理异常值、多重共线性和过拟合等问题,从而具有更高的预测精度和泛化能力,能够更精准地识别减污降碳协同增效的影响因素.③在研究内容上,揭示减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素.本研究将XGBoost算法和SHAP值解释算法相结合,量化各影响因素的相对重要性,进而识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素,从而为更高效地推进减污降碳协同增效提供决策参考.
减污降碳协同增效本质上是通过科学合理的政策与措施设计,实现环境保护和气候减缓等多目标的“帕累托改进”或“帕累托最优”[12,20].其中,“减污”指减少PM2.5、SO2、NOx等传统环境污染物的排放,提升环境质量;“降碳”指降低以CO2为主的温室气体排放,减缓气候变化;“协同”指通过统筹谋划和一体推进,实现减污与降碳的相互促进与有机统一[14];“增效”则强调高效率地推进减污降碳协同,以更低的成本实现环境效益、气候效益和经济效益多赢[16-17].
减污降碳协同增效强调环境治理方式从末端治理向源头预防转变[16].末端治理坚持“先污染后治理”的理念,主要通过技术手段对已排放的污染物进行处理,使其达到排放标准.然而,末端治理技术通常依赖能源密集型的处理流程,在减轻污染排放的同时也导致大量能源消耗,从而产生“减污增碳”的负协同效应[11].例如,常用的石灰石-石膏法湿法脱硫工艺,在通过化学反应去除烟气中SO2的过程中需消耗大量能源;选择性催化还原(SCR)和选择性非催化还原(SNCR)等主流脱硝技术需要消耗大量能源创造高温环境.相较于末端治理,源头预防注重在源头上减少或避免污染物的产生,能够有效避免末端治理环节减污与降碳之间的冲突.具体而言,化石能源消费是环境污染物与碳排放的主要共同来源[6],通过调整能源结构和优化生产工艺等源头预防措施,能够有效减少化石能源消费,从根本上推动减污降碳协同增效.同时,源头预防具有显著的经济效益.随着污染物种类和数量的增加,末端治理的边际成本会持续上升,而源头预防只需在初期一次性投资技术与工艺改造,即可避免高额的后期处理成本.因此,源头预防能够以更低成本实现减污降碳协同,具有长期的经济、环境和社会效益,是实现减污降碳协同增效的关键举措.
借鉴现有文献[2,6,21],本研究基于复杂系统的视角,采用复合系统协同度模型测算减污降碳协同度.复合系统协同度模型基于协同学的序参量原理和役使原理,通过序参量取值及权重计算子系统有序度,并根据各子系统有序度变化的时间序列算术平均值确定子系统之间协同发展的程度.研究表明[18,21],其能够较好地量化发展演化过程中,子系统之间彼此支撑、相互促进、协同发展的程度.
本研究定义两个子系统,分别为减污子系统S1和降碳子系统S2,两者共同构成减污降碳的复合系统S.其中,S1S2均由若干个序参量组成,不妨设Pwk为第w个子系统的第k个序参量.序参量决定系统的有序程度,并且对系统的有序程度存在正向或负向两种影响.因此,序参量可分为正向和负向指标,正向指标取值越大,系统有序度越高,反之亦然.
基于数据可得性和现有研究[2,18,21],选取以下指标作为序参量,从而建立中国县域减污降碳协同度评价指标体系.
对于减污子系统,考虑到PM2.5和SO2都是中国主要的空气污染物[12,22],对人体健康具有较大危害.因此,为准确反映减污工作的成效并保证指标的可比性,选取两者浓度的下降率为序参量.同时,为剔除空气流动等自然因素的影响,本研究进一步采用WRF-CMAQ空气质量预测模型[23-24],分区域模拟污染物的空间扩散和化学反应过程,以校正各县域PM2.5和SO2浓度的原始数据.
对于降碳子系统,首先选择碳排放总量下降率为序参量,其能够直接反映县域碳减排工作的成效[6].同时,考虑到中国各地经济发展和人口规模的巨大差异,进一步增加碳排放强度和人均碳排放的下降率为序参量[18],以更客观地评价碳减排成效.
根据上述指标体系,计算各序参量有序度:
式中:uw(Pwk)是序参量Pwk的有序度,其值越大,代表Pwk对子系统有序度的贡献越大;Pw1Pw2、……、Pwm是正向指标,Pwm+1Pwm+2、……、Pwn为负向指标;αwkβwk分别表示序参量在研究期间的最小值和最大值.之后,通过如下表达式对uw(Pwk)加权求和,可求得子系统Sw的有序度.
式中:uw(Sw)是子系统Sw的有序度;θk是序参量Pwk的权重.为避免主观偏误,采用相关系数矩阵法计算θk.假设子系统Swn个序参量组成,其相关系数矩阵A如下:
式中:Ak代表第k个序参量Pwk对其他n-1个序参量的总影响,其值越大,意味着序参量Pwk对子系统Sw越重要,应赋予更大的权重.因此,将Ak归一化可得到序参量Pwk的权重θk
最后,计算减污降碳复合系统S的整体协同度.假设在初始时刻t,减污和降碳子系统的协同度分别为.随着系统演变到时刻t+1,两者的协同度分别变为.因此,从tt+1时刻的减污降碳协同度为:
式中:Synergy为县域减污降碳协同度;参数λ的取值决定减污降碳是否实现协同.当且仅当(Sw)>0时,即减污子系统S1和降碳子系统S2都向更有序的方向演化时,λ=1,Synergy的值为正,减污降碳实现协同.反之则为负,代表减污降碳未实现协同;参数ηw为子系统Sw权重,考虑到中国面临着环境和气候的双重压力,并且目标是实现减污与降碳的相互促进和协同发展,本研究将两个子系统视为同等重要,即设置η1=η2=0.5.因此,Synergy∈[-1,1],其值越大,代表减污降碳协同程度越高.
数据包络分析(DEA)是一种数据驱动的非参数效率评价方法,主要用于多投入多产出决策单元的效率评估. DEA模型基于决策单元相对于生产前沿面的偏离程度来衡量效率,不需要预设具体的生产函数形式.为克服传统DEA模型无法有效处理投入或产出的松弛问题,Tone[25]提出了基于松弛测度(SBM)的DEA模型.SBM-DEA模型直接将松弛变量引入目标函数,能够识别并量化多余的投入或潜在的产出.然而,其无法有效区分效率值为1的决策单元.而超效率SBM-DEA模型通过暂时移除“完全有效”的决策单元并重新构建生产前沿面,能够进一步得到大于1的超效率值,从而更精准地反映决策单元的真实效率水平.
减污降碳协同增效强调以最低的成本实现减污降碳协同推进[16,20].因此,本研究在量化减污降碳协同度的基础上,进一步采用超效率SBM-DEA模型测度减污降碳协同增效水平.具体而言,借鉴现有文献[26-27],选取资本、劳动力和能源为投入指标xik (i = 1,2,3),分别采用资本存量(万元)、年末就业人数(万人)和标准煤消耗量(万t)表示,减污降碳协同度为期望产出指标yrk,从而量化各县域以最少的投入实现减污降碳协同推进的能力.本研究将每个县域视为一个决策单元,并假设每个决策单元有m个投入变量和s个产出变量,则第k个决策单元的效率ρ可通过如下公式计算:
式中:ρ为第k个决策单元的效率,即第k个县域的减污降碳协同增效水平;分别代表投入和产出的松弛变量;xikyrk分别代表第k个决策单元的第i种投入和第r种产出;λj为权重变量,用于表示其他决策单元对当前决策单元的参照贡献.
核密度估计是一种用于估计变量概率密度函数的非参数估计方法,其不依赖于数据的特定分布假设,能够适用于各种数据类型.核密度估计通过在每个数据点周围放置核函数,并将所有数据点的核函数相加得到概率密度估计结果.本研究选择高斯核函数,通过核密度估计研究中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时序演变特征,公式如下:
式中:n为样本容量;h为核函数带宽;Xi为独立同分布的观测值;K(x)为高斯核密度函数:
空间自相关分析是一种用于探索地理数据中要素之间空间依赖关系的统计方法,能够识别某种空间现象的空间集聚或空间分散趋势. Moran's I指数是衡量空间自相关性的经典方法,其通过分析各空间单元与其邻近单元的特征值是否具有相似性,来判断数据的空间集聚或分散程度.本研究使用Moran’s I指数判断中国县域减污降碳协同增效的空间自相关性:
式中:IIi分别为全局Moran’s I指数和局部Moran’s I指数,分别用于考察整体区域和局部区域内要素之间的空间依赖关系;n为县域总数;X为县域减污降碳协同增效水平;Wij为空间权重矩阵,本研究选择最常用的地理距离矩阵:
式中:dij为区县ij之间的直线地理距离.
作为一种用于可视化多元数据空间分布特征的图形化工具,标准差椭圆能够直观地反映数据的中心趋势、离散程度和方向性特征.本研究使用标准差椭圆探讨样本期内中国县域减污降碳协同增效的重心迁移轨迹和离散趋势,公式如下:
式中:为标准差椭圆重心坐标;S为标准差椭圆面积;σxσy分别代表椭圆长轴和短轴的标准差;Wi代表空间权重,本研究以减污降碳协同增效水平为权重;分别代表(xiyi)距离重心的相对坐标;θ为椭圆转角,代表椭圆长轴相对于正北方向顺时针旋转的角度.
常用于回归预测问题的机器学习算法主要包括支持向量机(SVM)、K近邻(KNN)、神经网络(Neural Network)、随机森林(Random Forest)、极端梯度提升(XGBoost)和轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM).通过超参数优化和评估,发现XGBoost算法在本研究样本中性能最佳,详见下文.
XGBoost是一种基于梯度提升决策树(GBDT)的机器学习算法,其核心思想是通过逐步构建多个弱分类器来形成一个强大的分类器,在每一轮迭代中对之前模型的残差进行拟合,从而提高整体预测性能[28].在处理高维数据和复杂任务时,XGBoost不仅能以更少的计算资源实现更高的预测精度,还能有效避免过拟合问题.与传统GBDT算法相比,XGBoost通过引入正则化项、并行计算和缓存机制,有效提高了模型的预测精度、训练速度和抗过拟合能力.同时,与随机森林(Random Forest)等其他机器学习算法相比,XGBoost算法通过Boosting策略对每次迭代的误差进行修正,能够在高维复杂数据上取得更好的预测效果.上述优势使得XGBoost算法在解决回归预测问题时得到广泛应用[29-30].XGBoost的目标函数为:
式中,为损失函数,表示预测值与实际值yi之间的误差;Ω(fk)是模型正则化项,用于控制模型复杂度,防止过拟合.
虽然XGBoost算法能够较为准确地识别减污降碳协同增效的影响因素,但其实质上却是“黑箱”模型,难以直观反映各影响因素对减污降碳协同增效的重要性和作用方向.SHAP值解释算法由Lundberg和Lee于2017年提出[31],是解释机器学习预测结果的有效方法.其基于合作博弈中Shapley值的概念,考虑到了影响因素的贡献程度,能够量化各影响因素对减污降碳协同增效的重要性及作用方向.假设减污降碳协同增效影响因素的集合为{x1x2,…,xp};S为不包含影响因素xi的子集,|S|为子集的大小;f(S)为子集S对应的模型输出结果;f(S∪{xi})为影响因素xi加入到子集S后的输出结果.因此,影响因素xi的SHAP值计算公式如下:
由此看见,SHAP值实际上是在考虑所有可能的影响因素组合后,通过计算影响因素xi加入前后模型输出结果变化值的加权平均,以此来确定影响因素xi对减污降碳协同增效的贡献度,与合作博弈中Shapley值的概念高度一致.SHAP值解释算法能够较为准确地识别减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素,有利于提供更高效、更精准的决策参考.
基于数据可得性,本研究选取中国2383个区县为研究对象(西藏和港澳台数据暂缺),时间跨度为2003~2022年. PM2.5浓度数据来自圣路易斯华盛顿大学大气成分分析组发布的V5.GL.04估算结果;SO2浓度数据来自国家地球系统科学数据中心提供的高分辨率数据集;发明专利授权数据来自国家知识产权局;县域碳排放数据参考Chen等[32]的研究,基于DMSP-OLS和NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,采用PSO-BP神经网络算法反演得出.其余数据来自《中国县域统计年鉴》和各省市统计年鉴、公报,个别缺失数据采用插值法补齐.
本研究采用高斯核密度函数进行核密度估计,来分析中国县域减污降碳协同增效的时序演变特征,如图1所示.
首先,从分布位置来看,核密度曲线波峰缓慢向右移动,且在2020年之前移动幅度相对较小,2020年之后移动幅度相对较大.这说明2003~2022年间,中国各县域的减污降碳协同增效水平总体上有所提升,但幅度较小,未来仍有较大提升空间.同时,2020年后减污降碳协同增效水平呈现相对较大幅度的提升,这可能得益于中国在2020年正式提出碳达峰碳中和战略,并出台了涵盖能源、建筑、交通等多个领域的节能减排政策,降碳力度空前增强,从而有力推动减污与降碳双向协同.而在此之前,由于环境和气候治理分属不同部委,中国在减污和降碳上长期分而治之.同时,中国此前主要侧重环境污染防治,并且过度依赖末端治理,碳排放控制也处于起步阶段,这些因素导致减污降碳难以充分协同[6].其次,从波峰形态来看,波峰高度逐年下降且波峰宽度逐年扩大,说明各县域减污降碳协同增效水平的差异在不断扩大.最后,从曲线拖尾来看,存在明显的右侧拖尾且呈延长趋势,说明个别地区的减污降碳协同增效水平远高于全国其他地区.总体来看,中国的减污降碳协同增效虽有所提升,但仍处于较低水平,未来应继续加强碳排放治理,充分发挥降碳对减污的源头牵引作用,实现减污降碳协同增效水平有效提升.
本研究采用自然断点法将中国县域减污降碳协同增效分为5个等级,以分析其空间分布特征,如图2所示.
2003~2022年中国县域减污降碳协同增效水平总体上呈逐渐提升趋势,年均值从0.192提升至0.618,年均增长率为6.019%,但仍处于较低协同水平.从空间分布来看,大致呈“东高西低”的分布特征.特别是2016年后,东西分异特征愈加明显.这可能是因为东部地区经济发达,服务业和技术密集型产业占据较大比重,产业结构更为合理,因此经济增长对能源依赖程度较低.同时,东部地区凭借政策支持和区位优势,拥有较强的科技创新能力,为源头上减污降碳提供了技术支持[2].而中西部地区煤炭能源丰富,并且承接了东部地区的产业转移,产业结构以高耗能、高排放产业为主,减污降碳面临较大的结构性压力[10].
具体来看,2003年中国各县域的减污降碳协同增效都处于较低水平,仅上海及其周边部分县域较高.这可能是因为中国“入世”后,经济实现高速发展,工业化、城镇化快速推进,造成大量环境污染物和碳排放.此外,中国当时的环境监管体系相对薄弱,相应的环境政策尚未完善,公众也普遍缺乏环保意识,导致总体上减污降碳协同增效处于较低水平.
2009年,中国东部和中部多数县域减污降碳协同增效水平有所提升,尤其是山东、江苏、浙江、内蒙古和东北地区的部分县域.这可能得益于“十一五”规划制定了更为严格的污染减排政策,不但明确提出SO2要减排10%,而且建立了环境保护目标责任制[12],环境治理取得显著成效.此外,“十一五”阶段中国大力发展可再生能源,碳排放治理取得一定成效.然而,这一阶段中国经济增长仍然高度依赖钢铁、水泥等高耗能产业,并且可再生能源技术尚未成熟,因此总体上减污降碳协同增效水平提升有限.同时,“十一五”期间,山东、江苏、浙江等东部沿海地区率先开始调整产业结构,逐步将重工业转移到中西部内陆地区,并且在环境治理上投入了更多资金,因此减污降碳协同增效水平明显提升;内蒙古在此期间大力开发风能、太阳能等可再生能源,减少了化石能源消费;东北地区在此期间由于重工业衰退,并且加快了资源枯竭型城市转型,积极发展循环经济[33],因此其减污降碳协同增效水平也有所提升.
2016年,中国除西部地区部分县域的减污降碳协同增效仍处于第1等级外,中部县域普遍提升至第2等级,天津、重庆、山东、湖南、湖北以及长三角、珠三角的部分县域更是提升至第4等级,“东高西低”格局愈加明显.党的十八大以来,中国深入推进生态文明建设,《大气十条》、《水十条》等环境政策陆续出台,环境执法力度空前,减污工作取得显著成效.同时,十八大以来中国加强了退耕还林、湿地保护等生态修复工作,显著增加了陆地碳汇,从而进一步推动了减污降碳协同增效.在此期间,天津、重庆、山东、湖南、湖北以及长三角、珠三角地区得益于重工业陆续转移和服务业快速发展,以及较高的减排技术水平,减污降碳协同增效处于领先地位.
2022年中国县域减污降碳协同增效水平普遍提升,尤其是天津、山东、福建、湖南、湖北以及长三角、成渝、珠三角等城市群普遍提升至第5等级,并且南方地区提升幅度高于北方地区.可能的原因是,中国2018年组建生态环境部,整合了环境和气候治理职责,为减污降碳协同增效提供了机制保障[6];风电、光伏、水电等可再生能源发展迅速,为减少化石能源消费、从源头上推进减污降碳提供了重要支撑;2020年正式提出“双碳”目标,各地政府随即出台一系列碳排放控制方案,并且2021年全国碳排放权交易市场正式上线,降碳力度空前加大,能够有效促进减污与降碳双向协同[19].同时,南方地区减污降碳协同增效水平提升更为显著,可能是因为北方地区重工业集聚,能源需求较大,并且冬季集中供暖的主要热源是煤炭[34],导致北方地区的减污降碳协同增效面临较大压力.
本研究进一步采用Moran’s I指数和LISA分布探讨中国县域减污降碳协同增效的空间相关性和空间集聚特征.
根据表2,历年的全局Moran’s I指数均在1%的水平上显著为正,说明中国县域的减污降碳协同增效具有显著的空间正相关性,在空间上呈现集聚特征,并非随机分布.因此,进一步通过LISA图直观分析中国县域减污降碳协同增效在局部空间上的集聚特征,如图3所示.
总体上,县域减污降碳协同增效的空间集聚特征较为稳定,主要呈现高—高集聚和低—低集聚的格局.同时,高—高集聚的县域数量从226个增加到394个,说明越来越多的县域减污降碳协同增效达到高水平,加入高—高俱乐部;低—低集聚的县域数量从895个减少到716个,说明较低水平的县域,其减污降碳协同增效水平也在逐渐提高,从而退出低—低俱乐部.具体来看,高—高集聚的县域主要分布在天津市、山东省及长三角、成渝、珠三角、长株潭城市群,这可能是因为这些地区经济发展起步早,率先进入高质量发展阶段,服务业和技术密集型产业已成为经济发展的主导力量.同时,这些地区拥有更高的技术水平,在环境监测、污染治理、节能减排等领域拥有更充足的技术储备,为减污降碳协同增效提供了有力的技术支撑.低—低集聚的县域主要分布在西部地区,可能是因为西部承接了东部高耗能、高排放产业的转移,并且煤炭资源丰富,是中国重要的能源基地[35],环境污染和碳排放问题较为严重.此外,西部地区的研发投入不足,高水平科研机构和人才队伍稀缺,在减污降碳上存在技术瓶颈.因此,在未来应重点关注中国西部地区的减污降碳工作,加大对西部地区的政策倾斜,鼓励东部地区提供必要的资金和技术支持.
基于重心—标准差椭圆,可视化分析中国县域减污降碳协同增效的重心转移轨迹和离散趋势,如图4.
从重心分布位置来看,县域减污降碳协同增效的重心在112.29°E~113.77°E、32.59°N~32.85°N范围变动,相比中国的几何中心(103°E,36°N),重心向东南偏移,说明中国东部和南部地区县域的减污降碳协同增效水平高于西部和北部地区.此外,从重心的迁移轨迹来看,重心总体向东南方向迁移,最初从南阳市新野县向东北转移至南阳市唐河县,随后在南阳市唐河县境内向东南方向迁移,最后再次向东南方向转移至信阳市浉河区.究其原因,2003~2022年间,中国东部和南部地区得益于以轻工业、服务业为主的产业结构和更高的技术水平[36],实现了减污降碳协同增效水平较快提升,导致重心总体向东南方向迁移.而西部和北部地区由于承接产业转移,同时肩负保障国家能源供应的重要使命,致使其减污降碳协同增效面临一定挑战.
2003~2022年,中国县域减污降碳协同增效的标准差椭圆主要位于中国东部和中部地区,大致呈“东北—西南”空间分布格局.从椭圆面积来看,2022年标准差椭圆面积比2003年扩大7.64%,说明中国县域减污降碳协同增效存在空间发散趋势.从椭圆转角来看,转角由2003年的77.26°缩小至2022年的71.70°,说明“东北—西南”空间分布格局逐渐弱化,正在向以东西方向为主导的分布格局演变.从椭圆半轴来看,长半轴由2003年的1226.66km缩短至2022年的1202.76km,短半轴由901.89km扩大至962.95km,说明中国县域减污降碳协同增效在南北方向上更为收敛,东西方向上更为发散,呈现南北方向向心集聚、东西方向空间发散的趋势.
机器学习算法主要通过大量数据训练,学习特征变量与目标变量的关系并不断调整模型参数至最优,从而实现对目标变量的准确预测.本研究旨在使用机器学习算法准确识别中国县域减污降碳协同增效的影响因素.因此,将县域减污降碳协同增效水平设定为目标变量,将可能的影响因素设定为特征变量,通过机器学习算法识别各因素对减污降碳协同增效的影响程度和作用方向.
环境污染物和碳排放的主要来源均为化石能源消费[2].通过控制化石能源消费,从源头上实现环境污染和碳排放的协同治理,是减污降碳协同增效的关键[16,37].因此,本研究首先选取能源强度为特征变量.同时,根据Kaya恒等式、LMDI分解法、STIRPAT模型以及现有研究[21,38,39],环境污染和碳排放的主要影响因素均包括经济总量、技术水平、人口规模和产业结构.基于此,进一步选取以下特征变量,详见表3.
上述影响因素均与能源消费紧密相关,可能对减污降碳协同增效产生重要影响.具体而言,能源强度直接反映单位GDP的能源消耗量,能源强度的降低是从源头上协同减少环境污染物和碳排放,推动减污降碳协同增效的重要途径;经济发展水平能够决定能源需求,快速的经济发展将导致能源消耗激增,同时也为绿色技术创新提供了物质基础;技术创新能够推动清洁能源替代和提高能源效率[21],是控制污染物和碳排放主要共同源头的重要手段;产业结构反映出高耗能产业占比,产业结构升级能够降低经济增长对化石能源的依赖,推动减污降碳协同增效;金融发展既可能促进高耗能企业生产规模扩大,也可能为节能减排项目提供融资支持[18],进而对减污降碳协同增效产生复杂影响;人口密度是影响能源需求的重要因素,高人口密度地区通常面临较大的能源需求[35],从而可能阻碍减污降碳协同增效.
基于上述变量选取,本研究基于中国2383个区县的47660条面板数据,按照80%和20%的比例划分训练集和测试集,对支持向量机、K近邻、神经网络等常用的机器学习算法进行训练.同时,为提高算法拟合性能和泛化能力,采用贝叶斯优化对各算法进行超参数优化.贝叶斯优化能够在每次迭代中选出最大概率提升算法性能的超参数组合,特别是对于高维、非凸、非连续的超参数空间,能够以较少的迭代次数找到超参数最优解.相较于网格搜索、随机搜索等优化方法,贝叶斯优化在效率、适用性、抗噪声干扰等方面具备显著优势[40].最后,为避免在单一训练集上的过拟合问题,本研究采用五折交叉验证,并将均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分误差(MAE)和拟合优度(R2)作为算法性能的评价指标.各算法评估结果如表4图5所示.
RMSE和MAE越小,R2越接近于1,说明算法拟合效果越好.从表4可以看出,XGBoost算法取得了最小的RMSE和MAE,以及最大的R2,说明XGBoost算法的拟合效果最好.图5进一步直观展示了各算法在训练集和测试集上的拟合效果,横轴为实际值,纵轴为预测值.可以直观看出,相较于其他算法,XGBoost算法的预测值与实际值最为接近,因此本研究采用XGBoost算法研究县域减污降碳协同增效的影响因素.
基于已完成训练的XGBoost算法,本研究进一步使用SHAP值解释算法揭示各影响因素对县域减污降碳协同增效的相对重要性和作用机制. SHAP值解释算法能够打开XGBoost算法的“黑箱”,直观反映各影响因素对县域减污降碳协同的相对重要性和作用方向.借鉴Zhang等[29]的研究,本研究首先计算全样本下各影响因素的SHAP均值,来确定各影响因素的相对重要性. SHAP均值反映了各影响因素对减污降碳协同增效的贡献程度,是识别主要影响因素的重要手段.图6(a)汇报了各影响因素的SHAP均值及占比.其中,横轴为SHAP均值,纵轴为各影响因素.
可以直观看出,能源强度的SHAP均值最大,且占比达44.1%,说明能源强度对减污降碳协同增效的影响最大,是主要影响因素.可能的原因是,在中国的能源结构中,化石能源占据较大比重,并且化石能源是环境污染物和碳排放的主要共同来源[6].化石能源中含有的硫、氮等元素,在燃烧过程中与氧气发生化学反应会生成PM2.5、SO2、NOx等环境污染物,同时化石能源的主要成分是碳氢化合物,燃烧过程中碳元素与氧气发生氧化反应会生成大量CO2.据统计,中国大约63%的环境污染物和80%的碳排放来自化石能源消费[22].因此,紧盯化石能源消费这一环境污染物和碳排放的主要源头,大力发展可再生能源、提高能源利用效率对实现减污降碳协同增效至关重要.除能源强度外,其他影响因素按照重要性排序依次是经济发展、技术创新、产业结构、人口密度和金融发展.
尽管SHAP均值能够衡量各变量的相对重要性,但无法直观反映各变量的具体作用方向.因此,本研究进一步绘制SHAP值摘要图,以揭示各影响因素对县域减污降碳协同增效的作用方向,如图6(b)所示.其中,每个点代表一个样本,颜色越浅代表影响因素的值越大,颜色越深代表影响因素的值越小.以SHAP值=0为分界线,若样本分布在右侧区域(SHAP值>0)则代表其对县域减污降碳协同增效产生正向影响,反之亦然.可以看出,各变量的浅色点和深色点在分界线两侧均有分布,说明各变量与减污降碳协同增效之间可能均不存在简单的线性关系.因此,本研究进一步绘制SHAP值的部分依赖图,以直观反映各变量对减污降碳协同增效的影响,如图7所示.可以直观看出,多数影响因素与减污降碳协同增效之间存在明显的非线性关系.
能源强度.随着能源强度的提高,能源强度的SHAP值整体上呈现波动下降的趋势,说明能源强度整体上对减污降碳协同增效具有负向影响.可能的原因在于,化石能源在中国的能源结构中占据较大比重[16],能源强度增加意味着化石能源消费增加,而化石能源是环境污染物和碳排放的主要共同来源[6].因此,能源强度的提高对减污降碳协同增效产生负向影响.
经济发展.随着经济发展水平的提高,经济发展的SHAP值大致呈先波动下降后波动上升的非线性趋势,说明经济发展与减污降碳协同增效之间大致呈倒“U”型关系.这与环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)理论相似.在经济发展初期,大规模的工业生产和城市建设造成资源和能源消耗急剧增加,不利于减污降碳协同增效.而随着经济发展到一定水平,物质生活水平显著提高,人民对美好环境的需求随之增强.同时,经济发展推动技术进步,并增加了政府财政收入,使政府能够加大对节能环保项目的投入.因此,随着经济发展水平的持续提高,减污降碳协同增效水平逐渐由下降转变为上升趋势.
技术创新.随着技术创新水平的提高,技术创新的SHAP值整体上呈现波动上升的趋势.技术创新能够促进可再生能源利用和清洁生产,是从源头上推进减污降碳的重要动力.同时,减污降碳协同增效是一项系统性工程,统筹环境和气候领域的减排要求,实现多种污染物和碳排放的协同控制离不开关键技术的突破创新[21].然而,技术创新也产生了“回弹效应”,从而部分抵消技术创新带来的资源能源节约效应,一定程度上加剧了环境污染和碳排放.因此,在通过技术创新推动减污降碳协同增效的过程中,要充分评估新技术潜在的负面影响,加强引导和监管,优先支持生态修复、清洁生产、可再生能源利用等节能环保领域的技术创新,以削弱“回弹效应”.
产业结构.随着产业结构升级,产业结构的SHAP值先缓慢上升后快速上升,整体上呈波动上升趋势.产业结构升级是产业从低层次向高层次演变的过程,意味着服务业、技术密集型产业比重上升[41],有助于降低经济增长对资源和能源的依赖,从而推动减污降碳协同增效.然而,在产业结构升级初期,“两高”产业仍占据较大比重,新兴产业发展的节能减排效应难以显现.同时,个别新兴产业发展初期也会造成较多的资源和能源消耗[42].例如,互联网、大数据、云计算等数字产业发展初期依赖于数据中心和高性能计算中心的不间断运行,加剧了能源消耗.而随着产业结构持续升级,绿色、低碳产业逐渐取代“两高”产业占据主导地位,生产生活方式发生根本改变,从而有效推动减污降碳协同增效.
人口密度.随着人口密度的增加,人口密度的SHAP值整体上呈缓慢下降趋势,且波动幅度较大.这说明人口密度整体上对减污降碳协同增效产生负向影响,但也一定程度上对减污降碳协同增效产生正向影响.一方面,人口密度增加意味着更多的资源和能源消耗[35],甚至会进一步改变土地利用模式,破坏森林、湿地和草原等生态系统[43],从而对减污降碳协同增效产生消极影响;另一方面,人口密度的增加可能产生集聚效应,提高基础设施利用效率,推动能源的集中供应和利用.然而,当人口密度持续增加并超过城市承载能力后,将造成更多的资源和能源消耗.因此,应坚持并实施可持续城市规划,通过倡导紧凑型城市布局、发展高效便捷的公共交通、推广绿色建筑、适当控制人口规模等手段,控制城市的资源和能源消耗,推动减污降碳协同增效.
金融发展.随着金融发展水平的提高,金融发展的SHAP值整体上呈波动下降趋势,且波动幅度较大.这说明金融发展对减污降碳协同增效产生正向和负向的双重影响,但整体上负向作用占据主导地位.一方面,在经济快速发展阶段,中国的金融资源长期偏向于钢铁、水泥等重工业和传统产业,推动了“两高”产业快速扩张[44],加剧了环境污染和碳排放;另一方面,近年来,中国大力发展绿色金融,积极引导金融资源流向低碳环保领域,为风电、光伏等绿色产业的发展壮大提供了资金支持,从而推动减污降碳协同增效[18].因此,在未来应进一步完善绿色金融服务体系,加强绿色金融产品创新,限制“两高”产业获取金融资源,引导更多资金流向节能环保领域,推动减污降碳协同增效.
中国幅员辽阔,不同地区经济发展水平、能源结构、资源禀赋等存在显著差异,这些差异可能导致减污降碳协同增效影响因素的重要性排序呈现空间异质性.因此,基于国家统计局的区域划分标准,本研究将2383个县域划分为东部和中西部地区,在此基础上分别应用XGBoost算法和SHAP值解释算法,以揭示影响因素的空间异质性,并为不同地区减污降碳协同增效差异化政策的制定提供更精准的决策参考.
图8为分区域样本下各影响因素的SHAP均值和SHAP值摘要.可以直观看出,在东部和中西部地区,减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素均为能源强度.因此,各地区均应将降低能源强度作为工作重心,通过优化能源结构、提高能源效率、推广可再生能源,实现减污降碳协同增效.
同时,在中西部地区,能源强度的SHAP均值远高于其他影响因素,占比高达46.1%.说明相较于东部地区,能源强度对中西部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更大,这可能归因于东部和中西部地区在能源结构和能源利用效率上的差异.中西部地区煤炭资源丰富,是中国主要的能源生产基地,其能源结构中煤炭占据较大比重,并且能源利用效率相对较低,因此能源强度对中西部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更显著.而东部地区能源结构更为多元,可再生能源占比较高,同时得益于资金、技术和人才的优势,拥有更高的能源利用效率.因此,在东部地区,能源强度对减污降碳协同增效的贡献度相对较低.此外,产业结构、人口密度和金融发展的相对重要性呈现出空间异质性,特别是人口密度.在东部地区,人口密度的重要性位居第五,而在中西部地区,人口密度的重要性则位居最后.可能的原因是,东部地区凭借其经济优势和政策支持,吸引了大量中西部地区的人口涌入,使得东部地区的人口密度显著高于中西部,从而对减污降碳协同增效产生较大影响.
4.1 2003~2022年中国县域减污降碳协同增效水平呈现逐年提升的趋势,特别是2020年后提升幅度相对较大.随着时间推移,各地区减污降碳协同增效水平的差异不断扩大,部分地区减污降碳协同增效水平已处于领先地位.然而,中国减污降碳协同增效总体上仍处于较低水平,未来具有较大提升潜力.
4.2 中国县域减污降碳协同增效在空间分布上呈现“东高西低”的特征,且标准差椭圆分布重心总体向东南偏移,呈现南北方向的向心集聚和东西方向的空间发散趋势,东西分异格局逐渐强化.此外,县域减污降碳协同增效具有显著的空间正相关性,高—高集聚县域主要分布在天津市、山东省及长三角、成渝、珠三角、长株潭城市群,低—低集聚县域主要分布在西部内陆地区.
4.3 能源强度是减污降碳协同增效的主要影响因素,SHAP值占比高达44.1%.能源强度对减污降碳协同增效具有负向影响,技术创新和产业结构总体上对减污降碳协同增效具有正向影响,经济发展、金融发展和人口密度对减污降碳协同增效具有复杂非线性影响.相较于东部地区,能源强度对中西部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更为显著.此外,人口密度对东部地区减污降碳协同增效的影响更大.
5.1 统筹环境和气候领域的减排要求,建立减污降碳协同治理机制,充分实现减污降碳的双向协同.长期以来,中国主要侧重于污染防治,并过度依赖末端治理,同时未充分关注气候治理,导致减污降碳协同增效水平难以有效提升.因此,应协同设定减污降碳一体化目标,针对环境和气候治理的主要领域、重点行业和关键环节建立跨部门协调机制,避免环境治理对气候变化产生负面影响.此外,充分借助现有生态环境领域成熟的法律、法规和制度体系,将碳排放治理纳入环境保护体系,为减污降碳协同增效提供制度和法律保障.
5.2 坚持源头预防,将降低能源强度作为减污降碳协同增效的重中之重.化石能源消费是环境污染和碳排放的主要源头,在中国能源结构中长期占据主导地位.政府应继续加大对风能、太阳能、水能等可再生能源的支持力度,不断降低化石能源消费比重.同时,提高能源利用效率,加大智能电网等节能技术的研发和推广力度,加强重点企业的能源审计和监测,引导企业积极履行节能减排责任.通过学校、社区、媒体等多种渠道开展节能宣传教育,提高公众节能意识,加快形成绿色低碳生活方式.
5.3 加快产业结构调整和技术创新,完善市场机制,推动减污降碳协同增效.首先,淘汰落后产能,严格限制高污染、高耗能产业发展,支持战略性新兴产业发展,培育壮大新经济、新动能.其次,重点关注污染治理设施的能耗问题,深入研究减污降碳协同推进的内在机理和技术路线,推动水、气、土、固废等多种污染物与温室气体减排技术协同创新.最后,完善市场机制,充分发挥市场机制的减污降碳协同效应.尝试整合排污权交易市场和碳排放权交易市场,建立统一的交易平台和市场监管机制;将环境税和碳税进行整合,建立统一的税收体系,激励企业协同推进减污降碳;通过税收优惠、财政补贴、风险分担等激励措施促进绿色金融发展,建立和完善绿色金融的标准和认证体系,确保减污降碳项目得到充分支持,并督促企业和金融机构披露环境风险和碳排放信息,提高市场透明度.
5.4 实施差异化政策,因地制宜推进减污降碳协同增效.鼓励东部地区依托现有优势先行先试,在源头预防、政策设计、技术创新等方面积极探索,形成可复制、可推广的减污降碳协同增效先进经验.同时,推动东部与中西部地区建立多层次、多领域合作机制,为中西部地区提供必要的资金、技术、人才等支持,充分发挥东部地区的辐射带动作用.中西部地区要充分利用资源优势,加大对是风能、太阳能等可再生能源的开发利用,逐步减少对煤炭的依赖.其次,通过技术引进、合作研发等方式,吸收消化东部地区先进的节能环保技术,加快传统产业的技术改造和设备更新,积极引导产业向低碳、环保方向转型,加快推进减污降碳协同增效.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72304085)
  • 河北省教育厅人文社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(ZD202407)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(72304085)
河北省教育厅人文社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(ZD202407)
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    河北工业大学经济管理学院,天津 300130

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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