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A year-long study was conducted in Taihu Lake with the objective of investigate the diffusive fluxes of methane(CH4)across the sediment-water interface in different ecological zones, namely the algal bloom zone, the macrophyte zone, and the open water zone. The CH4 concentrations in the sediment porewaters and the relevant fluxes at the sediment-water interface from different ecological zones of the lake were analyzed and evaluated. Results showed that CH4 concentrations in porewaters increased with the sediment depth. The CH4 concentrations in the open water zone were found significantly lower than that in the other zones. The organic carbon was identified as the key factor driving the spatial and temporal variations of CH4. The mean diffusive fluxes of CH4 across the sediment-water interface were 122.56±32.2, 108.75±23.8, and 3.36±0.6 µmol/(m2·d)in the algal bloom zone, the macrophyte zone, and the open water zone, respectively, with the open water zone showing the significantly lower fluxes. Seasonal variations of CH4 fluxes were observed in the lake while the fluxes were significantly higher in the spring and the summer than the other two seasons. The regression result showed that the CH4 flux was strongly influenced by the CH4 concentration in the porewater and the sediment porosity. Our study also demonstrated that algal blooms and macrophyte reproductions enhanced CH4 concentrations in porewaters and significantly increased the diffusive CH4 fluxes across the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu.

, correspAuthors=Lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-fei DING, Tong LI, Wen-xin WEI, En-qin YAO, Ji-cheng ZHONG, He-zhong YUAN, Lei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116659042275472, articleId=1241116652700488418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=太湖沉积物-水界面甲烷扩散通量时空变化特征, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究不同生态类型湖泊沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量,本研究对太湖进行了为期一年的观测,分析了其藻型区、草型区、开阔区间隙水CH4含量和沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量.结果表明,太湖沉积物间隙水CH4含量随着深度的增加而增大,开阔区CH4含量明显低于其他区域,有机碳是影响CH4含量时空变化的重要因素.藻型区、草型区、开阔区CH4扩散通量分别为(122.56±32.18),(108.75±23.79),(3.36±0.60) µmol/(m2·d),开阔区CH4扩散通量显著小于其他两个区域;春季和夏季的CH4扩散通量显著高于冬季和秋季.CH4扩散通量受CH4含量和孔隙度影响显著.研究表明,蓝藻水华和水生植物生长显著增加了沉积物间隙水中CH4含量和沉积物-水界面扩散通量.

, correspAuthors=张雷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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丁立飞(2000-),男,河南濮阳人,南京信息工程大学资源与环境硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊碳循环..

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丁立飞(2000-),男,河南濮阳人,南京信息工程大学资源与环境硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊碳循环..

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丁立飞(2000-),男,河南濮阳人,南京信息工程大学资源与环境硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊碳循环..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Water quality parameters at studying sites in Lake Taihu

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参数藻型区草型区开阔区
WD (m)2.4±0.51.9±0.92.6±0.2
WT (℃)21.3±7.722.0±9.421.2±7.8
SDD (m)0.29±0.170.40±0.220.33±0.27
DO (mg/L)10.8±2.710.7±2.011.2±2.1
pH值8.15±0.498.30±0.298.20±0.42
ORP (mV)37.4±54.662.6±45.343.4±46.6
TN (mg/L)2.23±1.090.98±0.331.30±0.80
TP (mg/L)0.18±0.150.09+0.060.11±0.04
Chl a (mg/m3)23.3±11.515.3±18.215.3±17.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668043252648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太湖采样点水质参数

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参数藻型区草型区开阔区
WD (m)2.4±0.51.9±0.92.6±0.2
WT (℃)21.3±7.722.0±9.421.2±7.8
SDD (m)0.29±0.170.40±0.220.33±0.27
DO (mg/L)10.8±2.710.7±2.011.2±2.1
pH值8.15±0.498.30±0.298.20±0.42
ORP (mV)37.4±54.662.6±45.343.4±46.6
TN (mg/L)2.23±1.090.98±0.331.30±0.80
TP (mg/L)0.18±0.150.09+0.060.11±0.04
Chl a (mg/m3)23.3±11.515.3±18.215.3±17.1
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Pearson correlation analysis of CH4 content, diffusive fluxes and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目WT沉积物深度φSTPSTNSOCCH4含量扩散通量
WT1
沉积物深度0.0381
Φ-0.077-0.444**1
STP-0.334**-0.0040.450**1
STN0.132*-0.0520.578**0.493**1
SOC-0.206**-0.138*0.599**0.292**0.449**1
CH4含量0.185**0.208**0.0430.0820.176**0.176**1
扩散通量0.143**-0.0600.387**0.122*0.379**0.324**0.719**1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668269745084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CH4含量、扩散通量和环境因素的皮尔逊相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目WT沉积物深度φSTPSTNSOCCH4含量扩散通量
WT1
沉积物深度0.0381
Φ-0.077-0.444**1
STP-0.334**-0.0040.450**1
STN0.132*-0.0520.578**0.493**1
SOC-0.206**-0.138*0.599**0.292**0.449**1
CH4含量0.185**0.208**0.0430.0820.176**0.176**1
扩散通量0.143**-0.0600.387**0.122*0.379**0.324**0.719**1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668362019781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression equations between CH4 and diffusive flux of CH4 and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归方程显著性
CH4含量(Cp)Cp= 102.20SOC + 5.14T-133.78<0.01
CH4扩散通量(F)F=0.76CP + 592.45φ-0.09STP-368.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668454294481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CH4含量和扩散通量与环境因素之间的回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归方程显著性
CH4含量(Cp)Cp= 102.20SOC + 5.14T-133.78<0.01
CH4扩散通量(F)F=0.76CP + 592.45φ-0.09STP-368.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668567540700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Two-way analysis of variance of diffusive fluxes with season and zone as main factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自由度F显著性
季节34.110<0.01
区域28.929<0.001
季节*区域61.574<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668676592617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116652700488418, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

扩散通量与季节、分区的双因素方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自由度F显著性
季节34.110<0.01
区域28.929<0.001
季节*区域61.574<0.05
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太湖沉积物-水界面甲烷扩散通量时空变化特征
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丁立飞 1, 2 , 李彤 2 , 魏文欣 1, 2 , 姚恩亲 3 , 钟继承 2 , 袁和忠 1 , 张雷 2, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1474-1482
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1474-1482
太湖沉积物-水界面甲烷扩散通量时空变化特征
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丁立飞1, 2 , 李彤2, 魏文欣1, 2, 姚恩亲3, 钟继承2, 袁和忠1, 张雷2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 3.浙江省湖州市生态环境局,浙江 湖州 313000
  • 丁立飞(2000-),男,河南濮阳人,南京信息工程大学资源与环境硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊碳循环..

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* 责任作者,副研究员,
Spatial and temporal variations of methane diffusive fluxes across the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu
Li-fei DING1, 2 , Tong LI2, Wen-xin WEI1, 2, En-qin YAO3, Ji-cheng ZHONG2, He-zhong YUAN1, Lei ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 3.Huzhou Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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为研究不同生态类型湖泊沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量,本研究对太湖进行了为期一年的观测,分析了其藻型区、草型区、开阔区间隙水CH4含量和沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量.结果表明,太湖沉积物间隙水CH4含量随着深度的增加而增大,开阔区CH4含量明显低于其他区域,有机碳是影响CH4含量时空变化的重要因素.藻型区、草型区、开阔区CH4扩散通量分别为(122.56±32.18),(108.75±23.79),(3.36±0.60) µmol/(m2·d),开阔区CH4扩散通量显著小于其他两个区域;春季和夏季的CH4扩散通量显著高于冬季和秋季.CH4扩散通量受CH4含量和孔隙度影响显著.研究表明,蓝藻水华和水生植物生长显著增加了沉积物间隙水中CH4含量和沉积物-水界面扩散通量.

太湖  /  甲烷含量  /  扩散通量  /  沉积物-水界面  /  温室气体

A year-long study was conducted in Taihu Lake with the objective of investigate the diffusive fluxes of methane(CH4)across the sediment-water interface in different ecological zones, namely the algal bloom zone, the macrophyte zone, and the open water zone. The CH4 concentrations in the sediment porewaters and the relevant fluxes at the sediment-water interface from different ecological zones of the lake were analyzed and evaluated. Results showed that CH4 concentrations in porewaters increased with the sediment depth. The CH4 concentrations in the open water zone were found significantly lower than that in the other zones. The organic carbon was identified as the key factor driving the spatial and temporal variations of CH4. The mean diffusive fluxes of CH4 across the sediment-water interface were 122.56±32.2, 108.75±23.8, and 3.36±0.6 µmol/(m2·d)in the algal bloom zone, the macrophyte zone, and the open water zone, respectively, with the open water zone showing the significantly lower fluxes. Seasonal variations of CH4 fluxes were observed in the lake while the fluxes were significantly higher in the spring and the summer than the other two seasons. The regression result showed that the CH4 flux was strongly influenced by the CH4 concentration in the porewater and the sediment porosity. Our study also demonstrated that algal blooms and macrophyte reproductions enhanced CH4 concentrations in porewaters and significantly increased the diffusive CH4 fluxes across the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu.

Lake Taihu  /  methane  /  diffusive flux  /  sediment-water interface  /  greenhouse gas
丁立飞, 李彤, 魏文欣, 姚恩亲, 钟继承, 袁和忠, 张雷. 太湖沉积物-水界面甲烷扩散通量时空变化特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1474 -1482 .
Li-fei DING, Tong LI, Wen-xin WEI, En-qin YAO, Ji-cheng ZHONG, He-zhong YUAN, Lei ZHANG. Spatial and temporal variations of methane diffusive fluxes across the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1474 -1482 .
人口的快速增长和经济社会的快速发展造成大气中温室气体含量不断升高.甲烷(CH4)是第二重要的温室气体,其百年尺度全球增温潜势是CO2的28倍[1],在大气中含量已达(1889±2)×10-6mg/L,是工业革命前的262%[2](WMO,2022).大气中CH4来源分为自然源和人为源,自然源包括湖泊、湿地、海洋和河流等,人为源则涵盖了农业、畜牧业和化石燃料的燃烧[3].在自然环境中,内陆淡水被认为是大气CH4的重要排放源[4].全球内陆水体CH4排放量约为93.1Tg[5],主要集中在湖泊、水库和河流,其中湖泊CH4的排放量约占77%[6].浅水湖泊是全球最常见的湖泊类型,相比深水湖,浅水湖水深较浅而导致静压力小且CH4传输路径短,减少了氧化,更多的排向大气中[7],亦是CH4排放的热点[8].然而,湖泊沉积物-水界面甲烷扩散通量的时空变化规律及其驱动机制尚不完全清楚,尤其在不同生态类型湖泊及其区域差异性上的研究仍显不足.
浅水湖泊因为容积小,更容易受到环境影响而发生富营养化[9];有许多研究者对单个湖泊不同区域或者不同湖泊进行对比研究,发现富营养化可以促进CH4的产生和释放[10],富营养化湖泊贡献约80%的扩散通量[11].湖泊沉积物中累积了丰富的有机碳(SOC),同时大部分沉积物处于厌氧状态,是湖泊中CH4产生的主要场所[12].沉积物所产生的CH4在浓度梯度驱动下会向上覆水中扩散,在扩散过程中部分CH4被CH4氧化菌消耗掉[13],剩余部分CH4通过扩散进入上覆水中[14],沉积物-水界面CH4扩散是决定浅水湖泊CH4排放强度的重要因素.因此,研究沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量是准确认识湖泊中CH4迁移过程的重要组成部分.
国际上,关于沉积物-水界面甲烷通量的研究多集中在北美五大湖、北极冻土带[15]和温带湖泊[16]区域,强调了沉积物性质、温度和水体扰动对甲烷释放的影响.国内则重点聚焦于长江中下游湖泊[17-18]、西部高原湖泊[19]等,如太湖和巢湖等富营养化湖泊,研究揭示了蓝藻水华、水生植物生长对沉积物间隙水中甲烷含量和扩散通量的显著促进作用.然而,目前针对不同生态类型区(如藻型区、草型区和开阔区)之间的甲烷扩散通量对比研究较少,缺少对其控制因素的定量分析.
本研究选择我国典型浅水湖泊太湖作为研究对象[20],分别分析其藻型区、草型区和开阔区沉积物中CH4剖面的时空变化.通过对比不同区域沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量的时空变化特征,探索影响沉积物CH4含量和扩散通量的因素.本研究结果将为更加全面认识太湖CH4迁移过程提供科学依据,对以后针对不同生态类型湖泊沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量估算提供科学参考.
太湖位于长江三角洲地区(30°55′40″~31°32′58″N,119°52′32″~120°36′10″E),是我国第三大淡水湖泊,水面面积约为2388km2,平均水深约为1.9m[20].由于受到经济发展等人类活动的影响,太湖自20世纪80年代开始发生富营养化,尤其是在西北部湖湾区和西部沿岸区水华频繁,而其东北部湖湾区以水生植物为主.根据太湖营养状况和优势初级生产者的差异性划分为藻型区、草型区和开阔区三种区域[21-22].各区域分别布设3个研究点位,依次是A1~ A3、O1~O3、M1~M3(图1).A1~ A3在竺山湾、西近岸区、梅梁湾,这三个区域水体富营养化程度较高,蓝藻水华频发.O1、O2和O3位于太湖中间开阔区域,这个区域内没有水草、浮游植物密度也较低.M1和M2位于东太湖,M3位于胥口湾,这三点主要以沉水植物和漂浮植物为主(图1).
在2023年2、5、8、11月进行了4次采样,分别代表冬、春、夏、秋四季.每次现场使用安装有有机玻璃管(直径8.4cm,长50cm)的手持式沉积物柱状采样器,每个点位采集沉积物柱样后用橡胶塞密封有机玻璃管顶部和底部,之后小心运回实验室进行下步处理.另外,在每个点利用5L采水器采集水样装入提前准备好的样品瓶内,放入保温箱,带回实验室.同时,现场利用多参数水质仪(Horiba,U-53,日本)测量各个采样点水深(WD)、水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、pH值以及氧化还原电位(ORP)等理化指标.利用塞氏盘法测量透明度(SDD)[23].
将沉积物柱样每2cm分为一层,每根柱样分10层,长度不足的分完为止.用顶端截断的2.5mL注射器获取每层沉积物样品2次,装到预先装有20mL 2.5%NaOH溶液的50mL棕色血清瓶中,立即加丁基橡胶塞密封,并利用高纯氮气吹扫顶空3min.每层沉积物做3个平行样品.根据采样时水温设置培养温度,放入摇床(HZQ-F160,盛威)摇匀5min使沉积物完全分散,恒温培养箱中倒置12h后待测CH4[24].用注射器取棕色血清瓶上部5mL顶空气体,手动进样,利用配有火焰离子化检测器气相色谱仪((Agilent 7890B,美国)测定顶空样品中CH4含量(ppm).
顶空中CH4浓度(Cg,µmol/L)与对应平衡液相中CH4浓度(Cl,µmol/L)根据理想气体方程和亨利定律利用式(1)和(2)分别计算得出.然后根据间隙水体积(Vp,mL)计算出间隙水中的CH4浓度(Cp,µmol/L),其中Vp为所取沉积物样品体积与孔隙度(φ)的乘积.具体计算公式如下[17]
式中:a为气相色谱仪测出的气相样品的CH4含量,×10-6mg/L;P0为大气压,kPa,R为理想气体常数,8.314J/(mol·K);T为培养时温度K;C0为液相总浓度,mol/L;E为CH4的亨利常数kPa;VgVl分别代表血清瓶中气相、液相的体积mL.
使用菲克第一定律来计算沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量[24](F,µmol/(m2·d):
式中:φ是沉积物孔隙度;DS是CH4在沉积物中的扩散系数cm2/s;D0是CH4在纯水中的扩散系数cm2/s,5℃、15℃时D0分别为1.12×10-5,2.43×10-5cm2/s,其他温度利用线性插值计算[25]θ是沉积物的曲绕度,对于黏土和淤泥沉积物,n=3[24];dc/dzCp随深度变化梯度µmol/(L·cm).
每层剩余沉积物样品放入容重铝盒中先称重、冷冻,再放入冻干机(Biosafer-10A,赛飞)内冻干,再次称重,通过重量法计算孔隙度(φ)[26];然后将冻干沉积物样研磨粉碎过筛保存,用于总氮(STN)、总磷(STP)、SOC的分析.STN和STP先用碱性过硫酸钾法消解,之后分别采用紫外分光光度法和钼酸铵分光光度法进行测量[27].沉积物中的SOC采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定[26].采回的原水样用于分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl a)指标.取原水样利用碱性过硫酸钾法消解后,分别采用紫外分光光度法和钼酸铵分光光度法测量TN、TP[27].另外,原水样经过0.45µm微孔滤膜过滤,用90%丙酮溶液提取滤膜后测得Chl a含量[23].
利用双因素方差分析来检验不同区域和季节的沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量的差异性,并使用Tukey事后检验来说明各区域之间的差异性.分析CH4含量与扩散通量同沉积物理化指标的相关性.之后通过逐步多元线性回归方程分析影响CH4含量、CH4扩散通量的因素.以上统计分析使用IBM SPSS Statistics 23(IBM SPSS,美国)完成.
太湖藻型区、草型区、开阔区WT为(21.2±7.8)~(22.0±9.4)℃,DO为(10.7±2.0)~(11.2±2.1)mg/L,各点位之间差异不明显;pH值在草型区相对较高,藻型区和开阔区较为接近,分别为(8.15±0.49)和(8.20±0.42).草型区具有较低的水深、更高的水体透明度和氧化还原电位(ORP),而藻型区则表现出较高的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及Chl a含量特征(表1).各点沉积物φ随深度增加而下降,开阔区φ要低于藻型区和草型区(图2).SOC含量在垂直剖面上的变化总体较为平稳,仅在藻型区12~18cm深度出现显著升高.草型区的SOC含量最高,平均含量为(1.54±0.80)%.STN浓度在垂直方向上相对稳定,其最高值出现在藻型区,平均浓度为2532.03±70.61mg/kg.STP与STN的垂向变化规律相似.
沉积物间隙水中CH4含量在表层0~2cm处最低,随后随着深度的增加而逐渐升高(图3),部分点位在达到一定深度后趋于稳定或略有减少.在空间分布上,CH4含量表现出明显的区域差异,开阔区间隙水中的CH4含量为(0.52±0.12)~(42.46±5.39)µmol/L,是三个区域中最低,而藻型区和草型区CH4含量分别为(1.32±0.54)~(549.07±52.78)µmol/L、(0.40±0.01)~(662.16±38.34)µmol/L.在时间变化上,夏季CH4含量最高,平均为(137.85±27.43)µmol/L,其次是春季(83.95±30.65)µmol/L和秋季(62.48±14.21)µmol/L,冬季CH4含量最低,平均为(59.62±17.20)µmol/L.沉积物间隙水CH4含量与深度、STN、STP、SOC呈显著正相关(P<0.01,表2).逐步线性回归分析表明,沉积物中SOC影响CH4含量最为显著(表3).
相关性分析结果显示,CH4含量与深度呈显著正相关(表2).表层沉积物聚集了丰富的新生有机质,是产甲烷活跃区域[24].尽管沉积物绝大部分处于厌氧状态,但由于太湖为大型浅水湖泊,其频繁发生的再悬浮过程加速了水体覆氧并且促进上下层的物质交换,因此沉积物-水界面处存在一层较薄的有氧层[28].由于CH4和氧气同时存在,此界面成为了CH4氧化的主要场所[29-30].在沉积物-水界面有氧层及其紧邻的下层沉积物中存在硝酸盐、硫酸盐和Fe3+等电子受体,它们会对产甲烷有抑制作用,并通过厌氧CH4氧化促进所产生CH4的氧化[31].由于上述原因,沉积物上层的CH4含量小于更深层.此外,Gruca-Rokosz等[32]也证明了CH4含量随着深度增加而逐渐增加.然而,在春季和夏季,表层沉积物间隙水中CH4含量增加幅度会高于底层沉积物(图3),这可能是因为夏季水中DO降低,导致上述电子受体在沉积物中渗透深度降低.
太湖沉积物间隙水CH4含量区域性差异显著,藻型区和草型区沉积物CH4含量显著高于开阔区,并且高出约一个数量级(图3).相关性分析和逐步线性回归分析显示SOC是影响CH4含量的主要因素之一(表2表3).藻型区的梅梁湾、竺山湾和西部沿岸区是太湖入湖河流的主要分布区[28],河流有机质在水动力的驱动下输入太湖[33],从而导致湖中外生有机质堆积[34].另一方面,藻型区内营养物质丰富、藻类密度高,特别是由于太湖以东南风为主[35],在风力作用下,大量藻类容易聚集在这些湖区和岸边[36].湖泊中的大量藻类沉降到沉积物表面,提供大量内生有机质,为产甲烷活动提供了底物[37].外生和内生有机质的共同作用下,造成藻型区沉积物厚度增大、有氧层减小[34],而且藻类能够快速降解,造成这一区域产甲烷活动强烈、间隙水中CH4含量普遍呈现较高水平[18,38].
本研究的草型区位于太湖东北部,是太湖主要的出水区域,因此受外源输入影响较小,大型水生植物是该区域沉积物中有机质的主要来源[39].大型水生植物茎叶凋落到沉积物表面后,通过微生物作用矿化成CO2或CH4[40],并有可能用于底部缺氧水域和沉积物中的CH4产生[41].尽管草型区沉积物中SOC含量整体略高于藻型区,但草型区间隙水中CH4含量并未显著高于藻型区.这可能是由于藻型区中藻类的组成和性质更有利于CH4的生成[42].
太湖间隙水CH4含量还存在显著季节变化(图3),这一变化主要受季节温度变化和季节性有机质供给变化影响.首先,春、夏季温度不断升高,这大大增加了产甲烷菌的活性,增大了沉积物产甲烷速率;与此同时,温度升高加速了沉积物中氧气、硝态氮、硫酸根等电子受体的消耗速度、降低了其在沉积物中渗透深度,为产甲烷提供了更为有力的厌氧条件、促进产CH4发生[43-44].另外,在气候温暖的春夏秋等季节,太湖藻型区藻类生长迅速、藻类生物量显著增加,草型区水草光合速率增大,导致生物量增加;大量死亡的藻类和凋落的植物残体会进入沉积物,导致沉积物有机质输入增加[45-46],这为产CH4提供了更多的新鲜底物.夏季温度最高、有机质供给丰富,因此夏季间隙水中CH4含量最高.
太湖沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量为(0.81±0.09)~(847.56±65.22)µmol/(m2·d)(图4),时空变化差异显著(P<0.01,表4).从区域上看,藻型区、草型区、开阔区CH4扩散通量均值分别为(122.56±32.18),(108.75±23.79),(3.36±0.60)µmol/(m2·d).开阔区CH4扩散通量显著低于其他两个区域(P<0.01),藻型区和草型区差异不显著.从时间上看,春、夏季CH4通量分别为(129.25±47.23),(114.31±25.32)µmol/(m2·d),两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于秋、冬季(P<0.01),秋、冬季CH4通量分别为(42.58±9.67),(26.74±6.62)µmol/(m2·d),两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05).沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量与温度、φ、STP、STN、SOC呈正相关.其中间隙水CH4含量与扩散通量之间的关系最显著,采样点位的CH4含量越高,扩散通量越大(P<0.01);其次φ和STP也对扩散通量影响显著(表2表3).
相关性分析结果表明,沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量与沉积物间隙水CH4含量呈显著相关,因此藻型区与草型区CH4扩散通量高、开阔区最低,夏季与春季CH4扩散通量相对较高(表2图4).由菲克第一定律(式(4))可知,浓度梯度是影响沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量的因素之一.浓度梯度是指在空间中某一方向上溶质浓度的变化率,是扩散过程的驱动力之一.浓度梯度越大,扩散速率越快.在同一季节和相同深度范围内,沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量主要由浓度梯度决定.由图3可知,春季在0~4cm深度范围内,藻型区A3点浓度梯度最大,因此A3点沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量高于其他点位.季节变化带动水体与沉积物温度变化,如前所述,温度升高会提升间隙水中CH4浓度,增大甲烷扩散浓度梯度;另外,温度是影响扩散系数的重要因素之一,温度升高会增加分子运动的能量,从而提高扩散系数[32];因此,温度较高的季节表现出较高的CH4扩散通量,CH4扩散通量与温度呈正相关(表2).本研究中春、秋季采样工作分别在5月下旬与11月下旬进行,采样时平均水温分别为23.1℃、18.2℃,由于上述春、秋季温度的差异,造成本研究中春季CH4通量高于秋季.
另一方面,φ也是影响沉积物-水界面CH4扩散系数的重要因素,φ越大说明沉积物内部结构较疏松,容纳气体和水量大,增多了CH4在沉积物间隙水的Ds,是决定沉积物到水体的碳通量的关键参数[47].反之,较低的φ会限制气体在垂向迁移[48],这也是为什么CH4扩散通量与φ呈正相关.本研究中,开阔区域不仅CH4浓度梯度低,而且其φ处于三种类型中最低水平,因此其沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量最低.
我国乌梁素海沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量为(607.1±68.0)µmol/(m2·d)[14],巢湖沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量为(306~1560)µmol/(m2·d)[24],且均在夏季表现出较高的CH4通量,这与本研究结果一致;与这两个湖泊相比,太湖沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量较小.此外,我国咸水湖岱海的沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量为(3.53±4.36)µmol/(m2·d)[49],与本研究开阔区结果相一致,但远低于本研究藻型区与草型区.另外,Bartosiewicz等[50]在Augustin湖泊研究中发现,在蓝藻暴发的夏天,CH4浓度占湖中产生的温室气体总变暖潜势的52%,而在无蓝藻的年份,这一比例仅占34%~39%;Yan等[36]发现蓝藻水华聚集区促进了甲烷的释放.Chingangbam等[39]研究显示有沉水植物区域的CH4排放量显著高于无沉水植物区域.因此,本研究表明蓝藻水华区和水草区沉积物-水界面表现出较高的甲烷扩散通量,解释了为何蓝藻水华区和水草区具有较高的水体CH4含量和水-气界面CH4释放通量[39].
3.1 太湖藻型区、草型区和开阔区沉积物间隙水CH4含量分别为(1.32±0.54)~(549.07±52.78)µmol/L、(0.40±0.01)~(662.16±38.34)µmol/L和(0.52±0.12)~(42.46±5.39)µmol/L.开阔区CH4含量明显低于其他两个区域,表明藻型区和草型区初级生产力的增加促进了沉积物中有机质的累积和产甲烷.
3.2 太湖藻型区、草型区、开阔区沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量分别为(122.56±32.18),(108.75±23.79),(3.36±0.60)µmol/(m2·d),藻型区与草型区显著高于开阔区,表明浮游植物和水生植物生长提升了沉积物-水界面CH4扩散通量;春季和夏季的通量显著高于冬季和秋季,揭示了CH4扩散通量的显著季节性波动,并强调了温度对CH4释放的重要影响.
3.3 藻型区和草型区具有较高的间隙水CH4含量和沉积物φ,CH4含量升高可增大垂向变化梯度,φ高则增大了CH4在沉积物中的扩散速率,从而造成藻型区和草型区CH4扩散通量显著高于开阔区.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42177228)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(2077310)
  • 湖州市科技项目(2022GZ50)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42177228)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(2077310)
湖州市科技项目(2022GZ50)
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    1.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    3.浙江省湖州市生态环境局,浙江 湖州 313000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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