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Taking a typical mining area as an example, statistical methods and Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)were integrated to qualitatively and quantitatively identify key regional pollution sources and their contributors. A spatial model was further constructed, considering the spatial heterogeneity of soil heavy metal pollution and its dominant environmental drivers, with the best environmental variables and spatial scale being selected. The results revealed that the sources of soil heavy metal pollution were natural sources, exhaust gas emission sources, slag emission sources, wastewater emission sources, and transportation sources, with contributions of 8.40%, 9.55%, 1.73%, 55.37%, and 24.99% of the total pollution, respectively. Notably, atmospheric deposition(q =0.113)and soil leaching(q=0.097)were identified as the primary input and output pathways for heavy metals. Among various spatial modeling strategies, the model that integrated both spatial pollution source characteristics and environmental variables demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, outperforming the model based solely on dominant environmental factors or pollution source characteristics. The importance of incorporating spatial information to enhance model performance was highlighted by this finding. In particular, the Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging(GWRK)model was found to achieve superior predictive accuracy(mRadius=0.2916)when multiple data sources were integrated. Overall, a scientific foundation was provided for identifying high-risk soil pollution zones in mining regions, the understanding of ecological and environmental interactions between influencing factors and heavy metal contamination was enhanced, and valuable insights were offered for spatially targeted pollution control strategies.

, correspAuthors=Hui-hui FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-jie LI, Hui ZHANG, Hui-hui FENG, Zhen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116660178932034, articleId=1241116651479945874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=融合污染源解析的矿区土壤重金属空间建模, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以某典型矿区为例,结合数理统计分析以及PMF源解析等手段,定性定量识别区域重点污染源及其贡献特征.在此基础上,筛选主导环境变量和最佳空间尺度,研究构建顾及污染源空间特征和主导环境因子的矿区土壤重金属空间模型.研究结果表明,研究区的重金属污染来源包括自然源、废气排放源、废渣排放源、废水排放源和交通源,综合贡献率分别为8.40%、9.55%、1.73%、55.37%、24.99%,大气沉降(q=0.113)和土壤淋溶(q=0.097)是主要的重金属输入和输出路径.不同建模策略的土壤重金属模拟结果差异较大,综合考虑污染源空间特征与环境变量的模型预测精度最高,其次为基于主导环境因素的模型,基于污染源空间特征的模型预测效果相对较差;在建模方法上,地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)模型在不同数据聚合下展现了较高的预测精度(mRadius=0.2916).本研究结果为扩展矿区土壤污染风险区识别的新思路提供了科学依据,强化了对土壤重金属污染影响因素与含量之间生态环境效应的认识,并为分区防治工作提供了有效的参考.

, correspAuthors=冯徽徽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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李世杰(1997-),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,主要从事资源与环境方面研究.发表论文4篇..

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李世杰(1997-),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,主要从事资源与环境方面研究.发表论文4篇..

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李世杰(1997-),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,主要从事资源与环境方面研究.发表论文4篇..

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(a)自然源;(b)废气排放源;(c)废渣排放源;(d)废水排放源;(e)交通源)

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Statistical description of soil heavy metals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤中的元素浓度(mg/kg)
CdAsZnNiHgCr
最大值15.74319.0571841.74454.3061.477130.329
最小值0.0742.69824.6370.5900.1730.648
中值1.3578.706176.71521.5740.63064.454
平均值2.7278.796314.06220.9460.66462.664
标准差3.5152.608375.6819.7920.23123.074
变异系数(%)128.90229.647119.62046.74934.85136.822
背景值0.131594.424.90.1257.3
筛选值*0.3302501002.4200
管控值*3.01204.01000
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669968437354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤重金属统计性描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤中的元素浓度(mg/kg)
CdAsZnNiHgCr
最大值15.74319.0571841.74454.3061.477130.329
最小值0.0742.69824.6370.5900.1730.648
中值1.3578.706176.71521.5740.63064.454
平均值2.7278.796314.06220.9460.66462.664
标准差3.5152.608375.6819.7920.23123.074
变异系数(%)128.90229.647119.62046.74934.85136.822
背景值0.131594.424.90.1257.3
筛选值*0.3302501002.4200
管控值*3.01204.01000
), ArticleFig(id=1241116670132015219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Indicator system of soil heavy metal influencing factors in mining areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级变量二级变量详细描述
土壤属性SOC代表土壤内在性质
TN
TP
TK
CEC
pH值
人类活动土地利用代表土地的开发程度和利用方式
夜间灯光指数代表城市化与经济发展程度
污染源贡献率代表重点污染企业影响程度
生态环境状况指数代表污染风险程度
大气沉降PM2.5代表大气微粒密度
风速代表大气微粒沉降强度
气温代表大气微粒热运动程度
相对湿度代表大气中水蒸气含量
距道路距离代表道路汽车扬尘强度
土壤淋溶年降水量代表土壤水输入强度
距河流距离
高程
TWI
土壤砂粒含量
土壤粉粒含量代表土壤保水能力强度
土壤黏粒含量
土壤侵蚀因子代表生物生存风险程度
植被富集植被覆盖度代表地表植被覆盖程度
近地面地温代表地表生物活性强度
), ArticleFig(id=1241116670274621563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矿区土壤重金属影响因素指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级变量二级变量详细描述
土壤属性SOC代表土壤内在性质
TN
TP
TK
CEC
pH值
人类活动土地利用代表土地的开发程度和利用方式
夜间灯光指数代表城市化与经济发展程度
污染源贡献率代表重点污染企业影响程度
生态环境状况指数代表污染风险程度
大气沉降PM2.5代表大气微粒密度
风速代表大气微粒沉降强度
气温代表大气微粒热运动程度
相对湿度代表大气中水蒸气含量
距道路距离代表道路汽车扬尘强度
土壤淋溶年降水量代表土壤水输入强度
距河流距离
高程
TWI
土壤砂粒含量
土壤粉粒含量代表土壤保水能力强度
土壤黏粒含量
土壤侵蚀因子代表生物生存风险程度
植被富集植被覆盖度代表地表植被覆盖程度
近地面地温代表地表生物活性强度
), ArticleFig(id=1241116671805542538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ranking of dominant factors affecting soil heavy metals in mining areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素q排序因素q排序
土壤属性SOC0.04420大气沉降PM2.50.09413
TN0.04818风速0.1413
TP0.08017气温0.1442
TK0.1118相对湿度0.1394
CEC0.08116距道路距离0.04619
pH0.01824
人类活动土地利用0.04420土壤淋溶年降水量0.1206
夜间灯光指数0.01824距河流距离0.10011
污染源贡献率0.1471高程0.1099
生态环境状况指数0.10210TWI0.02223
植被富集土壤侵蚀因子0.09512土壤砂粒含量0.1167
植被覆盖度0.02422土壤粉粒含量0.08915
近地面地温0.09114土壤黏粒含量0.1215
), ArticleFig(id=1241116671927177356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿区土壤重金属影响因素主导因子排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素q排序因素q排序
土壤属性SOC0.04420大气沉降PM2.50.09413
TN0.04818风速0.1413
TP0.08017气温0.1442
TK0.1118相对湿度0.1394
CEC0.08116距道路距离0.04619
pH0.01824
人类活动土地利用0.04420土壤淋溶年降水量0.1206
夜间灯光指数0.01824距河流距离0.10011
污染源贡献率0.1471高程0.1099
生态环境状况指数0.10210TWI0.02223
植被富集土壤侵蚀因子0.09512土壤砂粒含量0.1167
植被覆盖度0.02422土壤粉粒含量0.08915
近地面地温0.09114土壤黏粒含量0.1215
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672048812182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Optimal scale analysis of heavy metals in mining soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因素30m60m90m120m150m
SOC0.0410.0360.0380.0440.052
TN0.0530.0600.0470.0480.052
TP0.0770.0830.0680.0800.084
TK0.1030.1010.0950.1110.100
CEC0.0970.0940.0910.0810.080
pH值0.0290.0240.0200.0180.011
LUCC0.0110.0080.0110.0440.028
NPP_VIRS0.0300.0320.0210.0180.025
污染源贡献率0.1600.1380.1200.1470.152
RSEI0.1040.1040.1100.1020.110
PM2.50.0930.0890.0960.0940.094
WIND0.1360.1530.1520.1410.133
TEM0.1280.1390.1430.1440.133
RHU0.1330.1360.1380.1390.142
距道路距离0.0280.0340.0250.0460.032
PRE0.1200.1210.1200.1200.126
距河流距离0.1100.1160.0980.1000.107
DEM0.1020.1090.1020.1090.114
TWI0.0260.0150.0170.0220.022
土壤砂砾占比0.1190.0990.1190.1160.105
土壤粉粒占比0.0700.0890.0550.0890.068
土壤黏粒占比0.1230.1250.1190.1210.119
土壤可侵蚀性K因子0.1010.0880.0910.0950.117
FVC0.0270.0290.0310.0240.051
LST0.0980.0980.0940.0910.091
q的90%分位数0.13100.13720.13080.14020.1330
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672145281185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿区土壤重金属最佳尺度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因素30m60m90m120m150m
SOC0.0410.0360.0380.0440.052
TN0.0530.0600.0470.0480.052
TP0.0770.0830.0680.0800.084
TK0.1030.1010.0950.1110.100
CEC0.0970.0940.0910.0810.080
pH值0.0290.0240.0200.0180.011
LUCC0.0110.0080.0110.0440.028
NPP_VIRS0.0300.0320.0210.0180.025
污染源贡献率0.1600.1380.1200.1470.152
RSEI0.1040.1040.1100.1020.110
PM2.50.0930.0890.0960.0940.094
WIND0.1360.1530.1520.1410.133
TEM0.1280.1390.1430.1440.133
RHU0.1330.1360.1380.1390.142
距道路距离0.0280.0340.0250.0460.032
PRE0.1200.1210.1200.1200.126
距河流距离0.1100.1160.0980.1000.107
DEM0.1020.1090.1020.1090.114
TWI0.0260.0150.0170.0220.022
土壤砂砾占比0.1190.0990.1190.1160.105
土壤粉粒占比0.0700.0890.0550.0890.068
土壤黏粒占比0.1230.1250.1190.1210.119
土壤可侵蚀性K因子0.1010.0880.0910.0950.117
FVC0.0270.0290.0310.0240.051
LST0.0980.0980.0940.0910.091
q的90%分位数0.13100.13720.13080.14020.1330
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672296276139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Prediction accuracy of traditional spatial interpolation method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均误差ME平均绝对误差MAE均方根误差RMSE决定系数R2
OK0.6851.7082.8530.224
EBK0.8571.7212.9540.251
IDW0.1621.7082.6390.292
RBF0.0671.7072.6000.326
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672417910966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

传统空间插值方法预测精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均误差ME平均绝对误差MAE均方根误差RMSE决定系数R2
OK0.6851.7082.8530.224
EBK0.8571.7212.9540.251
IDW0.1621.7082.6390.292
RBF0.0671.7072.6000.326
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672560517313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of modeling accuracy based on the synthesis of pollution source spatial characteristics and dominant driving factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均误差ME平均绝对误差MAE均方根误差RMSE决定系数R2
MLR-0.1421.8132.5500.403
GWR-0.0181.5812.2980.454
MWGR0.0401.5362.2570.475
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672724095182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651479945874, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

基于污染源空间特征与主导环境因子综合的建模精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均误差ME平均绝对误差MAE均方根误差RMSE决定系数R2
MLR-0.1421.8132.5500.403
GWR-0.0181.5812.2980.454
MWGR0.0401.5362.2570.475
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融合污染源解析的矿区土壤重金属空间建模
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李世杰 1, 2, 3 , 张晖 1, 4 , 冯徽徽 1, 2, * , 王珍 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1444-1455
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1444-1455
融合污染源解析的矿区土壤重金属空间建模
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李世杰1, 2, 3 , 张晖1, 4, 冯徽徽1, 2, * , 王珍2
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部城市国土资源监测与仿真重点实验室,广东 深圳 518000
  • 2.中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 3.国家林业和草原局中南调查规划院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 4.深圳市自然资源和不动产评估发展研究中心,广东 深圳 518000
  • 李世杰(1997-),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士,主要从事资源与环境方面研究.发表论文4篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Spatial modeling of soil heavy metals in mining areas incorporating pollution source analysis
Shi-jie LI1, 2, 3 , Hui ZHANG1, 4, Hui-hui FENG1, 2, * , Zhen WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China
  • 2.School of Earth Science and Information Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • 3.Central South Survey and Planning Institute, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Changsha 410083, China
  • 4.Development Research Center for Natural Resource and Real Estate Assessment, Shenzhen 518000, China).
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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以某典型矿区为例,结合数理统计分析以及PMF源解析等手段,定性定量识别区域重点污染源及其贡献特征.在此基础上,筛选主导环境变量和最佳空间尺度,研究构建顾及污染源空间特征和主导环境因子的矿区土壤重金属空间模型.研究结果表明,研究区的重金属污染来源包括自然源、废气排放源、废渣排放源、废水排放源和交通源,综合贡献率分别为8.40%、9.55%、1.73%、55.37%、24.99%,大气沉降(q=0.113)和土壤淋溶(q=0.097)是主要的重金属输入和输出路径.不同建模策略的土壤重金属模拟结果差异较大,综合考虑污染源空间特征与环境变量的模型预测精度最高,其次为基于主导环境因素的模型,基于污染源空间特征的模型预测效果相对较差;在建模方法上,地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)模型在不同数据聚合下展现了较高的预测精度(mRadius=0.2916).本研究结果为扩展矿区土壤污染风险区识别的新思路提供了科学依据,强化了对土壤重金属污染影响因素与含量之间生态环境效应的认识,并为分区防治工作提供了有效的参考.

土壤重金属  /  重点污染源  /  地理探测器  /  空间预测

Taking a typical mining area as an example, statistical methods and Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)were integrated to qualitatively and quantitatively identify key regional pollution sources and their contributors. A spatial model was further constructed, considering the spatial heterogeneity of soil heavy metal pollution and its dominant environmental drivers, with the best environmental variables and spatial scale being selected. The results revealed that the sources of soil heavy metal pollution were natural sources, exhaust gas emission sources, slag emission sources, wastewater emission sources, and transportation sources, with contributions of 8.40%, 9.55%, 1.73%, 55.37%, and 24.99% of the total pollution, respectively. Notably, atmospheric deposition(q =0.113)and soil leaching(q=0.097)were identified as the primary input and output pathways for heavy metals. Among various spatial modeling strategies, the model that integrated both spatial pollution source characteristics and environmental variables demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, outperforming the model based solely on dominant environmental factors or pollution source characteristics. The importance of incorporating spatial information to enhance model performance was highlighted by this finding. In particular, the Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging(GWRK)model was found to achieve superior predictive accuracy(mRadius=0.2916)when multiple data sources were integrated. Overall, a scientific foundation was provided for identifying high-risk soil pollution zones in mining regions, the understanding of ecological and environmental interactions between influencing factors and heavy metal contamination was enhanced, and valuable insights were offered for spatially targeted pollution control strategies.

soil heavy metals  /  key pollution sources  /  geographical detector  /  spatial prediction
李世杰, 张晖, 冯徽徽, 王珍. 融合污染源解析的矿区土壤重金属空间建模. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1444 -1455 .
Shi-jie LI, Hui ZHANG, Hui-hui FENG, Zhen WANG. Spatial modeling of soil heavy metals in mining areas incorporating pollution source analysis[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1444 -1455 .
土壤污染已成为严峻的环境问题,严重威胁着区域的生态环境安全和农业生产.其中土壤重金属污染因其危害大、降解难等特征,成为我国最严重的土壤污染类型.开展区域土壤重金属监测以及污染源识别,成为准确把握区域土壤重金属污染状况,辅助开展相关治理与规划的重要前提[1].
传统地面调查方法虽然精度较高,但费时费力,加之有限站点的监测数据难以反映区域大范围重金属和污染源的空间差异性.另一方面,土壤重金属影响因素复杂,既有污染源等排放特征的影响[2-3],同时也受气象、地形、土地利用等的影响呈现复杂的扩散特征,不同因素间存在复杂的交互作用,导致解析与厘清各因子的影响方式与贡献特征依然具有较大挑战.以上问题导致重金属污染依然存在“污染现状不清楚、污染来源不明确”等瓶颈,严重制约了矿区土壤重金属精准防治策略的制定与实施.为此,国内外研究学者从定性和定量的角度进行污染源解析,前者通过多元统计分析[4-5]、机器学习[6]、地统计分析[7-8]和地球化学特征分析[9]等方法,深入了解污染来源、迁移和转化过程,定性识别并确定土壤中重金属的主要污染源.后者则是利用受体模型[10-11]和示踪技术[12],定量识别不同污染源对土壤重金属含量的贡献率[13].同时土壤重金属的空间分布存在复杂多变的相关性与变异性,对土壤重金属的空间分布作定量精准化的描述相当困难[14-15].相较于于前人研究多集中于城市[16-17]、农田[18-19]或大范围区域[20-21],本文聚焦典型矿区[22]这一特殊区域,系统性地研究其土壤重金属污染特征与来源,针对矿区复杂的污染源组合及其脆弱的生态环境开展分析.
基于此,本文以湖南省某典型矿区为研究区,提出了顾及污染源空间特征与多尺度地理环境变量的矿区综合空间预测模型,探究污染源贡献率空间特征、区域主导环境因子及其交互作用关系,结合地统计插值、多元线性回归和机器学习等方法,对比分析不同情景下以及不同数据聚合情况下建模精度,进一步揭示污染源空间特征对土壤重金属建模作用效果及精度变化,以期为典型矿区土壤重金属污染治理和风险管控提供科学依据与支撑.
矿区总体面积30.98km2(图1),地势南高北低,东西南三面群山簇立,沟谷纵横,北面为丘陵,地势开阔.地表水系呈树枝状分布,主干河流东河自南向北穿流而过并汇入东江.矿区内矿产资源类型多样、储量丰富,拥有多个采选冶工厂、尾矿库、露天矿场、废石场及历史遗留的各类固废堆场等,地表类型以工矿用地及未利用地为主,农用地较少.常年的采矿活动同时也造成该矿区多种重金属随着地面径流等因素向四周迁移扩散,并在沿线土壤、河道累积,使得矿区及周边整体土壤污染状况不容乐观.
基于研究区的地形地貌特性与研究目的,于2021年9月16~30日选取尾矿库、采选冶企业等污染源周边、河流水系周边、尾砂/矿渣交通运输路线等周边区域的未利用地和工业用地开展土壤样品采集实验,确保各个采样点的代表性(图2).实验过程严格遵守《土壤环境监测技术规范(HJ/T166- 2004)》和预设实验方案,采用五点法收集每个采样位置表层大约0~20cm深度范围的土壤样本(不少于2kg),并使用手持GPS在WGS84地理坐标系下记录采样点的经纬度坐标数据.最终在研究区范围内共采集土壤样品288个.根据研究需要,共测定了Cd、As、Zn、Ni、Hg和Cr等6种重金属含量数据.采集的土壤样本首先在干燥、通风和避光条件下自然风干,分离出植被和石头等较大的残留物.样品经研磨后,再通过孔径为0.15mm的100目尼龙筛剔除较小的杂质.继而,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS,7500a,AgilentTechnologies,USA)测定了Cd、As、Zn、Ni、Cr等元素,采用冷原子吸收法(CVAAS,F732-VJ,PerkinElmer,USA)测定了Hg元素.
PMF(Positive Matrix Factorization)是一种由Paatero和Tapper在1993年提出的数据分析技术,特别适用于处理环境科学中颗粒物来源解析的问题.其核心原理在于通过计算颗粒物中各化学组分的权重误差,并借助最小二乘法来识别主要污染源及其相应的贡献率,从而最小化目标函数Q.该模型将采样数据矩阵(X)分解成因子贡献矩阵(G)、因子成分矩阵(F)和残差矩阵(E),以表示XGF之间的差异[23].其公式如下:
式中:a为土壤样本点个数;b为测试的重金属类型;p为主因子数(即主要源个数);sX的标准偏差;X,G,FE的矩阵元素分别为xijgikfkjeij.
基于最优参数的地理检测器(OPGD)模型[24]是由因子检测器、参数优化模块、交互作用检测器、风险评估器以及生态监测器组成.因子检测器作为该模型的核心,利用q统计量精准地识别并量化各解释变量在地理现象中的相对重要性:
式中:j=1,…,M为土壤重金属影响因素的分类或分区;Nv,jNv分别为该分类(区)和全区的数量;WS和WT分别为区内方差之和和全区总方差.
本研究分别采用普通克里格插值[25]、经验贝叶斯克里格法插值[26]、反距离加权插值[27]、径向基函数插值[28]、回归克里格[29]、随机森林[30]、多尺度地理加权回归模型[31]等方法进行土壤重金属空间建模.基于引进的Yang等[32]提出的Radius指标,提出了一种结合了误差特征的Radius指数和反映模型预测与实际值相关性的R2指标的mRadius指数,对比不同类别模型预测精度.
式中:Radius为Radius指数;mRadius为改进的Radius指数;MEs、MAEs、RMSEs是使用Z得分法进行标准化后的ME、MAE、RMSE;根据130为阈值调整Radius值,同时将其进行标准化和缩放后转换在特定范围内,更有利于精度间比较,该指数越大则说明模型效果越好.
表1可见,Cd、Zn、Hg和Cr的平均浓度均超过湖南省相应背景值1.094~20.978倍.变异系数(CV)反映了样品数据波动特征的指标,除As以外,所有重金属元素的CV值均高于30%,空间变异性较强.
Cd-Zn和Ni-Cr表现出显著的正相关性(图3),Pearson相关系数分别为0.31和0.27,表明这两对金属元素之间存在一定的线性同向关系.这意味着它们可能来自相同的污染源,或在相似的环境条件下有着共同的累积和迁移机制.Zn-Cr之间表现出显著的负相关性(相关系数为-0.34),两者可能来自不同的污染源或在土壤中有着不同的分布和迁移路径.
PMF模型源解析结果如图4所示.因子1对As元素的贡献率尤为显著,高达57.2%,同时在其他重金属元素上也展现出相对较高的贡献率.鉴于研究区域内As的平均含量低于湖南省土壤环境背景值,且超标率仅为1.43%,这表明人为活动对其影响较小.因此倾向于将因子1识别为由成土母质影响下的自然源.
另一方面,因子2在Hg上的贡献率最为突出,达到了64.1%,随后是Cr(24.9%)、Ni(23.4%)和Zn(5.7%)等元素.考虑到我国主要的汞排放源来自有色金属冶炼、燃煤和汞矿开采等工业活动,并且工业生产中的焚烧和电镀等工艺也常伴随着Ni与Cr的废气排放,废气中的颗粒物或挥发性物质通过大气沉降和降雨等途径沉积至土壤中,因此因子2可被认定为工业废气排放源.
因子3对Cd的贡献率最高,为80.7%,其余几种重金属元素占比相对较少.Cd主要受重金属尾矿、冶炼废渣和矿渣堆放等因素的影响,因此将因子3识别为工业生产过程中废渣排放源.
因子4以Zn元素贡献为主(72.5%),其次为As(6.4%)、Cd(5.0%)等,金属加工、冶炼与电镀工业以含Zn元素废水排放为主,而Cd、As、Ni和Cr也是其重要污染物.因此,将因子4识别为工业生产过程中废水排放源.
因子5对6种重金属元素的贡献率均不同,其中Ni的贡献率最高,达到70.5%,其次是Cr,贡献率为63.0%.上文中相关性研究表明Ni和Cr这两种元素在含量上呈现出较强的相关性,表明它们可能具有部分相同的来源或形成机制.Cr作为燃油中的常见成分,它们可能通过尾气排放进入空气中,随后沉降到土壤中.同时车辆在道路行驶过程中产生的磨损和摩擦也会释放Ni等重金属颗粒物.因此,将因子5识别为交通源.
污染源贡献率空间分布如图5所示,因子1是自然源,该源对整个研究区的土壤样品均具有较大的贡献,贡献率大多在25%以上,其高值区则主要分布在研究区边缘地区,受人类活动影响较小;因子2代表工业源中的废气排放源,作为迁徙源具有明显的区域聚集性,其对大部分地区的影响较小,贡献率大多低于20%.高值区则主要分布在研究区北部,主要地形为山地,南部邻近区域有大量的矿山开采和重金属冶炼企业;因子3代表工业源中的废渣排放源,主要集中在研究区的中部和南部少数地区,并呈现出明显的空间聚集性,这些特定区域受到了工矿企业活动的显著影响,人为污染问题相对严重;因子4代表工业源中废水排放源,该源的高值点主要沿研究区内河流分布,附近工业活动产生的污水进入河流,同时水的径流效应使得周围土壤的重金属浓度上升;研究区北部是因子5贡献率的高值区域,总体而言,该因子对绝大多数区域的影响较为有限,其贡献率大多数情况下不超过17%.
结合土壤重金属积聚规律、专家知识以及研究区区域特点,选取土壤属性、人类活动、大气沉降、土壤淋溶和植被富集为一级特征变量,具体包括23个二级特征变量(表2).其中土壤属性代表表层土壤富集与土壤的理化性质、人类活动和大气沉降代表重金属主要输入途径,土壤淋溶和植被富集则作为主要的输出途径,可以实现对土壤重金属的来源、分布、迁移和累积的全面分析,有助于评估土壤重金属对环境和人类健康的潜在影响,以及采取适当的管理和修复措施.
地理探测器单因子探测结果表明,各因素解释力的排序为大气沉降因子(0.113)>土壤淋溶因子(0.097)>人类活动因子(0.078)>植被富集因子(0.070)>土壤属性因子(0.064).其中污染源贡献率、气温、风速、相对湿度和土壤黏粒占比对土壤Cd含量的驱动力较高分别为0.147、0.144、0.141、0.139和0.121,是土壤Cd含量积累的主要环境因素,而夜间灯光指数和pH值的驱动力最小,均为0.018.
利用交互作用探测器分析多种因子对重金属空间分布的交互影响程度,有利于精确揭示影响重金属空间分布的深层次驱动机制[33-34].结果如图6所示,RSEI、PM2.5、风速、气温、相对湿度、降雨以及高程之间存在较强的相关性,其中高程与降雨量之间呈现出最大显著正相关(0.96),PM2.5与RSEI呈现最大显著负相关(-0.92).不同因素综合作用后皆增强对土壤重金属Cd的解释力,包括114对双因素增强和186对非线性增强.污染源贡献率与其余因子的组合影响力占主导地位,均值约为0.289.其中“污染源贡献率-降雨量”的交互解释力最高为0.376.气温、风速、相对湿度和土壤黏粒占比次之,交互作用均值分别为0.219、0.219、0.139和0.121.
矿业活动作为重金属的主要输入源,直接增加土壤中Cd的含量,交通以及工业活动产生的尘埃和排放物可以通过大气传输并沉降到土壤中,而气温、风速和相对湿度等因素会作为其中重要角色影响重金属颗粒的扩散、运输和沉降过程.另一方面,夜间灯光指数交互作用最弱,均值约为0.147,其中“夜间灯光指数-地形湿度指数”的交互解释力仅为0.061,其原因可能是由于夜间灯光指数不能很好的反映区域产业结构,经济及人口密集度.
空间尺度优化旨在确定进行空间分层异质性分析的最佳尺度.在不同的空间尺度下,影响因素可能揭示出显著不同的地理特征.多数因素均随空间格网尺度的增大,q值也随之变大且逐渐趋于稳定.在选择最佳空间尺度时,通常假设大多数解释变量在不同尺度下达到其最大值[35].本研究计算了30m、60m、90m、120m和150m空间尺度下所有影响因素的q值的90%分位数.结果表明,在这五种空间尺度中,q值呈现波动变化趋势,特别是在120m空间网格时,其达到最大值0.140.因此,在考虑的五种网格中,120m网格最能有效地反映潜在变量对土壤重金属变化的影响.
本研究将土壤样本按4:1的比例随机划分为训练集和验证集,对土壤Cd元素进行对数变换以满足正态分布假设的前提,同时根据3Sigma原则剔除离群值,这有助于将均值转化为更具代表性的中心度量.分别依照传统地统计方法(普通克里格OK、经验贝叶斯克里格EBK)和确定性方法(反距离加权IDW和径向基函数RBF)进行空间插值.结果所示确定性方法明显高于地统计方法,而R2均小于0.4(表5).
采用污染源贡献率作为辅助变量,结合协同克里格(CK)、反距离权重法、地理加权回归(GWR)及多尺度地理加权回归(MGWR),针对污染源空间特征进行建模,以精准反映Cd分布.鉴于矿区范围小且采样非均匀,120m最优尺度内存在多采样点,增加了像元内空间异质性,可能影响特性真实反映.因此,本研究采用最大值、最小值和平均值三种聚合方法处理同像元内采样点数据.结果显示,引入污染源贡献率显著提升了预测精度,尤其反距离权重法表现最优(R2=0.418,RMSE=2.500),随后依次为地理加权回归克里格、多尺度地理加权回归克里格和协同克里格.然而,不同聚合方法均导致精度下降,归因于数据聚合简化了局部细节和小尺度变异,限制了模型对空间变异性的捕捉能力.
基于主导环境因子,分别构建了逐步多元线性回归模型(MLA)与随机森林模型(RF),并对比了验证集上的MAE、RMSE及R2.结果显示,随机森林模型预测精度优于线性模型,尤其是最小值聚合的随机森林模型表现最佳(R2=0.464,RMSE=2.479).精度差异归因于不同聚合方法对模型学习能力的影响:平均值聚合减轻了极端值效应,适用于线性假设,而主成分分析降维导致信息损失,最大值聚合则更易受局部异常值干扰,不利于整体趋势预测.
本文提出的综合污染源与主导环境因子空间建模方法,不仅整合了研究区关键环境协变量,还纳入了污染源贡献率的空间信息,有效克服了传统克里格模型在模拟环境因子影响方面的局限[36].鉴于变量输入顺序对模型精度的重要影响,特别是在数据复杂或空间分布不均的情况下,本研究采用逐步回归策略,基于多元线性回归(MLR)筛选的核心变量,通过系统比较各变量加入后的模型R2和AICc值,实现了多变量模型的优化构建.具体结果如表6所示,MWGR模型展现了优越的建模性能,其预测精度显著高于MLR模型(MAE降低18.03%,RMSE降低12.98%,R2提升17.87%),且相较于GWR模型也有显著提升(MAE降低2.93%,RMSE降低1.82%,R2提升4.63%).这一结果表明,在小尺度空间内,MGWR模型通过融入污染源贡献率和主导环境因子,能够更加精准地反应土壤重金属Cd的空间分布特征,能够有效的揭示Cd的复杂空间变异关系.
基于污染源贡献率与主导环境因子构建了回归克里格(RK)、地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)及多尺度地理加权回归克里格(MGWRK)模型,预测值与实测值散点分布以及预测精度参数如图9所示.通过交叉验证,对比了MAE、RMSE和R2等指标,结果显示综合模型均具备良好空间预测能力.具体而言,GWRK模型在平均值聚合下表现最优(R2=0.523,RMSE=2.461),其次为RK(R2=0.499,RMSE=2.460)和MGWRK(R2=0.491,RMSE=2.507).相较于原始数据,模型解释力分别提升7.4%、5.94%和1.44%.研究表明,有效利用矿区污染源分布与多源数据能显著提升空间模型预测精度,对矿区土壤Cd空间模拟的精度提升具有关键作用.
本文采用mRadius指数综合对比评估模型性能.结果表明,耦合污染源特征与环境变量的综合模型预测精度最高,其次为基于主导环境因素的模型,而仅基于污染源空间特征的模型表现相对较为逊色.土壤重金属Cd含量的结构性连续组分识别效果并不只由采样点数量决定,在采样策略中优化采样点的位置布局往往比单纯增加样点数量更为关键[37].具体来说,GWRK模型在不同数据聚合下均展现出较高预测精度(mRadius=0.2916,AVE_mRadius=0.3129,MAX_mRadius=0.3014,MIN_mRadius=0.2613),MGWRK、RF和RK模型预测效果也相对较好.而MGWR模型的表现优于GWR模型,MGWRK模型的表现却不及GWRK模型的现象,这归因于MGWR模型通过差异化带宽精准捕捉变量影响,但带宽差异也导致了残差空间分布不均,进而影响预测精度.相比之下,GWR模型虽用统一带宽,但在处理空间变异上更具适应性.
3.1 相关性分析与PMF分析结果表明,研究区土壤重金属主要来自废气、废渣和废水排放源等工业源,综合贡献率分别为9.55%、1.73%、55.37%,而自然源和交通源综合贡献率为8.4%和24.99%.
3.2 地理探测器结果表明,矿区土壤重金属Cd含量受大气沉降因子的影响最大(q=0.113),其次是土壤淋溶因子(q=0.097)、人类活动因子(q=0.078)、植被富集因子(q=0.070)和土壤属性因子(q=0.064),其中污染源贡献率为主导驱动因子.
3.3 空间建模结果表明,综合模型通过耦合污染源空间特征与关键环境变量显著提升了预测精度,其中GWRK模型在多种数据聚合情况下均保持较高水平的预测精度(mRadius=0.2916).
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
  • 自然资源部城市国土资源监测与仿真重点实验室开放基金资助项目(KF-2022-07-021)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2024JJ2071)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
自然资源部城市国土资源监测与仿真重点实验室开放基金资助项目(KF-2022-07-021)
湖南省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2024JJ2071)
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    1.自然资源部城市国土资源监测与仿真重点实验室,广东 深圳 518000
    2.中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    3.国家林业和草原局中南调查规划院,湖南 长沙 410083
    4.深圳市自然资源和不动产评估发展研究中心,广东 深圳 518000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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