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Article(id=1241116651287015725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834868499, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834868499, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834868499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834868499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1465, endPage=1473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116652553695621, articleId=1241116651287015725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=The impact of different aeration gradients on the release of DOM in humic soil, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To unveil the carbon release capacity of humic soil and its potential applications in wastewater treatment, this study explored the impact of various aeration gradients on the release of dissolved organic matter（DOM）from humic soil. By establishing gradients of no aeration, low aeration, medium aeration, and high aeration, the carbon release experiment lasting 600 hours was conducted. The carbon release capacity at various time points and DOM changes in components were monitored with the aid of total organic carbon（TOC）analysis, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis（EEM-PARAFAC）, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that aeration intensity significantly affected the amount and cycle of carbon release from humic soil. Before reaching medium aeration, the carbon release capacity increased with the intensity of aeration, followed by a decrease afterwards. Aeration was found to enhance the release of aromatic protein-like substance I（C1）and humic-like substances（C3）. However, the intensity and effectiveness of the enhancement varied between these two components. Conversely, aeration suppressed the release of aromatic protein-like substance II（C2）and soluble microbial metabolic substances（C4）, where differences were also observed. UV-visible absorption analysis indicated that the aromaticity and humification degree of DOM increased over time during the carbon release process from humic soil. The carbon release cycle was about 248h during the 600-h test, higher aeration intensities were found to improve the microbial utilization of DOM.

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为探讨不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中溶解性有机物(DOM)释放的影响，以揭示腐殖土释碳性能及其在污水处理中的应用潜力，本研究通过设置无曝气，低曝气，中曝气和高曝气4种梯度，开展600h的释碳实验，利用总有机碳(TOC)分析，三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光吸收光谱法，检测各时间点的释碳量及DOM组分变化.结果显示：曝气强度显著影响腐殖土的释碳量及周期，在中曝气量之前释碳量随曝气强度增加而增加，超过中曝气量后反而减少.曝气因素对芳香蛋白类物质I(C1)与富里酸物质(C3)的释放起到了促进效果，但是对这两种组分的促进强度与效果存在差异，曝气因素对芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ(C2)与溶解性微生物代谢产物(C4)的释放起到了抑制效果，并且对这两种组分的抑制效果与强度同样存在差异.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明，腐殖土释碳过程中DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度随时间增加.在600h的试验周期内，腐殖土释碳周期约为248h，较高的曝气强度有助于提高DOM的微生物利用率.

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* 责任作者，教授，
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陈毅强(1995-)，男，江苏南京人，工程师，博士，主要从事水污染生物治理技术研究.发表论文7篇..

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陈毅强(1995-)，男，江苏南京人，工程师，博士，主要从事水污染生物治理技术研究.发表论文7篇..

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陈毅强(1995-)，男，江苏南京人，工程师，博士，主要从事水污染生物治理技术研究.发表论文7篇..

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figureFileBig=qYyFLzjIcaClR6e3y75gsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664431964453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=图1, caption=使用PARAFAC分析解析腐殖土释放的4种荧光组分, figureFileSmall=Mk0qu6t8NYGvkI9M8Ku5Aw==, figureFileBig=qYyFLzjIcaClR6e3y75gsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664788480322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=TOC variations of humic soil under various aeration gradients during 0~600h, figureFileSmall=S/OQxr2DvOAqJU+umxidhQ==, figureFileBig=3A1t9nv5qR2rb8t2mEZacQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664893337936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同曝气梯度下的腐殖土在0~600h内的TOC变化, figureFileSmall=S/OQxr2DvOAqJU+umxidhQ==, figureFileBig=3A1t9nv5qR2rb8t2mEZacQ==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=a254 and a280 indicating carbon release from humic soil under various aeration gradients, figureFileSmall=D2I+q0G6fsNBUprWSxRaUA==, figureFileBig=NhFdSILTuk74nTFqRpORYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667506389450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释碳的a254和a280值, figureFileSmall=D2I+q0G6fsNBUprWSxRaUA==, figureFileBig=NhFdSILTuk74nTFqRpORYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667619635667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=E2/E3 indicating carbon release from humic soil under various aeration gradients, figureFileSmall=O8UwAxDSIpTkaoj0db+4oA==, figureFileBig=u0AdK4yPRSDMD71x0bChsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667795796462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释碳的E2/E3值, figureFileSmall=O8UwAxDSIpTkaoj0db+4oA==, figureFileBig=u0AdK4yPRSDMD71x0bChsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667883876850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SUVA254 indicating carbon release from humic soil under various aeration gradients, figureFileSmall=ojdh6JSHafkWObEGSrAsHQ==, figureFileBig=iDlnrK672EBLkGYBUYkffA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668034871810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释碳的SUVA254值, figureFileSmall=ojdh6JSHafkWObEGSrAsHQ==, figureFileBig=iDlnrK672EBLkGYBUYkffA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668181672465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection methods and equipment of different DOM components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号指标方法仪器
1TOC燃烧法TOC仪
2DOM芳烃含量紫外线吸收率(SUVA254)等紫外可见光光度计
3DOM组分与含量检测荧光基团三维荧光光谱仪
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668391387676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DOM各类组分的检测方法及检测仪器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号指标方法仪器
1TOC燃烧法TOC仪
2DOM芳烃含量紫外线吸收率(SUVA254)等紫外可见光光度计
3DOM组分与含量检测荧光基团三维荧光光谱仪
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668513022504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Representative types and fluorescence ranges of four DOM components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域范围Ex/Em代表的物质类型
C1220nm~250nm/280nm~330nm芳香蛋白类物质I
C2220nm~250nm/330nm~380nm芳香蛋白类物质II
C3220nm~250nm/380nm~500nm富里酸类物质
C4250nm~280nm/溶解性微生物代谢产物
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668634657333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116651287015725, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4类DOM组分的代表类型以及荧光范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域范围Ex/Em代表的物质类型
C1220nm~250nm/280nm~330nm芳香蛋白类物质I
C2220nm~250nm/330nm~380nm芳香蛋白类物质II
C3220nm~250nm/380nm~500nm富里酸类物质
C4250nm~280nm/溶解性微生物代谢产物
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不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中DOM的释放影响
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陈毅强 1 , 蒋栩 1, 2 , 侯俊 2 , 苗令占 2, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1465-1473
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1465-1473
不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中DOM的释放影响
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陈毅强1 , 蒋栩1, 2, 侯俊2, 苗令占2, *
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省环境工程技术有限公司，江苏 南京 210098
  • 2.河海大学环境学院，浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室，江苏 南京 210098

    • 陈毅强(1995-)，男，江苏南京人，工程师，博士，主要从事水污染生物治理技术研究.发表论文7篇..

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* 责任作者，教授，
The impact of different aeration gradients on the release of DOM in humic soil
Yi-qiang CHEN1 , Xu JIANG1, 2, Jun HOU2, Ling-zhan MIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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摘要
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为探讨不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中溶解性有机物(DOM)释放的影响，以揭示腐殖土释碳性能及其在污水处理中的应用潜力，本研究通过设置无曝气，低曝气，中曝气和高曝气4种梯度，开展600h的释碳实验，利用总有机碳(TOC)分析，三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光吸收光谱法，检测各时间点的释碳量及DOM组分变化.结果显示：曝气强度显著影响腐殖土的释碳量及周期，在中曝气量之前释碳量随曝气强度增加而增加，超过中曝气量后反而减少.曝气因素对芳香蛋白类物质I(C1)与富里酸物质(C3)的释放起到了促进效果，但是对这两种组分的促进强度与效果存在差异，曝气因素对芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ(C2)与溶解性微生物代谢产物(C4)的释放起到了抑制效果，并且对这两种组分的抑制效果与强度同样存在差异.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明，腐殖土释碳过程中DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度随时间增加.在600h的试验周期内，腐殖土释碳周期约为248h，较高的曝气强度有助于提高DOM的微生物利用率.

腐殖土  /  溶解性有机物  /  曝气强度

To unveil the carbon release capacity of humic soil and its potential applications in wastewater treatment, this study explored the impact of various aeration gradients on the release of dissolved organic matter（DOM）from humic soil. By establishing gradients of no aeration, low aeration, medium aeration, and high aeration, the carbon release experiment lasting 600 hours was conducted. The carbon release capacity at various time points and DOM changes in components were monitored with the aid of total organic carbon（TOC）analysis, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis（EEM-PARAFAC）, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that aeration intensity significantly affected the amount and cycle of carbon release from humic soil. Before reaching medium aeration, the carbon release capacity increased with the intensity of aeration, followed by a decrease afterwards. Aeration was found to enhance the release of aromatic protein-like substance I（C1）and humic-like substances（C3）. However, the intensity and effectiveness of the enhancement varied between these two components. Conversely, aeration suppressed the release of aromatic protein-like substance II（C2）and soluble microbial metabolic substances（C4）, where differences were also observed. UV-visible absorption analysis indicated that the aromaticity and humification degree of DOM increased over time during the carbon release process from humic soil. The carbon release cycle was about 248h during the 600-h test, higher aeration intensities were found to improve the microbial utilization of DOM.

humic soil  /  dissolved organic matter  /  aeration intensity
陈毅强, 蒋栩, 侯俊, 苗令占. 不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中DOM的释放影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1465 -1473 .
Yi-qiang CHEN, Xu JIANG, Jun HOU, Ling-zhan MIAO. The impact of different aeration gradients on the release of DOM in humic soil[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1465 -1473 .
正文
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腐殖土是由高含量的腐殖质组成的土壤，腐殖质本身则由植物，动物残体及生物分解物经过复杂的微生物作用和化学转化形成的高分子有机复合物[1-2].腐殖质在土壤中的累积是一种自然的碳储存机制，对于调控大气CO2水平具有显著影响[3].腐殖土起初多用于在农业，园艺等领域，因为它有助于改善土壤质量，促进植物生长[4-5].目前研究发现其在污水处理领域的作用日益显著，能为微生物提供其所需要的营养物质与生长繁衍所需要的载体，同时实现污泥减量[6-7].
2020年中国污泥产生量超过7200万t，到2025年将达到9000万t[8].腐殖活性污泥法是实现污泥减量的有效途径，主要包括3部分内容：1)增强有机碳的“气化”反应过程.废水中的有机物，衰亡的微生物在进行腐殖化反应的过程中，会伴随有机碳的“气化”(指有机碳被转化成CO2后释放到大气中)，使生化系统内总碳量减少[9].生化系统内的腐殖化反应过程和微生物的异化代谢过程(代谢产物为CO2，H2O和ATP或热量)比较类似，不同的是微生物异化作用是一种生命代谢活动过程，而腐殖化反应是一种非生命活动过程，腐殖土的污泥减量作用强化了生化系统内底物的异化代谢过程[10].相关研究在腐殖土序批式活性污泥法(HS-SBR)工艺中观察到污泥产量为0.18mgMLVSS/mgSCOD，与传统的序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺相比，固体产量减少了24%[11].2)强化微生物处理能力.腐殖活性污泥法将二沉池和污泥浓缩池中的部分污泥导入腐殖土反应器，使其与腐殖质填料充分接触并促进腐殖化[12].此过程改变了活性污泥的微生物群落结构，使微生物数量显著增多，增强了微生物处理能力[13].腐殖活性污泥工艺应用于韩国屠宰废水和粪便的处理[14]，总氮和总磷去除率可达90%，有效减轻了后续污水处理厂的处理负荷.3)提高污泥脱水性能.生化系统内腐殖化反应的大量发生，会改善活性污泥的脱水性能，使污泥更容易脱水，具体表现为在不增加污泥脱水设备能耗和药剂使用量的前提下，脱水后的泥饼含水率相对更低[15].将浓度为5.0g/L腐殖土的投加至浓度为2300mg/L的活性污泥，发现污泥容积系数(SVI)可由原来的152mL/g降至61mL/g，毛细吸水时间(CST)由原来的20.3s降至15.7s，显著改善污泥的沉降和脱水性能[16].综上，腐殖土活性污泥法在污泥减量和碳减排方面发挥着关键作用，具有良好的应用前景，受到国内外学者的广泛关注[17-19].
尽管已有部分研究探讨了曝气对土壤有机质分解的影响，可显著提高过氧化氢酶，碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性，以及增强土壤微生物多样性[20]，通过优化曝气条件能够提升常规污染物和微塑料的协同去除效率[21].但目前尚不清楚不同曝气梯度对腐殖土中溶解性有机物释放的影响机制.因此，本文模拟污水处理厂中不同曝气程度环境，通过研究腐殖土的DOM释放效果以及释碳组成，分析腐殖土中不同成分的DOM释放速率.腐殖土释放的DOM物质组成复杂，功能特性多样[22-23].通过设置多个曝气梯度实验(涵盖厌氧、缺氧、好氧和强好氧环境，模拟实际污水处理工艺如厌氧消化、A/O、氧化沟和纯氧曝气)，本研究利用多种分析手段评估腐殖土的释碳能力及其组成，旨在为筛选高性能腐殖土材料提供理论依据，优化污水处理工艺，平衡处理效果与能耗，提升氮磷去除效率及污泥沉降性，从而提高污水处理厂的整体运行效能.
1　材料与方法
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1.1　材料准备
该实验选取腐殖土颗粒剂作为实验材料，由腐殖土柱经研磨，过60目筛制得.称量15g腐殖土，将腐殖土和纯水以1：100的质量比置入曝气装置内，开展DOM释放性能实验.
1.2　释放性能实验
采用4个相同的曝气装置，依次设置为无曝气(DO≤2mg/L)，低曝气(2<DO≤4mg/L)，中曝气(4<DO≤6mg/L)和高曝气(DO>6mg/L)的曝气梯度，之后放入称量好的腐殖土与纯水，开展释放性能试验.分别于8，16，24，32，40，48，56，72，80，96，104，128，152，200，248，320，392，480，600h时间段对4个锥形瓶内的缓释液进行取样分析，并及时补充纯水.将收集到的19个时间段的水样，分别采用TOC仪，三维荧光光谱仪与紫外可见分光光度计检测水样内部的DOM组分种类与含量.
1.3　溶解性有机物的测定
1.3.1　检测方法及仪器
DOM是一类可通过0.45µm滤膜，具有复杂结构的可溶性有机混合物[24].通常采用紫外—可见吸收光谱法[25]和三维荧光光谱法[26]分析液体中的DOM组分.水体中DOM的检测方法及仪器见表1.该实验中所有样品均采用0.45µm滤膜进行过滤.使用岛津总有机碳分析仪(TOC-VCPH)测定液体中的TOC浓度，采用Origin软件进行数据分析，动态拟合和图形绘制，揭示腐殖土的释碳规律.
1.3.2　三维荧光光谱－平行因子分析法
三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法(EEM-PARAFAC)具有经济，高效，选择性强，灵敏度高且不破坏样品结构等优势，能够有效分析DOM的结构组成[27-28].使用荧光光谱仪(F-7000FL，Hitachi，Japan)测定浸出液的三维荧光光谱，测定时参数设置如下：发射波长(Em)250~550nm，间隔1nm，激发波长(Ex)200~450nm，间隔5nm，Ex和Em狭缝宽度设定均为5nm.该研究以超纯水扣除空白，并使用拉曼积分将荧光强度归一化为拉曼单位(R.U.)以消除拉曼散射影响，之后采用光谱耦合平行因子分析(EEM-PAEAFAC)用于表征水体中DOM荧光组分.使用MATLABR2021b软件(Mathworks，USA)和DOMFlor工具包(http://www.models.life.ku.dk/al_domfluor)建模处理EEM光谱数据，对数据进行PARAFAC分析，通过拆半检验后提取荧光组分，并使用OpenFlour数据库(https://openfluor.lablicate.com/)比对分析各组分.建模过程包括以下步骤：(1)排除水散射，(2)应用非负约束，(3)考虑载荷杠杆，(4)识别和去除异常值(如果存在)，(5)进行拆半检验以确定合适的成分数量[29].采用三维荧光光谱－平行因子分析法，使用MATLAB-R2021b软件(Mathworks，USA)绘制出腐殖土在4类溶解性有机碳下的荧光含量图，以高曝气腐殖土释放的4种荧光组分为例，使用PARAFAC分析解析腐殖土释放的四种荧光组分见图1，通过荧光图进一步分析腐殖土中四类DOM的释放情况.
1.3.3　紫外可见光吸收光谱法
紫外可见光吸收光谱法可以测量a254，a280，单位有机碳含量吸光度SUVA254，吸光系数比值E2/E3等指标.过滤后浸出液的紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)采用紫外可见分光光度计(岛津UV-1800，Japan)测定，扫描波长范围设置在200~800nm，采用1nm间隔进行扫描，以Milli-Q的超纯水作为空白对照.其吸收系数计算公式如下：
式中：aλ为指定波长λ处的吸收系数，m-1；L为光的传播路径长度，即比色皿宽度，m，该研究中为0.01m；Aλ为指定波长λ处的吸光度；A0为指定波长λ处超纯水的吸光度.
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　不同曝气梯度腐殖土释放总有机碳(TOC)的浓度变化
由图2可见，处在低曝气，中曝气，高曝气环境下的腐殖土的TOC-t曲线变化情况较为相似，均为在16h处达到一个小高峰，在16~128h，腐殖土对TOC的释放浓度在一定区间范围内上下波动，在128h处达到第二个高峰，可能与微生物群落在适应新环境后的活跃期和代谢产物积累到一定程度后的再次活跃有关.在128~400h，腐殖土的TOC释放强度急速下降，在400h之后逐渐趋向于稳定.然而处在无曝气环境下的腐殖土，其TOC释放强度在8h处释放含量最大，达到了8mg/L，在8h之后，其释碳能力急速下降，在80h后其释碳能力逐渐趋于稳定.这可能说明在无氧条件下，微生物利用腐殖质中的易分解有机物较快，但由于缺乏氧气，其后续的降解能力受限，导致TOC释放速度快速下降.
由图3可见，在0~32h处腐殖土释碳速率的大小顺序为：无曝气>中曝气>低曝气>高曝气，在32~100h处腐殖土释碳速率的大小顺序为：高曝气>低曝气>中曝气>无曝气.100h后水中的TOC浓度均趋于稳定.综上可知：1)曝气因素的介入，会影响腐殖土的释碳强度以及释碳周期.2)在中曝气量之前，曝气强度越大，释碳量越大；超过中曝气之后，曝气强度越大，释碳量反而越小.推测是高曝气量加速了将液相中的TOC向气相中转移的过程，增加气泡活动和表面扰动促进了更多的碳从水相逸出至气相[30].
2.2　腐殖土释放DOM中荧光组分的相对含量变化
图4为根据EEM结果所得最大荧光强度(Fmax)，绘制出的释碳平行因子分析图[31].由图4可知，随着时间的增加，4种曝气梯度下组分C1的荧光强度均最强.组分C2和C3的最大荧光强度随时间的变化情况基本一致，在0~200h内呈现出逐渐上升的趋势，在200h之后急速下降，在600h时已趋近于0.组分C4的荧光强度变化有所差异，具体表现为，在0~200h时间段内，C4的荧光强度处于上下波动状态，200h之后其荧光强度急速下降.C1组分的最大荧光强度相较于其他3个组分的最大荧光强度有着绝对的优势，其在低曝气时相对最高，为10021.04，组分C2在无曝气时相对最高，为1933.20，组分C3在低曝气时相对最高，为994.31，组分C4在无曝气时相对最高，为135.62.
由图5可见，组分C1的占比极高，在392h内其占比几乎都在89%以上，占比最高时达到了95%，这说明芳香蛋白类物质I是腐殖土释放的主要物质，与其他组分相比具有更强的释放强度和持久性.曝气因素的介入增大了C1组分的释放强度，但并非曝气量越大，C1组分的释放强度越大.曝气因素的介入不会改变C1组分随时间而释放的规律.这表明氧气供应和微生物代谢路径的复杂性，可能影响了芳香蛋白类物质的释碳效率.无曝气时组分C2的占比仅次于C1，在600h时间的内其占比普遍在22%以上，而低曝气时C3占比仅次于C1且普遍在5%以上.组分C4的占比大小随时间的变化较为稳定，占比变化普遍控制在1%以内.值得注意的是，在600h之后，组分C4的占比逐渐升高，推测是培养出利用DOM作为碳源进行代谢的微生物[32].
在无曝气的环境里，DOM四组分的释放大小排序为：C1>C2>C4>C3，即：芳香蛋白类物质I>芳香蛋白类物质II>溶解性微生物代谢产物>富里酸物质，四种组分的大小顺序会随着时间的增加而发生变化，C3与C4的大小顺序并不固定.但是在有曝气的环境里，DOM四组分在绝大部分时间的大小顺序为：C1>C3>C2>C4，说明上述曝气因素影响DOM四组分的分布规律.在248h之后，不同曝气梯度下DOM四组分的释放强度均急速下降，迅速降至最小值，说明该类腐殖土的释碳周期可能只有248h.
2.3　腐殖土释放DOM的紫外-可见吸收光谱特征
由图6可知，随着时间的推移，不同曝气梯度下腐殖土的a254值在320h前均呈现出逐渐变大的趋势，320h之后，高曝气下腐殖土的a254值急速下降，其它三种梯度下腐殖土的a254值仍然有增大的趋势.推测这是因为在氧气丰富的环境中，这些芳香族化合物被更有效地降解或转化，而在低，中，无曝气条件下，由于氧气相对较少，芳香族化合物的降解速率较慢，因此a254值持续增加[33].200h之前，腐殖土的a280值均呈现出逐渐上升的趋势，但是200h之后，低曝气与高曝气环境下腐殖土的a280值迅速下降，在392h之后逐渐趋向于平稳，中曝气与无曝气环境下腐殖土的a280值始终呈现出缓慢上升的趋势.这说明中曝气与无曝气环境下腐殖土可持续释放出带有苯环结构的相关物质[34].
如图7所示，无曝气与低曝气的(E2/E3-t)曲线变化规律较为相似，均为在16~24h E2/E3值取得最大值，之后迅速下降，并在一个较小的区间范围里波动，在32h之后E2/E3值基本变化不大，表明释放的DOM逐渐转变为更高腐殖化程度的形态.这说明处在无曝气或者中曝气环境下的腐殖土可以释放出DOM腐殖化程度更高，适合微生物摄入利用，超过24h后，其释放出的DOM腐殖化程度迅速升高，并且在较长的一段时间内变化不大.中曝气与高曝气的(E2/E3-t)曲线变化规律较为相似，中曝气在152h之前的E2/E3值波动不大，在152h之后，其E2/E3值持续上升，高曝气在248h之前的E2/E3值波动不大，在248h之后，其E2/E3值迅速上升.
这说明随时间变化，曝气强度会影响腐殖土释放出的DOM腐殖化程度.曝气强度的增加，腐殖土后期释放的DOM的腐殖化程度降低，更有利于微生物利用分解[35].
如图8所示，随着时间的推移，不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释放出DOM的SUVA254值呈现出逐渐上升的趋势，这说明DOM的芳香性逐渐变大.在16h之前，不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释放出DOM的SUVA254值从大到小为：中曝气>高曝气>低曝气>无曝气，在16h之后，不同曝气梯度下腐殖土释放出DOM的SUVA254值波动较大，但在绝大部分时段里，有曝气环境的腐殖土，其释放出DOM的SUV254值均大于无曝气环境下的SUV254值.
3　结论
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3.1　曝气因素的介入，会提高腐殖土释碳的强度.在中曝气量之前，曝气强度越大，释碳量越大；超过中曝气之后，曝气强度越大，释碳量反而越小.
3.2　在不同曝气梯度下，组分C1的占比均为最高(可达95%)，这说明芳香蛋白类物质I是腐殖土释放的主要物质.曝气因素对组分C1与C3(富里酸物质)的释放起到了促进效果，但是对这两种组分的促进强度与效果存在差异，曝气因素对C2(芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ)与C4(溶解性微生物代谢产物)的释放起到了抑制效果，并且对这两种组分的抑制效果与强度同样存在差异.
3.3　曝气因素的介入会降低腐殖土所释放DOM的腐殖化程度，促进微生物对DOM的吸收利用.随着曝气量的增大，腐殖土所释放DOM的芳香性与相对含量也会变大，但是当曝气量达到某个强度之后，再增大曝气量，DOM的芳香性与相对含量开始变小.
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0100900)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20230763)
  • 江苏省科协青年科技人才托举工程(JSTJ-2023-XH022)
文献
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间：2024-08-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-06
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0100900)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20230763)
江苏省科协青年科技人才托举工程(JSTJ-2023-XH022)
作者信息
    1.江苏省环境工程技术有限公司，江苏 南京 210098
    2.河海大学环境学院，浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室，江苏 南京 210098

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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