Article(id=1241116650901139726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834868406, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834868406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834868406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834868406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1612, endPage=1622, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116651622560067, articleId=1241116650901139726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Effect of Wuliangsuhai iron-reducing microorganisms on the migration and transformation of As-P, columnId=1240689595814302661, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study taken Wuliangsuhai Lake as the research object to reveal the microbial community structure of lake sediments, elucidated the representative iron-reducing microorganisms and their abundance, investigated the seasonal differences in the impact of iron-reducing microorganisms on As-P migration and transformation during the ice-bound period and the summer, and the impact of P on As migration and transformation, with the aim of providing a basis for deepening the understanding of the environmental geochemical behavior of As in cold and arid regions and As pollution remediation, and providing reference for the water environmental protection of As pollution and eutrophication risks in dual-risk lakes. The results showed that the relative abundance of iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period was higher than that in summer. There were seasonal differences in the representative iron-reducing microorganisms. Bacillus and Geobacter were the dominant genera of iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period and summer, but Geothrix was also one of the representative iron-reducing microorganisms in summer, and Shiwanella was one of the representative iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period. The correlation analysis and PLS-SEM model results showed that the representative iron-reducing microorganisms that play a major driving role in As-P migration and transformation and their impact on As-P migration and transformation exist significant seasonal differences. In summer, although the abundance of Thermoanaerobium was small, the iron-reduction process driven by Thermoanaerobium(path coefficient=0.178)would affect the release of As and P from sediments to water to a certain extent. In addition, Bacillus could also promote the iron-reduction process(Path coefficient=0.115)and was the main driver of As-P mobility and transformation. During the ice-bound period, the more abundant Geobacter was an important driver(path coefficient=0.530)of As mobility, which had an important effect on the mobility and transformation of As-P, and the effect of Thermoanaerobium on iron reduction (Path coefficient=0.284)and As-P mobility and transformation was greater than in summer(path coefficient=0.178).

, correspAuthors=Wei-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jing SHI, Yi-zhe LIU, Hao-ran XU, Wei-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116655854613085, articleId=1241116650901139726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=乌梁素海铁还原微生物对砷-磷迁移转化的影响, columnId=1240689596959346705, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以乌梁素海为研究对象,揭示湖泊沉积物微生物群落结构,阐明代表性铁还原微生物及其丰度,探究铁还原微生物驱动下Fe还原过程对As-P迁移转化影响的季节性差异以及P对As迁移转化的影响,旨在为深化寒旱区湖泊As的环境地球化学行为和As污染修复提供依据,为As污染和富营养化双重风险湖泊的水环境保护提供参考.结果表明,乌梁素海冰封期的铁还原微生物相对丰度较夏季更高.代表性铁还原微生物存在季节性差异,芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属在冰封期和夏季均为铁还原微生物的优势菌属,但地发菌属也是夏季代表性铁还原微生物之一,而希瓦氏菌属则是冰封期代表性铁还原微生物之一.相关性分析和PLS-SEM模型结果表明在As-P迁移转化中起主要驱动作用的代表性铁还原微生物和其对As-p迁移转化的影响均存在明显的季节性差异.夏季热厌氧菌属虽丰度较小,但其驱动的铁还原过程(路径系数0.178)一定程度影响了沉积物中As和P向水中的释放,芽孢杆菌属也可促使Fe还原(路径系数0.115)驱动As-P的迁移转化.而冰封期时,丰度较高的地杆菌属则是导致As迁移的重要驱动者(路径系数0.530),其对As-P的迁移转化有重要影响,热厌氧菌属对Fe的还原作用(路径系数0.284)以及对As-P迁移转化的影响较夏季更(路径系数0.178).

, correspAuthors=李卫平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为污染物的迁移、转化及效应机制.发表文章13篇..

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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为污染物的迁移、转化及效应机制.发表文章13篇..

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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为污染物的迁移、转化及效应机制.发表文章13篇..

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***代表显著性P<0.001,****代表显著性P<0.0001

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w-表示其水中指标,s-表示其为沉积物中指标

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w-表示其水中指标,s-表示其为沉积物中指标;*代表显著性P<0.05,**代表显著性P<0.01,***代表显著性P<0.001

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乌梁素海铁还原微生物对砷-磷迁移转化的影响
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石文静 , 刘轶哲 , 徐浩然 , 李卫平 *
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(3): 1612-1622
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(3): 1612-1622
乌梁素海铁还原微生物对砷-磷迁移转化的影响
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石文静 , 刘轶哲, 徐浩然, 李卫平*
作者信息
  • 内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为污染物的迁移、转化及效应机制.发表文章13篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Effect of Wuliangsuhai iron-reducing microorganisms on the migration and transformation of As-P
Wen-jing SHI , Yi-zhe LIU, Hao-ran XU, Wei-ping LI*
Affiliations
  • Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization of the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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以乌梁素海为研究对象,揭示湖泊沉积物微生物群落结构,阐明代表性铁还原微生物及其丰度,探究铁还原微生物驱动下Fe还原过程对As-P迁移转化影响的季节性差异以及P对As迁移转化的影响,旨在为深化寒旱区湖泊As的环境地球化学行为和As污染修复提供依据,为As污染和富营养化双重风险湖泊的水环境保护提供参考.结果表明,乌梁素海冰封期的铁还原微生物相对丰度较夏季更高.代表性铁还原微生物存在季节性差异,芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属在冰封期和夏季均为铁还原微生物的优势菌属,但地发菌属也是夏季代表性铁还原微生物之一,而希瓦氏菌属则是冰封期代表性铁还原微生物之一.相关性分析和PLS-SEM模型结果表明在As-P迁移转化中起主要驱动作用的代表性铁还原微生物和其对As-p迁移转化的影响均存在明显的季节性差异.夏季热厌氧菌属虽丰度较小,但其驱动的铁还原过程(路径系数0.178)一定程度影响了沉积物中As和P向水中的释放,芽孢杆菌属也可促使Fe还原(路径系数0.115)驱动As-P的迁移转化.而冰封期时,丰度较高的地杆菌属则是导致As迁移的重要驱动者(路径系数0.530),其对As-P的迁移转化有重要影响,热厌氧菌属对Fe的还原作用(路径系数0.284)以及对As-P迁移转化的影响较夏季更(路径系数0.178).

乌梁素海  /  冰封期  /  砷  /  铁还原微生物  /  迁移转化

This study taken Wuliangsuhai Lake as the research object to reveal the microbial community structure of lake sediments, elucidated the representative iron-reducing microorganisms and their abundance, investigated the seasonal differences in the impact of iron-reducing microorganisms on As-P migration and transformation during the ice-bound period and the summer, and the impact of P on As migration and transformation, with the aim of providing a basis for deepening the understanding of the environmental geochemical behavior of As in cold and arid regions and As pollution remediation, and providing reference for the water environmental protection of As pollution and eutrophication risks in dual-risk lakes. The results showed that the relative abundance of iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period was higher than that in summer. There were seasonal differences in the representative iron-reducing microorganisms. Bacillus and Geobacter were the dominant genera of iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period and summer, but Geothrix was also one of the representative iron-reducing microorganisms in summer, and Shiwanella was one of the representative iron-reducing microorganisms during the ice-bound period. The correlation analysis and PLS-SEM model results showed that the representative iron-reducing microorganisms that play a major driving role in As-P migration and transformation and their impact on As-P migration and transformation exist significant seasonal differences. In summer, although the abundance of Thermoanaerobium was small, the iron-reduction process driven by Thermoanaerobium(path coefficient=0.178)would affect the release of As and P from sediments to water to a certain extent. In addition, Bacillus could also promote the iron-reduction process(Path coefficient=0.115)and was the main driver of As-P mobility and transformation. During the ice-bound period, the more abundant Geobacter was an important driver(path coefficient=0.530)of As mobility, which had an important effect on the mobility and transformation of As-P, and the effect of Thermoanaerobium on iron reduction (Path coefficient=0.284)and As-P mobility and transformation was greater than in summer(path coefficient=0.178).

Wuliangsuhai  /  ice-bound period  /  arsenic  /  iron-reducing microorganisms  /  mobility and transformation
石文静, 刘轶哲, 徐浩然, 李卫平. 乌梁素海铁还原微生物对砷-磷迁移转化的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1612 -1622 .
Wen-jing SHI, Yi-zhe LIU, Hao-ran XU, Wei-ping LI. Effect of Wuliangsuhai iron-reducing microorganisms on the migration and transformation of As-P[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1612 -1622 .
砷(As)被认为是最强的无机致癌物质,全球估计有9400万~2.2亿人的健康受到As的威胁[1].As的迁移转化由生物化学等多种作用共同调控[2-4],其中铁还原微生物驱动的铁(Fe)还原过程是As迁移转化的重要因素[5].有研究表明,江汉平原含水层和沉积物的铁还原微生物是导致As释放的主要驱动者[6].有研究将可以吸附As(Ⅴ)的水合铁氧化物混合含As沉积物后加入铁还原微生物,Fe被还原的同时一定量的As(Ⅲ)也释放到了液相中[7].此外,研究证实水环境中Fe还原过程也会导致吸附态磷(P)的释放[8],同时,由于As和P两者物理和化学性质的相似性,As(Ⅴ)和P在相同沉积物带电表面存在强烈的相互竞争[9].因此,Fe还原微生物还原过程对As-P迁移转化的影响值得探究.基于当前As污染及水体富营养化的普遍共存性,对As污染和富营养化的并行思考与研究则尤为重要.而P是湖泊生态系统的关键限制性营养元素,是富营养化水平及初级生产力的关键限制因子.开展铁还原微生物驱动下Fe还原过程对As-P迁移转化的影响研究对深入理解水体富营养化对As迁移转化的调控作用,减少湖泊As污染风险具有十分重要的意义.
湖泊沉积物是As等污染物的“源”与“汇”[10],往往会承接大量的工业、农业和生活污水进入[11-12],当沉积环境不稳定时,沉积物中的As等污染物可以再次释放造成二次污染,外源性污染得到一定控制时,内源性污染则是水体As污染和富营养化控制所面临的严峻挑战.乌梁素海地处河套平原最东端,是河套灌区退排水的重要承接载体,农业面源污染是乌梁素海As富集的因素之一[13].同时,乌梁素海流域内矿产资源丰富,工业废水排入乌梁素海可能会造成As的进一步富集与污染[14].Fe在乌梁素海表层沉积物中百分含量平均值为3.1%,达到富铁沉积物的标准[15].而乌梁素海表层沉积物中总砷(TAs)浓度范围为8.03~17.50mg/kg,其平均浓度是河套平原背景值的1.7倍,大都处于轻度As污染状态,且总排干处已经趋向于偏中度污染[16].研究表明,乌梁素海冰封期与夏季表层沉积物Fe、As含量分布规律具有差异性[17],是否冰封也是As迁移转化的一个重要因素.冰封期使湖泊较长时间内处于还原环境,冰下水体氧化还原环境的改变会导致As多以还原态形式存在,增加As的溶解性及潜在生态风险,威胁湖泊水生态安全.因此,有必要开展乌梁素海沉积物Fe还原微生物对As-P迁移转化影响的季节性差异研究.
当前对As污染的研究工作已经取得了不少进展,但是相关研究主要集中于土壤和地下水[18-20],对北方高原寒区湖泊中冰封期As的迁移转化研究相对较少.尤其是目前针对乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构研究相对较少,铁还原微生物的丰度及优势菌属等尚未可知,其对As-P迁移转化影响的季节性差异尚不明晰.本研究针对乌梁素海冰封期较长、不同季节氧化还原和温度等条件差异较大等显著特征,探究夏季和冰封期湖泊沉积物微生物群落结构,明确代表性铁还原微生物及其丰度的季节性差异,结合RDA分析、相关性分析以及PLS-SEM模型探讨铁还原微生物驱动下铁还原过程对As-P迁移转化影响的季节性差异以及对As迁移转化的影响.对理解寒旱区湖泊冰封期微生物作用下As的迁移转化过程,深化寒旱区湖泊As的环境地球化学行为具有重要科学价值,对具有As污染和富营养化双重风险的湖泊水环境保护和黄河流域内蒙古段水生态安全等方面具有重要的现实意义.
乌梁素海(40°47′~41°03′N,108°43′~108°57E)位于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗境内,是高原寒区的大型多功能湖泊,地球同一纬度最大的湿地,总面积293km2,其中芦苇区面积为118.97km2.乌梁素海属于典型的大陆性气候,全年温度变化大,日温差也明显.夏季炎热,冰封期寒冷且干燥.年平均气温在3℃左右,最高气温可达40℃,最低气温可达-40℃.年降水量较少,约在100mm左右,集中在6~9月份,且高气温和大蒸发量导致湖泊水位出现较大的变化.乌梁素海每年存在约5个月冰封期,一般出现在11月~次年4月,尤其是在12月~次年2月期间,冰层最为稳定厚实.
在2022年1月的冰封期和8月的夏季进行样品采集工作,根据乌梁素海的支流位置、水文特征和芦苇植物分布等实际情况,按照均匀分布且具有代表性的原则设置采样点共7个,依次编号为W1~W7 (图1).W1位于总排干处,是湖泊进水口区,水下无沉水植被;W2水下无沉水植被;W3为湖中区,附近有芦苇包围,水面下有水草生长;W4和W5位于南部明水区(旅游区),该水域水面下生长有水草;W6位于出水区的退水渠附近,附近有少量芦苇,水下无沉水植物;而W7位于北部明水区,附近和水下植物较少.
夏季和冰封期分别采集上覆水和沉积物,并在样品采集时现场使用多功能便携式水质分析仪(HACH HQ40d,美国)测定水中pH值、Eh值和温度.采样后将上覆水置于PVC瓶中避光低温保存,沉积物装入聚乙烯封口袋中低温避光保存,取样结束后立即返回实验室,测定水和沉积物中的As(III)、As(V)、Tas、Fe(Ⅱ)、TFe、总磷(TP)等指标.其中,水中的As(III)和As(V)均采用砷钼蓝法测定[21],TAs采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定[22],Fe(Ⅱ)、Tfe、TP的含量测定方法参考《水和废水监测分析方法》[23],分别使用邻菲啰啉分光光度法和钼锑抗分光光度法测定.沉积物中As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、Fe(Ⅱ)和TFe的含量测定均使用新鲜沉积物,沉积物经浸提剂浸提振荡过滤后,滤液采用砷钼蓝法测定As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的含量[21],采用邻菲啰啉分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)和TFe的含量[23];TAs和TP含量均使用风干沉积物样品分别采用原子荧光法和碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法(HJ 632-2011)测定.沉积物鲜样采样后立即送往上海美吉生物科技有限公司,在Illumina MiSeq平台进行高通量测序.
为避免外部污染影响结果,本研究所使用的采样容器和玻璃器皿均使用硝酸(pH<2)浸泡24h以上,并用超纯水洗净后放入烘干箱干燥,实验与取样时衣着纯棉实验服和一次性丁腈手套.实验使用所有试剂均为分析纯或优级纯,实验用水均为超纯水(Milli-Q,Millipore,≥18.2MΩ cm).实验设置空白以及对照组且每个样品分析测试2~3次以保证试验结果的准确性.
数据处理统计与相关性分析由Excel 2020和SPSS27.0完成,冗余分析(RDA)由Canoco 5完成,图像绘制由Origin 2022和ArcGIS 10.8完成,偏最小二乘法-结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)由Smart-PLS 3完成,微生物数据处理与分析在美吉生物平台完成.
研究区夏季和冰封期沉积物样品高通量测序结果表明,所有样本中,冰封期和夏季的沉积物都获得了超过22000个有效序列,经优化处理后,通过将测序结果以97%相似度进行划分,在夏季分别为1777~2182个操作分类单元(OTU),在冰封期分别为1382~2293个OTU.表明在当前的测序程度下,所得到的OTU数量已经接近于代表样本微生物多样性的饱和点,证明本研究测序数据量已经足够合理,并能够满足对微生物多样性分析的基本要求.同时,常用的覆盖率和稀释曲线这两种指标都显示,在乌梁素海冰封期和夏季样品中,检测到的基因序列的覆盖率均达到了99%以上(图2),表明样本中环境微生物的种类和数量已经足够充分地被检测到,因此本次测序结果对于描述样本微生物的真实情况准确.夏季时各取样点OUT数量基本相同.而冰封期时W3点物种丰富度最大,W1和W2物种丰富度相近且最小,其他点位物种丰富度接近,但各取样点OUT数量有较大差距,W3与W2的OUT数量差值达到1000多个.冰封期和夏季对比来看,W3点在冰封期和夏季的OUT数量均为几个点位中最高,说明该点位微生物多样性较高.
本研究计算并分析了冰封期和夏季沉积物微生物群落结构Alpha多样性指数(图3).Chao1指数、ACE指数和Simpson指数都是用于评估生物多样性的统计指标,但它们各有侧重,Chao1指数和ACE指数是用于评估物种总数的非参数方法,Simpson指数则用于衡量群落的多样性,包括物种的丰富度和均匀度.由图3(a)和图3(b)可见,用于估计物种总数的Chao1和ACE丰度指数在夏季均高于冰封期,且夏季与冰封期的Chao1和ACE指数均差异性显著(P<0.01).夏季微生物群落的Chao1丰度指数和ACE丰度指数中位数为3000左右,各采样点的指数数值较为平均,而冰封期Chao1丰度指数和ACE丰度指数中位数为2400左右,各采样点的指数数值差异较大.这可能是受采样点与陆地的距离导致的冰覆盖时间差异进而导致氧化还原条件的差异、采样点环境因子以及植被覆盖情况差异等因素影响.由图3(c)可见,用于评估物种多样性的simpson指数夏季与冰封期其中位数均较为相近,表明冰封期和夏季整体的物种总数虽有差异,但群落多样性程度基本相同.将冰封期和夏季微生物群落结构Alpha多样性指数对比分析可知,夏季时各样点物种多样性和丰富度较为一致,而冰封期各样点之间的物种多样性存在一定差异.物种的多样性和丰富度差异会影响它们的均匀性,在冰封期冻融过程中,细菌群落的Alpha多样性会发生变化.季节性冻融会显著改变微生物之间的相互作用,物种多样性和丰富度差异通过影响细菌群落的组成、结构和相互作用,进而影响群落的均匀性.乌梁素海地处寒旱地区,不同季节温差较大,温度是影响微生物生长和代谢的关键环境因素之一,也是冰封期和非冰封期产生的根本因素.温度偏低会减缓微生物的代谢反应速率,降低酶的活性,减少营养物质的吸收和代谢产物的分泌,从而影响微生物的生长和繁殖.此外,冰封期时冰盖的产生会导致水下光照条件、植被生长覆盖情况、氧化还原电位等因素与夏季不同,这些均对微生物的生长代谢产生影响.因此冰封期时不同点位微生物的种类和数量较夏季均更低.对不同采样点微生物群落结构Alpha多样性指数分析可知,W1与W2两点微生物多样性较差,可能由于这两点处于乌梁素海总排干进水口附近,易沉降的矿物和重金属对细菌群落生长产生胁迫和毒害,造成这两点细菌群落多样性和丰富度较低[24];而W3点沉积物在冰封期和夏季都表现出了较高的微生物物种丰富度和多样性,可能是由于W3位于湖心区,受到人为影响较少,且该点植物丰富多样,存在芦苇和水草等多种植物,生态系统较为复杂[25].
乌梁素海冰封期和夏季沉积物微生物群落的主成分分析(PCA)结果显示(图4图5),PC1和PC2的贡献率分别是48.91%和19.56%,累计贡献率68.47%.不同时期的微生物群落组内均有效聚集,组间有效分离,表明每个时期的微生物群落主成分具有一定相似性,但冰封期和夏季的微生物群落点位在PC1轴上整体距离较远,表明由于温度、是否有冰盖以及氧化还原电位等环境条件变化导致冰封期和夏季的微生物群落结构具有一定差异[26].
对高通量测序结果进行分析,从属水平筛选出研究区沉积物中冰封期和夏季代表性的铁还原微生物并对他们的丰度进行了分析.结果显示夏季的代表性铁还原微生物有芽孢杆菌属、地杆菌属、假单胞菌属、热厌氧菌属、厌氧粘细菌属和地发菌属,并且芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属在W1~W7中均有分布(图6(a)),且这两种铁还原微生物在所有采样点中均为优势菌属;同时芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属的丰度在不同采样点之间差异较小,而厌氧粘细菌属、地发菌属、热厌氧菌数和假单胞菌属丰度相对较低,在各采样点占比较少.而冰封期筛选出的代表性铁还原微生物有芽孢杆菌属、地杆菌属、假单胞菌属、热厌氧菌属、厌氧粘细菌属和希瓦氏菌属(图6(b)),芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属在W1~W7中仍为各采样点的优势菌种,但两种菌属分别在不同采样点之间丰度的均匀性较差.厌氧粘细菌属、希瓦氏菌属、热厌氧菌数和假单胞菌属丰度均相对较低,在各采样点占比较少.因此,乌梁素海沉积物夏季与冰封期的代表性铁还原微生物存在明显差异,虽然夏季和冰封期时铁还原微生物的优势菌属相同均为芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属,但在夏季时地发菌属是代表性铁还原微生物之一,而冰封期希瓦氏菌属则为代表性铁还原微生物之一.
对不同采样点的铁还原微生物丰度进行分析,结果显示夏季时W2、W4、W5、W6和W7中铁还原微生物丰度较大,其中芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属占比较高.铁还原微生物一般分为专性和兼性还原过程,地杆菌、希瓦氏菌为专性铁还原微生物,主要过程为菌种对脂肪酸的代谢,而芽孢杆菌的兼性Fe还原过程通常是在代谢有机物过程中产生的氢作为电子供体,依靠发酵过程进行Fe还原,这样的差异是造成芽孢杆菌属较地杆菌等专性铁还原微生物相对丰度较大的主要原因.而冰封期时W1、W2、W5和W6中铁还原微生物丰度较大.
冰封期时微生物群落结构的多样性和丰富度虽不及夏季,但是铁还原微生物在冰封期的菌属相对丰度整体大于夏季;芽孢杆菌属和地杆菌属在冰封期和夏季均为优势菌种,但地杆菌属在冰封期相对丰度较夏季有显著增长,这可能是由于地杆菌属是严格厌氧微生物[27],而芽孢杆菌是兼性厌氧微生物;希瓦氏菌属作为湖泊、海底沉积物中常见的重要铁还原微生物[28]在夏季未检测出其存在,推测是因为其为厌氧型微生物,在夏季有氧条件下生长受到抑制[29],在冰封期有冰盖的缺氧环境中较为适宜其生长.
将夏季和冰封期沉积物中的代表性铁还原微生物丰度与水和沉积物中的Fe、P、As含量进行RDA分析和相关性分析,同时将温度、pH值、Eh等与Fe还原相关性较强的环境因子加入其中,探究夏季和冰封期代表性铁还原微生物介导的Fe还原过程对As迁移转化的影响以及P对As迁移转化的影响.
RDA分析和相关性分析结果表明(图7(a)图8(a)),夏季时,水和沉积物中的Fe(Ⅱ)均与TP、TAs和As(III)呈相关关系,说明在Fe还原产生Fe(Ⅱ)的过程中存在着对P和As迁移转化的影响.同时水中Eh与沉积物中TP、TAs和Fe(Ⅱ)以及水中Fe(Ⅱ)显著相关,表明Fe的还原和释放过程与水中的Eh有较强关联性,进而影响P和As的迁移转化.沉积物中pH值与芽孢杆菌属呈显著相关关系,表明芽孢杆菌属丰度受到沉积物pH值影响较大,芽孢杆菌属适宜的pH值范围通常是在中性至微碱性[30-31].同时,沉积物中有机质(OM)与水中TP呈正相关关系,表明了OM与TP的同源性,即它们可能具有相似的来源,如农业面源污染、工业废水等.此外,OM也会影响P的含量.冬季湖泊结冰后,冰面上的芦苇等植物会被收割,但是冰面以下的植物部分则在湖底腐烂沉积产生有机质,并释放出P等物质,进而富集到沉积物中[32].OM也会影响As的含量,OM可充当含As铁矿物微生物还原过程中的电子受体,导致铁矿物的还原性溶解释放As和Fe.沉积物中TP、TAs与Fe(Ⅱ)呈相关关系,水中的TP也影响TAs,表明在Fe还原过程中,P影响As的迁移转化过程.这可能是由于铁(氢)氧化物矿物是控制As与P环境行为的重要载体,因为其既是磷酸盐的有效储存库又是As的主要宿主矿物[33-34].在Fe还原过程中,吸附在铁(氢)氧化物表面的As会随之释放,并且结晶的或弱结晶的铁(氢)氧化物可转化为对As结合亲和力相对较弱的亚铁矿物而增强As的转化和释放.但在P存在的条件下,可能导致铁(氢)氧化物的改变,进而影响As的含量.热厌氧菌属是一种在高温条件下生长的铁还原微生物[35],其在夏季沉积物铁还原微生物中相对丰度较低,与沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)和水中的Fe(Ⅱ)、TP、TAs含量呈相关关系,表明该菌属以较低丰度促使Fe还原并一定程度影响着P和As向水中的释放.这可能是由于在夏季较高温度的水环境中较为适宜热厌氧菌属发挥其Fe还原作用,从而促使该菌属以低丰度促进了铁微生物还原[36].芽孢杆菌属是具备As、Fe还原功能的一类微生物,在内蒙古河套盆地、大同盆地等环境中芽孢杆菌属都可以参与到Fe(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的还原过程中,促进Fe和As的迁移转化[37-39].其在夏季相对丰度较大,与水中的Fe(Ⅱ)、TP相关性较强,表明其可能在夏季铁微生物还原过程中发挥重要作用,促进了As和铁氧化物的解吸附过程并向水中释放.芽孢杆菌属在夏季还与水中As(Ⅲ)呈负相关关系,推测是芽孢杆菌在较大丰度的情况下对As起到了一定的吸附作用,这与前人的结论相似[40-42].地杆菌属与沉积物中TFe呈显著相关关系,和OM也表现出一定相关关系.地杆菌属是一种能够利用有机质作为电子供体和碳源的微生物,同时它是专性铁还原微生物,在Fe含量较大的环境中更适宜生长.
冰封期时(图7(b)图8(b)),水和沉积物中的Fe(Ⅱ)与TP、TAs呈相关关系,这与夏季结果较为一致.沉积物中的As(Ⅲ)与沉积物中的Tas、水中的As(Ⅲ)和TAs相关性较差,可能是沉积物中TAs含量较大,As(Ⅲ)含量与TAs含量的比值较小,因而As(Ⅲ)与TAs相关性较差,但沉积物中TAs含量与向水中释放的TAs和As(Ⅲ)呈现显著相关关系.沉积物中的TP含量与Tas、As(Ⅲ)含量也呈现相关关系,同时与Fe(Ⅱ)相关,表明冰封期时Fe还原过程对As与P的迁移转化也具有重要影响,且在Fe还原过程中,P同样影响着As的迁移转化.专性铁还原微生物厌氧粘细菌属、地杆菌属均与沉积物和水中的Fe含量呈现相关关系.厌氧粘细菌属丰度较小,但其与沉积物中As(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)和水中的TAs呈强相关关系,表明其在Fe还原过程中起到了一定的作用,造成了As从铁矿物上的解吸从而向水中释放.陈优阳[43]在其研究中也得到类似结论,即厌氧粘细菌属相对丰度在环境中铁还原微生物丰度占比虽然较小,但其与Fe(Ⅱ)仍呈显著正相关关系,可能由于未达到其最适宜生长温度,厌氧粘细菌属未成为冰封期Fe还原的主要菌属[44].沉积物中Eh与地杆菌属和热厌氧菌属均呈现一定正相关关系,表明在冰封期低Eh的条件更适宜地杆菌属和热厌氧菌属的生长.而地杆菌属作为一种严格厌氧菌属[45],在冰封期缺氧的水环境中较为适宜其生长,因而其丰度较大.地杆菌属与沉积物和水中的Fe(Ⅱ)以及As(Ⅲ)均有显著相关性,表明大丰度的地杆菌属是冰封期Fe生物还原过程的主要驱动者,进而促使As的还原以及迁移转化过程.前人的研究也表明,地杆菌属在酸性矿山等环境中低浓度DO时更有利于发挥其铁微生物还原作用[46-47].冰封期希瓦氏菌属是代表性铁还原微生物之一,相关性结果也表明就铁还原微生物而言,OM与希瓦氏菌属的相关性相对较强,OM为希瓦氏菌属的生长提供了碳源与能源,且冰封期冰盖的形成导致水下的缺氧环境,更适宜其生长.热厌氧菌属丰度虽然较小,但是其与厌氧粘细菌属在冰封期有相似的分析结论,对Fe还原和As的迁移转化均有一定影响.
研究表明,乌梁素海采样点的氮磷比均大于16:1,为P限制湖泊,P元素是限制湖泊生产力和富营养化进程的关键因素之一[48].在外源污染得到有效控制的情况下,湖泊的内源污染则是需要关注的重点.而乌梁素海Fe的生物还原过程易导致P向水中迁移转化,导致藻类等生物大量繁殖,进而导致湖泊水质变差[49].在冰封期到来前可通过湖泊底泥疏浚等方式减少Fe还原过程中P和As的释放,避免冬季过后水体被As和P污染的风险.此外,可以通过调节pH值、有机质等的含量调控微生物Fe还原过程,冰封期时还可利用人工增氧等方式抑制铁还原微生物的活性,减少As与P的释放.
为进一步探讨Fe的生物还原过程对P和As迁移转化的影响,基于RDA和相关性分析结果(图78),选取夏季的热厌氧菌属和芽孢杆菌属以及冰封期的地杆菌属和热厌氧菌属为代表性铁还原微生物,利用PLS-SEM模型探究其与Fe、P、As之间的关系(图9).
在夏季,热厌氧菌属的含量对乌梁素海水和沉积物中的铁含量产生了显著影响(图9(a)),路径系数和R2分别是0.178和0.281,表明热厌氧菌属对铁元素含量具有良好的解释性,同时可以看出在热厌氧菌属的影响下,Fe和P的含量对As含量的影响也较为显著,其中P元素对As的路径系数也体现了P和As两种元素的竞争效应.此外,芽孢杆菌属在夏季也在一定程度能够解释铁元素含量及P元素对As元素含量的影响.但是值得注意的是,虽然芽孢杆菌属在夏季的丰度高于热厌氧菌属,但其对铁元素含量的解释性相对较小(R2=0.130)(图9(b)).这可能是由于热厌氧菌属是一种在高温条件下生长的专性铁还原微生物,在夏季较高温度的环境中更能发挥其铁还原的功能性,而芽孢杆菌属是一类在环境中常见的兼性铁还原微生物,其不仅有铁还原的功能,还具有分解碳、氮等物质的功能[37-38],故芽孢杆菌属在夏季的相对丰度虽高于热厌氧菌属,但芽孢杆菌属对铁含量的解释性较热厌氧菌属更小一些.
在冰封期,热厌氧菌属的含量对铁含量的路径系数较夏季更大(图9(c)),其解释性较夏季虽有所下降,但也可以看出热厌氧菌属作用下的铁含量与P含量对As含量产生一定影响,且其作用和影响较夏季更大.而在冰封期地杆菌属对铁含量则有较强的解释能力,也印证了RDA的分析结果即地杆菌属在冰封期的厌氧环境中是铁还原的主要驱动者(图9(d)).而地杆菌属作用下的铁与P含量对As含量均有显著影响,同时也对As含量具有较强的解释性,也印证了地杆菌属含量在冰封期对铁、P和As含量具有一定影响,是As含量变化的主要贡献者.
3.1 乌梁素海冰封期和夏季的微生物群落结构具有一定差异性,夏季微生物群落的Chao1和ACE丰度指数均高于冰封期,且夏季与冰封期的Chao1和ACE丰度指数均差异性显著.冰封期的微生物群落结构整体与夏季有一定差异性,各取样点的物种丰富度和多样性均匀性较差.
3.2 乌梁素海冰封期和夏季的代表性铁还原微生物种类基本相同,但仍存在明显差异,虽然夏季和冰封期时铁还原微生物的优势菌属相同均为兼性铁还原微生物芽孢杆菌属和专性铁还原微生物地杆菌属,但在夏季时地发菌属是代表性铁还原微生物之一,而冰封期希瓦氏菌属则为代表性铁还原微生物之一.可能受冰盖、采样点位置、重金属等因素影响,冰封期和夏季的代表性铁还原微生物相对丰度和绝对丰度均有差异.整体来看,冰封期的铁还原微生物丰度较夏季更高.
3.3 夏季时,热厌氧菌属以较小丰度促使的铁还原过程一定程度上影响着沉积物中As和P向水中释放;PLS-SEM模型结果显示由于芽孢杆菌属不是专性铁还原微生物,虽其丰度较高但对铁还原过程解释性较差(路径系数0.115);RDA和相关性分析结果表明芽孢杆菌属与水中的Fe(Ⅱ)、TP、TAs相关性仍较强,可能是因为其同时具有As和铁还原性进而导致P与As的迁移转化.冰封期时,热厌氧菌属可能因温度导致其丰度较低,但其与沉积物中As(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)和水中的TAs呈强相关关系,表明其促使的铁还原过程一定程度影响了As-P的迁移转化(路径系数0.284);通过相关性分析和PLS-SEM模型发现冰封期丰度较高的铁还原微生物地杆菌属是铁生物还原过程导致As-P迁移转化的重要驱动者(路径系数0.530).
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN03009)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2022063)
  • 内蒙古科技大学科研启动专项项目
  • 内蒙古自治区事业单位引进高层次人才科研支持项目(2021)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN03009)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2022063)
内蒙古科技大学科研启动专项项目
内蒙古自治区事业单位引进高层次人才科研支持项目(2021)
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    内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古 包头 014010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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