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A 120-day soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar on soil properties and cadmium(Cd)immobilization in polypropylene micro-/macroplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils. The results showed that biochar addition significantly improved soil pH in the co-contaminated soils compared to the control group. It also considerably increased the content of dissolved organic carbon in soils co-contaminated by 7% plastics and Cd. In addition, biochar promoted the conversion of Cd from the active form into relatively stable form in the particulate organic matter and mineral fractions, effectively reducing both the bioavailable Cd content and the proportion of DTPA-extractable Cd(DTPA-Cd)in the co-contaminated soils. Specifically, biochar reduced the bioavailable Cd content by 7.58%~19.71% and the DTPA-Cd proportion by 20.23%~30.83% in microplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils. For macroplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils, the corresponding reductions were 23.80%~28.19%and 21.63%~22.74%, respectively. Notably, the concentration of microplastics was positively correlated with the content of bioavailable Cd, while the concentration of macroplastics showed no significant effect on it. The findings demonstrated that rice husk biochar effectively alleviated the adverse effects of the plastics and Cd co-contamination through improving soil properties, mediating the migration and transformation of Cd among soil solid fractions, as well as adsorbing and immobilizing Cd.

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通过120d的土壤培养试验,探究了稻壳生物炭对聚丙烯微/大塑料-镉(Cd)复合污染土壤的改良作用及其对Cd的固定效果.结果表明,与对照组相比,生物炭处理显著提升了塑料-Cd复合污染土壤的pH值,并增加了7%塑料-Cd复合污染土壤的DOC含量.此外,生物炭可以促使颗粒态有机质和矿物组分中的Cd从活化态向稳定态转化,有效降低复合污染土壤中生物可利用态Cd含量及Cd有效态占比.与对照组相比,生物炭处理使微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中可利用态Cd含量减少7.58%~19.71%,Cd有效态占比降低20.23%~30.83%;在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,相应指标的降幅分别为23.80%~28.19%和21.63%~22.74%.其中,微塑料的浓度与生物可利用态Cd含量呈正相关,而大塑料的浓度对其无显著影响.研究结果揭示,稻壳生物炭通过改良土壤性质、调控Cd在土壤固体组分间的迁移转化和吸附固定Cd,有效缓解了塑料-Cd复合污染对土壤的不良影响.

, correspAuthors=曹艳晓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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曹艳晓(1981-),女,河南鲁山人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境微塑料与重金属的相互作用、环境污染治理与修复研究.发表论文20余篇..

, authorsList=曹艳晓, 陈诺, 徐鑫宇, 赵梦洁, 杨江秀, 吴俊锋, 李鸿鹄, 张敬东)}, authors=[Author(id=1241116655997211610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116650410398283, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=caoyanxiao@zuel.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241116656123040745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116650410398283, authorId=1241116655997211610, language=EN, stringName=Yan-xiao CAO, firstName=Yan-xiao, middleName=null, lastName=CAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1.Research Center for Environment and Health, School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241116656265647099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116650410398283, authorId=1241116655997211610, language=CN, stringName=曹艳晓, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073, bio={"content":"

曹艳晓(1981-),女,河南鲁山人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境微塑料与重金属的相互作用、环境污染治理与修复研究.发表论文20余篇..

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曹艳晓(1981-),女,河南鲁山人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境微塑料与重金属的相互作用、环境污染治理与修复研究.发表论文20余篇..

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不同字母上标表示彼此之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),下同

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*表示P≤0.05; **表示P≤0.01; ***表示P≤0.001

, figureFileSmall=/DQORQ3J5LZvyUpnkz3LRw==, figureFileBig=b0/lJ6/u0rF6WCPiHdslug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665426006824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116650410398283, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of the soil incubation experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组塑料粒径塑料浓度(%)生物炭添加量(%)处理组塑料粒径塑料浓度(%)生物炭添加量(%)
M150µm0.10MB150µm0.15
M250µm10MB250µm15
M350µm70MB350µm75
M45~10mm0.10MB45~10mm0.15
M55~10mm10MB55~10mm15
M65~10mm70MB65~10mm75
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665560224566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116650410398283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤培养试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组塑料粒径塑料浓度(%)生物炭添加量(%)处理组塑料粒径塑料浓度(%)生物炭添加量(%)
M150µm0.10MB150µm0.15
M250µm10MB250µm15
M350µm70MB350µm75
M45~10mm0.10MB45~10mm0.15
M55~10mm10MB55~10mm15
M65~10mm70MB65~10mm75
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生物炭修复塑料-镉复合污染土壤潜力与机制
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曹艳晓 1, * , 陈诺 1 , 徐鑫宇 1 , 赵梦洁 1 , 杨江秀 1 , 吴俊锋 2 , 李鸿鹄 1 , 张敬东 1
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1395-1409
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1395-1409
生物炭修复塑料-镉复合污染土壤潜力与机制
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曹艳晓1, * , 陈诺1, 徐鑫宇1, 赵梦洁1, 杨江秀1, 吴俊锋2, 李鸿鹄1, 张敬东1
作者信息
  • 1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 2.武汉瑞景环境修复工程有限公司,湖北 武汉 430040
  • 曹艳晓(1981-),女,河南鲁山人,副教授,博士,主要从事环境微塑料与重金属的相互作用、环境污染治理与修复研究.发表论文20余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Exploring the potential of biochar for the remediation of soils co-contaminated with plastics and cadmium
Yan-xiao CAO1, * , Nuo CHEN1, Xin-yu XU1, Meng-jie ZHAO1, Jiang-xiu YANG1, Jun-feng WU2, Hong-hu LI1, Jing-dong ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Research Center for Environment and Health, School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 2.Wuhan Regen Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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通过120d的土壤培养试验,探究了稻壳生物炭对聚丙烯微/大塑料-镉(Cd)复合污染土壤的改良作用及其对Cd的固定效果.结果表明,与对照组相比,生物炭处理显著提升了塑料-Cd复合污染土壤的pH值,并增加了7%塑料-Cd复合污染土壤的DOC含量.此外,生物炭可以促使颗粒态有机质和矿物组分中的Cd从活化态向稳定态转化,有效降低复合污染土壤中生物可利用态Cd含量及Cd有效态占比.与对照组相比,生物炭处理使微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中可利用态Cd含量减少7.58%~19.71%,Cd有效态占比降低20.23%~30.83%;在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,相应指标的降幅分别为23.80%~28.19%和21.63%~22.74%.其中,微塑料的浓度与生物可利用态Cd含量呈正相关,而大塑料的浓度对其无显著影响.研究结果揭示,稻壳生物炭通过改良土壤性质、调控Cd在土壤固体组分间的迁移转化和吸附固定Cd,有效缓解了塑料-Cd复合污染对土壤的不良影响.

大塑料  /  微塑料  /  镉  /  复合污染  /  生物炭  /  土壤性质

A 120-day soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar on soil properties and cadmium(Cd)immobilization in polypropylene micro-/macroplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils. The results showed that biochar addition significantly improved soil pH in the co-contaminated soils compared to the control group. It also considerably increased the content of dissolved organic carbon in soils co-contaminated by 7% plastics and Cd. In addition, biochar promoted the conversion of Cd from the active form into relatively stable form in the particulate organic matter and mineral fractions, effectively reducing both the bioavailable Cd content and the proportion of DTPA-extractable Cd(DTPA-Cd)in the co-contaminated soils. Specifically, biochar reduced the bioavailable Cd content by 7.58%~19.71% and the DTPA-Cd proportion by 20.23%~30.83% in microplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils. For macroplastics and Cd co-contaminated soils, the corresponding reductions were 23.80%~28.19%and 21.63%~22.74%, respectively. Notably, the concentration of microplastics was positively correlated with the content of bioavailable Cd, while the concentration of macroplastics showed no significant effect on it. The findings demonstrated that rice husk biochar effectively alleviated the adverse effects of the plastics and Cd co-contamination through improving soil properties, mediating the migration and transformation of Cd among soil solid fractions, as well as adsorbing and immobilizing Cd.

macroplastics  /  microplastics  /  cadmium  /  co-contamination  /  biochar  /  soil properties
曹艳晓, 陈诺, 徐鑫宇, 赵梦洁, 杨江秀, 吴俊锋, 李鸿鹄, 张敬东. 生物炭修复塑料-镉复合污染土壤潜力与机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1395 -1409 .
Yan-xiao CAO, Nuo CHEN, Xin-yu XU, Meng-jie ZHAO, Jiang-xiu YANG, Jun-feng WU, Hong-hu LI, Jing-dong ZHANG. Exploring the potential of biochar for the remediation of soils co-contaminated with plastics and cadmium[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1395 -1409 .
塑料污染正成为陆地生态系统最严重的威胁之一[1].据统计,2022年,全球塑料产量高达4亿t[2],回收率仅为18%[3],大部分塑料废弃物因管理不善残留在环境中.这些塑料残留物在老化过程中会分解成大塑料(>5mm)、微塑料(100nm~5mm)和纳米塑料(<100nm)[4-7].研究显示,不同地区大塑料和微塑料的丰度差异巨大,如阿根廷果园土壤中微塑料的丰度高达4.3×103个/kg[8],德国堆肥处理耕地中大塑料平均丰度为9247个/hm2[9],中国农田表层土壤微塑料和大塑料平均丰度分别为21.2~5.6×104个/kg[10]和0.1~411.2kg/hm2[11].
与此同时,土壤中的塑料和重金属广泛共存,其复合污染问题日益突出[12-14].研究者们在我国晋江河口红树林保护区[15]、汉中市[16]和成都市[17]的农业土壤,以及武汉市[18]的林地、菜地和空地,均检测到聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)等微塑料和多种重金属(如Cr、Pb、Cd和Zn等).此外,在伊朗西南部的波斯湾[20-21]、德国西部的北莱茵-威斯特伐利亚州[22]、巴基斯坦东北部的费萨拉巴德[23]、印度东部的库奇贝哈尔[24]、突尼斯中东部的莫克尼[25]和埃及的索哈格省东部[26]等地均报道了塑料与重金属的复合污染现象.土壤中大塑料既可能与Cd、Pb等重金属共存,也可能成为微塑料污染的来源[27].微塑料与重金属共存,不仅改变了单一污染物的环境行为和毒性效应[28],还可能通过物理吸附和化学络合等方式[29-30],形成稳定的复合体[31],增强其在环境中的持久性和迁移性[32],对生态系统稳定性和人类健康产生深远影响.当前,关于微塑料与重金属复合污染的研究主要集中在二者的相互作用机制、复合污染的现状和生态风险评估、复合污染的环境行为和生态毒性效应,及其通过食物链传递对人类健康的潜在影响等方面[33-35].
最近,研究者们开发了多种材料用于吸附和去除水体和土壤中的微塑料与重金属,包括磁性纳米介孔复合材料[36]、磁性纳米零价铁颗粒[37]和层状双氢氧化物[38]等.然而,这些材料难以实现规模化生产或对污染物的选择性较差.相比之下,生物炭成本效益高[39]、可大规模生产、具有较大比表面积、多孔结构和强离子交换能力,广泛应用于重金属污染土壤的修复[40-42].此外,生物炭能够通过为土壤微生物提供能量和养分,减轻微塑料污染对土壤质量的负面影响[43].相关研究显示,与对照组相比,施用0.5%生物炭使微塑料污染土壤中微生物活性提高了15.64%[44].可见,生物炭具有缓解农田土壤塑料-重金属复合污染的潜力.然而,关于生物炭修复微/大塑料和重金属复合污染土壤的相关研究,目前报道较少.
Cd是农业土壤中污染最严重的重金属之一[45],在中国,约65.71%的农田土壤受到Cd污染,其平均Cd含量超出土壤背景值140.21%[46].与此同时,PP是近年来生产最多的塑料聚合物类型(18.9%)[2],在一些土壤环境中,PP占比超过污染塑料总量的一半[47-48].基于此,本研究通过土壤培养试验,考察生物炭对PP微/大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤性质的改善效果,探讨生物炭对微/大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中的Cd的固定潜力及作用机制.研究结果将为农田土壤塑料和重金属复合污染的控制与治理提供理论参考.
供试土壤:试验土壤取自湖北省Cd污染农田(0~20cm),自然风干后过2mm筛网,用于分析和土壤培育试验.其基本理化性质为:pH值为5.78,CEC为25.24cmol/kg,DOC含量为0.43g/kg,Cd含量为1.20mg/kg.
供试生物炭:供试生物炭为稻壳生物炭,其理化性质为:pH值为9.45,CEC为36.24cmol/kg,DOC含量为0.43g/kg,Cd含量为0.02mg/kg.
供试塑料:试验所用大塑料和微塑料均为PP.其中,微塑料颗粒约为50µm,购自东莞樟木头特苏朗化工有限公司;大塑料通过裁剪PP塑料盒得到,粒径约5~10mm.所有塑料使用0.1mol/L盐酸和去离子水清洁后,晾干备用.
已有研究显示,某工业区土壤微塑料浓度为0.03%~6.70%[49];此外,土壤中微塑料浓度达到0.1%即被视为污染[50-52].基于此,本研究将不同粒径的PP塑料添加量设置为0.1%、1%和7%(W/W),分别模拟低、中和高浓度的塑料污染.每个处理设置3次重复,共设12个处理组(表1),其中,M1~M6组为不加生物炭的对照组,MB1~MB6组为生物炭处理组.每盆土样重0.8kg,加入相应比例的微塑料、大塑料和生物炭后混合均匀.培养期间,使用去离子水将土壤水分保持在最大持水量的60%.分别于培养第1、15、30、60和120d取土壤样品用于分析.
参考本课题组已发表方法分离土壤固体组分[53].分离过程如下:向100g土壤加入500mL去离子水和适量玻璃珠,在25℃条件下以240r/min的速率振荡24h.利用53µm的筛网过滤悬浮液,分离得到粒径>53µm的粗粒样品和≤53µm的细粒样品.其中细粒样品为有机矿物复合体(OMC)组分.采用去离子反复悬浮漂洗方法进一步从粗粒样品中分离出颗粒态有机物(POM)与矿物组分.所得样品在45℃下干燥,称重备用.
土壤pH值使用pH计(Mettler Toledo FE20,Switzerland)测定(土水比为1:2.5,m/V);土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)用0.01mol/L CaCl2溶液提取后(土液比为1:20,m/V),通过总有机碳分析仪(multi-N/C 3100,Analytik Jena AG,Germany)测定.土壤CEC采用三氯化六胺溶液分光光度法(HJ 889-2017)[54]测定.参照熊振乾[55]的分析方法,采用高锰酸钾滴定法测定土壤过氧化氢酶活性,采用苯酚钠-次氯酸钠比色法测定脲酶活性.
Cd含量与形态分析土壤固体组分中Cd含量测定采用HNO3-HCl-HF(6:3:2)混酸体系消解土样,使用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS,ZEEnit-700P,Analytik Jena AG,Germany)测定上清液中的Cd含量(GB/T 17141-1997)[56].用二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)溶液提取土壤及土壤固体组分中DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd),并用原子吸收光谱法测定上清液中的Cd含量(GB/T 23739-2009)[57].根据Tessier五步提取法[58],获得土壤及土壤固体组分中可交换态Cd(F1)、碳酸盐结合态Cd(F2)和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd(F3)含量.通常将F1、F2和F3的总和统称为生物可利用态[58-59],本研究中生物可利用态Cd含量用(F1+F2+F3)来表征.
通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR,Nexus470,Thermo Nicolet,美国)和场发射电子扫描显微镜-能量光谱(SEM-EDS,S-4800,日立,日本)表征大塑料、微塑料、生物炭和土壤固体组分.FTIR的扫描范围为4000~400cm−1,光谱分辨率为4cm−1.
每组试验均设置平行样、空白样和质控样[GBW(E)070306,RMH A033],回收率分别为98.2%~107.9%(Cd)和88.2%~99.4%(DTPA-Cd).本研究中使用的所有化学品均为分析纯试剂.数据使用Excel 2016和SPSS 24进行整理和统计分析,结果采用(平均值±标准差)表示,采用单因素方差分析和Duncan检验处理组间的显著差异,显著性水平为P<0.05,使用Origin 2021作图.
所有对照组土壤pH值在培养过程中持续缓慢下降.施加生物炭可以缓解微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值的下降趋势,同时促使大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值持续上升(图1(a)).培养结束时,与对照组相比,各生物炭处理组土壤pH值分别提高了0.03(MB1)、0.08(MB2)、0.22(MB3)、0.60(MB4)、0.42(MB5)和0.52(MB6)个单位.
与土壤pH值的缓慢变化不同,所有处理组的土壤DOC含量在培养过程中波动明显(图1(b)).微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,无论是否添加生物炭,DOC含量在前15d下降,第30d显著回升,之后再次下降.培养结束时,与对照组相比,MB1和MB2组的土壤DOC含量分别下降8.05%和14.20%,而MB3组则上升14.45%.在大塑料-Cd复合污染处理组中,MB4和MB5组土壤DOC含量在整个培养周期内始终低于M4和M5组,而MB6组土壤DOC含量在第30~60d低于对照组,培养早期和末期则高于对照组.与对照组相比,MB4和MB5组土壤DOC含量最终分别下降了5.47%和10.40%,MB6组则上升了11.16%.
生物炭对微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤CEC的影响依赖于微塑料浓度(图1(c)).培养过程中,MB2组土壤CEC始终低于M2组,MB3组土壤CEC则持续高于M3组.培养结束时,与对照组相比,MB1和MB3组土壤CEC分别上升4.98%和3.67%,MB2组下降4.10%.在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,与对照组相比,MB5组土壤CEC在培养初期显著下降,MB4和MB6组则在培养末期显著降低.培养结束时,与对照组相比,MB4、MB5和MB6组土壤CEC分别降低了9.06%、-0.78%和22.52%.
所有处理组的过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性在培养期内均发生了显著变化(图1(d)和(e)).生物炭在培养初期(0~15d)显著提升了微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中过氧化氢酶活性.15d后,MB1和MB2组过氧化氢酶活性低于M1和M2组,MB3组则始终显著高于M3组.培养结束时,与对照组相比,MB2和MB3组过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了2.35%和9.04%,MB1组下降了1.44%.在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭对过氧化氢酶活性表现为抑制作用.培养结束时,相比对照组,MB4和MB5组过氧化氢酶活性分别下降了2.79%和2.84%.
在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,施用生物炭后,脲酶活性在初期阶段呈现波动性变化.培养结束时MB1组脲酶活性比M1组下降了14.97%,而MB2和MB3组分别比对照组上升了20.65%和12.22%.在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭在培养后期抑制脲酶活性,至第120d时,MB4、MB5和MB6组的脲酶活性分别比对照组下降了10.00%、10.78%和4.50%.
所有处理组土壤固体组分的Cd含量呈现POM组分>OMC组分>矿物组分的分布规律(图2).在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,经过120d培养,POM和矿物组分的Cd含量显著增加,OMC组分的Cd含量下降,最大降幅为17.90%(图2(a)).生物炭施用显著影响了Cd在土壤中的分布.与对照组相比,MB2和MB3组POM组分Cd含量分别下降23.57%和29.61%,表明生物炭能够有效吸附Cd,降低其在POM组分中的积累.OMC组分中,MB1、MB2和MB3组Cd含量较培养初分别下降9.32%、10.47%和9.17%,第120d时仅MB3组的Cd含量高于M3组.培养结束时,MB1和MB3组矿物组分Cd含量低于对照组.
在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,各处理组间3个土壤固体组分的Cd含量变化差异较小(图2(b)).培养结束时(120d),与对照组相比,MB4、MB5和MB6组的POM组分Cd含量升高了37.04%~49.01%,OMC和矿物组分Cd含量分别降低了14.85%~14.91%和7.73%~11.18%.本研究表明,生物炭显著促进了0.1%微塑料-Cd和大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤POM组分的Cd富集,并加速了Cd在土壤固体组分间的重新分布,且这一作用不受大塑料浓度影响.然而,在微塑料-Cd复合污染条件下,生物炭对Cd迁移的影响与微塑料浓度相关.高浓度微塑料与Cd复合污染时,Cd从OMC组分向POM组分的迁移趋势减弱.
经过120d的土壤培养,生物炭显著降低了土壤及其固体组分中的生物可利用态Cd含量(图3).在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,MB1、MB2和MB3组生物可利用态Cd含量分别比对照组降低了19.71%、9.86%和7.58%,且降幅与微塑料浓度呈负相关,表明随着土壤微塑料浓度的增加,生物炭对Cd的固定效果逐渐减弱.对于土壤固体组分,培养结束时,与对照组相比,MB1、MB2和MB3组POM组分的生物可利用态Cd含量分别下降了10.51%、42.43%和44.78%.此外,MB1组OMC组分生物可利用态Cd含量较对照组显著下降25.00%,MB2和MB3组变化较小.对于矿物组分,MB1和MB3组的生物可利用态Cd含量较M1和M3组分别降低了19.20%和21.77%.结果表明在0.1%微塑料-Cd复合污染条件下,生物炭对土壤中Cd的固定效果最显著.此外,生物炭对不同土壤固体组分中生物可利用态Cd的固定存在差异.7%微塑料-Cd复合污染条件下,POM和矿物组分中生物可利用态Cd含量的降幅更大.
在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,经过120d培养,M4、M5和M6组土壤生物可利用态Cd含量变化幅度均小于5%.相比之下,MB4、MB5和MB6组土壤生物可利用态Cd含量较对照组分别降低了23.80%、28.19%和24.50%.对于土壤固体组分,MB4~MB6组的OMC、POM和矿物组分中生物可利用态Cd含量分别降低了26.57%~28.37%、29.01%~31.27%和19.45%~22.48%.可见,生物炭显著减少了大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤及其固体组分中的生物可利用态Cd含量.上述结果表明塑料粒径和塑料浓度共同影响生物炭对Cd的固定作用.
土壤Cd有效态占比是指土壤中DTPA-Cd含量与对应土壤中Cd全量的比值[60-61].生物炭对塑料-Cd复合污染土壤及其固体组分中Cd有效态占比的影响见图4,培养结束时,与第1d相比,生物炭处理组的土壤和OMC组分Cd有效态占比轻微下降,最大降幅分别为7.88%(MB1)和9.53%(MB2).与对照组相比,MB1、MB2和MB3组土壤Cd有效态占比分别降低了25.07%、20.24%和30.83%.所有处理组POM和矿物组分Cd有效态占比大幅下降,较培养初分别减少了33.32%~61.47%和32.12%~76.63%.随着微塑料浓度的升高,土壤和POM组分中Cd有效态占比下降趋势减弱,表明微塑料可能对生物炭钝化Cd的效果产生拮抗作用.
在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,第120d,MB4~MB6组土壤Cd有效态占比较培养初期下降了20.74%~28.16%,相较于对照组下降了21.63%~22.74%.在土壤固体组分中,MB4~MB6组OMC组分Cd有效态占比相较于第1d变化较小,而POM和矿物组分Cd有效态占比相较第1d分别下降40.60%~44.37%和48.14%~49.61%,显著高于对照组.从变化趋势来看,生物炭处理前期(1~60d),大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤Cd有效态占比快速下降,而微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤Cd有效态占比降幅较小.这表明塑料粒径可能是影响生物炭对Cd固定效果的关键因素.
MB2和MB5组的3个土壤固体组分以及大塑料、微塑料、新鲜和老化生物炭的FTIR图谱见图5.可以看出,POM、OMC和矿物组分存在相同的官能团,包括C=O伸缩振动(1680~1630cm−1)、C—O伸缩振动(1130~1000cm−1)和O—H拉伸振动(3623cm−1).此外,POM部分显示出宽的O—H峰(3415cm−1),表明其表面存在醇或酚羟基.与MB5组相比,MB2组的POM组分在1457和1375cm−1出现了两个新的吸收峰,分别属于聚丙烯—CH2和—CH3弯曲振动[62],表明微塑料与土壤POM组分共存.与新鲜生物炭相比,老化生物炭在1543cm−1处观察到脂肪族—NO2的伸缩振动[63],表明老化生物炭表面含氧官能团更丰富.
图6为MB2和MB5组中3个土壤固体组分的SEM图像.可以看出,OMC组分质地较为均匀,粒径较小;POM组分尺寸、形状差异较大,表面粗糙,存在大量不均匀的沟壑和孔隙;矿物组分粒径较大,结构坚实.SEM图像进一步显示,塑料和生物炭共存于POM组分,生物炭同时也存在于矿物组分,但OMC组分中未观察到明显的塑料和生物炭.这些结果进一步证实在塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭对Cd的修复作用主要集中于POM和矿物组分.
生物炭表面含有多种带负电荷的羧基、羟基和酚基等含氧官能团[64],能够吸附土壤中的H+;同时,稻壳生物炭含有的碱性物质在施入土壤后能迅速释放[65],与土壤中酸性离子发生反应,中和土壤酸度[66],从而提高土壤pH值.本研究发现,生物炭显著提升了大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值,但对微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值改善效果有限.Miao等[67]也指出,在30d的培养期内,与单独施用生物炭相比,生物炭与1%PP微塑料的共施会导致土壤pH值降低.Maruf等[68]指出,低pH值可增加塑料浸出,形成一个相互影响的循环.本研究中,由于微塑料粒径小于生物炭,它们更容易进入土壤微观结构,降低土壤通气性和水分渗透性[69-70],最终导致土壤pH值持续下降.因此,当微塑料和生物炭共存于土壤中时,粒径较小的微塑料对土壤pH值的变化起着主导作用.
有研究表明,施加生物炭后,土壤DOC含量在短期内显著降低[71-73],这可能与生物炭对易分解组分的吸附固定有关[74-76].本研究中,施加生物炭后,低和中浓度塑料-Cd复合污染土壤DOC含量降幅高于对照组,高浓度塑料-Cd复合污染土壤的DOC含量降幅低于对照组.分析认为,生物炭的施用可能激活土壤中微生物的活性[77],改变微生物群落结构[78],促使微生物消耗土壤中的DOC.此外,微塑料大的比表面积增强了其对土壤DOC的吸附能力[79].上述因素共同促使塑料-Cd复合污染土壤DOC含量下降.
CEC是衡量土壤吸附和保持可提取阳离子能力的重要指标[80].一般认为,生物炭的大比表面积和丰富表面负电荷可以增强土壤胶体对盐基离子的吸附[81-82],从而提高酸性土壤CEC.然而,本研究施用生物炭对塑料-Cd复合污染土壤CEC的改善效果并不明显,MB2、MB4和MB6组甚至出现土壤CEC下降的情况.这可能是因为生物炭表面的活性位点被塑料颗粒或Cd占据[83-84],从而改变其与土壤中阳离子的交换反应.此外,供试土壤本身高CEC可能导致生物炭施加后对土壤CEC的影响不显著[85].
在本研究中,生物炭对塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中的过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的影响表现复杂.生物炭对土壤酶活性的影响受多种因素的影响,包括生物炭的类型、施用量、底物、酶种类和土壤性质[86].多项研究显示,生物炭能够显著提高土壤中多种酶的活性,包括过氧化氢酶和脲酶[87-89].但在特定环境下其促进作用可能不明显甚至无效.例如,有研究发现,在某Cd污染土壤中,生物炭会抑制过氧化氢酶的活性[90];另一项研究则显示,生物炭对PE微塑料污染土壤脲酶活性产生了抑制作用[91].本研究发现,在中、高浓度微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭促进过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的提升,而在低浓度微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤和大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭的施加会导致两种酶活性略低于对照组.表明塑料浓度和粒径共同影响土壤酶活性.有研究显示,当塑料颗粒尺寸达到35µm时,可能会促进土壤团聚,从而掺入团聚体中[92].因此,在低浓度微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,与塑料颗粒结合的生物炭相对较少.过量的生物炭可能会吸附酶分子,形成保护作用,阻碍酶分子与底物的结合[93-95],降低土壤酶活性.而在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,大塑料的物理阻隔作用可能会影响土壤中水分状况,进而干扰土壤酶活性.
本研究结果显示,施用生物炭后,大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤和0.1%微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中的POM和矿物组分中的Cd含量显著增加,而OMC组分中的Cd含量显著减少.这表明生物炭通过促进Cd在POM、OMC和矿物组分之间的迁移,同时将土壤中生物可利用态Cd转化为更稳定的形态,显著降低土壤Cd有效态占比,实现了Cd的有效固定.相关性分析结果(图7)进一步证实,施用生物炭后,土壤生物可利用态Cd和DTPA-Cd含量均与OMC、POM和矿物组分中生物可利用态Cd和DTPA-Cd含量显著正相关,表明生物炭对土壤Cd的固定受到土壤固体组分中Cd有效性的影响.
在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,施用生物炭后,土壤生物可利用态Cd含量和Cd有效态占比显著降低.不同浓度的大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭对Cd的固定效果无显著差异,表明其修复效果与大塑料的污染浓度无关.相关性分析结果显示,生物炭对大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中Cd的固定作用主要受土壤固体组分中Cd有效性、土壤pH值和过氧化氢酶的影响.其中,生物炭通过降低大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中POM、OMC和矿物组分中生物可利用态Cd含量而降低土壤生物可利用态Cd含量;通过降低POM组分Cd有效态占比降低土壤Cd的有效性.生物炭对OMC组分中Cd的固定相对较弱,除了OMC组分中生物炭数量较少外(图6),可能还与OMC组分本身的性质有关:OMC的有机质和矿物紧密结合可能包覆或覆盖Cd[96],进而阻止生物炭与OMC中的Cd直接接触.
在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,施用生物炭后,土壤中Cd有效态占比显著下降,生物可利用态Cd减少了7.58%~19.71%.相关性分析结果显示,生物炭通过降低POM、OMC和矿物组分中生物可利用态Cd含量,降低土壤生物可利用态Cd含量;同时,OMC和矿物组分的Cd有效态占比下降,减少了土壤中Cd的生物有效性.此外,POM和矿物组分的生物可利用态Cd含量与OMC组分中的Cd有效态占比及生物可利用态Cd含量之间呈显著的负相关关系,进一步证实生物炭促使活性Cd在土壤固体组分之间的迁移.同时,由于3个土壤固体组分特性不同,其对Cd的固定方式各异:OMC组分主要通过化学沉淀固定Cd[97],POM组分主要依赖物理吸附和有机络合作用[98],矿物组分则倾向于通过静电络合和表面沉淀固定Cd[99].这些差异影响了生物炭与各组分的相互作用,进而影响Cd的固定能力.此外,分析认为,在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭通过“拦截”、“捕获”和“纠缠”等作用将微塑料滞留在生物炭孔隙中.随后,微塑料通过静电相互作用和化学键合过程占据生物炭表面的吸附位点,从而阻碍了生物炭对Cd的吸附和固定[100-102].其次,微塑料还可以通过稀释效应和一系列吸附解吸过程减少或阻碍生物炭与有效Cd之间的接触,影响土壤中Cd形态转化.由于微塑料主要通过物理作用吸附Cd[103],被微塑料吸附的Cd容易发生解吸,并以生物可利用的形态释放回土壤中[104-105],所以,生物炭对微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中Cd的吸附和固定作用相对有限.
此外,生物炭本身可以通过多种机制固定Cd,包括表面吸附、络合沉淀等直接方式[106],以及与各种土壤成分和微生物相互作用,改变土壤性质,如土壤孔隙度、含水量、DOC含量和pH值,间接影响重金属的生物有效性[72,107].土壤pH值被认为是影响土壤Cd环境行为的关键因素[108-109].本研究发现,生物炭显著提高大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值,增强Cd与土壤颗粒结合,减少Cd的生物有效性[110].相关性分析显示,土壤pH值与大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤及其固体组分中DTPA-Cd含量以及微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤固体组分中生物可利用态Cd含量之间存在负相关关系.此外,土壤中的DOC含量对Cd的有效性具有显著影响.DOC能够与重金属形成稳定的复合物,从而降低Cd的生物有效性[111].
综上所述,生物炭通过直接吸附Cd、改善土壤理化性质和改变Cd在土壤固体组分中的分配与转化等作用机制,对塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中的Cd进行固定,但其效果受塑料粒径和浓度的影响.为了全面揭示生物炭在塑料-重金属复合污染修复中的作用机制,建议进一步开展长期实地试验,并重点关注其对土壤微生物群落动态的影响.
4.1 生物炭可以有效改善塑料-Cd复合污染土壤性质,并降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性.与对照组相比,生物炭促使塑料-Cd复合污染土壤pH值上升了0.03~0.6个单位,显著增加了7%塑料-Cd复合污染土壤DOC含量,并提高了1%和7%微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性.此外,生物炭促使塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中生物可利用态Cd含量和Cd有效态占比分别降低7.58%~28.18%和20.24%~30.83%.
4.2 生物炭对大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤性质的改善效果、土壤及土壤固体组分有效态Cd的固定效率普遍优于微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤.在微塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭对Cd的固定效率随微塑料浓度增加而降低.在大塑料-Cd复合污染土壤中,生物炭对Cd的固定与大塑料浓度无显著相关性.
4.3 生物炭通过提高土壤pH值和DOC含量,促进Cd在不同土壤固体组分间迁移转化,从而直接或间接缓解了塑料-Cd复合污染对土壤的负面影响.
  • 湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB519)
  • 中南财经政法大学中央高校科研业务费专项基金(2722024EJ024)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
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湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB519)
中南财经政法大学中央高校科研业务费专项基金(2722024EJ024)
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    1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073
    2.武汉瑞景环境修复工程有限公司,湖北 武汉 430040

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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