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In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment to study the effects of oxygen-loaded biochar on nitrogen transformation and arsenic migration in paddy soil, and to assess the inhibition effect of oxygen-loaded biochar on arsenic migration in paddy soil-rice system. The results showed that the oxygen-loaded walnut shell biochar reduced the pH of pore water, alleviated the decline of DO and increased Eh. Meanwhile, the abundance of amoA gene in the paddy soil significantly increased(P<0.05), which promoted the nitrification process. Also the the release of nitrous oxide was reduced and the loss of total nitrogen was depressed. After 80days, the arsenic(III)content in the paddy soil in the oxygen-loaded biochar and biochar applied treatment accounted for 42.6%、51.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower(P<0.05)than that in control(90.2%). The amendment of oxygen-loaded biochar was also responsible for the increase in the height and tillers of rice, as well as the accumulation of iron plaque around rice root, which reached 18.4 mg/kg and was 4.2 times higher than that in control. Therefore, the arsenic content in rice was reduced by 46.3%. This indicates that the addition of oxygen-loaded biochar in paddy soil increased the concentration of iron plaque in rice roots, led to more arsenic fixation, and triggered the reduction in the accumulation of arsenic in rice. The results offer a new sight to inhibit the nitrogen loss in paddy soil and arsenic mitigation in rice.

, correspAuthors=Hong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-qi DING, Deng-ling-yao HUANG, Bing-ran TANG, Si-cheng SU, Zheng-quan XIE, Qiang HE, Hong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116654772482545, articleId=1241116650204885222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮转化及砷迁移的影响, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

构建了室内实验体系,研究了添加载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮和砷行为的影响,并分析了载氧生物炭对水稻土-水稻体系砷迁移的阻控效应.结果表明,添加载氧核桃壳炭降低了水稻土间隙水pH值、减缓了DO的下降并改善了Eh.在氮转化方面,载氧核桃壳炭显著提高了水稻土amoA基因的绝对丰度(P<0.05)从而促进了硝化过程,并通过减少氧化亚氮的释放减缓了总氮的流失.在砷迁移方面,载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组中水稻土As(III)含量占比在实验结束时分别为42.6%与51.9%,均显著低于对照组(90.2%) (P<0.05).载氧生物炭添加组水稻株高和分蘖数明显升高,水稻根部铁斑块As保留量浓度最高达18.4mg/kg,为对照组的4.2倍,同时载氧核桃壳炭组水稻中砷含量较对照组降低46.3%,这表明载氧生物炭增加了水稻根系的铁斑块浓度,使得更多砷被根系固定,减轻了水稻中砷的积累.研究结果为生物炭对水稻土中氮流失及水稻中砷的阻控提供了新的思路.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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丁一淇(2000-),男,浙江丽水人,重庆大学环境与生态学院硕士研究生,主要从事污染物环境效应相关研究..

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丁一淇(2000-),男,浙江丽水人,重庆大学环境与生态学院硕士研究生,主要从事污染物环境效应相关研究..

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丁一淇(2000-),男,浙江丽水人,重庆大学环境与生态学院硕士研究生,主要从事污染物环境效应相关研究..

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a:第0d氨氮;b:第0d硝酸盐氮;c:第40d氨氮;d:第40d硝酸盐氮;e:第80d氨氮;f:第80d硝酸盐氮

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载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮转化及砷迁移的影响
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丁一淇 1 , 黄邓铃尧 1 , 唐炳然 1 , 粟思橙 2 , 谢正权 2 , 何强 1 , 李宏 1, *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1410-1421
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1410-1421
载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮转化及砷迁移的影响
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丁一淇1 , 黄邓铃尧1, 唐炳然1, 粟思橙2, 谢正权2, 何强1, 李宏1, *
作者信息
  • 1.重庆大学,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045
  • 2.中建五局土木工程有限公司,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 丁一淇(2000-),男,浙江丽水人,重庆大学环境与生态学院硕士研究生,主要从事污染物环境效应相关研究..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Effects of oxygen-loaded biochar on nitrogen transformation and arsenic migration in paddy soil
Yi-qi DING1 , Deng-ling-yao HUANG1, Bing-ran TANG1, Si-cheng SU2, Zheng-quan XIE2, Qiang HE1, Hong LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
  • 2.China Construction Fifth Engineering Bureau CO., LTD., Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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构建了室内实验体系,研究了添加载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮和砷行为的影响,并分析了载氧生物炭对水稻土-水稻体系砷迁移的阻控效应.结果表明,添加载氧核桃壳炭降低了水稻土间隙水pH值、减缓了DO的下降并改善了Eh.在氮转化方面,载氧核桃壳炭显著提高了水稻土amoA基因的绝对丰度(P<0.05)从而促进了硝化过程,并通过减少氧化亚氮的释放减缓了总氮的流失.在砷迁移方面,载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组中水稻土As(III)含量占比在实验结束时分别为42.6%与51.9%,均显著低于对照组(90.2%) (P<0.05).载氧生物炭添加组水稻株高和分蘖数明显升高,水稻根部铁斑块As保留量浓度最高达18.4mg/kg,为对照组的4.2倍,同时载氧核桃壳炭组水稻中砷含量较对照组降低46.3%,这表明载氧生物炭增加了水稻根系的铁斑块浓度,使得更多砷被根系固定,减轻了水稻中砷的积累.研究结果为生物炭对水稻土中氮流失及水稻中砷的阻控提供了新的思路.

生物炭  /  氮转化  /  砷迁移  /  铁斑块

In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment to study the effects of oxygen-loaded biochar on nitrogen transformation and arsenic migration in paddy soil, and to assess the inhibition effect of oxygen-loaded biochar on arsenic migration in paddy soil-rice system. The results showed that the oxygen-loaded walnut shell biochar reduced the pH of pore water, alleviated the decline of DO and increased Eh. Meanwhile, the abundance of amoA gene in the paddy soil significantly increased(P<0.05), which promoted the nitrification process. Also the the release of nitrous oxide was reduced and the loss of total nitrogen was depressed. After 80days, the arsenic(III)content in the paddy soil in the oxygen-loaded biochar and biochar applied treatment accounted for 42.6%、51.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower(P<0.05)than that in control(90.2%). The amendment of oxygen-loaded biochar was also responsible for the increase in the height and tillers of rice, as well as the accumulation of iron plaque around rice root, which reached 18.4 mg/kg and was 4.2 times higher than that in control. Therefore, the arsenic content in rice was reduced by 46.3%. This indicates that the addition of oxygen-loaded biochar in paddy soil increased the concentration of iron plaque in rice roots, led to more arsenic fixation, and triggered the reduction in the accumulation of arsenic in rice. The results offer a new sight to inhibit the nitrogen loss in paddy soil and arsenic mitigation in rice.

biochar  /  nitrogen transformation  /  arsenic mitigation  /  iron plaque
丁一淇, 黄邓铃尧, 唐炳然, 粟思橙, 谢正权, 何强, 李宏. 载氧生物炭对水稻土中氮转化及砷迁移的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1410 -1421 .
Yi-qi DING, Deng-ling-yao HUANG, Bing-ran TANG, Si-cheng SU, Zheng-quan XIE, Qiang HE, Hong LI. Effects of oxygen-loaded biochar on nitrogen transformation and arsenic migration in paddy soil[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1410 -1421 .
近年来采矿、冶金以及砷剂的大量应用造成了土壤与水体中的砷污染[1-2],土壤砷污染已成为我国严重的环境问题[3].水稻较其他农作物更容易吸收土壤中的砷,并将砷通过食物链进入人体[4].稻田土壤中砷主要以无机砷(三价砷As(Ⅲ)、五价砷As(Ⅴ))存在,而有机砷(一甲基砷酸(MMA(Ⅴ))与二甲基砷酸(DMA(Ⅴ))等)含量很低,尚未构成环境风险.稻田土壤中砷的毒性和移动性与其赋存形态密切相关,其转化主要由微生物驱动,并受pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、可溶性有机物(DOM)、铁(锰)氧化物等多种因素影响[5-6].其中土壤Eh是影响As赋存形态和生物有效性的重要土壤理化性质之一.不同Eh下As在土壤中的移动性及其在土壤溶液中的含量差别很大.稻田土壤Eh主要受水分条件影响,淹水期土壤Eh显著降低,铁(氢)氧化物被还原溶解,As(V)被还原成移动性强的As(III),更多As转变为生物有效态;非淹水时期的稻田土壤As主要与铁(氢)氧化物结合,移动性显著降低,不足淹水条件下10%[5].此外,土壤pH值也可影响As的生物有效性,例如以往研究发现当土壤pH值降低时土壤As含量与水稻对As吸收量均增加[7].
目前已有研究发现稻田土壤的氮会影响砷的形态转化.例如Chen等[8]发现硝酸盐(NO3-)能抑制Fe3+的还原或促进Fe2+的氧化,从而导致As被Fe吸附或是与Fe共沉淀.此外,NO3-可作为强氧化剂,将As(III)氧化成As(V),而As(V)易被铁(氢)氧化物吸附从而减少水稻对As的吸收[9-10].也有研究表明土壤中的氮循环也会显著影响砷的形态转化,进而影响砷的移动性和有效性[11-12].其中,硝化和反硝化作用有利于砷的吸附固定[13-14],而厌氧氨氧化、铁氨氧化及硝酸盐异化还原成铵可促进砷的还原释放[15-17].此外,反硝化作用也可以耦合砷脱甲基化过程,导致砷毒性提高.目前已证实水稻土中氮循环的多个过程与砷形态转化过程存在耦合作用,而在水稻土的理化性质中,溶解氧(DO)水平对氮与砷的形态及行为均有调控作用.水稻土中的溶解氧主要来自大气中氧的溶解和水稻根系泌氧,其变化会改变土壤氧化还原电位、离子形态与微生物活动进而直接或间接影响氮循环[18].而在砷形态转化方面,已有研究发现,由于离子交换和厌氧还原,低DO含量的条件下沉积物中As的释放量及释放速率都高于高DO含量条件[19].在间歇式有氧-水淹处理下As的释放量会随着有氧处理时间延长而降低[20],而在长期的厌氧-淹水条件下释放量会升高[20-21].
在水稻土中,添加生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮素利用的一种常用措施[22-23],其能促进水稻根系吸附养分和氮的利用[24],并提高相关微生物群落的丰度和活性[25].Lyu等[26]研究表明,施加负载铁的生物炭显著减少了砷污染稻田中水稻根系和水稻籽粒中的As含量.近年来,生物炭与载氧技术的联用逐渐受到研究者的关注.本团队前期发现载氧生物炭在41d内明显改善了水体和沉积物的DO水平[27],也有学者证实载氧生物炭可以在28~90d持续释放氧气[28-29],其氧气释放的持续时长主要取决于生物炭的孔隙结构和比表面积[27-30],但已有相关研究主要关注其在沉积物修复方面的应用.目前,有部分研究开始关注载氧生物炭在水稻土-水稻体系中的对重金属污染物迁移的影响.例如Chu等[29]发现载氧纳米气泡的生物炭在90d实验期内通过释放氧气抑制了Cu从土壤向水稻的迁移和累积,并促进了作物生长.Sha等[31]也发现施加载氧生物炭抑制水稻土中的As向水稻的迁移.但目前相关研究仅关注了载氧生物炭对重金属污染物形态变化与迁移的影响,忽视了其对水稻土氮循环的影响,尤其是在氮循环与砷形态转化可能存在耦合作用的情况下.
基于此,本研究选用我国西南地区常见的水稻以及水稻土为研究对象,选择市场上常见的商用生物炭作为氧气载体,研究了投加载氧生物炭对砷污染水稻土中氮砷形态的影响,并分析了载氧生物炭对水稻土-水稻体系中水稻生长和砷累积的影响,剖析了添加载氧生物炭对水稻土砷阻控的效果.研究结果有望为砷污染水稻土的治理提供新的视角和理论基础.
于重庆市梁平区(116°57.384'N,26°32.307'E)稻田采集表层土壤(0~20cm).土壤质地为粉质黏土,pH值为7.08,总氮含量为2120mg/kg,氨氮含量为12.5mg/kg,硝酸盐氮含量为91.4mg/kg,总砷浓度为0.01mg/kg.土壤在室内自然风干破碎后通过2mm的筛子并充分混合均匀.以亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2,99%分析纯,中国天津)溶液对土壤进行3周老化,土壤总砷浓度为78.3mg/kg左右,用以模拟砷污染的土壤条件.
核桃壳炭(粒径为2~3cm)购买自炭之家批发厂.将核桃壳炭使用多功能粉碎机(JK-G-100A2,上海精学,中国)进行研磨.经研磨过筛后,选取30g粒径为1~3mm的核桃壳炭,放入烘箱(JC-9030A,精诚仪器,中国)中,在80℃温度下烘烤24h.随后,取出材料放入高压真空泵中抽真空2h.关闭真空阀后通入O2,在0.8MPa下持续载氧4h.上述操作重复3~4次.完成载氧后,迅速将材料加入装有水的气瓶中并紧密包裹气瓶口,并通过排水法测量得到100g核桃壳炭可以负载80mL的氧气.
水稻种子购自重庆市梁平区农资店,为当地大面积种植品种.选取大小均匀且籽粒饱满的水稻种子,在用1%NaClO浸泡20min消毒后,用超纯水充分漂洗,避光浸种48h,随后置于光照培养箱(GZX-250BSH-Ⅲ,上海新苗,中国)中于25℃避光发芽,待水稻发芽后挑选长势良好的幼苗转移入营养液中继续培养,营养液配方参照国际水稻研究所常规营养液[32].培养条件:光/暗为12h/12h,光照强度2000lx,相对湿度75%,温度25℃,每2d换一次营养液.培养20d后,挑选长势良好的幼苗进行后续实验.
设置三个处理组:不施加生物炭的对照组、施加核桃壳炭、施加载氧核桃壳炭,每个处理设置6个重复.处理组中每盆(高24cm,直径15cm)装4kg的土壤、40g的生物炭以及5L水,其中400g土壤放置在孔径为30µm的尼龙根袋中,并将20d龄水稻幼苗移栽至中央根袋中,每个根袋中装有3株幼苗.实验过程中淹水深度为3~5cm,温度维持在30~35℃,每天12h光照和12h黑暗交替.每次取样后以原位水补充至原水位.
实验期间每10d使用抽滤式孔隙水采样器(Rhizon,南京智感有限公司)收集一次土壤间隙水,测量总氮(TN)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮浓度,水样的处理和测定方法按照《水和废水监测分析方法》[33].使用透明聚氯乙烯柱(高90cm,直径30cm)收集气体,计算得到N2O浓度.界面处pH值和Eh使用土壤氧化还原电位仪计测定,用溶解氧仪测量DO浓度.实验进行40d后,每10d测量水稻株高及分蘖数.
在第0,40,80d时进行破坏性采样,使用薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)测量沉积物-水界面的氨氮、硝酸盐氮以及As(Ⅲ)和As(V)浓度.测量界面处(沉积物表层下0~2cm)沉积物的氨氮、硝酸盐氮以及As(Ⅲ)和As(V)浓度.水体中As(Ⅲ)和As(V)浓度通过电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)法测定,土壤中砷形态及含量采用Tessier五步连续提取法提取[34-35],并使用ICP-MS法测定.
在第0,40,80d时,取沉积物表层1cm土壤样品于-80℃条件下保存并使用MOBIO Power土壤DNA分离试剂盒(美吉实验室,中国上海)进行土壤DNA提取.通过定量PCR法测定水稻土中硝化基因(amoA),亚硝酸盐氮还原基因(narG,napA,nirS,nirK),砷氧化酶基因(aioA)的绝对丰度.
实验结束时,用尼龙根袋采集植物和根际土壤.将一部分新鲜的饱和土壤样品用液氮快速冷冻,用于砷分馏分析,并取新鲜水稻根进行铁斑提取以测定水稻中的铁和砷浓度.
使用Excel软件对实验数据进行整理和计算,采用Origin 9.5进行绘图.通过SPSS 22.0在P<0.05(双尾)显著性水平上进行相关性分析.采用SPSS 20.0进行双向方差分析(ANOVA)以及采用Duncan多重范围检验的单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05表示样本之间存在显著差异.
图1a所示,各处理组pH值先上升后下降,实验30d至实验结束期间对照组pH值最高,核桃壳炭组次之,而施加了载氧核桃壳炭的处理组pH值最低,实验结束时其pH值为6.70.图1b为实验中三个处理组DO浓度变化,实验开始后各组DO浓度逐渐上升且于第10d左右达到最高,此后各组DO浓度一直下降直到实验结束,其中载氧核桃壳炭组DO浓度在全过程中始终高于另两组.实验中三组初始Eh均为263mV左右,在0~20d期间各组Eh急剧下降,20~30d期间下降速度减慢,40d后各组Eh基本保持稳定,实验第40~80d期间载氧核桃壳炭组Eh保持在-15~5mV,而对照组和核桃壳炭组在第40d时Eh分别为-65mV、-41mV,第80d时Eh分别为-85mV、-50mV(图1c).
各组间隙水中氨氮浓度在0~40d内变化趋势一致,第40d时对照组与核桃壳炭组中氨氮浓度较实验初始变化不显著(P>0.05),而载氧核桃壳炭组间隙水氨氮浓度变化显著(P<0.05),从实验开始时的0.1mg/L上升至0.59mg/L;核桃壳炭组氨氮浓度在50d时达最高(0.81mg/L),而对照组在第50d下降至0.28mg/L后基本稳定,载氧核桃壳炭组氨氮浓度在40d、70d时各有一个高峰(图2a).各组间隙水硝酸盐氮浓度变化见图2b,各组间隙水硝酸盐氮浓度于40d时达最高,40d后对照组间隙水中硝酸盐氮浓度逐渐降低,而添加了生物炭的两组在40~50d期间间隙水硝酸盐氮浓度基本维持不变,50d后再逐渐降低.实验结束时,对照组和载氧核桃壳炭组硝酸盐氮浓度较初始均显著上升(P<0.05)且载氧核桃壳炭组硝酸盐氮浓度显著高于另两个处理组(P<0.05),而对照组和核桃壳炭组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).实验第30d时三个处理组间隙水总氮浓度达最高,对照组、载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组间隙水总氮浓度分别为5.92,5.18,6.09mg/L,相较于初始分别升高了27.7%、4.2%与34.5%.实验结束时,三者间隙水总氮浓度较初始值均显著下降(P<0.05),此时载氧核桃壳炭组间隙水中总氮浓度为3.36mg/L,而核桃壳炭组与对照组分别为3.13mg/L与3.04mg/L(图2c).
图2d所示,实验开始后各组N2O排放通量逐渐升高并于第50d时达到最高,此时添加生物炭的两处理组的N2O排放通量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但生物炭是否载氧处理未对两组间的N2O排放通量造成显著差异(P>0.05).50d后各组N2O排放通量逐渐下降,实验结束时对照组、载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组间的N2O排放通量分别为初始时的5.9倍、3.64倍与3.64倍.整个实验周期中添加载氧生物炭与未载氧生物炭的水稻土累积释放的N2O排放量比对照组的释放量分别减少了98.1%和92.6%.
初始时水稻土-水界面处氨氮,硝酸盐氮浓度分别为0.02,0.32mg/L;第40d时对照组界面处氨氮与硝酸盐氮浓度分别为0.01,1.5mg/L.由图3c、3e可知在实验第40d、第80d时体系中施加了生物炭的两组中载氧处理的组氨氮浓度更高,对照组氨氮浓度最低,且各处理组氨氮浓度相较于初始时均下降.对比图3a、3c、3e,载氧核桃壳炭提高了实验过程中水面以上的氨氮浓度,并明显减缓了沉积物中氨氮浓度的降低速度.如图3b、3d、3f所示,在实验期间各组硝酸盐氮浓度逐渐升高,对照组的硝酸盐氮浓度介于三组中间,载氧生物炭添加组硝酸盐氮浓度上升幅度最大.施加未载氧核桃壳炭的处理组中硝酸盐氮浓度升高幅度最小,尤其在水稻土-水界面下32mm以上深度时,实验进行40d时该深度以上核桃壳炭组中硝酸盐氮浓度最低,至实验第80d时该组硝酸盐氮浓度与对照组硝酸盐氮浓度差距减小,但仍低于载氧核桃壳添加组的硝酸盐氮浓度.
图4a所示,初始土壤有机氮含量均为2000mg/kg,并随实验进行逐渐下降,实验第40d、80d时添加核桃壳炭的两个处理组的土壤有机氮显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且两组间土壤中有机氮浓度无显著差异(P>0.05);实验结束时,载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组土壤有机氮含量相较于对照组分别降低了12.4%、11.2%.试验期间,对照组土壤中的硝酸盐氮浓度下降19.6%,然而载氧核桃壳炭组和核桃壳炭组土壤硝酸盐氮含量分别上升了43.3%和24.9%.整个实验周期中载氧核桃壳炭组土壤中硝酸盐氮浓度均显著高于核桃壳炭组和对照组(P<0.05,图4b).由图4c可知核桃壳炭组氨氮浓度在实验结束时较初始时上升了25.7%为42.36mg/kg,而载氧核桃壳组和对照组土壤氨氮浓度分别为34.61mg/kg与8.01mg/kg,载氧核桃壳炭组和核桃壳炭组土壤氨氮含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).
三个处理组土壤中微生物功能基因丰度呈现出一致的上升趋势(图5),且载氧核桃壳炭组各个功能基因的丰度显著高于另两组(P<0.05),核桃壳炭组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),此外不同处理组间同一基因绝对丰度差值随实验进行而逐渐增加.各组上述基因中,amoA基因的绝对丰度变化幅度最大,载氧核桃壳炭组amoA基因在实验第40d时绝对丰度为9.872×107copies/g,为对照组的2.8倍并且在实验进行80d时增幅为对照组的3.7倍,是实验初始时的5.9倍,这表明载氧核桃壳炭组促进硝化的作用最强.实验第40,80d时施加核桃壳炭的两组中nirSnirK基因绝对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05,图5b和5c),napAnarG基因绝对丰度也显示相同的结果.实验结束时,对照组、核桃壳炭组与载氧核桃壳炭组aioA基因绝对丰度分别为1.011×108,1.301×108,1.941×108copies/g,核桃壳炭组与载氧核桃壳炭组aioA基因绝对丰度分别为处理组的1.3倍和1.9倍(图5f).
实验第40d时对照组、核桃壳炭组及载氧核桃壳炭组水稻株高分别为9.2,12.6,13.5cm(图6a),这表明核桃壳炭促进水稻的生长.在整个实验期间载氧核桃壳炭组水稻株高始终高于另两组,三个处理组中水稻的株高在实验第40d和第80d时存在显著差异(P<0.05).至实验结束载氧核桃壳炭组水稻株高最高(28.3cm),核桃炭组株高次之(24.2cm),对照组株高最低(20.0cm).对照组、核桃壳炭组及载氧核桃壳炭组株高生长率分别为0.27cm/d、0.29cm/d和0.37cm/d,载氧核桃壳炭组水稻的生长率分别比另两组高37.0%和27.6%.
实验进行80d时载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组水稻土As(III)含量占比分别为42.6%、51.9%,显著低于对照组90.2%的As(III)含量占比(P<0.05,图6b),此结果表明生物炭有效降低了水稻土中As(III)含量,并促进As(III)向移动性差的As(V)转化,并且载氧处理的生物炭有更强的促进作用.通过图6c可知,载氧核桃壳炭的施加显著减少了水稻中的砷(P<0.05),载氧核桃壳炭添加组的水稻中砷含量相较于对照组减少46.3%为2.9mg/kg.相比之下未载氧的核桃壳炭组中水稻砷含量为4.1mg/kg,较对照组减少24.1%.
载氧核桃壳炭组水稻铁斑块浓度和铁斑块中砷浓度最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.001),分别为对照组的4.2倍和5.1倍,而未载氧的核桃壳炭组铁斑块浓度和铁斑块中砷浓度也显著高于对照组(P<0.01),分别为对照组的1.3倍和1.4倍(图6e、6f).
实验第40d时对照组、载氧核桃壳炭组及核桃壳炭组土壤中硝酸盐氮含量分别为74.80,119.24,94.02mg/kg,氨氮含量分别为8.01,34.61,42.36mg/kg.整个实验过程中(图5),载氧核桃壳炭组的DO与Eh均高于对照组与核桃壳炭组(图1),同时图4中可见第40,80d时amoA基因的绝对丰度由高到低依次为:载氧核桃壳炭组、核桃壳炭组、对照组.这表明载氧核桃壳炭的加入通过提高土壤DO、Eh以及amoA基因的表达促进了体系中的硝化反应,且载氧核桃壳炭的促进效果比未载氧核桃壳炭更好.
由于施加生物炭会使得土壤中硝酸盐氮含量提升[36],同时考虑载氧核桃壳炭组DO与Eh始终显著高于对照组与核桃壳炭组,该条件下更容易使土壤氧化[37],最终导致该条件下载氧核桃壳炭组土壤硝酸盐氮含量最高达128.46mg/kg.结合3b、3d及3f可知,实验第40d与第80d时载氧核桃壳炭组水相与沉积物相中硝酸盐氮浓度为三组中最高,这与载氧核桃壳炭组土壤中硝酸盐氮含量结果一致.根据图7对各组中pH值、DO、Eh与间隙水氮素指标进行主成分分析发现:载氧核桃壳炭的加入使得氨氮与硝酸盐氮之间的正相关关系最强,即由于土壤有机氮的矿化使得氨氮浓度增大,载氧核桃壳炭促进氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮,且此时O2浓度最高导致反硝化过程被抑制,以上过程最终导致载氧核桃壳炭组体系中硝酸盐氮浓度最高,同时结合图中载氧核桃壳炭组DO与氨氮的负相关关系为三组中最强,进一步证明载氧核桃壳组通过提高DO浓度促进了体系中的硝化作用.
图4可知,核桃壳炭和载氧核桃壳炭的施加促进了nirSnirK基因的表达从而增加了这两种基因的绝对丰度,而这两种基因主导亚硝酸盐氮向N2O转化,产生N2O气体.然而这与图4.2d中载氧核桃壳炭组与核桃壳炭组N2O释放通量反而低于对照组的结果不一致.Qiu等[38]的研究发现中性(pH=6.6-7.3)和弱碱性(pH=7.4-7.8)时促使N2O还原为N2的N2O还原酶活性同样较高,且N2O最终产量取决N2O/(N2O+N2)以及反硝化基因丰度比(nirK+nirS)/nosZI,nosZ正是编码N2O还原酶的关键基因.此外,Wang等[39]的研究发现沉积物中nosZ丰度与C/N和DO密切相关.同时,也有研究表明土壤N2O产量也与amoA基因呈极强的负相关关系(P=-0.68)[40].综上可知,本研究中载氧核桃壳炭施加组N2O气体释放量最低的原因可能是添加载氧核桃壳炭提高了土壤中的DO、Eh及pH值水平,这使得编码N2O还原酶的nosZ基因的绝对丰度增幅高于nirSnirK基因总绝对丰度的增幅,从而使得反硝化基因丰度比(nirK+nirS)/nosZI下降,并且载氧核桃炭促进了与N2O产量呈负相关关系的amoA基因的表达,进而导致N2O释放量降低.
图6a可知,载氧核桃壳炭添加组水稻株高及分蘖数最高,至实验结束时(第80d)该组水稻株高为28.4cm,而核桃壳炭组次之,这可能是由于载氧核桃壳炭加入后使得氧气扩散到土壤中从而促进根系活性和植物生长[41-42].
前人研究表明,生物炭的施加会降低大部分重金属阳离子的流动性,而其对重金属阴离子流动性的影响则呈现差异,负载零价铁的生物炭会降低水稻土中As含量[26],含磷的生物炭的施用则可能因为磷酸盐与As争夺吸附点位导致As解吸从而促进土壤中As的流动性[43-44],生物炭本身含有的可溶性有机碳有可能增大As的流动性.结合图6b发现核桃壳炭组土壤中As(III)含量占比(51.9%)已低于对照组(90.2%),表明本研究中采用的核桃壳炭能够降低As的流动性.
以往研究表明,土壤Eh会影响As赋存形态和生物有效性.土壤Eh较低时促进铁(氢)氧化物被还原溶解、As(V)被还原成As(III),使得大量移动性强的As(III)被迅速释放到土壤溶液中,As生物有效性因而明显升高;而较高的土壤Eh下,土壤中As主要与铁(氢)氧化物结合,As移动性明显降低,土壤溶液中As(III)含量降至淹水条件下的10%以下[5].结合图1图6b可知,载氧核桃壳炭改善了淹水条件下的低Eh状态,使得稻田土壤As以低移动性的As(V)为主要形态,降低了水稻土中As的生物有效性,减少水稻对As的吸收.
铁斑块能够将As隔离在水稻根系外[45-46].已有研究表明,根际铁斑块的形成与微生物、根系分泌物、根系泌氧能力、植物基因型、酶活性等生物因素和土壤有机质、pH值、Eh、土壤质地、土壤中Fe、P有效性等非生物因素密切相关[47],而水稻土淹水条件下增加DO和Eh水平有利于铁斑块的形成[48-50].本研究表明核桃壳生物炭具有改善土壤pH值、Eh以及土壤质地的作用,而载氧核桃壳炭的加入增加了水稻土中DO含量,进而促进铁斑块形成.结合图4可知载氧生物炭的加入促进了硝化作用进而导致硝酸盐氮浓度增大,而硝酸盐氮可抑制铁矿物的还原溶解而增加土壤中Fe3+的含量[51],而Fe3+不仅是组成水稻根系铁斑块的重要组分[52],还促使As(III)向As(Ⅴ)转化进而增加铁斑块对As的吸附能力[53-54].实验结束时对照组土壤中As(III)含量占比为90.2%,而载氧核桃壳炭组As(III)含量占比为42.6%,核桃壳炭组中As(III)含量占比为51.9%(图6b),根据图6c可知各组水稻中砷含量最低的是载氧核桃壳炭组(2.9mg/kg),核桃壳炭组居中(4.1mg/kg),对照组最高(5.4mg/kg).以上结果表明施用载氧核桃壳炭减少了水稻对土壤中As的吸收.实验第80d时水稻铁斑块浓度和铁斑块中砷的浓度如图6d和图6e所示,载氧核桃壳炭组水稻根部铁斑块浓度达对照组的4.1倍,相比之下核桃壳炭组水稻根部铁斑块浓度仅为对照组的1.3倍,且载氧核桃壳炭组水稻根系铁斑块中的As保留量是对照组的4.2倍.
综上,如图8所示,对照组中由于淹水条件下的缺氧环境导致水稻土中有较高的砷含量.由于砷对水稻的毒性作用及对氮转化相关功能基因的抑制,最终不利于水稻的生长并使得氮素多以N2O的形式逸散.施加核桃壳炭提高了水稻土的pH值、Eh,改善了土壤的理化性质,促进了土壤中的氮转化基因的表达从而增加了水稻土中氨氮和硝酸盐氮含量.施加载氧核桃壳炭较普通核桃壳炭更明显地改善了土壤Eh.水稻土中硝化反应相关基因的绝对丰度以及硝酸盐氮含量更高,使得土壤中铁斑块重要组分Fe3+含量增加.并且载氧核桃壳炭通过缓慢释放O2,提高了水稻土中DO水平,进一步将土壤中的Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,极大地促进水稻根系铁斑块的形成.此外,施加载氧核桃壳炭的水稻土中更高的DO水平使得As(III)更多地被氧化为As(Ⅴ),减弱了As的迁移性与生物可利用性,而且水稻根系铁斑块对As(Ⅴ)有着更好的吸附作用,这进一步减少了As在水稻中的累积,促进了水稻的生长(图6a、图6c).但需注意的是,本研究所提出的基于载氧生物炭调控水稻土氮转化及砷迁移的技术,目前人处于实验室研究阶段,未来需进一步结合不同种类生物炭的载氧与释氧性能,持续优化该技术并降低技术成本,同时,进一步通过大田实验验证其效果.
4.1 相较于对照组,载氧核桃壳炭通过释放了氧气增加了水稻土DO含量与Eh值,相较于普通生物炭组和对照组显著促进硝化基因的表达(P<0.05),导致土壤和间隙水中硝酸盐氮含量增加,同时将N2O的排放降低了98.1%.
4.2 载氧核桃壳炭组通过促进有机氮的矿化提高了氨氮浓度,该体系中间隙水中硝酸盐氮含量与氨氮浓度的正相关性最强,说明氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮,而此时高O2浓度抑制反硝化导致此体系中硝酸盐氮浓度最高,间隙水中DO与氨氮含量的负相关关系最强,表明载氧核桃壳组通过提高DO浓度促进了体系中的硝化作用.
4.3 载氧核桃壳炭的添加促进了水稻生长与水稻根部铁斑块的形成,并驱动了As(III)向As(Ⅴ)的转化,使得As更易被铁斑块吸附,进而抑制As向水稻中转移,明显减少了砷污染水稻土中水稻体内的As含量.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370199)
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0092)
  • 重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYB240042)
  • 重庆英才计划“包干制”项目(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0204)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370199)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0092)
重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYB240042)
重庆英才计划“包干制”项目(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0204)
作者信息
    1.重庆大学,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400045
    2.中建五局土木工程有限公司,湖南 长沙 410004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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