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The collaborative ecological governance demonstration test project in the coal gangue backfills subsidence area of a city in Shaanxi Province provided an example for this study. This research investigated the environmental pollution risks in the backfill area, where coal gangue was used as the backfill material. It analyzed the spatiotemporal laws of heavy metal leaching and migration. The variation and processes of heavy metals in the soil were simulated using Hydrus-1D.A comparison of measured values from the soil column experiment with the simulated values verified the model, and the analysis identified relationships between infiltration distances at different periods and concentration equilibrium times in various soil layers. The results demonstrated that the established model effectively simulated the migration and change patterns of heavy metals in the soil of the backfill area. Over time, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals varied with depth, ranked as Cr(Ⅵ)= Pb>Ni>Hg, with maximum migration distances of 21.60, 21.60, 20.70 and 16.20m, respectively. At different soil layer depths, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals followed the order Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg. The concentration trends increased rapidly and stabilized, with none exceeding the limit values. The findings confirmed no significant environmental pollution impacts occurred in the coal gangue backfill subsidence area.

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以陕西省某市煤矸石回填塌陷区协同生态治理示范试验项目为例,探讨煤矸石作为塌陷区回填材料对回填区域环境污染风险,分析重金属淋溶迁移时空规律.利用Hydrus-1D模拟了回填区域煤矸石淋溶后的重金属在土壤中的迁移时空变化规律及过程,并通过土柱实验实测值与模拟值进行对比验证,得到其在不同时间段的入渗距离和在不同土层的浓度平衡时间关系.结果表明,建立的模型可有效模拟该回填区域重金属在土壤中的迁移变化规律;随着时间的推移,重金属淋溶浓度随着深度改变有所不同,为Cr(Ⅵ)=Pb>Ni>Hg,最大迁移距离分别为21.60,21.60,20.70和16.20m.在不同土层深度下,重金属的淋溶浓度大小为Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg,浓度趋势呈先快速升高后逐渐平缓的状态,均未超过限值,煤矸石回填塌陷区基本无环境污染影响.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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冯印成(1996-),男,河北人,助理工程师,硕士,主要从事矿山固废资源化利用研究及生态修复.发表论文6篇..

, authorsList=冯印成, 赵康, 田向勤, 马超, 聂晶磊, 胡华龙)}, authors=[Author(id=1241116659302331254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fengyincheng@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241116659423966087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, authorId=1241116659302331254, language=EN, stringName=Yin-cheng FENG, firstName=Yin-cheng, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Solids Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241116659516240786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, authorId=1241116659302331254, language=CN, stringName=冯印成, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心,北京 100029, bio={"content":"

冯印成(1996-),男,河北人,助理工程师,硕士,主要从事矿山固废资源化利用研究及生态修复.发表论文6篇..

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冯印成(1996-),男,河北人,助理工程师,硕士,主要从事矿山固废资源化利用研究及生态修复.发表论文6篇..

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Overview of leaching experiment results for coal gangue(mg/L)

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检测指标单位煤矸石标准限值
砷Asmg/L0.01110.05
汞Hgmg/L0.000220.0001
铜Cumg/L0.041.0
铅Pbmg/L0.80.05
镍Nimg/L0.060.02
Cr(Ⅵ)mg/L0.4890.05
氟化物mg/L0.481.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667762242022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤矸石浸出实验结果一览表(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测指标单位煤矸石标准限值
砷Asmg/L0.01110.05
汞Hgmg/L0.000220.0001
铜Cumg/L0.041.0
铅Pbmg/L0.80.05
镍Nimg/L0.060.02
Cr(Ⅵ)mg/L0.4890.05
氟化物mg/L0.481.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668018094592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main parameters of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型残余含水率θr饱和含水率θs土壤持水参数α(1/cm)土壤持水指数n土壤饱和水渗透系数Ks(cm·d)有效孔隙度n土壤密度ρ(mg/cm3)纵向弥散系数DL(cm2/d)
黄土0.0340.460.0161.3760.51.510
粘土型矸石0.0680.380.0081.094.80.51.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668181672464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649672208579, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型残余含水率θr饱和含水率θs土壤持水参数α(1/cm)土壤持水指数n土壤饱和水渗透系数Ks(cm·d)有效孔隙度n土壤密度ρ(mg/cm3)纵向弥散系数DL(cm2/d)
黄土0.0340.460.0161.3760.51.510
粘土型矸石0.0680.380.0081.094.80.51.28
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煤矸石回填塌陷区重金属淋溶迁移时空规律
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冯印成 , 赵康 * , 田向勤 , 马超 , 聂晶磊 , 胡华龙
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1422-1430
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1422-1430
煤矸石回填塌陷区重金属淋溶迁移时空规律
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冯印成 , 赵康* , 田向勤, 马超, 聂晶磊, 胡华龙
作者信息
  • 生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心,北京 100029
  • 冯印成(1996-),男,河北人,助理工程师,硕士,主要从事矿山固废资源化利用研究及生态修复.发表论文6篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Research on spatiotemporal patterns of heavy metal leaching and migration in coal gangue backfill subsidence area
Yin-cheng FENG , Kang ZHAO* , Xiang-qin TIAN, Chao MA, Jing-lei NIE, Hua-long HU
Affiliations
  • Solids Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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以陕西省某市煤矸石回填塌陷区协同生态治理示范试验项目为例,探讨煤矸石作为塌陷区回填材料对回填区域环境污染风险,分析重金属淋溶迁移时空规律.利用Hydrus-1D模拟了回填区域煤矸石淋溶后的重金属在土壤中的迁移时空变化规律及过程,并通过土柱实验实测值与模拟值进行对比验证,得到其在不同时间段的入渗距离和在不同土层的浓度平衡时间关系.结果表明,建立的模型可有效模拟该回填区域重金属在土壤中的迁移变化规律;随着时间的推移,重金属淋溶浓度随着深度改变有所不同,为Cr(Ⅵ)=Pb>Ni>Hg,最大迁移距离分别为21.60,21.60,20.70和16.20m.在不同土层深度下,重金属的淋溶浓度大小为Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg,浓度趋势呈先快速升高后逐渐平缓的状态,均未超过限值,煤矸石回填塌陷区基本无环境污染影响.

煤矸石  /  重金属  /  土壤污染  /  溶质迁移  /  生态环境

The collaborative ecological governance demonstration test project in the coal gangue backfills subsidence area of a city in Shaanxi Province provided an example for this study. This research investigated the environmental pollution risks in the backfill area, where coal gangue was used as the backfill material. It analyzed the spatiotemporal laws of heavy metal leaching and migration. The variation and processes of heavy metals in the soil were simulated using Hydrus-1D.A comparison of measured values from the soil column experiment with the simulated values verified the model, and the analysis identified relationships between infiltration distances at different periods and concentration equilibrium times in various soil layers. The results demonstrated that the established model effectively simulated the migration and change patterns of heavy metals in the soil of the backfill area. Over time, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals varied with depth, ranked as Cr(Ⅵ)= Pb>Ni>Hg, with maximum migration distances of 21.60, 21.60, 20.70 and 16.20m, respectively. At different soil layer depths, the leaching concentrations of heavy metals followed the order Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg. The concentration trends increased rapidly and stabilized, with none exceeding the limit values. The findings confirmed no significant environmental pollution impacts occurred in the coal gangue backfill subsidence area.

coal gangue  /  heavy metals  /  soil pollution  /  solute migration  /  ecological environment
冯印成, 赵康, 田向勤, 马超, 聂晶磊, 胡华龙. 煤矸石回填塌陷区重金属淋溶迁移时空规律. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1422 -1430 .
Yin-cheng FENG, Kang ZHAO, Xiang-qin TIAN, Chao MA, Jing-lei NIE, Hua-long HU. Research on spatiotemporal patterns of heavy metal leaching and migration in coal gangue backfill subsidence area[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1422 -1430 .
我国富煤、贫油、少气的能源结构特点,决定了煤炭能源对国家及各地区的经济发展起着至关重要的作用[1-3].煤炭高强度的开采和洗选,造成地表沉降,塌陷坑等塌陷地貌,这直接影响到土壤的各项理化性质和地形地貌等[4-6].采煤造成的塌陷地占煤炭开采破坏土地的91%,采煤还产生10%~25%不等的煤矸石[7-8].我国煤矸石综合利用率总体偏低,特别是煤炭资源集中区,利用率不足30%[9].成片采煤塌陷区和大量煤矸石堆存,不仅压占土地,污染周围土壤和地下水,还影响矿区居民的身体健康和财产安全[10-11].为实现矿区的绿色可持续发展,采煤塌陷区的生态环境重建和减少矸石山的污染风险,研究煤矸石综合利用“变废为宝”[12],提高采煤塌陷区域生态修复能力具有重要生态意义.
Hydrus-1D是由美国农业部国家盐分实验室开发的用于模拟一维水流,溶质等在饱和或非饱和介质中的迁移转化的软件[13-14],可模拟不同领域污染物溶质在土壤渗滤系统中的迁移特征[15-18].Talat等[19]使用系统模型来模拟土壤的含水量和基质势在两个坡度上的时间变化,而Farshad等[20]则使用模型来评估农田地下水的盐分传输规律.目前国内外对土壤水与盐分动态相互作用过程已有较深入的研究,但有关重金属污染物运移的研究还不多,罗杰等[21]通过构建重金属溶质的运移模型,探讨了化工厂中重金属污染在土壤里的分布和其在时空变化上的运移规律;焦独醒等[22]利用Hydrus-1D对Cr(VI)在负载针铁矿的石英砂(GCS)中的迁移规律进行研究.该模型在土壤学,环境学和水文地质学等多个学科中得到了广泛的应用[23],由于包气带环境与土壤渗滤系统的内部环境具有一定的相似性,所以可将Hydrus-1D引入用来模拟土壤渗滤系统中水分及水溶性污染物质的运动及迁移转化.
本文中煤矸石回填塌陷区协同生态治理,可有效解决煤矸石资源化利用问题,但煤矸石作为填料回填后对土壤和水体的影响程度尚不清晰.以陕西省某市煤矸石回填塌陷区协同生态治理示范试验项目为例,通过Hydrus-1D构建数学模型,研究煤矸石经淋溶后可溶解性重金属在土壤渗滤系统的运移变化规律,综合分析煤矸石中可溶解性重金属随雨水迁移进入土壤和水体造成的环境影响.根据重金属溶质迁移动态规律,对其入渗到土壤中的浓度和持续时间进行了量化分析,旨在为土壤中重金属淋溶的时空迁移规律提供科学依据.
研究区位于陕西省子长市某煤矿区(图1),项目区总面积29.89km2,地处陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区横山山脉,地势为西高东低,海拔1356m.矿区地质构造位置处于鄂尔多斯盆地中部次级构造单元陕北斜坡南部,地层向西微倾伏,含煤的三叠系瓦窑堡组岩层呈简单层状叠置.年平均气温9.1℃;降水量514.7mm,主要集中在7~9月,占全年降水量的70%;年平均蒸发量1738mm,降水量较少,分配不均匀,属于中温带大陆性暖温带干旱-半干旱季风性气候.
研究区土壤主要类型以黄绵土为主,土层厚度大,土壤贫瘠,水土流失严重.采用煤矸石回填塌陷区协同生态治理,将煤矸石按照一定厚度进行分层回填,所回填煤矸石以粘土型煤矸石为主.
煤矸石以填压方式修复塌陷区,矸石回填厚度为5m,上覆黄土隔离并压实,厚度为0.5m,当回填达到设计标准高度平台后,进行覆盖压实和植被恢复.地表平台需覆黄土两层,第一层为阻隔层,为0.5m,推平并压实,防止雨水渗入矸石层;第二层为覆盖层,为0.5m,用于后续植被恢复.根据充填次序方法,设计填充模型(图2),假设煤矸石经降雨长期淋溶后,可溶解性元素随雨水迁移进入土壤和水体,可能对土壤,地表水及地下水产生一定的影响,影响程度主要取决于淋溶液中污染物的排放情况.采用数值模拟的方法,预测污染因子在连续入渗情况下对土壤及地下水环境的影响.
按照《工业固体废物采样制样技术规范》(HJ/T 20-1998)[24]和《危险废物鉴别技术规范》(HJ298-2019)[25]标准,确定采样份样数.主要在矿区煤矸石胶带输送机上进行采样,连续9班次,每个班次采样份数为10份.对采集的煤矸石进行淋溶实验,得到样本pH值为10.1,按照《一般工业固体废物贮存和填埋污染控制标准》(GB 18599-2020)[26],本项目矸石为ⅠⅠ类一般工业固体废物.除pH值外,其他检测出的指标结果均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准限值[27],检出物与地表水质量对比由表1可知,与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)[28]中Ⅲ类水对标,Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)值略有超标,该标准值为集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值,煤矸石资源化利用及回填实施项目应远离集中式生活饮用水地表水源地.将重点关注Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)4种重金属特征因子(表1).
取研究区煤矸石样品和未污染的黄土,用分层装填法装填土柱(图3),每次煤矸石层为5cm,黄土层为0.5cm,柱高45cm,柱侧壁6.5,10,16和22cm处设置4个水样取样口,装置底部设置溢流口.选取其中一种污染物Pb2+按照浸出浓度进行土柱淋溶实验.
Hydrus-1D是一款溶质运移模拟软件,用于模拟一维饱和-非饱和土壤水分,热量和溶质运移等[29].运用Hydrus-1D建立土壤中的重金属溶质数值模拟模型,根据污染物在土壤中的迁移特征,选择水流入渗,溶质运移两个模块[30].
水流入渗采用经典Richards方程,其能同时测算地下水补给和数学求解等多方面的影响,并能模拟入渗水在土壤中的动态变化[31-32].Richards方程为土壤水分特征曲线公式(1)和土壤导水率公式(2).
式中:θ为土壤体积含水量,cm3/cm3h为压力水头,cm,饱和带大于0,非饱和带小于0;z为垂直方向坐标;t为时间变量,d;sk为非饱和渗透系数函数,cm/d;s为作物根系吸水率,cm3/(cm3·d),不考虑根系吸水时,s=0;α为水流方向与垂直方向夹角(α=0为垂直流,α=90°表示水平流,0<α<90°表示倾斜流);Kr为相对渗透系数,无量纲;Ks为饱和渗透系数,cm/d.
土壤水分特征曲线和土壤导水率可以使用Van Genuchten,Brooks-Corey及Kosugi等模型在Hydrus-1D中拟合[33].Van Genuchten模型由于适用范围广,模拟精度高,已被广泛应用到不同土壤研究中[34].忽略水流滞后现象,采用van Genuchten模型进行计算.Van Genuchten模型见式(3).
式中:θr为残余含水量;θs为饱和含水量;α为进气吸力值的倒数;n为孔径分布参数;m=1-1/n;h为压力水头.
2.1.1 初始条件可用初始压力水头h和土壤含水率θ0表示,其控制方程式见公式(4)和公式(5).
2.1.2 边界条件包括以下3种情况:第一类边界条件(Dirichet),变量已知边界,主要适用于压力入渗地表存在薄层积水及强烈蒸发表土达到了风干含水率.第二类边界条件,水流通量已知边界,主要适用于降雨,蒸发强大已知的边界,灌水入渗,不透水边界及无蒸发入渗边界.第三类边界条件,水流通量随边界上的变量θhm而变化的情况.
采用《环境影响评价技术导则土壤环境(试行)》(HJ964-2018)[35]给出的一维非饱和溶质垂向运移控制方程:
式中:θ为土壤含水率,%;z为垂项坐标(沿z轴的距离),cm;t为时间变量,dc为溶质浓度,mg/L;D为水动力弥散系数,m2/d;q为渗流速率,m/d.
初始条件:
边界条件:
第一类Dirichlet边界条件,如式(8)和式(9)所示:
该条件适用于连续点源.
该条件适用于非连续点源.
第二类Neumann零梯度边界,如公式(10)所示:
按照上述模型进行建模,结合煤矸石回填特点,对包气带进行概化,模拟包气带中污染因子的运移情况.土壤质地为黄土与粘土型矸石两种,顶部为1m厚黄土层,下部为5m厚矸石层与0.5m黄土层交替,在22m处设防渗层,共45m深,并具有排水特点.模型如图3所示,由第一层矸石底部开始设立4个观测点,深度分别为6.5,10,16和22m.
基于Hydrus-1D对土壤中的重金属污染物进行迁移研究须输入土壤特征参数和运移参数.土壤特征参数包括土壤的残余含水量,饱和含水量及土壤水力曲线参数等水分参数.运移参数包括渗透系数及弥散系数等.建立的模型忽略土壤对重金属的吸附及重金属在土壤中的物理,化学,生物反应,仅考虑对流及弥散作用.使用Van Genuchten方程进行溶质运移平衡计算.各参数采用软件中相应土壤的经验参数值,具体参数见表2.
在初始阶段,不考虑土壤中污染物的背景值,即假定土壤中污染物的浓度为0.水流入渗的上边界条件为大气自由降水边界,下边界条件为自由排水边界.溶质运移的上边界条件为浓度边界条件,下边界条件为零浓度梯度边界,污染物随降水入渗,设置浓度边界.污染物以连续点源形式垂直进入土壤环境,设定初始时间步长为0.01d,最小步长和最大步长分别为0.0l和10d,输出时间点数量为10个.选出重金属预测因子Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ),由实验所得浓度分别为0.00022,0.06,0.8和0.489mg/L.
模拟预测时间设定为煤矸石回填塌陷区,经降雨淋溶后,可溶解性重金属随雨水迁移进入土壤和水体后1~10a的迁移情况变化.
煤矸石样品经过浸出实验所得重金属Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度分别为0.00022,0.06,0.8和0.489mg/L,通过Hydrus-1D模拟所得4种重金属浓度分别为0.0003,0.0759,0.8378和0.5074mg/L.选取其中一种污染物Pb2+浓度值的实测值与模型模拟值进行对比,验证模型的可靠性.经过调参和验证,得到Pb2+的实测值和模拟值(图5).从图中可知,Pb2+实测值与模拟值较为一致,趋势线基本吻合,将两组数据进行拟合发现,实测值与模拟值差异性不显著,相关系数R2为0.73,模拟相关度较高,说明,模拟结果可靠,设置参数比较准确,可用于预测重金属淋溶在土壤中的实际模拟应用.
本研究结果分为二个部分,一是为模拟煤矸石浸出液的重金属迁移浓度和深度变化,量化不同溶质的迁移距离和时间的关系;二是为模拟重金属溶质持续垂直入渗,在不同土层观测点上达到平衡稳定状态所需的时间.
不同的污染物初始浓度以及土壤对各类重金属的独有吸附特性,导致土壤中重金属的积累和迁移范围各不相同[36].煤矸石经淋溶后,重金属污染物持续渗入土壤并不断迁移,模拟在不同时段(1~10a)重金属沿土壤迁移结果(图6),重金属持续以点源垂直入渗的形式进入土壤1a时,重金属Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大迁移距离分别为2.25,3.60,4.50和4.50m.此时重金属污染浓度出现最高值分别为0.0003,0.0759,0.8378和0.5074mg/L.入渗3a时Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大迁移距离分别为5.40,7.65,8.55,9.00m.入渗5a时Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大迁移距离分别为8.55,12.15,12.60,13.05m.入渗10a时Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大迁移距离分别为16.20,20.70,21.60和21.60m,以上浓度均未超过《土壤环境质量标准建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB36600-2018)[37].至25m时,各重金属浓度值趋于0.
重金属Hg在土壤迁移较缓慢,说明表层土壤对重金属Hg的吸附系数较大,重金属在0~15m区域大量积累,重金属Hg和Pb积累量较小,重金属Ni和Cr(Ⅵ)积累值较大,说明初始输入的淋溶浓度大小影响重金属在土壤中的积累量[38].各污染物溶质浓度随深度变化趋势相似,是因回填区黄土层压实推平,土层渗透性降低,污染物整体运移情况较为缓慢导致,埋深越大,污染物浓度变化越缓慢.在同一水平面深度,各污染物入渗时间越长,其浓度也就越高[39].
随着重金属污染物在土壤中持续向下迁移,达到特定的深度时,污染物透过包气带到防渗膜,并在其上停留,这一过程使得土壤中的溶质流动和传输达到了稳定的状态(图7).
重金属Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)在不同土层时浓度随时间变化呈“S”型曲线,穿透时间较快,大约在1500~2500d,曲线快速上升,超过一定距离和时间之后逐渐平缓,无拖尾现象.在6.5m深度时浓度最高,重金属Hg,Ni,Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)达到最大浓度的时间分别是2550,3190,2570和2560d,浓度分别为0.0002222,0.06061,0.8081和0.4939mg/L,此深度的土壤对重金属污染物的吸附达到饱和.当吸附系数增大时,迁移变得困难,而入渗的初始浓度也随之增大,这会导致土壤更易达到吸附饱和状态,进而促使重金属继续向下和向前迁移.随着时间迁移,当深度到10m时,重金属离子达到稳定的时间延长,根据曲线斜率趋势可以推测出4种重金属离子达到平衡时的时间分别大于3640,3590,3650和3650d.在16m时,4种重金属溶质浓度较小,超出模型模拟预测的范围.污染物最深运移深度为22m,此时污染浓度基本趋于0值.说明在16m左右煤矸石中的重金属淋溶迁移对回填区基本无环境影响.
利用Hydrus-1D软件,模拟降水情况下,煤矸石回填后重金属污染物在土壤中迁移过程,将Hydrus-1D模拟值与实测值对比分析,讨论Hydrus-1D软件在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区煤矸石填充荒沟后,淋溶导致的重金属迁移的有效性和适用性[40].从拟合结果来看,Hydrus-1D软件模拟所得重金属溶质模拟值与实测值的拟合系数R2为0.73,这与郭爱科[41]冯树娜[42]的研究结论一致,说明模型模拟重金属溶质动态变化特征具有较高的精度,模型适应性强,模拟值较为准确,可信度较高.
模拟煤矸石浸出液重金属迁移浓度和深度变化,量化不同溶质的迁移空间与时间的关系,煤矸石淋溶液中不同重金属浓度差异,重金属浓度最大迁移深度在25m之内,迁移距离分别为Cr(Ⅵ)=Pb>Ni>Hg,其中降水强度会直接影响可溶元素的迁移距离和浓度,迁移距离越大,浓度越低[43-44].唐莹等[45]在探究堆积煤矸石所产生的重金属的污染问题中Hg淋溶浓度超过了土壤背景值,而本研究中重金属淋溶均未超过.这与不同地区煤矸石中重金属溶质浓度大小和压实回填层的渗透系数有关[46,21-22].埋深越大,离子含量变化越缓慢,土壤中各重金属离子浓度大幅度降低[47].在同一水平面深度,各重金属入渗时间越久,其浓度也就越高.由于迁移的重金属浓度本身较低,基本对土壤无环境影响,满足《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)[48]的风险筛选值要求.综上,从土壤角度考虑,煤矸石回填施工后对当地周围环境的影响较小.
在迁移过程中,不同重金属溶质持续入渗到土壤包气带的稳定时间不同,重金属淋溶浓度大小分别为Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg,都符合浓度先增再降到稳定的基本规律[49].Hg浓度最小,达到稳定状态所需要的时间最短,随着土层加深,重金属溶质达到稳定浓度时间延长.Ni溶质达到稳定浓度略快于其他三种溶质,这与实测当地地下水中Ni元素背景值偏高有关.Pb和Cr(Ⅵ)达到稳定浓度所需时间基本一致,Hg达到稳定浓度时间最长.浓度值主要集中在10m以内,16m之外重金属溶质浓度趋于0.说明这几种重金属离子均在浅土层.土层的性质决定了其不同的密度,渗透系数等参数,从而影响重金属溶质在土层中入渗时间[50].重金属溶质迁移同样也受水量大小的控制,雨水量越多,重金属浓度越低.说明煤矸石堆场重金属淋溶液中重金属浓度受降雨量的影响较大,降水量越大,重金属浓度越低[51].随着时间的变化迁移到一定深度后,重金属溶质迁移穿过包气带土壤层到防渗层,将以稳定的浓度存留在防渗层,此时土壤中的溶质的流动态势以及迁移过程均趋于稳定平衡状态.
5.1 Hydrus-1D软件的模拟值与实测值相似度较高,模型模拟重金属溶质动态变化特征具有较高的精度,较好地预测了重金属在土壤中迁移的最大距离及达到平衡所需的时间.
5.2 随着时间迁移,重金属淋溶入渗深度分别为Cr(Ⅵ)=Pb>Ni>Hg,不同浓度重金属淋溶最大距离分别为21.60,21.60,20.70和16.20m.在不同深度下的重金属淋溶浓度分别为Pb>Cr(Ⅵ)>Ni>Hg,Hg先达到稳定状态,均未超过限值,煤矸石重金属淋溶对周围环境基本无影响.土壤重金属淋溶迁移距离及达到平衡时间受土壤的吸附能力及重金属淋溶初始浓度的影响.
5.3 使用Hydrus-1D软件对煤矸石的重金属淋溶迁移规律进行研究,预测了污染物垂直迁移对周边环境造成的影响,得出重金属在不同土壤层和降水条件下迁移的最大距离和稳定时间,为应急处理类似环境事故提供参考.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374138)
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2024YFC3909301)
  • 黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究资助项目(2022-YRUC-01-0306)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374138)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2024YFC3909301)
黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究资助项目(2022-YRUC-01-0306)
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    生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心,北京 100029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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