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In order to explore the resistance mechanism of polymer ultrafiltration membranes to ozone, polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes as representatives were used, and systematically evaluated the effects of ozone on the water permeability, pollutant retention capacity and mechanical properties of the membranes by simulating 0.1mg/L ozone exposure for 0.5 years, and analyzed the changes in chemical properties. The results showed that the water permeability of the PVC membrane significantly increased under the action of ozone for 36 hours, up to more than 4times that of the new membrane, while the retention capacity of humic acid(HA)decreased by about 27.6%. The water permeability and retention performance continued to decrease with the extension of exposure time. The water permeability of PVDF membranes increased significantly in the initial stage, with the HA retention performance decreasing by about 40.2% after 36hours of aging. However, the performance tended to stabilize after 1 hour of aging. Ozone aging led to a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the two membranes, but the hydrophilicity of PVC membranes decreased to a lesser extent, showing their relative advantages in maintaining hydrophilic properties. The analysis of the membrane structure mechanism showed that ozone mainly damaged the membrane performance through oxidation and the loss of the hydrophilic additive polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP), and the membrane matrix itself remained intact, which was also confirmed by SEM observations. The mechanical properties of the two membranes decreased after aging, but the PVDF membrane showed relatively high mechanical strength. A comprehensive comparison of the ozone resistance of PVC, and PVDF, showed that PVC had relative advantages in ozone aging resistance in terms of retention, anti-pollution, hydrophilic, and mechanical properties, followed by PVDF. These findings provide an experimental basis and theoretical reference for the application and optimization of polymer ultrafiltration membranes in ozone-containing water treatment environment.

, correspAuthors=Gang WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen HUANG, Kai LI, Qi-qi WAN, Ming-bin PAN, Ling-qi HU, Gang WEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116656013988828, articleId=1241116649537982980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=聚氯乙烯超滤膜对臭氧的耐受性研究:与聚偏氟乙烯膜的对比, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探明高分子超滤膜对于臭氧的耐受机制,以聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为代表,通过模拟0.5年的0.1mg/L臭氧暴露的浸泡实验,系统评估臭氧对膜透水能力、污染物截留能力及机械性能的影响,并分析化学性质变化.结果显示,PVC膜在36h臭氧作用下,透水率显著提升,最高达新膜的4倍以上,对腐殖酸(HA)的截留能力下降约27.6%,且透水与截留性能随暴露时间延长持续下降.PVDF膜初始阶段透水率提升更显著,老化36h后HA截留性能降低了40.2%左右,且性能在老化1h后就趋于稳定.臭氧老化导致两种膜的亲水性减弱,但PVC膜亲水性下降幅度较小,显示出其在保持亲水特性方面的相对优势.膜结构机理分析表明,臭氧主要通过氧化并导致亲水添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的流失而损伤膜性能,膜基质本身保持完整,SEM观察亦证实了这一点.老化后两膜的机械性能均有所下降,但PVDF膜展现出相对较高的机械强度.综合比较PVC、PVDF膜的抗臭氧能力,从截留、抗污染、亲水及机械性能综合考量,PVC在抗臭氧老化方面具有相对优势,PVDF次之,.这些发现为高分子超滤膜在含臭氧水处理环境中的应用与优化提供了实验依据与理论参考.

, correspAuthors=文刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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黄镇(2000-),女,陕西汉中人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事饮用水安全保障研究.发表论文1篇..

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黄镇(2000-),女,陕西汉中人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事饮用水安全保障研究.发表论文1篇..

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黄镇(2000-),女,陕西汉中人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事饮用水安全保障研究.发表论文1篇..

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caption=原始膜和不同臭氧接触时间PVC与PVDF膜过滤HA溶液(10.0mg/L)的跨膜压差和不可逆污染的增长变化, figureFileSmall=KHA3y34nH7RV2tVYlf9O4A==, figureFileBig=RrNj8C60+mcGsJDCiH5Igg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664134161028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=ATR-FTIR spectra of pristine membrane and membranes for different ozone exposure times, figureFileSmall=r1d8xjKgbYepq1pIBuE6aQ==, figureFileBig=absSr5uCaJS3ULZn7tRWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664268378774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=CN, label=图3, caption=原始膜和暴露于不同臭氧时间膜的傅里叶红外光谱, figureFileSmall=r1d8xjKgbYepq1pIBuE6aQ==, figureFileBig=absSr5uCaJS3ULZn7tRWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664402596522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=XPS spectra of pristine membrane and 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figureFileSmall=oTvcCWuNvhzqjEGJxC55sw==, figureFileBig=zySJSIoRkFc9+/Z+KAbbSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665459561259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=CN, label=图7, caption=原始膜和暴露于不同臭氧时间(0h, 1h, 8h, 36h)膜的扫描电镜图像(×20000), figureFileSmall=oTvcCWuNvhzqjEGJxC55sw==, figureFileBig=zySJSIoRkFc9+/Z+KAbbSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665593779003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Mechanical properties of pristine membrane and membranes for different ozone exposure times, figureFileSmall=k500QVFmzK/mTKHcN+7Nmw==, figureFileBig=cvX4vmH7HYfSEONL8vC8SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665707025225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=CN, label=图8, caption=原膜和不同臭氧暴露时间下膜机械性能, figureFileSmall=k500QVFmzK/mTKHcN+7Nmw==, figureFileBig=cvX4vmH7HYfSEONL8vC8SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667233751894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ozone exposure intensity and equivalence exposure time at 0.1mg/L

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶解性臭氧浓度(mg/L)臭氧接触时间(h)臭氧接触强度(mg·h/L)0.1mg/L下等效暴露时间(月)
12.00±0.5112-
224-
448-
896-
121441.92
242883.60
364326.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667342803812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

0.1mg/L下臭氧暴露强度和等效暴露时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶解性臭氧浓度(mg/L)臭氧接触时间(h)臭氧接触强度(mg·h/L)0.1mg/L下等效暴露时间(月)
12.00±0.5112-
224-
448-
896-
121441.92
242883.60
364326.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667439272813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance comparison of three ultrafiltration membranes after 36h aging(c(O3)=(12.00±0.5)mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能PVCPVDF备注
截留能力较好仅代表截留能力,抗污染能力,亲水性,机械性能的对比
抗污染能力较好
亲水性较好
机械性能较好
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667560907643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649537982980, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种超滤膜老化36h后性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能PVCPVDF备注
截留能力较好仅代表截留能力,抗污染能力,亲水性,机械性能的对比
抗污染能力较好
亲水性较好
机械性能较好
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聚氯乙烯超滤膜对臭氧的耐受性研究:与聚偏氟乙烯膜的对比
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黄镇 1, 2 , 李凯 1, 2 , 万琪琪 1, 2 , 潘名宾 3 , 胡灵琦 1, 2 , 文刚 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1280-1289
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1280-1289
聚氯乙烯超滤膜对臭氧的耐受性研究:与聚偏氟乙烯膜的对比
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黄镇1, 2 , 李凯1, 2, 万琪琪1, 2, 潘名宾3, 胡灵琦1, 2, 文刚1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.中国市政工程中南设计研究总院有限公司 430010
  • 黄镇(2000-),女,陕西汉中人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事饮用水安全保障研究.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Investigation on ozone resistance of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membranes: Comparison with polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)
Zhen HUANG1, 2 , Kai LI1, 2, Qi-qi WAN1, 2, Ming-bin PAN3, Ling-qi HU1, 2, Gang WEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 3.Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute CO, Ltd. 430010
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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为探明高分子超滤膜对于臭氧的耐受机制,以聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为代表,通过模拟0.5年的0.1mg/L臭氧暴露的浸泡实验,系统评估臭氧对膜透水能力、污染物截留能力及机械性能的影响,并分析化学性质变化.结果显示,PVC膜在36h臭氧作用下,透水率显著提升,最高达新膜的4倍以上,对腐殖酸(HA)的截留能力下降约27.6%,且透水与截留性能随暴露时间延长持续下降.PVDF膜初始阶段透水率提升更显著,老化36h后HA截留性能降低了40.2%左右,且性能在老化1h后就趋于稳定.臭氧老化导致两种膜的亲水性减弱,但PVC膜亲水性下降幅度较小,显示出其在保持亲水特性方面的相对优势.膜结构机理分析表明,臭氧主要通过氧化并导致亲水添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的流失而损伤膜性能,膜基质本身保持完整,SEM观察亦证实了这一点.老化后两膜的机械性能均有所下降,但PVDF膜展现出相对较高的机械强度.综合比较PVC、PVDF膜的抗臭氧能力,从截留、抗污染、亲水及机械性能综合考量,PVC在抗臭氧老化方面具有相对优势,PVDF次之,.这些发现为高分子超滤膜在含臭氧水处理环境中的应用与优化提供了实验依据与理论参考.

超滤膜  /  聚氯乙烯(PVC)  /  聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)  /  臭氧耐受性  /  膜老化

In order to explore the resistance mechanism of polymer ultrafiltration membranes to ozone, polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes as representatives were used, and systematically evaluated the effects of ozone on the water permeability, pollutant retention capacity and mechanical properties of the membranes by simulating 0.1mg/L ozone exposure for 0.5 years, and analyzed the changes in chemical properties. The results showed that the water permeability of the PVC membrane significantly increased under the action of ozone for 36 hours, up to more than 4times that of the new membrane, while the retention capacity of humic acid(HA)decreased by about 27.6%. The water permeability and retention performance continued to decrease with the extension of exposure time. The water permeability of PVDF membranes increased significantly in the initial stage, with the HA retention performance decreasing by about 40.2% after 36hours of aging. However, the performance tended to stabilize after 1 hour of aging. Ozone aging led to a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the two membranes, but the hydrophilicity of PVC membranes decreased to a lesser extent, showing their relative advantages in maintaining hydrophilic properties. The analysis of the membrane structure mechanism showed that ozone mainly damaged the membrane performance through oxidation and the loss of the hydrophilic additive polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP), and the membrane matrix itself remained intact, which was also confirmed by SEM observations. The mechanical properties of the two membranes decreased after aging, but the PVDF membrane showed relatively high mechanical strength. A comprehensive comparison of the ozone resistance of PVC, and PVDF, showed that PVC had relative advantages in ozone aging resistance in terms of retention, anti-pollution, hydrophilic, and mechanical properties, followed by PVDF. These findings provide an experimental basis and theoretical reference for the application and optimization of polymer ultrafiltration membranes in ozone-containing water treatment environment.

ultrafiltration membrane  /  polyvinyl chloride(PVC)  /  polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)  /  ozone resistance  /  membrane aging
黄镇, 李凯, 万琪琪, 潘名宾, 胡灵琦, 文刚. 聚氯乙烯超滤膜对臭氧的耐受性研究:与聚偏氟乙烯膜的对比. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1280 -1289 .
Zhen HUANG, Kai LI, Qi-qi WAN, Ming-bin PAN, Ling-qi HU, Gang WEN. Investigation on ozone resistance of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membranes: Comparison with polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1280 -1289 .
在过去的20年间,超滤(UF)技术在水处理领域的应用日益广泛,然而,UF膜污染问题始终是该技术实际应用中的核心挑战之一[1-2].针对此难题,多种污染缓解策略被探索,其中臭氧氧化技术因能调控有机物质与膜界面的相互作用并部分矿化有机污染物,从而有效减少膜表面及膜孔内的有机物沉积,展现出显著优势[3-4].此外,臭氧还具备抑制膜系统内微生物繁殖的能力,通过减少膜表面及内部微生物及其代谢产物的积聚,有效遏制了生物污垢的形成[5].因此,臭氧氧化被认为是用于UF膜污染控制的有效技术[6].然而,值得注意的是,臭氧作为一种强效氧化剂,其使用亦伴随着潜在风险,即可能引发聚合物膜链结构或聚集体结构的改变[3],这些膜性能的显著退化将对膜系统的稳定运行构成障碍[7].因此,确保UF膜在长期臭氧暴露环境下的稳定性,成为将预臭氧化与超滤技术高效整合应用的关键前提.通过深入研究臭氧与膜材料的相互作用机制,优化臭氧处理条件,以及开发耐臭氧侵蚀的新型膜材料,将是未来研究的重要方向.
聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)是广泛用于水处理的超滤膜材料.PVC膜因其低成本、良好的的耐菌性和耐酸碱特性具有广泛应用潜力[8],但其亲水性不足和易收缩起皱的缺陷限制了某些特定应用[9].PVDF膜强度高、寿命长、过滤孔径精细[11],广泛应用于饮用水处理等领域,但在水质不达标时易堵塞[10].尽管预臭氧技术在控制高分子膜污染方面已有相当研究成果[12],但对高分子超滤膜在臭氧接触后的性能和稳定性变化研究仍显不足.研究表明,臭氧处理后,PVDF膜的纯水通量增加,力学性能几乎无变化,显示出较好的耐臭氧性,但未对PVC膜进行对比实验[12].另有研究发现,PES膜在10mg/L的臭氧水中浸泡1h后,膜中亲水性物质PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)被臭氧氧化但并未从PES基体中流失,膜渗透性的降低可能是由于降解PVP链的大自由基之间的交联所致[6],然而,该研究未进行更长时间的臭氧浸泡实验.综上所述,针对高分子超滤膜与臭氧氧化相互作用机制的研究尚不充分,其深度与广度有待加强.深入探讨高分子超滤膜的耐臭氧性能,不仅有助于完善预臭氧化-超滤膜一体化工艺的理论基础,更为该技术的优化设计与应用提供重要的科学依据.
以PVC和PVDF为研究对象,考察了PVC和PVDF超滤膜在暴露于臭氧不同时间内,臭氧对膜材料表面的化学组成和结构、表面形貌、界面性质等特性的影响,以及臭氧氧化导致膜的机械性能、渗透性能、抗污染性能和截留性能的变化,进而分析臭氧对膜材料的作用机理,以期为臭氧预氧化-超滤组合工艺中,超滤膜材料比选、臭氧预氧化剂用量的控制提供科学依据.
实验所用膜为PVC和PVDF中空纤维膜,PVC内径0.9mm,外径1.6mm;PVDF内径0.7mm,外径1.3mm.新膜使用前要先在超纯水中浸泡至少24h,期间每12h更换一次超纯水,之后再用50%乙醇浸泡2h,浸泡结束后用超纯水连续冲洗5min,以确保去除保存剂.超滤膜清洗结束以后用100mL超纯水进行过滤,计算原始膜通量,筛选通量差异相近的膜进行对照实验.
本研究中使用的所有化学品和试剂均为分析级.使用超纯水制备所有溶液.盐酸(HCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、氯化钙(CaCl2)、氯化钠(NaCl)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和碘化钾(KI)购自于科密欧化学试剂有限公司.腐殖酸(HA)购自Sigma—Aldrich公司.本研究中使用的超纯水由Milli—Q IQ 7000(Millipore,Billerica,USA)生产.
首先向球形反应器中添加一定体积的超纯水,开启连接高纯氧的臭氧发生器,发生器连续产生O3气体鼓入反应器中.膜丝浸泡数量为50~60根.采用靛蓝法,根据610nm处吸光度计算得到饱和臭氧水浓度.实验装置中溶解臭氧浓度维持在12.0mg/L±0.5mg/L.选择1~36h的暴露时间(表1)来模拟实际应用中的长期臭氧暴露.基于曝光剂量的概念(即,浓度和暴露时间的乘积,C×T)[14],在膜反应器中12.0mg/L±0.5mg/L的平衡溶解臭氧浓度下,36h的暴露时间相当于0.1mg/L下半年的暴露(表1).为了评价膜性质和性能的动态演变,将膜样品暴露于臭氧1,2,4,8,12,24,36h.然后用超纯水彻底冲洗臭氧化膜,并储存在4℃的超纯水中.膜表征和性能测试在不超过48h内完成.
将臭氧老化后的膜丝用环氧树脂胶水粘连成膜组件,放置24h待其凝固后即可进行过滤实验.本实验采用恒通量过滤,PVC与PVDF过滤方式为外压式过滤:原液在中空纤维膜外侧流动,原液经压力差沿径向由外向内透过中空纤维流入内侧成为透过液,利用蠕动泵以一定的压力抽吸进行过滤.过滤通量为30L/(m2·h)利用蠕动泵将过滤通量调节在恒定通量30L/(m2·h),跨膜压差由与传感器相连的电脑记录,利用达西定律计算超滤膜的纯水渗透率LP[15].LP为纯水渗透率,L/(m2·h·bar),LP0表示原膜的纯水渗透率,采用相对透水率(LP/LP0)表征膜透水性能变化.
式中:Jw为超滤膜的纯水通量,L/(m2·h);V为Δt时间内滤过的体积,L;A为有效膜面积,m2;Δt表示时间间隔,h;LP为纯水渗率,L/(m2·h·bar);LP0表示原始膜的纯水渗透率,L/(m2·h·bar).
使用腐殖酸(HA)模拟天然地表水中的有机物,进行为期12h的过滤实验,过滤周期59min,反冲洗60s.通过HA溶液对臭氧老化后的PVC和PVDF膜进行截留性能和污染物特性的研究.HA溶液使用超纯水配置,浓度为10mg/L,并添加入1mmol/L的NaHCO3、6mmol/L的NaCl和1mmol/L的CaCl2,以模拟天然水中的背景离子条件,使用HCl和NaOH溶液调节pH值至(7.5±0.1)[1].HA浓度通过紫外-可见光分光光度计(U3900,日本日立)测量[16],并根据膜进水和出水中HA浓度计算膜对HA的截留率.
式中:Cf为膜进水HA浓度;Cp为膜出水HA浓度;R为超滤膜对HA溶液的截留率.
用衰减型全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国Nicolet iS50,Thermo Science)表征了膜表面400-4000cm−1范围内的官能团;用Al Kα(1486.6eV)X射线光电子能谱仪分析了膜表面的原子百分比,并用高分辨率的C1s谱进一步评价了膜样品的演化.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)(Quant600,FEI,America)观察了膜表面形貌的变化.将5µL超纯水滴在干燥的膜样品上,5s捕捉并测定液滴与膜表面的接触角(接触角分析仪,上海中辰JC2000D4A型,中国).在所有上述测试之前,都需将膜放进真空干燥箱55℃烘干至少24h,以去除残余水分;使用电子万能试验机(CMT4204,MTS公司)测定膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率.
膜透水性能是衡量膜老和膜稳定性的重要参数[17].如图1(a)所示,PVC膜的初始透水率为0.6,1h臭氧接触后显著提升至1.02,并随老化时间延长(8,12,24,36h)逐步增加至1.89、2.22、2.37及2.61,呈持续上升趋势.相比之下,PVDF膜初始透水能力为0.7,与臭氧接触1h后急剧增长至2.7,加至2.8与2.9.这表明PVDF膜透水性能的显著提升主要集中在臭氧接触的1h内,随后变化趋于平缓,膜阻力下降趋势减缓.臭氧老化后,PVC和PVDF膜的透水能力均有增加,这可能是由于膜孔径和孔隙率的增加所致(图(7)).
膜截留性能的变化如图1(b)所示.对于PVDF原始膜,其截留率为89.9%,在臭氧暴露1h后降至56.1%,8h后降至54.1%,并在36h后基本稳定在54.1%~53.8%.膜截留能力的主要变化发生在臭氧暴露的前1h,这与膜渗透性的变化类似.PVC原始膜截留率为81.88%,经臭氧暴露1h,8h和36h后,分别降至77.05%,68.05%和59.3%.在整个老化阶段,PVC膜的截留率逐渐下降.这些变化规律与透水性能的变化趋势一致,即臭氧作用下,PVC和PVDF膜对HA截留率的变化与其透水性能的变化趋势一致.
为了深入探究PVC与PVDF超滤膜在过滤性能上的差异,特别是HA溶液过滤过程中的跨膜压差变化,本研究基于图2(a)与图2(b)的数据进行了系统分析.结果显示,PVC超滤膜在过滤HA溶液时,跨膜压差增长平缓,原膜跨膜压差从49kPa逐渐增至约61kPa,增长率约为1.0kPa/min.经臭氧处理1h、8h及36h后,膜丝的跨膜压差呈下降趋势,并在老化36h后稳定在约20kPa,其后续增长率与原膜相近,维持在1.12~1.20kPa/min.
相比之下,PVDF超滤膜在相同条件下过滤HA溶液时,跨膜压差增长更为显著,如图2(b)所示,原膜跨膜压差从42kPa迅速上升至约79kPa,增长率高达3.08kPa/min.然而,臭氧处理1h、8h及36h后的PVDF膜在过滤HA溶液时,跨膜压差几乎保持不变,与1h处理后的状态相近.臭氧老化后的PVDF膜跨膜压差增长率稳定在2.52~2.86kPa/min.延长臭氧老化时间未显著改变PVDF膜的污染行为,这一现象与膜的透水性能及截留特性的变化趋势一致,表明臭氧对PVDF膜的主要影响集中在初始接触阶段,即前1h内.
图2(c)和2(d)展示了过滤12h的过程中膜不可逆污染的增长速率变化.不可逆污染为粘附性较强的物质,无法通过水力反冲洗去除,需要化学清洗或增强型化学清洗[18].在过滤HA溶液时,PVC超滤膜不可逆污染增长速率显著低于PVDF超滤膜,表明PVC膜具有更强的抵抗不可逆污染累积的能力.经过1h、8h及36h臭氧处理后,PVC膜的不可逆污染增长速率从0.53降低至0.25,而PVDF膜的增长速率从1.93降至0.53.尽管臭氧处理显著改善了两种膜的抗不可逆污染性能,但PVDF膜在处理后的不可逆污染增长速率依旧高于PVC膜,表明PVC膜在抑制不可逆污染方面的优越性.总体而言,臭氧老化后,两种膜的不可逆污染增长速率均有所下降.虽然臭氧氧化能在PVDF膜上引入亲水基团,减弱HA分子与PVDF的疏水结合[19],但由于聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)的流失,新引入的亲水基团未能完全补偿亲水性损失(见2.2.3节).
原始膜和臭氧氧化后的膜的ATR-FTIR光谱图如图3所示.图3(a)中,PVC膜的特征峰位于616cm-1,960cm-1,1250cm-1,1420cm-1[20],这些峰在不同臭氧暴露时间下保持相似的吸收强度.原始膜在1668cm-1处的振动与酰胺键有关,这表明亲水性添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)[21]的存在.臭氧暴露1h后,1700cm-1和1718cm-1出现了新峰,其中1700cm-1处出现的峰与琥珀酰亚胺的形成有关.研究显示,PVP在羟基自由基和臭氧分子的氧化下形成琥珀酰亚胺[22],随着臭氧时间的延长,琥珀酰亚胺峰强度降低,表明琥珀酰亚胺基团可能被进一步降解或释放,同时1718cm-1处的新峰可能与吡咯烷酮环的开环和羧基基团的震动有关[21].原始PVDF膜(图3(b)),PVDF分子的特征吸收峰位于840cm-1,880cm-1,1072cm-1,1170cm-1,1277cm-1,1401cm-1,与文献[23]报道一致.臭氧接触1h后,这些峰的强度无明显变化,说明臭氧未造成PVDF基体分子分解.与PVC类似,PVDF膜在1668cm-1处的酰胺键振动在臭氧老化1h后消失,1700cm-1处出现的新峰表明PVP的流失和琥珀酰亚胺的生成.
XPS分析进一步验证了PVP在原始膜中的存在及其臭氧降解情况.如图4所示,氮(N)和氧(O)的存在支持PVP在膜中的存在.臭氧氧化后,PVC和PVDF膜中PVP及其氧化产物中N的原子百分比显著降低约50%,表明PVP及其氧化产物发生了迁移和脱落.
为了进一步确定官能团的演变,分析了原始和臭氧化膜的高分辨率碳C1s光谱(图5).如图5(a)~(d)所示,随着臭氧与膜接触时间的增加,PVC膜在284.3eV处的C—N峰值强度显著下降[24],这与氮元素百分比的显著下降一致,证实了PVP的氧化和脱出.288eV处的C=O峰对应PVP中的酰胺基团[23],这与膜在1668cm-1处的ATR-FTIR光谱结果一致.与原始膜相比,臭氧老化1h后,C=O峰移至288.3eV,这可能与琥珀酰亚胺基团中羰基的结合能有关.随着臭氧暴露时间的延长,C=O峰进一步偏移至289.3eV.在289eV处的C=O带可以归属于羧基内的C=O[25],这与ATR-FTIR光谱中1718cm-1处峰的形成一致.对于PVDF膜,如图5(e)~(h),臭氧接触时间增加导致286.3eV处的C—N峰值强度显著下降,这与氮元素百分比的下降一致,表明PVP的氧化和脱出.类似于PVC膜,PVDF膜在288eV处的C=O峰代表PVP中的酰胺基团,这与ATR-FTIR光谱中1668cm-1的结果一致.
水接触角通常用于评价膜表面的亲水性[26].如图6所示,PVC原始膜的水接触角为62.73°,在臭氧老化过程中,该角度线性增加,36小时后增至73.99°,表明膜表面亲水性显著下降.此变化主要归因于臭氧老化诱导的膜中亲水性添加剂PVP的氧化与流失.PVDF原始膜表面的水接触角为67.26°,小于90°,显示其具有亲水性.在臭氧与膜接触1h后,接触角增加到68.7°,此后,随着暴露时间的进一步延长,接触角在75.74°~76.65°范围内波动,说明臭氧与膜接触1h后,膜表面亲疏水性变化较小.相较之下,PVC膜在保持亲水性方面表现出较大的优势.膜亲水性的变化与膜表面化学的演变相关[17].臭氧氧化过程中,膜表面亲水性的快速下降与PVP的氧化和释放密切相关.在36h的暴露过程中,膜表面亲水性的快速下降主要与臭氧化和亲水性添加剂的释放有关,这一点在ATR-FTIR分析中得到证实.
图7显示了不同臭氧暴露时间下膜表面形态的扫描电镜图.PVDF与臭氧接触1h后,膜表观孔隙数量明显增加,孔径逐渐增大,大孔数量增多.随着臭氧暴露时间延长,孔径和孔隙变趋于平稳.与PVDF膜表面膜孔结构不同,PVC膜孔呈细小的弯曲裂纹状,臭氧氧化1h后,PVC膜孔数量增多,膜孔径也增大,大孔数量增多,随着臭氧暴露时间进一步延长,膜孔径继续增大,膜孔数量也继续增多,老化36h的膜表面膜孔数量和孔隙率均显著高于原始膜.
结合ATR-FTIR与XPS的测定结果进行分析,发现膜孔隙率和孔径的增加与PVP的损失一致,表明臭氧化引起的膜表面形态变化可能归因于添加剂的损失[22].亲水性添加剂和成孔剂通常沿着膜表面和孔壁富集[27],因此其氧化和移位会导致膜孔隙率和孔径的增加[21,23].总体而言,膜表面形态变化表明孔隙率和孔径的增加主要由PVP流失引起,而PVC和PVDF基体结构未显著受损.
膜的机械性能对其膜完整性和使用寿命至关重要,机械性能的下降会增加膜破裂风险[28],从而缩短膜的使用寿命[29].原始膜和臭氧化膜的极限伸长强度和断裂伸长率如图8所示.拉伸强度体现膜丝的强度,随着臭氧接触时间的进一步增加,PVDF和PVC膜在老化36h后分别降低了17.3%和28.1%,PVDF能更好的抵抗臭氧氧化;断裂伸长率体现膜丝的变形能力,其中PVDF膜明显优于PVC膜,能延伸至原长度的两倍,臭氧老化对PVDF的变形能力影响甚微.PVDF原膜的断裂伸长率为195.9%,老化36h后降至168.13%,降低了约14%.PVC原膜的断裂伸长率降低了约67.5%.膜的断裂伸长率缓慢降低,PVC和PVDF都降低了约28%.总体而言,臭氧老化后,PVDF膜的机械强度优于PVC膜.
本研究聚焦于PVC、PVDF两种超滤膜材料,重点探讨PVC和PVDF膜在臭氧老化后的性能变化,综合比较两膜材料老化后的性能差异.表2汇总了PVC、PVDF膜在臭氧处理后截留性能、抗污染性能、亲水性和机械性能等方面的对比数据. PVDF和PVC膜在截留性能、抗污染性能和亲水性方面的影响相似,臭氧老化后其基体都保持完整,但亲水性都有所下降.
3.1 在臭氧老化过程中,PVC膜的透水率和截留率持续上升;PVDF膜的透水能力在前1小时显著提升后趋于稳定,膜阻力下降也放缓.臭氧老化后,PVC超滤膜不可逆污染增长速率显著低于PVDF超滤膜,表明PVDF膜更易累积不可逆污染,并且跨膜压差增长较快,这可能归因于膜表面化学性质的变化及污染物相互作用的增强.相较之下,PVC膜在抗污染性能方面表现更佳.
3.2 臭氧老化导致亲水添加剂PVP的氧化脱落,而PVDF与PVC基质结构保持完整.机械性能测试显示,PVDF膜老化后机械强度优于PVC膜.SEM图像进一步验证了两者功能层在长期臭氧暴露下的结构完整性.
3.3 臭氧氧化增大了膜表面的接触角,反映了亲水性添加剂的流失降低了膜的亲水性.同时,膜孔隙率与孔径的扩大使渗透性增加,截留能力下降.相较于PVDF膜,PVC膜亲水性的下降幅度较小,显示出其在保持亲水特性方面的相对优势.
3.4 综合评估PVC、PVDF膜的臭氧耐受性,从截留、抗污染、亲水及机械性能等多维度考量,其抗臭氧能力排序为PVC >PVDF.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370018)
  • 陕西省重点科技创新团队(2023-CX-TD-32)
  • 陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划项目(23JP077)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370018)
陕西省重点科技创新团队(2023-CX-TD-32)
陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划项目(23JP077)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    2.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3.中国市政工程中南设计研究总院有限公司 430010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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