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Article(id=1241116649445716148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834868059, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834868059, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834868059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834868059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1333, endPage=1340, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116649873535183, articleId=1241116649445716148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Causes of nitrite accumulation in low carbon nitrogen ratio influent denitrification biological filter, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the accumulation of nitrite in the effluent of denitrification biofilter in water recycling plant, nitrite accumulation in denitrification filter units of 4recycled water plants was investigated. Two denitrification filter process units of recycled water plant, G（with nitrite accumulation）and W（without nitrite accumulation）, were selected as research objects to explore the causes of nitrite accumulation under the condition of low carbon to nitrogen ratio influent. The results showed that operating parameters such as backwashing cycle and mode of filter had little effect on nitrite accumulation. The sludge denitrification rates of plants G and W were 0.51 and 0.92 mgNO3/（mgVSS·d）, respectively. The accumulation of nitrite in the effluent from the filter of Plant G was due to the weak denitrification ability of microorganisms in the filter. When nitrate nitrogen was present in the denitrification process, the denitrification rate of nitrite in the sludge of Plant G was 75% lower than that of plant W, and it was easier to produce nitrite accumulation. When the sludge biomass of Plant G was increased to twice the concentration of plant W, the maximum nitrite denitrification rate still couldn’t reach the level of plant W, so the biomass was not the main reason for the accumulation of nitrite in Plant G. The results of microbial community structure analysis showed that the abundance of Methylotenera in the filter of W plant was 12.9% higher than that of G plant. The denitrification process was mainly completed by denitrifying bacteria using methyl type nutrition, which was the cause of nitrite accumulation happening or not, and it was not necessary to consider the influence of bacteria species using other organic types on nitrite accumulation.

, correspAuthors=Kui-xiao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei WANG, Kun LIU, Yun HE, Fang-bo BAO, Gang WANG, Qi XU, Kui-xiao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116658727711522, articleId=1241116649445716148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=低碳氮比进水反硝化生物滤池亚硝积累成因, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对再生水厂反硝化生物滤池出水亚硝酸盐累积的现象，调研了4座再生水厂反硝化滤池单元出水亚硝酸盐积累情况，选取G(存在亚硝酸盐积累)、W(无亚硝酸盐积累)两座再生水厂反硝化滤池工艺单元为研究对象，探究了低碳氮比进水条件下亚硝酸盐积累的成因.结果表明，滤池的反洗周期、方式等运行参数对亚硝酸盐积累基本无影响; G厂与W厂的比污泥反硝化速率分别为0.51和0.92mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)，G厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累是由于滤池微生物反硝化能力弱，反硝化过程中存在硝酸盐氮时，G厂污泥亚硝还原速率比W厂低75%，更容易产生亚硝酸盐积累.当G厂污泥生物量提高至W厂浓度的2倍时，最大亚硝酸盐反硝化速率仍无法达到W厂的水平，故生物量不是G厂产生亚硝酸盐积累的主要原因.微生物群落结构分析结果表明，W厂滤池中甲基营养菌属Methylotenera的丰度比G厂高12.9%.反硝化过程主要由利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌完成，是产生亚硝酸盐积累与否的原因，无需考虑利用其他类型有机物的菌种对亚硝酸盐积累带来的影响.

, correspAuthors=李魁晓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者，教授级高工，
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王慰(1991-)，女，北京人，工程师，硕士，主要从事污水生物脱氮技术、极限脱氮除磷技术等研究方向.发表论文5篇..

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王慰(1991-)，女，北京人，工程师，硕士，主要从事污水生物脱氮技术、极限脱氮除磷技术等研究方向.发表论文5篇..

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王慰(1991-)，女，北京人，工程师，硕士，主要从事污水生物脱氮技术、极限脱氮除磷技术等研究方向.发表论文5篇..

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, figureFileSmall=QJvXgb/ghTLk4D6yo2huxA==, figureFileBig=yXiEgBFZwrgWcKamVDTc6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665115636065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trend of denitrification rate of nitrate and nitrite, figureFileSmall=3JBam/DnUJ39Y11FaheJrA==, figureFileBig=3jzpZDOlvundxlliyY6b0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665279213938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=CN, label=图2, caption=硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐瞬时反硝化速率变化趋势

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, figureFileSmall=+++BpgAhutRlrKQotQP4cA==, figureFileBig=W3sXb1AEHdqqOywiksCxNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668684988985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The concentration of nitrite and its operating state in the effluent from the filter of each recycled water plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行参数水厂代号
GWXL
出水亚硝酸盐浓度(mg/L)3~8<22~63~4
滤速(m/h)min6.464.25.8
max9.686.66.2
滤料层高(m)2.81.72.81.6
停留时间(min)max26174017
min17132515
甲醇投配率(mg/L)15~3220~2820~2533~44
进水COD/TN2.1~4.52.4~3.62.2~2.82.1~3.7
水温(℃)15~20
反洗开始方式池压定时定时池压
反洗时池压(kPa)78808878
反洗周期(h)12244824
反洗方法三步法五步法三步法三步法
甲醇溢出(mg/L)01~3>5<2
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668823401031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各再生水厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐浓度及其运行状态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行参数水厂代号
GWXL
出水亚硝酸盐浓度(mg/L)3~8<22~63~4
滤速(m/h)min6.464.25.8
max9.686.66.2
滤料层高(m)2.81.72.81.6
停留时间(min)max26174017
min17132515
甲醇投配率(mg/L)15~3220~2820~2533~44
进水COD/TN2.1~4.52.4~3.62.2~2.82.1~3.7
水温(℃)15~20
反洗开始方式池压定时定时池压
反洗时池压(kPa)78808878
反洗周期(h)12244824
反洗方法三步法五步法三步法三步法
甲醇溢出(mg/L)01~3>5<2
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668936647248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison table of denitrification rate of average specific sludge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水厂代号平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)]亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgNO2/(mgVSS·d)]
W0.920.49
G0.510.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669150556774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

平均比污泥反硝化速率对照表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水厂代号平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)]亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgNO2/(mgVSS·d)]
W0.920.49
G0.510.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669251220086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average denitrification rate of different sludge concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥浓度平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)]平均亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgNO2/(mgVSS·d)]
浓度10.770.35
浓度20.780.48
浓度30.840.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669351883394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同污泥浓度平均比污泥反硝化速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥浓度平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)]平均亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgNO2/(mgVSS·d)]
浓度10.770.35
浓度20.780.48
浓度30.840.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669490295437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison table of average denitrification rate of sludge in different carbon sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水厂代号-碳源类型平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgN/(mgVSS·d)]平均亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgN/(mgVSS·d)]
G厂-乙酸钠0.340.22
W厂-乙酸钠0.410.25
G厂-甲醇0.740.43
W厂-甲醇1.170.68
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669637096090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649445716148, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同碳源平均比污泥反硝化速率对照表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水厂代号-碳源类型平均硝酸盐氮反硝化速率[mgN/(mgVSS·d)]平均亚硝酸盐氮还原速率[mgN/(mgVSS·d)]
G厂-乙酸钠0.340.22
W厂-乙酸钠0.410.25
G厂-甲醇0.740.43
W厂-甲醇1.170.68
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低碳氮比进水反硝化生物滤池亚硝积累成因
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王慰 1, 2 , 刘锟 3 , 贺赟 1, 2 , 鲍方博 1, 2 , 王刚 1, 2 , 许骐 1, 2 , 李魁晓 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1333-1340
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1333-1340
低碳氮比进水反硝化生物滤池亚硝积累成因
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王慰1, 2 , 刘锟3, 贺赟1, 2, 鲍方博1, 2, 王刚1, 2, 许骐1, 2, 李魁晓1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京城市排水集团有限责任公司，北京 100044
  • 2.北京市污水资源化工程技术研究中心，北京 100124
  • 3.北京北排科技有限公司，北京 100124

    • 王慰(1991-)，女，北京人，工程师，硕士，主要从事污水生物脱氮技术、极限脱氮除磷技术等研究方向.发表论文5篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者，教授级高工，
Causes of nitrite accumulation in low carbon nitrogen ratio influent denitrification biological filter
Wei WANG1, 2 , Kun LIU3, Yun HE1, 2, Fang-bo BAO1, 2, Gang WANG1, 2, Qi XU1, 2, Kui-xiao LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Drainage Group Co., LTD., Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Wastewater Resource, Beijing 100124, China
  • 3.Beijing North Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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摘要
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针对再生水厂反硝化生物滤池出水亚硝酸盐累积的现象，调研了4座再生水厂反硝化滤池单元出水亚硝酸盐积累情况，选取G(存在亚硝酸盐积累)、W(无亚硝酸盐积累)两座再生水厂反硝化滤池工艺单元为研究对象，探究了低碳氮比进水条件下亚硝酸盐积累的成因.结果表明，滤池的反洗周期、方式等运行参数对亚硝酸盐积累基本无影响; G厂与W厂的比污泥反硝化速率分别为0.51和0.92mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)，G厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累是由于滤池微生物反硝化能力弱，反硝化过程中存在硝酸盐氮时，G厂污泥亚硝还原速率比W厂低75%，更容易产生亚硝酸盐积累.当G厂污泥生物量提高至W厂浓度的2倍时，最大亚硝酸盐反硝化速率仍无法达到W厂的水平，故生物量不是G厂产生亚硝酸盐积累的主要原因.微生物群落结构分析结果表明，W厂滤池中甲基营养菌属Methylotenera的丰度比G厂高12.9%.反硝化过程主要由利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌完成，是产生亚硝酸盐积累与否的原因，无需考虑利用其他类型有机物的菌种对亚硝酸盐积累带来的影响.

反硝化生物滤池  /  低碳氮比  /  亚硝酸盐积累  /  反硝化速率  /  微生物群落结构

In view of the accumulation of nitrite in the effluent of denitrification biofilter in water recycling plant, nitrite accumulation in denitrification filter units of 4recycled water plants was investigated. Two denitrification filter process units of recycled water plant, G（with nitrite accumulation）and W（without nitrite accumulation）, were selected as research objects to explore the causes of nitrite accumulation under the condition of low carbon to nitrogen ratio influent. The results showed that operating parameters such as backwashing cycle and mode of filter had little effect on nitrite accumulation. The sludge denitrification rates of plants G and W were 0.51 and 0.92 mgNO3/（mgVSS·d）, respectively. The accumulation of nitrite in the effluent from the filter of Plant G was due to the weak denitrification ability of microorganisms in the filter. When nitrate nitrogen was present in the denitrification process, the denitrification rate of nitrite in the sludge of Plant G was 75% lower than that of plant W, and it was easier to produce nitrite accumulation. When the sludge biomass of Plant G was increased to twice the concentration of plant W, the maximum nitrite denitrification rate still couldn’t reach the level of plant W, so the biomass was not the main reason for the accumulation of nitrite in Plant G. The results of microbial community structure analysis showed that the abundance of Methylotenera in the filter of W plant was 12.9% higher than that of G plant. The denitrification process was mainly completed by denitrifying bacteria using methyl type nutrition, which was the cause of nitrite accumulation happening or not, and it was not necessary to consider the influence of bacteria species using other organic types on nitrite accumulation.

denitrifying biological filter  /  low carbon nitrogen ratio  /  nitrite accumulation  /  denitrification rate  /  microbial community structure
王慰, 刘锟, 贺赟, 鲍方博, 王刚, 许骐, 李魁晓. 低碳氮比进水反硝化生物滤池亚硝积累成因. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1333 -1340 .
Wei WANG, Kun LIU, Yun HE, Fang-bo BAO, Gang WANG, Qi XU, Kui-xiao LI. Causes of nitrite accumulation in low carbon nitrogen ratio influent denitrification biological filter[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1333 -1340 .
正文
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反硝化生物滤池是污水处理厂升级改造用于再生水深度脱氮的常用技术[1-2].但生物滤池在反硝化过程中出现反硝化不完全的现象，导致出水会存在不同程度的亚硝酸盐积累.出水中亚硝酸盐的存在给水厂运行带来三个问题，第一，碳源浪费：反硝化生物滤池出水存在亚硝酸盐，说明原本用于还原硝酸盐成为氮气的碳源，最终只还原成了亚硝酸盐，并未转化成氮气降低TN[3]，消耗的这部分碳源形成了药剂浪费问题.第二，再生水COD超标：亚硝酸盐的存在会增加后续再生水的COD检测值，1mg/L亚硝酸盐增加1.16mg/L COD，给本就难以控制达标的COD指标增加了控制难度.第三，深度处理药剂量增大：亚硝酸盐的存在还会增加臭氧和氯消毒工艺的药剂投加量，因为亚硝酸盐氧化反应速率比其他有机物反应速率高，对臭氧的竞争优势强，会消耗臭氧氧化为硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐需要消耗3.43mg/L臭氧[3-4].为了提高碳源利用效率、减少药剂投加量、间接实现碳减排，应在不增加碳源投加量、保障生物滤池TN去除负荷的同时，降低出水亚硝酸盐的含量.
目前关于反硝化过程亚硝积累的研究主要针对水质条件、菌群结构等方向，对亚硝积累的原理进行研究，或者利用亚硝积累应用于厌氧氨氧化相关工艺研发.例如田建强[5]对进水温度、溶解氧、碳源类型、pH值、硝酸盐、C/N比以及微生物种群组成等影响亚硝积累的因素进行了分析.牛萌等[6]研究了不同碳氮比(C/N)、硝态氮浓度及pH条件下亚硝酸盐积累特性，以实现短程反硝化.Wang等[7]通过宏基因组学分析研究结果显示，异养反硝化细菌，如Comamonas(12.52%)，对亚硝酸盐的积累至关重要，其反硝化酶基因以NarG为主，而缺乏NirK/S.
针对反硝化滤池的亚硝积累研究主要针对滤池运行参数开展，包括碳源种类、滤速、进水C/N等.盛韩微等[8]对上向流石英砂反硝化生物滤池进行了碳源、碳氮比、滤速3个因素正交试验，C/N因素对反硝化生物滤池内部亚硝酸盐积累影响显著，葡萄糖、甲醇、乙酸钠分别为碳源时出水亚硝酸盐积累率之和分别19.2%，10.8%，4.5%.刘秀红等[9]以乙酸钠、乙酸和甲醇为碳源启动滤池，在滤池启动初期三者均出现了大量的亚硝酸盐累积，采用增大进水碳源投加量的方法后亚硝酸盐积累问题逐渐消失，但甲醇碳源滤池当碳源投加量再次不足时会再次出现亚硝酸盐累积问题.但是关于低C/N进水条件下以甲醇为碳源且出水没有亚硝酸盐积累现象的反硝化生物滤池，目前鲜有报道.
本文通过对比4个水厂反硝化生物滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累的程度及其运行状态，并以其中一个存在亚硝酸盐积累现象的水厂(G厂)与无亚硝酸盐积累现象的水厂(W厂)进行对比，探究在低碳氮比进水条件下反硝化生物滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累的原因，以期为后续出水亚硝酸盐的控制方法研究提供理论依据.
1　材料与方法
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1.1　微生物反硝化性能序批试验
为检测不同水厂反硝化生物滤池微生物反硝化性能、不同污泥浓度条件下微生物反硝化性能，进行了序批试验，分别测定微生物降解硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的比污泥反硝化速率.其中硝酸盐比污泥反硝化速率测定方法为，取反硝化生物滤池反冲洗废水，离心后弃去上清液，将污泥分别置于两个烧杯内，有效容积1L.G厂二沉水加甲醇或乙酸钠配至C/N=6以上，向两个烧杯内各加入1L作为进水.磁力搅拌器搅拌45min，每隔5min取样.做出硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度变化曲线，取其中呈直线的连续数据，计算硝酸盐还原功能菌的比污泥反硝化速率(mgN/(mgVSS·d))，表征功能菌的反硝化性能.试验在室温下进行(水温(20±1)℃).
亚硝酸盐反硝化速率的测定，所用水为自来水，投加亚硝酸钠，混合液初始亚硝酸盐氮浓度为10mg/L，加甲醇C/N=6，向两个烧杯内各加入1L作为进水.磁力搅拌器搅拌30min，每隔5min取样.绘制亚硝酸盐氮浓度变化曲线，取亚硝酸盐降解直线段数据，计算亚硝酸盐比污泥反硝化速率(mgN/ (mgVSS·d))，表征亚硝酸盐反硝化功能菌的反硝化性能.
为准确表征污泥活性状态，每一批批次实验均为实验前1d现取污泥，使用的污泥为相同滤池两个月内不同日期所取.
1.2　检测方法
硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮的检测采用离子色谱法[10].混合液污泥浓度(MLSS)的检测采用重量法，挥发性污泥浓度(MLVSS)采用马弗炉灼烧减重法.甲醇的检测采用国家标准方法[11].
滤料生物量的检测，取滤料25~30粒(表面无裂痕)，每个样品2份平行.干净的坩埚称重计为质量m1.取准备好的滤料倒入坩埚中105℃烘干5h以上放至室温称重，记质量m2.将烘干后的滤料马弗炉550℃灼烧2.5h，冷却至室温后称重，记质量m3.计算滤料干重质量为m3-m1，生物膜质量为m2-m3计算生物膜质量与滤料干重质量的比值，并计算平行样品的平均值，作为每个样品单位质量滤料上附着的生物量，单位为mgVSS/g滤料.
高通量测序，是将含生物膜的滤料或反冲洗废水离心后的活性污泥，送往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行分析.对样品16SrRNA的V3-V4区进行扩增，所用引物为338F与806R.
乙酸的检测采用气相色谱质谱法，根据不同组分在气相色谱柱中保留时间不同而分离，用质谱定性并定量，从而测定待测物中各组分的含量.水样1mL加入1mL的30%磷酸酸化，定容至10mL.采用GCMS-QP2020NX气相色谱质谱联用仪，色谱柱为Rtx-Wax(30meter，0.25mmID，0.25µmdf).设置进样口温度为220℃，柱流量为2.09mL/min，进样模式分流(20：1)，升温程序40℃(2min)、20℃/min、240℃(2min)，离子源温度200℃，接口温度240℃.
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　水厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累情况
对4座不同的再生水厂反硝化滤池运行和亚硝酸盐积累情况进行了调研，结果如表1所示.4个水厂滤池地处北京市内再生水厂，单个滤池处理水量约1.6万t/d；所用碳源均为甲醇，滤料均为陶粒滤料，过滤形式为上向流滤池，且滤池构造均相同.大部分再生水厂的反硝化生物滤池出水均存在不同程度的亚硝酸盐积累，浓度范围为2~8mg/L.根据运行数据可以得出，反硝化滤池产生亚硝酸盐的原因有两种，第一是进水C/N低于理论值，电子供体不充足，导致反硝化不完全[12].污水处理厂的反硝化生物滤池通常根据需要的硝酸盐氮去除量，以及理论碳源投药量计算公式[13]，投加适量的碳源药剂，以避免过量加药带来的出水COD超标和药剂浪费问题，导致实际进水C/N在2~3范围(表1进水COD/TN所示).但是反硝化10mg/L硝酸盐氮理论上需要的C/N为3.3 (进水DO取8mg/L)，高于实际投加量，故此种加药方式很有可能发生因进水C/N低导致的不完全反硝化，进而导致出水存在亚硝酸盐.第二种产生亚硝酸盐的原因是反硝化反应时间较短，反硝化进程停留在硝酸盐氮转化为亚硝酸盐氮的阶段，此种情况往往伴有出水有碳源的存在.
由表1可见，只有W厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐浓度持续在2mg/L以下，且不受低加药量、季节等因素影响.从运行参数看，W厂甲醇投加量同样存在低于理论值的情况，且停留时间相对较短，同样存在少量甲醇溢出，但W厂出水亚硝酸盐能够持续处于较低的水平.W厂滤池与其他厂不同处为反冲洗方法采用五步洗，其他水厂为三步洗，其他参数均与另3个水厂有相同之处，从对照角度可以排除其甲醇投加量、停留时间、反冲洗周期、反冲洗池压、反冲洗开始方式这5种运行参数对亚硝酸盐积累的影响. W厂在低进水C/N条件下滤池出水亚硝酸盐浓度持续在2mg/L以下这个现象可以说明：(1)反硝化生物滤池出水存在亚硝酸盐与运行参数关系较小.(2)即使进水C/N较低，滤池中仍然发生了完全反硝化过程，即通过某种方法，滤池可以形成低C/N进水条件下的全程反硝化.
2.2　微生物反硝化能力比较
为探究滤池微生物对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的反硝化能力，开展了比污泥反硝化速率烧杯小试.由图1(a)可见，W厂污泥在反硝化30min时，硝酸盐氮浓度即降低至0.73mg/L，此时出水亚硝酸盐浓度达到最大值，开始亚硝酸盐还原，并在45min时基本完成反硝化.而G厂污泥由于比污泥反硝化速率低，硝酸盐氮未完全反硝化，亚硝酸盐持续积累，在45min试验结束时表现为出水亚硝酸盐浓度高，达到6mg/L.根据计算可得比污泥反硝化速率如表2所示，G厂污泥硝酸盐反硝化速率和亚硝酸盐反硝化速率分别比W厂污泥低44.5%和48.9%，其微生物反硝化能力弱.
在碳源充足，且硝酸盐氮存在的条件下，G厂滤池污泥亚硝酸盐还原速率受抑制的程度比W厂滤池污泥大.根据图1数据计算每5min的反硝化速率，结果如图2所示.在硝酸盐氮存在的阶段，G厂污泥的亚硝酸盐还原速率约为0.11mgN/(mgVSS·d)，W厂污泥亚硝酸盐还原速率是0.44mgN/(mgVSS·d).故在硝酸盐氮存在的阶段，G厂污泥亚硝还原速率比W厂低75%，更容易产生亚硝酸盐积累.
2.3　滤池生物量对亚硝酸盐积累的影响
2.3.1　污泥浓度对亚硝酸盐积累的影响
为探究生物滤池是否因为生物量小而导致的反硝化能力差，开展了污泥浓度对亚硝酸盐积累的影响试验.采用G厂滤池反冲洗废水中的污泥，在序批试验中设置三个不同污泥浓度梯度，考察在污泥浓度增大的条件下，是否能提高亚硝酸盐反硝化速率.这三个试验条件下污泥的MLVSS分别为375，778，1155.7mg/L，表3为计算得出的平均比污泥反硝化速率.如图3所示，随着污泥浓度的升高，硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的平均比污泥反硝化速率均有提高，反硝化过程结束的时间越来越短.这是因为污泥浓度的提高可使微生物系统硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐还原酶的含量相应提高，在初始底物浓度相同的环境下，可提高反应速率，降低出水亚硝酸盐浓度.
但G厂滤池污泥在浓度增大的情况下，亚硝酸盐还原速率也无法达到硝酸盐还原速率水平.图4为反硝化速率变化趋势，浓度2和浓度3试验在硝酸盐被反硝化完后，亚硝酸盐还原速率有较大的提高，但最高速率分别只有0.65和0.63mgN/(mgVSS·d)，是其最高硝酸盐还原速率的68%和74%，此时浓度3试验的污泥浓度是图2中W厂的2倍(W厂污泥浓度MLVSS为572mg/L).而由图2可知，W厂污泥的最大亚硝酸盐还原速率0.95mgNO2/(mgVSS·d)，接近其硝酸盐还原速率的水平.故是G厂污泥本身的亚硝酸盐反硝化能力更弱，在有限的滤池停留时间内，无法完成亚硝酸盐的还原过程，导致出水亚硝酸盐积累现象，与污泥浓度无关.根据这一结果可知，G厂滤池即使通过延长反冲洗周期增大滤池内污泥浓度，也无法有效解决出水亚硝酸盐积累的问题.
2.3.2　滤料生物量对亚硝酸盐积累的影响
为进一步验证滤池中滤料生物量对出水亚硝酸盐是否有影响，选取两个厂的代表性滤池，分层提取滤料，检测滤料表面生物量，两个厂的滤料生物量如图5所示.滤池不同层的滤料生物量不同，随水流方向由底层至顶层逐渐减小.G厂和W厂整体滤池的滤料生物量平均值分别为20.3，14.4mgVSS/g滤料，G厂滤池生物量较大.G厂平均滤料生物量比W厂多29%，但是仍存在亚硝酸盐积累的现象，故G厂滤池不是因为滤料生物量少而产生的出水亚硝酸盐积累现象.
2.4　生物膜菌种结构
各污水厂DN池细菌属水平群落相对丰度如图6所示，不动杆菌属Acinetobacter、黄杆菌属Flavobacterium、嗜甲基型菌属Methylophilus、甲基营养菌属Methylotenera、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、Methyloversatilis属于优势菌属，且不同水厂优势菌属不同.这是由于不同水厂生物滤池前端工艺结构不同、水质不同，且各水厂运行参数不同，导致各个滤池优势微生物不同.
G厂和W厂滤料上微生物样本中群落属水平丰度如图7所示，两个厂微生物主要为利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌[14-15]，如嗜甲基型菌属Methylophilus、甲基营养菌属Methylotenera、生丝微菌属Hyphomicrobium等.在利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌属中，G厂优势菌属为生丝微菌属Hyphomicrobium，丰度为21.4%，W厂优势菌属为甲基营养菌属Methylotenera，丰度为15.1%.
分析微生物群落中表现出的丰度差异的物种，如图8所示.结果表明，G厂和W厂滤池两组微生物样本物种丰度排名前30的样本中，有25种存在显著性差异.W厂反硝化滤池样本中丰度较高且显著高于G厂反硝化滤池的菌属有Methylotenera、norank-A4b、MM1、norank-SJA-28、Flavobacterium和Methylophilus.其中丰度差异最大的菌属为Methylotenera，丰度差为12.9%(95%置信区间)，故W厂无亚硝酸盐累积现象的原因很可能与甲基营养菌属Methylotenera相关.有研究显示，Methylotenera的反硝化途径有周质硝酸盐还原酶、NAD(P)连接且含铜的亚硝酸盐还原酶、一氧化氮还原酶[16]，是可以进行亚硝酸盐还原的反硝化菌.有学者认为，不同的菌属和菌种有不同的反硝化代谢途径[17]，且含有不同的反硝化代谢途径所需的酶[18-19]，对于反硝化生物滤池亚硝酸盐积累问题而言，未来应聚焦研究如何培养富含亚硝酸盐还原酶的菌群，使反硝化滤池的碳源利用效率提高.
2.5　反硝化菌种类型推断
有中试规模试验研究结果表明，甲醇滤池中优势菌属为嗜甲基菌属Methylophilus，在甲醇反硝化代谢通路中起重要作用；乙酸钠滤池中反硝化优势菌属为Arobacter，可利用有机酸还原硝酸盐氮[20].本文中所涉及的生物滤池所用碳源全部为甲醇，那么在甲醇碳源滤池中，利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌丰度是否为导致亚硝酸盐积累的关键因素？是否需要考虑滤池中丰度较低的其他营养型反硝化菌属对亚硝酸盐积累的影响？本实验以其他易降解有机物乙酸钠为碳源，对两个厂滤池微生物进行了测试.
根据图9反硝化速率测试曲线，计算得G厂、W厂滤池污泥的硝酸盐比污泥反硝化速率如表4所示.乙酸钠碳源条件下，反硝化速率约为甲醇的45.9%，乙酸钠碳源反硝化过程反应速率慢.乙酸钠碳源条件下，G厂和W厂比污泥反硝化速率相差不大，且两个厂的污泥用乙酸钠的反硝化速率都很低，说明反硝化过程主要由利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌完成，是产生亚硝酸盐积累与否的原因，无需考虑利用其他有机物类型的菌种对亚硝酸盐积累带来的影响，可将后续的亚硝控制技术研究观察对象集中在利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌范围中.
3　结论
收起
3.1　滤池的反洗周期、方式等运行参数对亚硝酸盐积累基本没有影响.
3.2　G厂与W厂的比污泥反硝化速率分别为0.51和0.92mgNO3/(mgVSS·d)，G厂滤池出水亚硝酸盐积累是由于滤池微生物反硝化能力弱；且反硝化过程中存在硝酸盐氮时，G厂污泥亚硝还原速率比W厂低75%，更容易产生亚硝酸盐积累.
3.3　当G厂污泥生物量提高至W厂浓度的2倍时，最大亚硝酸盐反硝化速率仍无法达到W厂的水平，故生物量不是G厂产生亚硝酸亚积累的主要原因.
3.4　微生物群落结构分析结果表明，W厂滤池中甲基营养菌属Methylotenera的丰度比G厂高12.9%.
3.5　反硝化过程主要是由利用甲基类型营养的反硝化菌完成，是产生亚硝酸盐积累与否的原因，无需考虑利用其他类型有机物的菌种对亚硝酸盐积累带来的影响.
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  • 接收时间：2024-08-08
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-08
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    1.北京城市排水集团有限责任公司，北京 100044
    2.北京市污水资源化工程技术研究中心，北京 100124
    3.北京北排科技有限公司，北京 100124

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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