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In this study, zebrafish were used as a model organism to investigate the effects of combined exposure to polyamide microplastics(PA MPs)and triclosan(TCS)on lipid metabolism in larval zebrafish. The findings demonstrated that PA exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for TCS, with an adsorption rate reaching 74% at 168h. Exposure to PA and TCS from 6hpf to 120hpf resulted in pronounced morphological abnormalities in larval zebrafish, including pericardial edema, swim bladder closure, yolk sac edema, and spinal curvature, with a malformation rate of 13%. Moreover, combined exposure induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the larvae, triggering oxidative stress responses. In the hepatic region, significant lipid accumulation was observed, accompanied by elevated levels of T-CHO and TG. These changes were further correlated with aberrant expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, confirming that combined exposure to PA and TCS disrupted lipid metabolic processes in zebrafish. Mechanistic investigations revealed that combined exposure led to a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased expression of ATP synthase genes, resulting in impaired energy supply and subsequent energy metabolism disruption. Notably, the presence of PA significantly amplified the disruptive effects of TCS on lipid and energy metabolism compared to exposure to either PA or TCS alone.

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以斑马鱼为模式生物,旨在评估聚酰胺微塑料(PA MPs)和三氯生(TCS)复合暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼脂质代谢的影响.研究发现,PA对TCS展现出很强的吸附能力,168h时吸附量达到74%.在PA和TCS复合暴露下(6~120hpf),斑马鱼幼鱼产生明显表观畸形,例如心包水肿、游囊关闭、卵黄囊肿和脊柱弯曲等,畸形发生率为13%.此外,复合暴露还导致斑马鱼幼鱼体内活性氧的积聚,激发氧化应激反应.在肝脏区域,观察到脂质堆积的加剧,同时T-CHO和TG水平上升,伴随着脂质代谢相关基因表达的异常,从而证实PA和TCS复合暴露诱导了斑马鱼脂质代谢的紊乱.进一步的机制研究表明,PA和TCS的复合暴露导致线粒体膜电位下降和ATP合酶基因表达降低,导致能量供应受损,进而引发能量代谢紊乱.与单独的PA或TCS暴露相比,PA的存在显著增强了TCS对斑马鱼脂质代谢和能量代谢的干扰作用.

, correspAuthors=钱秋慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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成冠辰(2000-),男,江苏淮安人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究..

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成冠辰(2000-),男,江苏淮安人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究..

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成冠辰(2000-),男,江苏淮安人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究..

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发育畸形包括:a心包水肿;b卵黄囊肿;c游囊发育迟缓;d脊柱弯曲;e头部畸形

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微塑料和三氯生复合暴露致斑马鱼脂代谢紊乱
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成冠辰 , 刘兴成 , 王慧利 , 钱秋慧 *
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(3): 1636-1646
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(3): 1636-1646
微塑料和三氯生复合暴露致斑马鱼脂代谢紊乱
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成冠辰 , 刘兴成, 王慧利, 钱秋慧*
作者信息
  • 苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 成冠辰(2000-),男,江苏淮安人,苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生.主要从事风险评价与生态安全方面的研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
The combined exposure to microplastics and triclosan disrupts lipid metabolism in zebrafish
Guan-chen CHENG , Xing-cheng LIU, Hui-li WANG, Qiu-hui QIAN*
Affiliations
  • School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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以斑马鱼为模式生物,旨在评估聚酰胺微塑料(PA MPs)和三氯生(TCS)复合暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼脂质代谢的影响.研究发现,PA对TCS展现出很强的吸附能力,168h时吸附量达到74%.在PA和TCS复合暴露下(6~120hpf),斑马鱼幼鱼产生明显表观畸形,例如心包水肿、游囊关闭、卵黄囊肿和脊柱弯曲等,畸形发生率为13%.此外,复合暴露还导致斑马鱼幼鱼体内活性氧的积聚,激发氧化应激反应.在肝脏区域,观察到脂质堆积的加剧,同时T-CHO和TG水平上升,伴随着脂质代谢相关基因表达的异常,从而证实PA和TCS复合暴露诱导了斑马鱼脂质代谢的紊乱.进一步的机制研究表明,PA和TCS的复合暴露导致线粒体膜电位下降和ATP合酶基因表达降低,导致能量供应受损,进而引发能量代谢紊乱.与单独的PA或TCS暴露相比,PA的存在显著增强了TCS对斑马鱼脂质代谢和能量代谢的干扰作用.

微塑料  /  三氯生  /  复合暴露  /  斑马鱼  /  脂质代谢紊乱

In this study, zebrafish were used as a model organism to investigate the effects of combined exposure to polyamide microplastics(PA MPs)and triclosan(TCS)on lipid metabolism in larval zebrafish. The findings demonstrated that PA exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for TCS, with an adsorption rate reaching 74% at 168h. Exposure to PA and TCS from 6hpf to 120hpf resulted in pronounced morphological abnormalities in larval zebrafish, including pericardial edema, swim bladder closure, yolk sac edema, and spinal curvature, with a malformation rate of 13%. Moreover, combined exposure induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the larvae, triggering oxidative stress responses. In the hepatic region, significant lipid accumulation was observed, accompanied by elevated levels of T-CHO and TG. These changes were further correlated with aberrant expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, confirming that combined exposure to PA and TCS disrupted lipid metabolic processes in zebrafish. Mechanistic investigations revealed that combined exposure led to a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased expression of ATP synthase genes, resulting in impaired energy supply and subsequent energy metabolism disruption. Notably, the presence of PA significantly amplified the disruptive effects of TCS on lipid and energy metabolism compared to exposure to either PA or TCS alone.

microplastics  /  triclosan  /  joint exposure  /  zebrafish  /  lipid metabolism disorder
成冠辰, 刘兴成, 王慧利, 钱秋慧. 微塑料和三氯生复合暴露致斑马鱼脂代谢紊乱. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1636 -1646 .
Guan-chen CHENG, Xing-cheng LIU, Hui-li WANG, Qiu-hui QIAN. The combined exposure to microplastics and triclosan disrupts lipid metabolism in zebrafish[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1636 -1646 .
微塑料(MPs)是直径小于5mm的塑料纤维、颗粒或薄膜,已成为一种新型污染物,在环境中广泛存在[1].最近的研究发现,MPs不仅在大西洋、太平洋和印度洋等主要海洋中被发现,还出现在极地和深海区域.研究表明,地中海沉积物样本中的微塑料浓度约为1140颗粒/m3,而在台湾的沙伦、白沙湾、外雾山和福隆海滩的沙样中,MPs的浓度为40~5320颗粒/m3[2].在得克萨斯州拉伯克的城市湖泊中,MPs浓度已达到(1.56±1.64)mg/L[3].在海洋生物体内,MPs的存在同样得到了证实[4-5].通过对葡萄牙海岸26个物种的263个个体进行分析,发现在17个物种的52个个体中(占19.8%)检测到了MPs,总共识别出73种不同的MPs类型[6].MPs因其较大的比表面积和强烈的疏水性,能够高效地吸附环境中的多种污染物,包括有机物质和重金属等[7].研究表明,MPs对有机污染物的吸附能力较沉积物高出大约2个数量级[8].这种吸附作用使得与有机污染物相关的MPs在被海洋生物摄取后,有潜力通过胃肠道进入其内脏器官,引发协同毒性效应.例如,吸附了全氟化合物的MPs对斑马鱼肝脏造成的损害,超过了单独MPs或全氟化合物的影响[9-10].
三氯生(TCS)是一种广泛使用的合成抗菌剂,常见于牙膏、肥皂、消毒剂和纺织品等多种材料中[11].含TCS的个人护理产品是废水中TCS的主要来源.TCS在河流、沉积物、土壤以及城市废水处理厂普遍被检测到,其浓度范围从ng/L~mg/L[12].美国佐治亚州萨凡纳市某污水处理厂废水中的TCS浓度达到86.2µg/L,南非豪登省某污水处理厂废水中TCS的浓度则为17.6µg/L[13].由于TCS的环境持久性和亲脂性,它很容易在生物体内蓄积,从而对水生和陆生生物构成显著威胁.在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿野生宽吻海豚血浆中,检测到TCS的平均浓度为0.18ng/g[14].在施用生物固体改良的田间地块蚯蚓样本中,TCS浓度为16~51ng/g[15].越来越多的证据表明TCS是一种典型的内分泌干扰物,其接触可能导致肝毒性[16].在小鼠模型中,TCS暴露已被证实会干扰脂肪酸代谢、肠道微生物群落以及胆汁酸代谢[17-18].研究表明,TCS暴露可能与肝脏疾病的发生有关,包括非酒精性脂肪性肝病、肝炎和肝癌等[17].本研究团队的先前研究还观察到,斑马鱼幼鱼在TCS暴露下肝脏出现脂滴积聚,并且总胆固醇(T-CHO)和甘油三酯(TG)水平显著上升.此外,长期TCS暴露还会导致斑马鱼肝脏空泡化和纤维化,以及脂质异常积聚,伴随着脂质代谢相关基因表达的异常,造成脂质代谢紊乱[19].
尽管MPs和TCS单独的环境行为和毒性效应已取得了一定的研究成果,但关于二者复合暴露的研究还很有限.在珠江流域的地表水样本中,检测到MPs表面吸附了TCS,这一现象表明MPs和TCS在水环境中能够共存[20].MPs对TCS的吸附作用主要通过物理吸附机制实现,尤其是聚酰胺(PA)展现出较高的吸附能力[21].TCS与MPs之间的相互作用机制涉及到静电作用和色散力,其中PA表面的氨基显著增强了静电吸附效果.尽管如此,目前关于PA吸附TCS的毒理学研究相对有限,尤其缺乏PA与TCS联合暴露对脂质代谢影响的研究.鉴于斑马鱼与人类在遗传上的高度同源性,它们常被用作脊椎模式动物进行毒理研究.因此,本研究选择斑马鱼作为模型生物,旨在全面评估PA和TCS复合暴露对斑马鱼脂质代谢的影响.同时,本研究将MPs的吸附特性与毒理效应相结合,探讨MPs吸附持久性有机污染物后的协同毒性机制,为MPs与污染物复合暴露的生态毒性和健康风险评估提供理论依据.
野生型AB品系斑马鱼购于国家斑马鱼中心,在全循环养殖系统按性别分缸饲养,系统循环水水温为(28.5±0.5)℃;pH值为7.0~7.4;光照周期为14h/10h(光/暗),每天早晚各喂食一次新鲜孵化的丰年虾.
主要试剂:PA粉末(2µm)购于南京聚隆公司,TCS购于浙江中星化工试剂有限公司.超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)检测试剂盒、丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒、过氧化氢酶(CAT)检测试剂盒、尼罗红染色试剂盒、油红O染色试剂盒、活性氧(ROS)染色试剂盒、游离脂肪酸(FFA)检测试剂盒、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)检测试剂盒、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)粉末和qPCR Super Mix试剂盒均购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司.TG和T-CHO检测试剂盒均购于南京建成生物工程研究所.
主要仪器:斑马鱼养殖系统(上海海圣生物实验设备有限公司);正置荧光显微镜(CL-I)(日本Nikon公司);F6/F10手持式高速匀浆机(上海净信科技公司);多功能酶标仪(美国Thermofisher公司);台式低温高速离心机(5417R)(德国Eppendorf公司);手持匀浆器MY-10/20(上海达洛科学仪器有限公司);荧光倒置显微镜(门季上海生物科技有限公司);傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nexus 870,美国);马尔文电位粒度仪(Zetasizer Nano ZSP,英国马尔文仪器有限公司).
斑马鱼在受精后约3个月达到性成熟,成熟的个体被用于繁殖实验.在实验前夜的20:30~21:00时段,按照1:1的雌雄比例,将斑马鱼放入繁殖盒中,并使用透明塑料隔板将雌雄斑马鱼暂时分隔.在投喂少量虾粉后,将繁殖盒置于避光环境中过夜.次日上午8:00~9:00,移除塑料隔板,允许雌雄斑马鱼进行交配和产卵.交配产卵结束后0.5h,收集所产胚胎,并剔除死亡的胚胎,然后将存活的胚胎转移到已消毒的培养皿中.孵化6h后,将胚胎分别置于对照组、PA(400µg/L)组(约9.55×107颗粒/L)、TCS(250µg/L)组和PA(400µg/L)+TCS(250µg/L)组,其中TCS和PA的浓度选择基于TCS的LC50值(420µg/L)[22]以及环境中TCS[23]和MPs[3]的实际浓度来确定.在整个实验过程中,每24h更换一次胚胎暴露液,并清除死亡的胚胎,直至达到实验所需的发育阶段进行样本的采集.
将PA MPs配制成2mg/mL的溶液,利用超声仪进行10min的超声分散处理.根据PA MPs的物理特性调整仪器参数,将制备好的PA MPs溶液倒入比色皿中,溶液高度约为比色皿总高度的2/3,然后在马尔文粒度分析仪上进行粒径分布测试.
将PA MPs在60℃烘箱中干燥至恒重,然后与溴化钾粉末混合,在玛瑙研钵中研磨至均匀细粉.将所得粉末在红外灯下干燥,随后置于压片磨具中,施加10MPa压力1min,压制成透明或半透明薄片,确保薄片表面平整无缺陷.测试前进行背景扫描,最后在傅里叶变换红外光谱仪上分析样品.
利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PA在吸附TCS前后的微观结构进行了观察分析.实验中,将待测的PA粉末放置在附有导电胶带的样品台上,并轻微振动以去除多余的粉末.实验前需对样品进行喷金处理,以增强其导电性.在扫描过程中,保持检测器与样品2mm的工作距离,并应用2.0kV的扫描电压进行扫描.
首先将10mg的PA粉末加入到一个预先装有50mL浓度为400µg/mL的TCS溶液的棕色小瓶中.为确保充分混合和反应,整个体系在180r/min的恒定搅拌速度下持续搅拌.从实验开始,按照1/3,1,2,4,6,8,10,12,24,48,72,96,120,144和168h这些时间节点进行取样,每个时间点均进行3次独立重复.完成所有预定时间点的样本采集后,使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对这些样本进行检测.
采用二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)作为荧光探针,来检测各组斑马鱼幼鱼(72hpf)的ROS水平.使用PBS缓冲液将DCFH-DA稀释至10µmol/L.随后,将胚胎置于含有10µmol/L DCFH-DA的24孔培养板中,在28.5℃的黑暗条件下孵育30min.孵育结束后,使用PBS缓冲液对胚胎进行三次冲洗,进而在荧光显微镜下观察.
尼罗红染色:称取20mg尼罗红粉末,溶解于10mL丙酮中,配成2mg/mL的尼罗红母液,并于-20℃避光保存.使用蒸馏水稀释尼罗红母液配制尼罗红工作液(0.5µg/mL).将斑马鱼幼鱼(8dpf)置于含有尼罗红工作液的离心管中,避光孵育60min.孵育完成后,用蒸馏水在离心管中反复清洗3min.随后,使用麻醉剂对斑马鱼幼鱼进行麻醉,在荧光显微镜下观察并拍照.
油红O染色:在8dpf时,使用4%多聚甲醛(PFA)将斑马鱼幼鱼在4℃下固定过夜,用PBS洗涤3次,浸入60%异丙醇中,并在摇床上孵育30min,以进行脱水处理.接着,将幼鱼转移到新鲜过滤的0.3%ORO溶液中染色3h.染色完成后,继续用PBS清洗3次,用60%异丙醇去除背景色,孵育10min,随后用PBS洗一次之后加入甘油,在显微镜下观察并拍照.
暴露5d后,使用1.5mL离心管分别收集各组幼鱼,用生理盐水冲洗干净后,吸干离心管内水分,称量斑马鱼的体重.根据样本质量(g):提取液容量(mL)=1:10的比例加入提取液,进行匀浆处理.接着,置于台式低温离心机中,在4℃下以8000r/min的转速离心10min.吸取上清液,置于冰上待用.根据试剂盒的说明书依次严格规范地进行氧化应激指标(MDA和GSH含量以及SOD和CAT酶活性)和脂质代谢指标(TG、T-CHO和FFA)的检测.在Varioskan LUX多功能酶标仪上,利用96孔板进行实验,选择吸光度模式,并依据试剂盒指南设定波长:MDA为532和600nm,GSH为405nm,SOD为450nm,CAT为240nm,TG和T-CHO为510nm,FFA为540nm.在获得吸光度值后,使用试剂盒提供的标准曲线,分别将它们的吸光度转换为相应的浓度.接着,通过BCA法测定每个样品的总蛋白质浓度.将每种生化指标的浓度分别除以样品中的总蛋白质浓度,得到标准化的生化指标浓度,以每mg蛋白质中的生化指标含量来表示.
按照总RNA提取试剂盒上的标准方法提取各组斑马鱼幼鱼(120hpf)的总RNA.通过ScanDrop超微量紫外可见分光光度计测定RNA的浓度,若OD260/OD280的比值在1.8~2.0,则表明RNA纯度较高,可进行后续实验.随后,通过Takara逆转录试剂盒将RNA逆转录为cDNA.采用TransStart Green qPCR Super Mix试剂盒配置样本的反应体系液,以β-actin作为内参,在ABI7500仪器上运行程序以进行基因表达的定量分析.RT-qPCR程序设置为:95℃预变性2min,随后进行40个循环,每个循环包括95℃变性15s和60℃退火/延伸60s.最后,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达水平.
取适量JC-1染料(200×),按照每50µL JC-1与8mL超纯水的比例稀释,剧烈震荡充分溶解.接着,向稀释后的JC-1溶液中加入2mL JC-1染色缓冲液(5×),混匀后作为JC-1染色工作液.随后,按照线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒的操作步骤进行线粒体膜电位的检测.染色完成后,将斑马鱼幼鱼置于荧光倒置显微镜下观察并拍照.最后用Image J软件对各组幼鱼的荧光强度进行量化.
本文的实验结果采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)的方法,用平均值(Mean)±标准差(SD)表示.以P<0.05(*),P<0.01(**)或P<0.001(***)表示统计学上的显著性差异.所有数据分析均利用GraphPad Prism9.5.0软件进行数据处理和图形绘制.
通过粒度仪分析了PA MPs的粒径分布,如图1(a)所示.PA MPs的水合粒径为2.0µm,且其粒度分布较均一,PDI为0.545.接着,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对PA MPs的化学结构进行分析(图1(b)).在PA的红外光谱中,酰胺基团的—NH和C=O键的伸缩振动分别在3307和1641cm-1处产生特征吸收峰.1554cm-1处的吸收峰则对应于—NH的弯曲振动.此外,CH2基团的伸缩振动出现在2926cm-1处.
首先,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了PA吸附TCS前后的表面形貌变化.如图2所示,PA的粒径约为2µm,表面光滑,呈球状和多孔的结构(图2(a)).而吸附TCS后,PA的表面形态发生明显的改变,并且在其表面观察到许多碎片结构(图2(b)).
通过PA和TCS的吸附实验,绘制了PA对TCS的吸附动力学曲线,如图3所示.观察曲线可以发现,TCS在PA表面的吸附速率与其吸附量之间存在一定的联系.具体来看,在吸附初期,PA对TCS的吸附速度相对较快,吸附量也呈现出显著的增长趋势,然而,随着吸附时间的延长,大约在24h时,PA对TCS的吸附量逐渐趋向饱和,增长速度开始放缓,在168h时吸附量达到74%.这一现象与先前文献中报道的MPs对TCS的吸附过程相类似[24].这一结果表明,在吸附初期,PA表面可吸附的位点较多,同时TCS的浓度较高,因此吸附速度较快;随着吸附时间的进一步延长,PA表面可吸附的位点逐渐减少,同时TCS的浓度也开始降低,导致TCS在PA表面的吸附逐渐达到平衡.这一研究结果表明PA对TCS有明显的吸附效果.
斑马鱼胚胎在不同暴露液中从6~120hpf的暴露实验中,对其畸形率、心率和孵化率进行了系统的观察与记录.利用显微镜拍摄记录了发育状况,如图4(a)所示.结果表明,在PA和TCS的复合暴露组中,幼鱼出现了明显的心包水肿、游囊发育不完整、卵黄囊肿、脊柱弯曲等明显的发育异常.从图4(b)可以看出,与对照组相比,PA、TCS组和PA+TCS复合暴露组的斑马鱼幼鱼的畸形率均显著升高(P<0.001),其中PA+TCS复合暴露组的畸形率最高,达到13%.从图4(c)进一步揭示了PA暴露后斑马鱼幼鱼心率受到显著抑制(P<0.001).而TCS暴露则导致心率显著增加(P<0.001).然而,在PA和TCS的复合暴露下,心率的变化并不显著.此外,图4(d)显示PA和TCS的复合暴露对斑马鱼的孵化率产生了负面影响,与对照组相比,PA、TCS组和PA+TCS复合暴露组的斑马鱼幼鱼(48hpf)的孵化率均显著下降(P<0.05),其中PA+TCS复合暴露组的孵化率最低.综合分析各时间点的孵化率数据,TCS和PA+TCS复合暴露组的胚胎呈现孵化延迟趋势.综合上述结果,可以得出结论:PA和TCS的复合暴露对斑马鱼的毒性效应显著大于它们单独暴露时的效应,这表明了复合暴露具有协同毒性作用.
ROS在细胞增殖、分化、迁移、凋亡和坏死中起着重要作用.然而,ROS的过量生成会导致氧化还原稳态被破坏,进而导致氧化应激和一些重要生物大分子(包括DNA、蛋白质和膜)的损伤[25].为了深入探究PA和TCS的复合暴露对斑马鱼氧化应激的影响,本文进行了ROS染色实验,监测斑马鱼体内ROS水平的变化(图5(a)),荧光定量分析结果如图5(b)所示.实验结果显示,在PA和TCS的复合暴露下,斑马鱼体内的ROS含量显著增加(P<0.01),是对照组的1.8倍,尤其是在肝脏区域,ROS的积聚尤为显著.进一步对几个关键的氧化应激指标进行了定量分析,包括SOD、MDA、CAT和GSH.SOD和CAT作为抗氧化系统中的两种关键酶,负责清除过量的内源性ROS[26].MDA和GSH的含量则通常被用来评估脂质过氧化的程度,它们是细胞内因ROS积累而发生脂质过氧化的主要标志物[27].如图5(c)~(f)所示,在PA和TCS的复合暴露下,与对照组相比,MDA含量显著上升(P<0.001),CAT活性显著增强(P<0.01),而SOD活性则显著下降(P<0.001),GSH含量也显著降低(P<0.05).此外,除了GSH含量外,PA和TCS的复合暴露在其他氧化应激指标上与单独暴露相比,变化更为显著.这些结果共同证实,PA和TCS的复合暴露能够显著诱导斑马鱼幼鱼体内的氧化应激.
为了探究PA与TCS在复合暴露下对斑马鱼幼鱼肝脏中脂质堆积的影响,本研究采用了ORO和尼罗红染色,以直观呈现斑马鱼幼鱼体内脂质的积聚和分布状态[28].如图6(a)、(b)所示,相较于对照组,TCS处理组和PA+TCS复合暴露组的幼鱼肝脏和卵黄囊区域均出现了明显的脂质堆积现象.其中肝脏和卵黄中的脂滴积累尤为严重,且从积累程度来看,呈现出以下顺序:PA+TCS组>TCS组>PA组.这一系列结果表明,PA与TCS的复合暴露显著增加了斑马鱼肝脏中脂质的积累.
为了证实PA和TCS复合暴露是否会造成脂质代谢紊乱,进一步对相关的生化指标进行了测定.TG、T-CHO和FFA的含量失衡被认为是评估脂质代谢异常的关键生化指标[29].实验结果显示,在PA+TCS组和TCS组中,斑马鱼幼鱼的TG水平显著高于对照组,是对照组的2.4倍(P<0.01,图7(a)).T-CHO的水平在TCS组中显著高于对照组(P<0.05,图7(b)).特别地,相较于对照组,TCS和PA+TCS组斑马鱼幼鱼的FFA水平也显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.001,图7(c)).相比之下,在仅PA暴露的斑马鱼幼鱼中,TG、T-CHO和FFA的含量与对照组相比没有显著性差异.因此,PA和TCS的复合暴露和TCS的单独暴露均能显著地引起斑马鱼脂质代谢的紊乱,并且复合暴露展现出一定的协同效应,加剧了脂质代谢的异常.
上述实验结果已明确显示,在PA和TCS复合暴露下,斑马鱼幼鱼出现了显著的脂质代谢异常.为了更加深入解释其分子机理,从分子水平上对脂质代谢相关标志基因(fasnlpl)的表达水平进行验证.有研究表明,脂蛋白脂肪酶(lpl)的活性提高可以降低甘油三酯(TG)的水平[30].同时,脂肪酸的合成过程是由脂肪酸合酶(FAS)催化的,而fasn是与脂质稳态相关的基因[31-32].图8(a)(b)展示了不同处理组在暴露5d后斑马鱼体内fasnlpl基因的表达情况,结果显示,暴露组基因的表达水平都下降了.与单独暴露组相比,复合暴露组的基因表达水平更低.这表明PA和TCS的复合暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼脂质代谢相关基因的下调产生了协同效应,这进一步证实了复合暴露在分子层面对斑马鱼体内脂质代谢功能基因的表达具有显著影响.通过诱导关键脂质代谢基因(fasnlpl)的异常表达,导致了脂质代谢的紊乱.
线粒体作为斑马鱼细胞内对外界干扰反应最为敏感的细胞器之一,其功能状态直接影响着斑马鱼的生长和发育过程[33].线粒体膜电位(MMP)是衡量线粒体功能和细胞能量转换的关键指标,并且与细胞凋亡过程密切相关[34].MMP的降低会进一步阻碍三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的合成,影响细胞的正常代谢[35].本实验采用JC-1染色法来评估PA和TCS复合暴露对MMP的影响.如图9(a)所示,在TCS和PA+TCS复合暴露组中,观察到强烈的绿色荧光,表明线粒体膜电位受损.定量分析显示,相较于TCS组(P<0.05),PA+TCS复合暴露组的线粒体健康/受损比值(红/绿荧光比)更低,是TCS组的0.6倍(图9(b)P<0.001).相比之下,PA单独暴露组的绿色荧光较弱,其相对荧光强度与对照组相比没有显著差异.这些结果表明,PA和TCS的复合暴露具有协同作用,加剧了线粒体的损伤.
ATP是细胞内的主要能量载体,负责驱动各种生物化学反应,包括细胞增殖、分化和生长等过程[36].在斑马鱼的发育过程中,充足的ATP供应对于胚胎的正常发育和生长至关重要.ATP合酶作为能量代谢中的核心酶,其功能状态直接影响细胞的能量代谢效率[37].通过线粒体膜电位的检测发现TCS和PA暴露会在不同程度上造成线粒体损伤,进而可能诱导斑马鱼能量代谢紊乱.为了进一步探究其分子机制,本研究筛选了与ATP合酶相关的基因(atp1a2aatp5a1atp5latp6ap1lb)进行RT-qPCR验证.atp1a2a基因编码的钠钾ATP酶α2亚基是细胞膜上钠钾泵的重要组成部分,该泵在维持细胞内外离子平衡、细胞电位和体内渗透压等方面发挥着关键作用[38].如图10(a)所示,PA组和PA+TCS复合暴露组的基因atp1a2a表达量较对照组有所增加(P<0.05),这一现象表明PA和TCS暴露可能导致细胞内外离子失衡,增加了细胞的能量消耗,引发细胞代谢紊乱和氧化应激.atp5a1atp5l编码了线粒体ATP合酶的α亚基,是ATP合酶复合物(复合物V)的组成部分,参与细胞中ATP的合成[39].
图10(b)和图10(c)可以看出,TCS和PA复合暴露组较对照组基因atp5a1atp5l的表达量显著降低(P<0.05),表明TCS和PA暴露削弱ATP合酶的功能,导致ATP合成减少.这将直接影响细胞的能量供应,导致细胞功能障碍和能量代谢紊乱.而PA暴露组相关基因的表达量有所升高,可能导致线粒体过度活跃,产生过多的ROS,引发氧化应激和细胞损伤.atp6ap1lb基因编码的ATP酶H+转运相关蛋白是线粒体ATP合酶复合物的重要组成部分,主要参与质子梯度的形成和维持,对细胞能量代谢至关重要[40].PA+TCS暴露组atp6ap1lb基因表达水平较对照组显著降低(P<0.05,图10(d)).进一步表明,PA和TCS的复合暴露减少ATP的合成,影响细胞的正常功能和代谢活动.综上,PA和TCS的复合暴露加剧了TCS诱导的斑马鱼能量代谢相关基因表达水平的异常,进而可能诱导斑马鱼脂质代谢紊乱,影响细胞和组织的正常功能.
近年来,MPs及其复合污染物引发的环境生态风险越来越受到关注,同时TCS引起生物体生长发育异常的现象也得到了广泛研究.例如,Oliveira等[41]的研究表明,暴露于TCS溶液的斑马鱼胚胎孵化速度显著减缓,并导致幼鱼出现眼睛和身体的色素沉着.此外,TCS还会诱导斑马鱼脂质代谢异常,而脂质代谢在生物体发育过程中起着重要作用,其代谢异常可能导致多种代谢性疾病[42].
最近的研究表明,MPs可充当水生环境中TCS的载体,其中物理吸附是TCS在MPs表面吸附的主要机制[21],而PA因其高吸附能力而尤为突出[43].本研究中的吸附实验进一步证实了这一点,在168h时,PA对TCS的吸附效率达到了74%.MPs不仅能够影响有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化和最终归宿,还能影响这些有机物在生物体内的生物蓄积、分布和毒性作用[1].在现有研究的基础上,本文设计了一系列实验,旨在探究PA吸附TCS对斑马鱼发育的潜在毒性影响.实验结果表明,在斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼的生长发育阶段,PA与TCS的复合暴露显著提高了畸形率,同时降低了孵化率和心率,表明PA与TCS的复合暴露会造成斑马鱼的发育毒性.
研究发现,高水平的氧化应激会损害细胞和组织,潜在地损害正常的生长和发育.这可能导致发育迟缓,器官形成异常,并导致疾病.同时,适当的脂质代谢对细胞膜形成、能量储存和调节生长发育的信号通路至关重要.脂质代谢失调会导致肥胖、脂肪肝和发育异常等疾病[44].因此,为进一步探究其诱导发育毒性的原因,本文检测了PA与TCS的复合暴露下斑马鱼幼鱼的氧化应激和脂质代谢情况.研究发现,在PA+TCS复合暴露下,斑马鱼的ROS和氧化应激相关指标的水平显著增加,证实PA+TCS复合暴露会加剧斑马鱼幼鱼的氧化应激.氧化应激可破坏脂质代谢,导致脂质过氧化和代谢紊乱[45].通过ORO/尼罗红染色和脂质代谢生化标志物的检测,发现PA+TCS复合暴露导致斑马鱼肝脏部分脂质滴堆积增加和脂质代谢紊乱.进一步利用RT-qPCR技术从分子水平进行验证,发现PA+TCS复合暴露诱导脂质代谢关键基因(fasnlpl)的异常表达.相较于PA和TCS单独暴露组,上述氧化应激和脂质代谢紊乱的现象在PA+TCS复合暴露中更为严重,表明PA+TCS复合暴露在斑马鱼体内呈现一定的协同作用.
能量代谢通过调节脂质合成、储存和分解过程,在脂质代谢中起着至关重要的作用,对维持体内能量平衡至关重要[46].线粒体是细胞能量产生和生物过程的重要细胞器,充足的ATP供应是鱼类维持生长和新陈代谢的必要条件之一[36].为了进一步探究PA和TCS复合暴露诱导脂质代谢紊乱的机制,本文评估了复合暴露对斑马鱼线粒体功能和能量代谢相关指标的影响.研究发现在PA和TCS复合暴露下,斑马鱼的线粒体膜电位显著降低,表明PA+TCS的复合暴露会诱导线粒体的损伤,从而影响细胞能量的生成.ATP合酶是一种位于线粒体膜内的酶复合物.它催化二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和无机磷酸盐(Pi)合成ATP.ATP是细胞的主要能量货币,用于为各种生物过程提供动力[37].因此,为进一步探究PA和TCS复合暴露诱导能量代谢紊乱的机制,本文检测了复合暴露下斑马鱼ATP合酶相关的基因(atp1a2aatp5a1atp5latp6ap1lb)的表达情况.结果发现,除atp1a2a之外,其他基因的表达水平在PA+TCS复合暴露下均显著下调.表明PA+TCS复合暴露通过抑制ATP合酶的表达,阻碍细胞的能量供应,导致能量代谢紊乱,从而进一步诱导脂质代谢失衡.而atp1a2a的上调可能是由于钠钾ATP酶的功能需要大量能量来维持离子梯度,而复合暴露导致脂肪酸合成减少,因此细胞可能会将更多的能量用于维持基本的离子平衡和跨膜离子运输[47].
综合上述结果可以看出,PA MPs与TCS的复合暴露显著增强了TCS的毒性.SEM观察和吸附实验结果揭示,PA能够稳定地吸附TCS,且吸附后PA表面结构变得更加粗糙.这一现象可能与PA表面的极性羰基和胺基与TCS之间形成的稳定氢键作用有关,如Song等[48]所发现的,PA MPs相较于其他类型的MPs,在与石油烃的吸附性能上表现更佳.此外,另有研究指出,TCS主要通过色散力和静电作用吸附于PA MPs表面[21],这一过程可能促使TCS聚集形成微小结晶或团簇,进而导致PA表面粗糙度增加.PA MPs增强TCS毒性的机制可能涉及多个方面.首先,PA MPs的存在增加了TCS在水环境中的稳定性和持久性,从而可能增加了水生生物对其的摄入率[49].其次,MPs与TCS的相互作用可能改变了TCS的化学性质和生物可利用性,增强了其毒性.特别是,PA表面的静电作用和色散力可能提升了TCS对斑马鱼细胞膜的穿透性[8],进而增加了其对生物体的潜在毒性.
本研究揭示了PA和TCS复合暴露对斑马鱼脂质代谢的影响.实验结果表明,PA MPs在环境中不仅作为污染物的载体,还可能通过增强有机污染物的毒性作用,对水生生态系统构成更大的威胁.这一发现对于实际环境中MPs和有机污染物的联合风险评估具有重要意义.未来的研究应进一步探讨PA MPs和有机污染物的联合作用机制,并评估其在不同生态系统中的潜在影响.
4.1 PA+TCS复合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响表现为畸形率增加至13%,导致孵化率降低,并伴随心率的显著增加.此外,该复合暴露显著增强了斑马鱼幼鱼的氧化应激反应,表现为ROS和MDA的积累,以及SOD和CAT活性的降低,其中ROS水平升高至对照组的1.8倍.
4.2 PA+TCS复合暴露诱导斑马鱼幼鱼肝脏脂质堆积增加,TG、T-CHO和FFA含量都显著升高,其中TG含量是对照组的2.4倍,脂质代谢相关基因(fasnlpl)表达显著下调,且较单一暴露于TCS或PA时更为严重,证实复合暴露加剧了TCS诱导的脂质代谢紊乱.
4.3 PA和TCS的复合暴露导致斑马鱼线粒体膜电位显著下降,仅为对照组的0.6倍,同时伴随着能量代谢相关基因表达的显著下调,这表明复合暴露诱导了能量代谢的紊乱.与单独暴露相比,复合暴露下的这些效应更为显著,表明PA和TCS在斑马鱼体内可能存在协同作用,加剧了对能量代谢的干扰.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22305167)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22305167)
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    苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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