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In a sequencing batch reactor with alternating anaerobic/aerobic operation, activated sludge from an oxidation ditch was used as the inoculated sludge for culturing poly-phosphate biofilm enrichment. The potential functions of GAOs in the biofilm phosphorus enrichment system were investigated by examining the effects of the changes in the abundance of glycogen-accumulating organisms(GAOs)in the biofilm on the phosphorus enrichment performance and the metabolic characteristics of the microbial community. The results showed that GAOs became the dominant organisms in the enrichment culture of phosphorus-accumulating biofilm, but they did not adversely affect the phosphorus removal and enrichment of the biofilm system. Due to the significant increase of PHA metabolic activity and poly-P metabolic activity in individual cells of phosphorus-accumulating organisms(PAOs), the biofilm community as a whole was dominated by the phosphorus accumulating metabolism(PAM). GAOs as a dominant bacterial genus in the system, might obtain the reducing power(NADH)required for synthesizing PHA through EMP metabolism, which could provide sufficient energy reserve for the absorption of phosphorus by the PAOs in aerobic conditions, and thus stimulate the phosphorus removal and enrichment effect in the biofilm system. The inorganic phosphorus transport system(pst)and poly-P synthesizing genes(ppk)were up-regulated, so that the biofilm system showed good phosphorus removal and enrichment ability, and the GAOs(Candidatus Competibacter), as a potential denitrifying bacterium, could synchronize with the aerobic denitrification in the biofilm phosphorus-enrichment system.

, correspAuthors=Zhen BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen BI, Meng-meng QIAN, Yi-na YUAN, Xue-ling WANG, Ge SONG, Yong HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116660845826469, articleId=1241116649064026589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=GAOs丰度变化对聚磷生物膜系统的影响——磷富集性能及代谢特征为例, columnId=1240689596959346705, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在厌氧/好氧交替运行的序批式反应器中,以氧化沟活性污泥为接种污泥进行聚磷生物膜的富集培养,通过考察生物膜中聚糖微生物(GAOs)丰度变化对系统磷富集性能以及微生物群落代谢特征的影响,解析GAOs在生物膜磷富集系统中的潜在功能.结果表明,在聚磷生物膜的富集培养过程中,GAOs成为优势菌,但并未对生物膜系统的磷去除与富集效果产生不利影响.由于聚磷微生物(PAOs)单个细胞的PHA代谢活性和poly-P代谢活性均显著增强,使得生物膜群落整体以聚磷代谢模式(PAM)为主导.GAOs作为系统中的优势菌属,可能通过EMP代谢途径获取合成PHA所需的还原力(NADH),为PAOs在好氧条件下吸磷提供充足的能量储备,从而激发无机磷转运系统(pst)、poly-P合成代谢基因(ppk)的表达上调,使生物膜系统表现出良好的磷去除与富集能力,且GAOs(Candidatus Competibacter)作为潜在的反硝化功能菌使得生物膜磷富集系统具备同步好氧脱氮能力.

, correspAuthors=毕贞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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毕贞(1986-),女,江苏苏州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用技术.发表论文20余篇..

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毕贞(1986-),女,江苏苏州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用技术.发表论文20余篇..

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毕贞(1986-),女,江苏苏州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用技术.发表论文20余篇..

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Concentration of simulated effluent components and main parameters of reactor operation

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阶段污水组分浓度(mg/L)HRT (厌氧处理+好氧处理)(h)VER
厌氧段好氧段
NaAc(以COD计)NH4+-NPO43--PPO43--PNH4+-N
挂膜阶段P130015——30154+4——
P2
富集阶段P3200105——102+41.5:1
P453+5
P583+5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672078172312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649064026589, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟污水组分浓度及反应器运行主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段污水组分浓度(mg/L)HRT (厌氧处理+好氧处理)(h)VER
厌氧段好氧段
NaAc(以COD计)NH4+-NPO43--PPO43--PNH4+-N
挂膜阶段P130015——30154+4——
P2
富集阶段P3200105——102+41.5:1
P453+5
P583+5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672258527397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649064026589, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sequencing depth and other relevant information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
各项参数具体信息
Amplified Region338F_806R
Sequence241667
coverage>99.9%
登录号PRJNA1165929
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672401133745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649064026589, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测序深度等相关信息

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各项参数具体信息
Amplified Region338F_806R
Sequence241667
coverage>99.9%
登录号PRJNA1165929
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672543740091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649064026589, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of Stoichiometric Ratios of on the performance of phosphorus systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向研究模型/系统厌氧段好氧段参考文献
P/VFAGly/VFAPHA/VFAP/PHAGly/PHA
PAOs研究Lab-scale PAO culture0.22-0.640.29-0.961.36-1.47----[46]
PAO model0.420.331.22--[45]
PAO model-TCA cycle pathway0.750.000.890.410.42[47]
PAO model-glycolysis pathway0.500.501.330.410.42[47]
GAOs研究Lab-scale GAO culture01.121.86--0.9[44]
GAO model01.121.850.000.65[44]
本研究接种污泥0.220.040.11.120.36--
生物膜0.310.320.850.560.71
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672636014794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116649064026589, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

化学计量比对磷系统性能的影响比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方向研究模型/系统厌氧段好氧段参考文献
P/VFAGly/VFAPHA/VFAP/PHAGly/PHA
PAOs研究Lab-scale PAO culture0.22-0.640.29-0.961.36-1.47----[46]
PAO model0.420.331.22--[45]
PAO model-TCA cycle pathway0.750.000.890.410.42[47]
PAO model-glycolysis pathway0.500.501.330.410.42[47]
GAOs研究Lab-scale GAO culture01.121.86--0.9[44]
GAO model01.121.850.000.65[44]
本研究接种污泥0.220.040.11.120.36--
生物膜0.310.320.850.560.71
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GAOs丰度变化对聚磷生物膜系统的影响——磷富集性能及代谢特征为例
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毕贞 1, * , 钱萌萌 1 , 袁艺娜 1 , 王雪玲 1 , 宋歌 1 , 黄勇 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(3): 1601-1611
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(3): 1601-1611
GAOs丰度变化对聚磷生物膜系统的影响——磷富集性能及代谢特征为例
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毕贞1, * , 钱萌萌1, 袁艺娜1, 王雪玲1, 宋歌1, 黄勇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 2.苏州科技大学,城市生活污水资源化利用技术国家地方联合工程实验室,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 毕贞(1986-),女,江苏苏州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用技术.发表论文20余篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Effects of GAOs abundance to the systemmatic phosphorus enrichment performance and the metabolic characteristics in phosphorus-accumulating biofilm
Zhen BI1, * , Meng-meng QIAN1, Yi-na YUAN1, Xue-ling WANG1, Ge SONG1, Yong HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2.National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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在厌氧/好氧交替运行的序批式反应器中,以氧化沟活性污泥为接种污泥进行聚磷生物膜的富集培养,通过考察生物膜中聚糖微生物(GAOs)丰度变化对系统磷富集性能以及微生物群落代谢特征的影响,解析GAOs在生物膜磷富集系统中的潜在功能.结果表明,在聚磷生物膜的富集培养过程中,GAOs成为优势菌,但并未对生物膜系统的磷去除与富集效果产生不利影响.由于聚磷微生物(PAOs)单个细胞的PHA代谢活性和poly-P代谢活性均显著增强,使得生物膜群落整体以聚磷代谢模式(PAM)为主导.GAOs作为系统中的优势菌属,可能通过EMP代谢途径获取合成PHA所需的还原力(NADH),为PAOs在好氧条件下吸磷提供充足的能量储备,从而激发无机磷转运系统(pst)、poly-P合成代谢基因(ppk)的表达上调,使生物膜系统表现出良好的磷去除与富集能力,且GAOs(Candidatus Competibacter)作为潜在的反硝化功能菌使得生物膜磷富集系统具备同步好氧脱氮能力.

污水磷富集  /  聚磷生物膜  /  聚糖菌  /  Candidatus Competibacter  /  代谢特征

In a sequencing batch reactor with alternating anaerobic/aerobic operation, activated sludge from an oxidation ditch was used as the inoculated sludge for culturing poly-phosphate biofilm enrichment. The potential functions of GAOs in the biofilm phosphorus enrichment system were investigated by examining the effects of the changes in the abundance of glycogen-accumulating organisms(GAOs)in the biofilm on the phosphorus enrichment performance and the metabolic characteristics of the microbial community. The results showed that GAOs became the dominant organisms in the enrichment culture of phosphorus-accumulating biofilm, but they did not adversely affect the phosphorus removal and enrichment of the biofilm system. Due to the significant increase of PHA metabolic activity and poly-P metabolic activity in individual cells of phosphorus-accumulating organisms(PAOs), the biofilm community as a whole was dominated by the phosphorus accumulating metabolism(PAM). GAOs as a dominant bacterial genus in the system, might obtain the reducing power(NADH)required for synthesizing PHA through EMP metabolism, which could provide sufficient energy reserve for the absorption of phosphorus by the PAOs in aerobic conditions, and thus stimulate the phosphorus removal and enrichment effect in the biofilm system. The inorganic phosphorus transport system(pst)and poly-P synthesizing genes(ppk)were up-regulated, so that the biofilm system showed good phosphorus removal and enrichment ability, and the GAOs(Candidatus Competibacter), as a potential denitrifying bacterium, could synchronize with the aerobic denitrification in the biofilm phosphorus-enrichment system.

phosphorus enrichment from sewage  /  phosphorus-accumulating biofilm  /  glycogen accumulating organisma(GAOs)  /  Candidatus Competibacter  /  metabolic characteristics
毕贞, 钱萌萌, 袁艺娜, 王雪玲, 宋歌, 黄勇. GAOs丰度变化对聚磷生物膜系统的影响——磷富集性能及代谢特征为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1601 -1611 .
Zhen BI, Meng-meng QIAN, Yi-na YUAN, Xue-ling WANG, Ge SONG, Yong HUANG. Effects of GAOs abundance to the systemmatic phosphorus enrichment performance and the metabolic characteristics in phosphorus-accumulating biofilm[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1601 -1611 .
基于活性污泥法的强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺是当前污水处理厂普遍采用的磷富集技术,其通过对剩余污泥进行浓缩、发酵、脱水实现磷富集,但该技术存在磷富集率低、碳源消耗高、工艺复杂、污泥产量高等不足[1],增加了城市污水富集磷过程中的能源消耗.近年来,生物膜法磷富集技术得到迅速发展[2-3],其技术原理为:在生物膜序批式反应器(BSBR)中,附着在填料上的聚磷菌(PAOs)在好氧环境下吸收污水中的正磷酸盐(PO43--P),并将其在胞内转化成聚磷酸盐(poly-P)储存,处理后的污水被排出系统;在厌氧环境下,向BSBR系统中充入富集液,生物膜内的poly-P分解并释放出PO43--P,将富集液排出系统并储存;经过多次好氧/厌氧交替运行,富集液被重复用于厌氧段接纳生物膜释放的磷,由此同步实现污水中磷的去除与富集.
不论是EBPR除磷系统亦或是生物膜磷富集系统,其运行效果不仅受温度、溶解氧浓度、pH值和磷负荷等环境因素影响[4-7],同时还与微生物群落中PAOs/GAOs种属、PAOs/GAOs丰度等生物因素密切相关[8-9].目前最广为人知的PAOs菌属为Ca. Accumulibacter[10],其他如Rhodocyclaceae[11]Thiothrix[12]Saprospiraceae[13]等也被报道具有聚磷菌的能力,而常见的聚糖菌(GAOs)包括Ca. CompetibacterDefluviicoccusContendobacter[14]等.GAOs与PAOs在除磷系统中共同存在,其在代谢机制上存在差异,GAOs不参与磷酸盐的循环,与PAOs存在碳源的竞争[15].在除磷效果良好的EBPR系统中,PAOs占比通常>10%,而GAOs丰度<5%[16-18].因此,通常认为,在适宜的环境条件下,维持PAOs在微生物群落中的数量优势、抑制GAOs的过度生长是磷富集系统实现良好除磷效果的必要条件.基于此,磷富集系统的常规运行条件为:以乙酸/丙酸为碳源、温度≤25℃、好氧/厌氧水力停留时间为1.5:2,溶解氧为2~3mg/L,以抑制GAOs的过度生长[3].
然而在许多性能良好的生物膜磷富集系统中,微生物群落中GAOs的相对丰度可超过20%,相比之下,PAOs的相对丰度不足10%[19-20],这可能与生物膜磷富集系统运行条件有关:与EBPR系统的运行条件相比,生物膜系统在好氧段需要更高的溶解氧浓度(4~6mg/L)[2,20-21];同时由于微生物呈附着态生长,生物膜系统可以维持更长的污泥龄[22].在GAOs相对丰度占优势的情况下,上述生物膜系统总磷去除率依然可稳定在90%以上,磷富集浓度超过80mg/L.这一现象对传统认知中GAOs在生物除磷系统中所扮演的“负面角色”提出了质疑.随着对GAOs代谢机理认识的不断深入,研究者发现部分GAOs(如Micropruina等)可利用复杂有机物的发酵产物(如氨基酸)进行代谢,因此这类发酵型聚糖微生物(FGAOs)的存在反而可以为PAOs提供小分子碳源,有利于复杂碳源条件下PAOs的磷代谢[23].此外,研究者还发现部分GAOs能够以NO3-或NO2-为电子受体,使NO3-或NO2-还原为N2,在厌氧和缺氧交替条件下与反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)协同实现反硝化和磷富集的耦合,即这类反硝化型聚糖微生物(DGAOs)的存在有利于磷的富集[24-25].简言之,GAOs的富集并不一定会导致系统除磷性能的下降,GAOs丰度对生物膜系统磷去除与富集效果的影响尚不明确.
基于此,本研究以EBPR系统的活性污泥作为接种污泥,在厌氧/好氧交替条件下通过调控水力停留时间(HRT)、进水PO43--P浓度、合成废水与富集液体积交换比(VER)等参数富集具有良好磷去除与富集性能的生物膜,分析聚磷生物膜富集过程中GAOs丰度变化对系统磷去除/富集效果以及生物膜群落代谢特征的影响,从而探究GAOs在生物膜磷富集系统中的作用.
用于聚磷生物膜培养的接种污泥取自苏州某污水处理厂的氧化沟系统(污泥SS为5200mg/L,其中PAOs占比10.55%,GAOs占比3.3%),将1L接种污泥投入主反应器用于生物膜培养.实验所用的模拟污水参照城市污水中各营养物组分和浓度配制,主要成分包括:CH3COONa(NaAc)、KH2PO4、NH4Cl以及功能微生物生长所需的微量元素[26],在不同运行阶段各组分浓度如表1所示.
实验装置由主反应器(有效工作容积为5L,内有Kaldnes® K2聚乙烯悬浮填料,填充比为40%)、污水罐(50L)、富集罐(5L)组成,配备定时器用于控制主反应器的进水泵、出水泵、曝气泵和搅拌机,实验装置如图1所示.
反应器运行分为挂膜阶段和富集阶段,挂膜阶段(0~46d)以形成具有良好除磷性能的生物膜为主要目标,反应器在厌氧、好氧交替条件下连续运行,厌氧处理和好氧处理后的模拟污水全部排出系统.待生物膜形成后,反应器运行转入富集模式,具体步骤为:(1)将模拟污水(5L)泵入主反应器;(2)生物膜经过厌氧处理完成释磷;(3)将部分污水(体积以VR计)排入富集罐储存;(4)剩余污水(体积以VS计)经过好氧处理后排出反应器;(5)将模拟污水(体积VS)和富集液(体积VR)泵入主反应器(定义VSVR为换水比VER),重复步骤2~4;经过多次厌氧/好氧交替处理后,富集液中磷浓度逐渐提高并达到峰值,至此一个富集周期完成,取出全部富集液,由步骤1开始新的富集周期.运行期间,主反应器pH值控制在7.5~7.6,好氧阶段溶解氧控制在5~6mg/L,温度不做控制,随室温在17~21℃之间变化.
每天选取一个完整的厌氧、好氧周期进行水样测定,在进行分析之前,所有水样均经0.45µm滤纸过滤.COD采用重铬酸钾快速消解法测定,PO43--P、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N等按照国际标准方法进行测定[27].好氧期间的磷吸收量(PUA)、厌氧期间的磷释放量(PRA)和磷去除率(PRE)依据以下公式进行计算:
式中:PO43--Pan.inf表示厌氧阶段初期磷浓度,mg/L;PO43--Penrich表示富集液磷浓度,mg/L;PO43--Pae.inf表示好氧初期磷浓度,mg/L(富集阶段PO43--Penrich=PO43--Pae.inf);PO43--Pae.eff表示好氧出水磷浓度,mg/L.
式中:Prel表示磷释放量,mmol;HACupt表示COD(以乙酸钠计)消耗量,mmol.
式中:NRE表示氨氮去除率;NH4+-Nan.inf表示厌氧进水氨氮浓度,mg/L;NH4+-Nae.eff表示好氧出水氨氮浓度,mg/L;CRE表示COD去除率;CODan.inf表示厌氧进水COD浓度,mg/L;CODae.eff表示好氧出水COD浓度,mg/L.
生物膜样品经冷冻干燥后可进行多聚物的测定:磷形态利用31P-NMR技术测定[28];聚羟基脂肪酸(PHA)样品用氯仿分散萃取法制备,然后进行气相色谱-质谱分析[29];糖原(Gly)采用硫酸-苯酚法测定[30].
在第0d和第116d分别采集接种污泥和生物膜样品,在1500r/min下离心5min,去除上清液后置于-80℃冰箱中保存待测定,后送至美吉公司(上海)进行高通量测序分析.其中,PCR扩增采用细菌16S rRNA的V3-V4区通用引物(338F-806R),F端和R端序列分别为ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG、GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT.
PICRUSt是用来预测菌群代谢功能的工具,基于标记基因序列可预测功能丰度,预测通常是基于16S rRNA基因测序数据进行[31].利用获得的16S rRNA基因测序数据与KEGG数据库进行比对,进行相关功能基因(包括actPackAptaacspstpitppk1ppxnirnornos等)的分析.
自第0d开始,主反应器厌氧进水COD浓度为300mg/L,好氧进水PO43--P浓度为30mg/L,此阶段为生物膜挂膜阶段.至第11d,反应器的除磷效果显著提升,PRE由初始的39.53%快速上升至58.65% (D11),但自第13d开始,系统PRE与COD消耗量开始下降,此时分别对主反应器内的悬浮污泥和生物膜填料进行吸、释磷性能的批次实验,并与反应器整体性能进行比对,结果显示:就吸、释磷性能和碳源利用能力而言,生物膜填料>泥、膜混合系统>悬浮污泥(图3),这意味着生物膜已经成功富集于载体上,而且具有良好的吸、释磷能力,可以进行排泥操作.排泥后,生物膜系统的碳、氮、磷去除效果均有显著提升,至第46d,系统平均PRE达到91.93%,Prel/HACupt为0.21P-mmol/C-mmol. Prel/HACupt是表征磷富集过程中有机碳利用效率的重要指标[32],其值越高意味着消耗单位质量的碳源所释放的磷越多,即生物膜磷富集性能良好.同时生物膜对有机碳和氨氮的去除效果良好,CRE和NRE均高于80%,表明生物膜培养已完成.
此后,生物膜系统进入富集模式,对模拟污水(PO43--P浓度为5mg/L、NH4+-N浓度为10mg/L、厌氧进水COD浓度为5mg/L)进行磷富集试验.该阶段的PUA和PRA分别最高可达18.005和24.44mg/L,而PO43--P.Ana仅为26.135mg/L,NRE和CRE相应可达到100%和66.67%,系统平均Prel/HACupt仅为0.09P-mmol/C-mmol,碳源的利用不足是该阶段磷富集效果不理想的可能原因,因此自第65d开始将系统厌氧/好氧HRT由2h/4h分别延长至3h/5h,随后系统COD消耗量有所提升,CRE提升至82.54%,系统平均Prel/HACupt也相应地提升至0.17P-mmol/C-mmol,富集液磷浓度提升至32.96mg/L.相关文献指出[22,33],碳源的有效利用是影响系统实现有效磷富集的重要因素,碳源浓度过低不利于系统运行.因此,利用低碳城市污水进行磷富集是具有挑战的.
为了进一步考察生物膜系统的磷富集效果,自第80d开始,将模拟污水中的PO43--P浓度从5mg/L提高至8mg/L.如图2所示,进水磷浓度的提高对系统总氮去除效果未产生影响,NRE始终稳定在100%.但是,生物膜的吸、释磷能力以及碳源利用率均随着进水磷浓度的提高有所提升,在经过4个富集周期后,PRA和PUA最终升高至35.665,57.725mg/L,CRE提升至89.53%,系统平均Prel/HACupt提升至0.2,表明生物膜释磷时的碳源利用效率进一步提高,富集液磷浓度(PO43--Penrich)逐渐升高至58.89mg/L,系统的磷富集能力增强,可满足化学结晶法进行磷回收的浓度要求[34].研究表明,进水磷浓度也是影响系统磷富集效果的重要因素[15,35],进水磷浓度越低越不利于系统磷富集,其原因可能在于:较低的进水磷浓度影响细胞内聚磷水平,微生物聚磷代谢(PAM)受到抑制,转为聚糖代谢模式(GAM),进而影响磷的有效富集.近年来,随着工艺技术的发展,城市污水中磷浓度逐渐下降,利用城市污水实现磷高效富集受到挑战.
接种污泥与成熟生物膜的微生物群落结构在门水平上的差异如图4(a)所示.在接种污泥中,优势菌门主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、类杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota).随着生物膜的形成及其磷富集性能的不断提升,系统中的优势菌门类别未发生改变,但各菌门的丰度有较大变化.Proteobacteria丰度提升最为显著,由接种污泥中的21.5%提升至49.72%.在现有研究中,EBPR系统中的大多数PAOs和GAOs被认为属于Proteobacteria[36-37],Proteobacteria丰度的提升有利于系统磷去除效果的增强[38].此外,群落中Bacteroidota和Chloroflexi的丰度在生物膜富集过程中的比例变化明显.有研究认为Bacteroidota和Chloroflexi参与脱氮过程:Bacteroidota和Chloroflexi是DPAO的主要来源[39],其可利用NO3-或NO2-为电子受体进行反硝化脱氮作用,且Chloroflexi[40]能够降解有机化合物并改善氮去除.因此,上述微生物在生物膜形成过程中得以富集可能是系统表现出良好脱氮性能重要原因.
从属水平可以清晰地看出(图4(b)),接种污泥与生物膜中的PAOs主要由SaprospiraceaeThiothrix组成,GAOs主要由Candidatus CompetibacterDefluviicoccus组成.在生物膜形成及其磷富集性能不断提升的过程中,PAOs的总体丰度出现下降,由10.55%(接种污泥)降至8.55%(生物膜),而GAOs的总体丰度却显著提高至34.4%,其中Candidatus Competibacter的丰度变化最为显著,由2.7%(接种污泥)提升至33.4%(生物膜),Defluviicoccus的丰度略有增加(0.6%→1%).结合最近研究报告数据:Chen[19]在DO=6mg/L,模拟污水PO43--P浓度为10mg/L的条件下实现磷富集系统的稳定运行,在高GAOs占比(48.24%)的生物膜系统中实现了高效磷回收(富集液最高可达235mg/L);Song等[41]在DO=6mg/L,进水C/P=32mgCOD/mgP的A/O-SBR系统中存在高GAOs占比(40.98%),同时实现了磷的高效富集与去除(PRE>80%),与本系统条件对比,可推断高DO是本系统存在高占比GAOs的原因,且高DO条件形成的高GAOs占比条件对磷富集系统性可能存在一定的促进作用.
聚磷(poly-P)、PHA和糖原(Gly)是PAOs代谢的3种基本聚合物[19].在好氧条件下,PAOs将PHA降解为Gly,产生的能量用于吸收水中的正磷酸盐(ortho-P)并将其在胞内转化成聚磷(poly-P)储存;在厌氧条件下,poly-P将作为能源物质被分解成ortho-P并释放到胞外,这一过程产生的能量用于摄入水中的有机碳,并合成PHA[42].GAOs的代谢特征与PAOs接近,但是以Gly作为能源物质,不参与poly-P的合成.因此,生物膜形成过程中上述多聚物含量的变化可以用于分析PAOs与GAOs代谢活性的变化.
通过31P-NMR谱图分析可知,接种污泥与生物膜样品中磷的存在形态为:正磷(ortho-P)、焦磷(pyro-P)和聚磷(poly-P)(图5).对比样品各阶段磷形态比例分析(图6)可知:在好氧末期,生物膜中poly-P的相对占比较接种污泥有显著提升(3.6%→49.5%),且经厌氧分解,生物膜样品中被分解的poly-P占比提升,poly-P的大量合成在一定程度上有利于促进PHA的快速分解和ATP的产生[32].因此,本系统在高占比GAOs条件下,聚磷生物膜依旧可以合成大量的poly-P促进磷的富集,PAOs群落丰度降低的情况下,生物膜内Poly-P的相对合成量并没有降低,可能原因在于单个PAOs的磷代谢能力提高,这是系统磷富集性能不断提升的原因.
理论认为GAOs的代谢不参与磷的释放与吸收,因此磷的释放与VFA的吸收比(P/VFA)可用来表示PAOs和GAOs的相对丰度[43].本研究富集培养的生物膜中P/VFA为0.31,其低于PAO模型的典型值(0.42~0.50),这表明系统处于PAOs与GAOs共存状态.据报道,系统中PHA和Gly的转化与PAOs和GAOs的代谢活性有关,生物膜中Gly的消耗/合成量达到1.06/0.54mmol-C,PHA的合成/消耗量达到1.41/1.49mmol-C,其消耗与合成量较接种污泥均显著增加.结合各代谢计量参数模型值对比分析[44-47](表3),本研究富集培养的生物膜中厌氧糖原水解与VFA摄取的比值(Gly/VFA)为0.32,与PAOs模型值(0.29~0.50)相当,远低于GAOs模型值(0.29~1.12);本研究富集培养的生物膜中厌氧PHA合成与VFA吸收比(PHA/VFA)为0.85,其值接近PAOs理论模型的预测,这表明本系统在高占比GAOs条件下仍以PAOs代谢主导参与,PAOs代谢能力强于GAOs,PAOs与GAOs的相对丰度不能直接影响系统内的代谢.
对接种污泥和生物膜的微生物样本进行PICRUSt分析,并利用KEGG数据库注释功能基因,可得到代谢途径网络图和基因变化图.如图7所示,碳代谢主要包括乙酸代谢(吸收和利用)、糖原代谢、PHA代谢(包括PHB和PHV)、三羧酸循环(TCA);磷代谢主要包括磷酸盐跨膜转运和poly-P代谢(磷酸盐的吸收与释放);氮代谢主要包括反硝化脱氮,各阶段功能基因的表达与丰度可以反映出该代谢过程的强度.
PAOs与GAOs均会参与碳源的消耗分解,碳源代谢是功能微生物参与的最为重要的代谢过程,其主要包括乙酸代谢、糖原代谢、PHA代谢(包括PHB和PHV)、三羧酸循环(TCA).HAc由actP运送到细胞内,然后由ackAptaacs降解成acetate-CoA[48].如图7所示,HAc代谢关键基因(actPptaacs)丰度显著上升并保持高表达,系统中转运和降解HAc的能力都得到了提高.糖原代谢与PHA代谢可为系统提供能量,其代谢能力与系统磷富集性能存在相关性,HAc利用三羧酸循环(TCA)或糖原降解产生的还原力(NADH)转化为PHA(包括PHB、PHV),合成PHA的还原力70%来自糖原降解,其余由TCA循环提供[49].目前已知的糖原代谢途径包括Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas(EMP)途径和Entner-Doudoroff (ED)途径,Hou等[48]研究分析表明:EMP和ED途径共存产生ATP,为系统提供HAC转运和其他反应所需的能量.图7数据表明,pfk基因(EMP途径)表达明显高于eddeda基因(ED途径),即糖原代谢途径以EMP途径为主,且该途径在生物膜形成过程中被加强.Sabba等[50]的研究指出,EMP代谢活性的增强在一定程度上有利于合成PHA还原力的提升,促进PHA的合成,与生物膜中PHB合成的功能基因(phaAphaBphaC),PHV合成的功能基因(ACATatoB)丰度提升一致.因此,系统中可利用的能量充足,进而有利于系统的稳定运行.
在好氧阶段,Pi可通过低亲和力无机磷转运系统(Pit)和高亲和力磷酸盐ABC转运系统(Pst).如图7所示,系统中pst关键功能基因呈现高表达,促进了Pi的转运,这可能与本系统下的高磷负荷相关.此外,poly-P代谢中的ppkppx基因的高效表达与磷代谢功能密切相关:好氧阶段在ppk的作用下,通过PHA分解产生ATP并催化poly-P的转化;厌氧阶段poly-P在ppx作用下水解,同时产生ATP以促进HAc的转运和糖原的合成.传统理论认为磷代谢仅是PAOs参与的代谢过程,而GAOs未参与其中,而随着研究的深入,有研究者指出:GAOs与poly-P代谢相关功能基因(ppkppx)存在优势贡献[48,51],即高GAOs占比的生物膜系统对除磷可能存在一定的积极作用,且由上述碳代谢分析可知,高GAOs占比的生物膜系统中EMP代谢活性的增强有利于促进PHA的合成,进而有利于poly-P代谢.综上所述,高GAOs富集的生物膜在一定程度上可促进ppkppx的高效表达并促进poly-P代谢.
参与氮代谢的关键功能基因包括硝酸还原酶(nar)、亚硝酸还原酶(nir)、一氧化氮还原酶(nor)和一氧化二氮还原酶(nos),其基因丰度的提升有利于菌属共同作用实现反硝化氮代谢[52],如图7所示,反硝化代谢途径各关键功能基因表达均有所提升,其中以NO还原为N2O途径和NO3-还原为NO2-途径尤为突出,NO3-还原为NO2-途径主要由硝酸还原酶(包括narGnarH)基因编码作用,硝酸还原酶在反硝化脱氮过程中发挥主要作用.如图7所示,nar基因呈现高表达,其丰度的有效提升证明系统反硝化途径的增强.随着聚磷生物膜的富集培养,Candidatus Competibacter占比得到大量提升,且Candidatus Competibacter存在分支属于DGAOs[53],具有反硝化能力的DGAOs可利用NO3-或NO2-为电子受体,在narnornir等关键功能基因的作用下进行反硝化脱氮作用,使系统具备高效的同步好氧脱氮能力.
3.1 在DO=6mg/L、PO43--P=8mg/L的条件下快速富集聚磷生物膜的过程中,GAOs丰度的提高显著优于PAOs,最终成为生物膜群落中的优势菌;但这并未对生物膜系统的磷去除与富集效果产生不利影响,系统总磷平均去除率达到99.2%,富集液浓度达到58.89mg/L.
3.2 在GAOs成为优势菌的过程中,PAOs单个细胞的PHA代谢活性和poly-P代谢活性均显著增强,使得生物膜群落以聚磷代谢模式(PAM)为主导,因此高丰度的GAOs并不一定会导致生物膜系统向聚糖代谢模式(GAM)转变.
3.3 GAOs可能通过EMP代谢途径获取合成PHA所需的还原力(NADH),为PAOs在好氧条件下吸磷提供充足的能量储备,从而激发无机磷转运系统(pst)、poly-P合成代谢基因(ppk)的表达上调,使生物膜系统表现出良好的磷去除与富集能力.
3.4 与接种污泥相比,生物膜的反硝化代谢途径表达增强,其中以NO还原为N2O途径和NO3-还原为NO2-途径尤为突出,GAOs(Candidatus Competibacter)作为潜在的反硝化功能菌使得生物膜磷富集系统具备同步好氧脱氮能力.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51938010)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51938010)
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    1.苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
    2.苏州科技大学,城市生活污水资源化利用技术国家地方联合工程实验室,江苏 苏州 215009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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