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A metal polyphenol-modified TiO2 photocatalytic membrane((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF)was prepared by a layer-by-layer self-assembly method using polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)membranes as the substrate, and an in situ photocatalytic membrane filtration system was constructed to degrade tetracycline in water. The structures of the photocatalytic membranes were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR and contact angle meter, and all the characterization results proved the successful coating of((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF)and the enhanced hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces; and tetracycline as a representative of the antibiotics was selected for the study of the degradation performance, which was achieved at a low dosage(50mg/L)of peroxydisulfate(PMS), a transmembrane pressure of 5 kPa, and an in situ photocatalytic membrane filtration system to degrade tetracycline in water. 250 mW/cm2visible light intensity, the tetracycline degradation rate was always maintained at 80% during 1h operation, the average removal rate of tetracycline was 7.34g/h, and the water flux only decreased by 6% compared with that of the original PVDF membranes, which is suitable for neutral and weakly acidic conditions, and basically unaffected by common ions in the water column and natural organic matter; finally, the mechanism of tetracycline degradation by(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF membranes was investigated by active species capture assay and EPR, and it was found that photocatalysis synergistically with PMS oxidation produced 1O2, h+, O2 and SO4·- as the main active species, and degraded tetracycline by both the free radical and non-free radical pathways.

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通过层层自组装的方法,以聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为基底,制备了金属多酚改性TiO2光催化膜((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF),并搭建了一套原位光催化膜过滤系统以降解水中四环素.采用SEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR和接触角测量仪对光催化膜的结构进行了表征,表征结果均证明了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2的成功涂覆,且膜表面亲水性增强;选取四环素作为抗生素代表进行降解性能研究,在低剂量(50mg/L)过一硫酸盐(PMS),跨膜压5kPa,可见光光照强度250mW/cm2,运行过程1h中,四环素降解率始终保持80%,四环素平均去除速率7.34g/h,水通量较原始PVDF膜仅下降6%,适用于中性和弱酸性条件,基本不受水体中常见离子和天然有机物的影响;最后,通过活性物种捕获试验和EPR探究了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜降解四环素的机理,发现光催化与PMS氧化协同产生的1O2、h+、O2和SO4·-为主要活性物种,并通过自由基和非自由基途径降解四环素.

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* 责任作者,助理研究员,
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侯俊(1979-),男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境保护与生态修复、环境功能材料等方面研发.发表论文200余篇..

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侯俊(1979-),男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境保护与生态修复、环境功能材料等方面研发.发表论文200余篇..

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侯俊(1979-),男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境保护与生态修复、环境功能材料等方面研发.发表论文200余篇..

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四环素浓度:20mg/L,PMS浓度:50mg/L,光照强度:250mW/cm2,pH=4.11

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四环素浓度:20mg/L,光照强度:250mW/cm2,pH=4.11

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四环素浓度:20mg/L,PMS浓度:50mg/L,pH=4.11

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四环素浓度:20mg/L,PMS浓度:50mg/L,光照强度:250mW/cm2

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四环素浓度:20mg/L,PMS浓度:50mg/L,光照强度:250mW/cm2,pH=4.11

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Main experimental raw materials and reagents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂名称规格/参数生产厂家
单宁酸(TA)分析纯AR上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司
六水合三氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O)分析纯AR上海沃凯生物科技有限公司
纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)5~10nm,99.8%阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司
三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)BR≥99.0%国药集团化学试剂有限公司
四环素(TC)USP级,900ug/mg上海源叶生物科技有限公司
盐酸(HCl)分析纯AR国药集团化学试剂有限公司
过一硫酸盐(PMS)分析纯AR国药集团化学试剂有限公司
PVDF超滤膜100kDa厦门MBR环保水处理有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672719909668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648946593953, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要实验原料和试剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂名称规格/参数生产厂家
单宁酸(TA)分析纯AR上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司
六水合三氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O)分析纯AR上海沃凯生物科技有限公司
纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)5~10nm,99.8%阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司
三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)BR≥99.0%国药集团化学试剂有限公司
四环素(TC)USP级,900ug/mg上海源叶生物科技有限公司
盐酸(HCl)分析纯AR国药集团化学试剂有限公司
过一硫酸盐(PMS)分析纯AR国药集团化学试剂有限公司
PVDF超滤膜100kDa厦门MBR环保水处理有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672833155885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648946593953, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main instrument models and manufacturers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称型号生产厂家
蠕动泵驱动器L100-1S-1保定兰格恒流泵有限公司
电子天平XY3000-2C常州幸运电子设备有限公司
磁力搅拌器S-8杭州佑宁仪器有限公司
超声波清洗机器KH5200E昆山华创超声仪器有限公司
紫外可见分光光度计G-9S南京菲勒仪器有限公司
高效液相色谱Essentia SIL-16日本岛津-Kratos公司
接触角/表面张力测量仪SDC-350KS昆山晟鼎
X射线光电子能谱(XPS)K-Alpha美国ThermoScientific
傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)Nicolet iS20美国ThermoScientific
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)Sigma 300德国ZEISS
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672984150841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648946593953, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要仪器型号及生产厂家

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称型号生产厂家
蠕动泵驱动器L100-1S-1保定兰格恒流泵有限公司
电子天平XY3000-2C常州幸运电子设备有限公司
磁力搅拌器S-8杭州佑宁仪器有限公司
超声波清洗机器KH5200E昆山华创超声仪器有限公司
紫外可见分光光度计G-9S南京菲勒仪器有限公司
高效液相色谱Essentia SIL-16日本岛津-Kratos公司
接触角/表面张力测量仪SDC-350KS昆山晟鼎
X射线光电子能谱(XPS)K-Alpha美国ThermoScientific
傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)Nicolet iS20美国ThermoScientific
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)Sigma 300德国ZEISS
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673109979968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648946593953, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the degradation of TC by different systems in other literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化膜合成方法光源/PMS浓度(mg/L)水通量(较未改性膜)过滤方式平均去除速率(mg/h)
10-TG/CNT膜[16]真空抽滤法LED光源/0下降14%光照60min+加压过滤0.086
LCC55/SiO2[35]原位浸渍-煅烧法无光源/300/循环过滤30min3.96
PVDF/Co@N-C膜[36]相转化法无光源/459/循环过滤60min1.73
CoFe-NMTs-800/PVDF膜[37]相转化法无光源/300/循环过滤70min2.54
PVDF/MCNC膜[38]相转化法无光源/306.34下降66%循环过滤60min4.41
SNC/PVDF膜[39]真空抽滤法无光源/306.34下降49%连续过滤30min5.26
(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜(本研究)原位自组装氙灯可见光/50下降6%连续过滤60min7.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673256780620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648946593953, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

文献中不同体系对四环素的降解对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化膜合成方法光源/PMS浓度(mg/L)水通量(较未改性膜)过滤方式平均去除速率(mg/h)
10-TG/CNT膜[16]真空抽滤法LED光源/0下降14%光照60min+加压过滤0.086
LCC55/SiO2[35]原位浸渍-煅烧法无光源/300/循环过滤30min3.96
PVDF/Co@N-C膜[36]相转化法无光源/459/循环过滤60min1.73
CoFe-NMTs-800/PVDF膜[37]相转化法无光源/300/循环过滤70min2.54
PVDF/MCNC膜[38]相转化法无光源/306.34下降66%循环过滤60min4.41
SNC/PVDF膜[39]真空抽滤法无光源/306.34下降49%连续过滤30min5.26
(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜(本研究)原位自组装氙灯可见光/50下降6%连续过滤60min7.34
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金属多酚改性光催化膜原位去除水中四环素
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侯俊 , 徐晓 , 杨佳霖 , 赵骁 , 杨梓俊 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1260-1271
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1260-1271
金属多酚改性光催化膜原位去除水中四环素
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侯俊 , 徐晓, 杨佳霖, 赵骁, 杨梓俊*
作者信息
  • 河海大学环境学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 侯俊(1979-),男,湖北荆门人,教授,博士,主要从事水环境保护与生态修复、环境功能材料等方面研发.发表论文200余篇..

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* 责任作者,助理研究员,
In situ removal of tetracycline from water by metal polyphenol-modified photocatalytic membrane
Jun HOU , Xiao XU, Jia-lin YANG, Xiao ZHAO, Zi-jun YANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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通过层层自组装的方法,以聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为基底,制备了金属多酚改性TiO2光催化膜((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF),并搭建了一套原位光催化膜过滤系统以降解水中四环素.采用SEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR和接触角测量仪对光催化膜的结构进行了表征,表征结果均证明了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2的成功涂覆,且膜表面亲水性增强;选取四环素作为抗生素代表进行降解性能研究,在低剂量(50mg/L)过一硫酸盐(PMS),跨膜压5kPa,可见光光照强度250mW/cm2,运行过程1h中,四环素降解率始终保持80%,四环素平均去除速率7.34g/h,水通量较原始PVDF膜仅下降6%,适用于中性和弱酸性条件,基本不受水体中常见离子和天然有机物的影响;最后,通过活性物种捕获试验和EPR探究了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜降解四环素的机理,发现光催化与PMS氧化协同产生的1O2、h+、O2和SO4·-为主要活性物种,并通过自由基和非自由基途径降解四环素.

金属多酚  /  催化膜  /  原位光催化  /  PMS  /  高效瞬时降解

A metal polyphenol-modified TiO2 photocatalytic membrane((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF)was prepared by a layer-by-layer self-assembly method using polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)membranes as the substrate, and an in situ photocatalytic membrane filtration system was constructed to degrade tetracycline in water. The structures of the photocatalytic membranes were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR and contact angle meter, and all the characterization results proved the successful coating of((TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF)and the enhanced hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces; and tetracycline as a representative of the antibiotics was selected for the study of the degradation performance, which was achieved at a low dosage(50mg/L)of peroxydisulfate(PMS), a transmembrane pressure of 5 kPa, and an in situ photocatalytic membrane filtration system to degrade tetracycline in water. 250 mW/cm2visible light intensity, the tetracycline degradation rate was always maintained at 80% during 1h operation, the average removal rate of tetracycline was 7.34g/h, and the water flux only decreased by 6% compared with that of the original PVDF membranes, which is suitable for neutral and weakly acidic conditions, and basically unaffected by common ions in the water column and natural organic matter; finally, the mechanism of tetracycline degradation by(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF membranes was investigated by active species capture assay and EPR, and it was found that photocatalysis synergistically with PMS oxidation produced 1O2, h+, O2 and SO4·- as the main active species, and degraded tetracycline by both the free radical and non-free radical pathways.

metal polyphenols  /  catalytic membrane  /  in situ photocatalysis  /  permonosulfate  /  efficient instantaneous degradation
侯俊, 徐晓, 杨佳霖, 赵骁, 杨梓俊. 金属多酚改性光催化膜原位去除水中四环素. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1260 -1271 .
Jun HOU, Xiao XU, Jia-lin YANG, Xiao ZHAO, Zi-jun YANG. In situ removal of tetracycline from water by metal polyphenol-modified photocatalytic membrane[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1260 -1271 .
药品与个人护理产品(PPCPs)等难降解有机污染物在环境中已被广泛检出[1-3],如四环素(TC)等抗生素类有机污染物[4],其残留物高活性、亲水且稳定,对生态安全构成威胁[5-8],目前已被列入我国《重点管控新污染物清单》(2023版).
针对四环素等有机污染物去除的问题,催化膜技术显示出其作为废水处理前沿技术的巨大潜力[9-11].通过在膜材料中锚定催化剂,这项技术不仅能够实现膜的自清洁[12],还能高效回收催化剂[13-14];但是目前催化膜在制备和操作过程中仍存在一些问题和挑战.首先,自清洁膜和光催化膜的催化与过滤过程往往是分离的.例如,胡江霖[15]制备的MCU-C3N4/PVDF光催化膜在污染-清洗-光照后,保持了较高的通量恢复率,显示出良好的抗污染性能及稳定性能,郑茹[16]制备的TG/CNT复合膜通过先光照后加压过滤的方式,实现了四环素的有效去除.这些操作模式存在局限性,无法实现对抗生素类有机污染物的瞬时高效去除.其次,PMS催化膜大多采用循环过滤模式,如Zhang等[17]制备的PAN/LCZ膜,在过氧单硫酸盐(PMS)的辅助下,通过循环过滤实现了四环素的去除.但这种模式同样存在局限,且PMS的投加浓度较高时,可能会产生有毒副产物[18-19],这限制了其在实际应用中的安全性和效率.此外,催化膜对污染物溶液的高效去除往往会伴随着膜水通量的过多损失,这不仅影响了处理效率,也可能增加运行成本.
植物多酚作为一种丰富的自然资源,其涂层技术因简便性、多功能性和环保特性而受到广泛关注[20].金属多酚网络(MPNs)是由金属与多酚配位形成的一种超分子无机-有机杂化网络结构[21],能够快速修饰基底并强化材料性能[22-23].因其合成迅速、成本低、易功能化的优点而在膜分离领域被广泛研究[24],并在印染废水的处理[25]、盐类的截留[26]以及油水分离效率[27]等方向取得了相当的进展,其中由Fe3+和单宁酸(TA)配位形成的金属络合物更是典型[24].因TA-Fe3+中TA上大量的酚羟基结构,使得改性膜具有比较优异的亲水性和抗菌性[22],而这两种性质都是膜改性希望获得的性能,这可以大大提高膜的抗污染性能以及寿命.基于课题组前期系统研究筛选出光响应性能卓越的二元金属多酚基抗菌材料[28],通过层层自组装法制备了一种低成本、环保型的(TA-Fe3)/TiO2-PVDF光催化超滤膜.同时,在植物多酚膜过滤系统中首次引入PMS作为氧化剂,建立了一套原位光催化膜过滤系统.该系统在低剂量PMS的存在下,能够高效去除四环素类抗生素.
实验所用材料如表1所示.
实验所用仪器如表2所示
基于课题组前期筛选优化的抗菌材料[28]的参数,配置溶液A与单宁酸缓冲溶液:将TA溶解在Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,制备4g/L的单宁酸缓冲(TA-Tris)溶液;将FeCl3⋅6H2O溶解于纯水中,制备2g/L的FeCl3溶液.向100mL的FeCl3溶液中加入一定量的TiO2并搅拌均匀,制成4g/L的TiO2和2g/L的FeCl3的混合溶液A.
使用层层自组装的方法制备光催化膜以改善涂层的均一性.将预先湿润的PVDF膜片(4cm×4cm)固定在两个聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯框架之间,以确保溶液仅与活性层接触.裸露在外的膜表面活性层与8mL单宁酸缓冲溶液接触5min后,倒掉膜表面多余溶液,使用去离子水充分清洗后,再与8mL A溶液接触30min,倒掉膜表面多余溶液后使用去离子水清洗3~5次,得到(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2络合物涂覆改性PVDF超滤膜,即(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜.
过滤测试和降解测试使用的装置如图1所示.300W氙灯(其中氙灯加装420nm滤波片,过滤波长<420nm的光)与死端过滤装置耦合形成原位光催化膜反应器(PMR)系统,利用蠕动泵提供压力,通过压力计监测跨膜压.计算机连接的天平实时统计出水质量,以精确测定膜通量.
由蠕动泵提供压力驱动进料液,控制跨膜压为5kPa.实验过程中,在预设的时间间隔内收集渗透液TC溶液样品(渗透液不返回进液侧),使用0.22µm的滤膜过滤后,进行液相测试.所有的样品在4℃下储存,直到测量,使用以下公式计算TC的去除率以及平均去除速率.
式中:R为污染物去除率;C0Ct为初始和t时刻渗透液的溶液浓度,mg/L.
式中:为污染物平均去除速率,mg/h;Δm为膜运行单位时间污染物质量的变化量mg;Δt为膜运行时间,h.
通过计算机实时记录的渗透液质量,使用以下公式计算膜的平均通量:
式中:J为膜的膜通量,L/(m⋅h);Q为渗滤液的体积,L;A为使用膜的面积,m2T为操作时间,h.
通过紫外-可见分光光度计初步检测溶液中TC的浓度,然后通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)系统和紫外-可见检测器(SPD-16)在357nm的波长下准确测定.甲醇-水的混合物(10:90,V/V,水中含0.1%甲酸)用作流动相,流速为1.0mL/min.
通过扫描隧道显微镜(SEM)对PVDF基膜以及(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜表面和截面进行表征,并通过与SEM联用的EDS能谱仪定性分析(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜表面较大范围内的C、O、Fe、Ti元素分布.PVDF膜和改性膜的表面如图2所示,图2(a)和(c)均可观察到PVDF超滤膜表面密集且大小不一的孔隙结构.图2(b)和(d)可观察到(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜的孔径较PVDF基膜稀疏,且出现了棒状颗粒,这表明了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2在PVDF膜上的成功涂覆,棒状颗粒可能是(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2粒子的聚集.EDS能谱表征结果如图3所示.由能谱数据表明,改性膜上广泛分布着C、O、Fe和Ti元素,原始PVDF基膜只由C和F元素组成,O、Fe和Ti元素均来自(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2涂层,这也证明了PVDF膜的表面改性成功.横截面形貌如图4所示,原始PVDF膜的厚度在110µm左右,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2涂层的厚度660nm~1µm.
由XPS全谱扫描图图5表明,PVDF基膜与(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜表面均有C1s、O1s、F1s的特征峰.这是因为XPS测试中,X射线具有一定的穿透能力,可以穿透涂覆层到PVDF基膜表面.此外,改性膜中F1s特征峰的强度下降,以及结果中出现的Fe2p峰和Ti2p峰,这都证明了改性膜表面(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2涂覆层的存在.
由于FTIR的穿透深度通常在1~5µm,远大于改性层厚度,因此在原始PVDF膜和(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜的FTIR光谱中都可以观察到与PVDF官能团结构相关的峰.835cm-1处的峰归因于C-F键的拉伸振动,876和1170cm-1处的峰分别对应于PVDF的C—C键和C—C—C键的不对称拉伸,1280cm-1处的峰对应于C—F键,1400cm-1的峰与CH2的振动相关[29].此外,单宁酸具有没食子酸结构中的酚羟基伸缩振动,这会导致在3600~3100cm-1范围内产生特征吸收峰,因改性PVDF膜在3400cm-1处出现了O—H的吸收峰;在800~600cm-1处的吸收峰,归因于单宁酸中苯环上H被取代导致的C—H面的振动吸收峰[30].上述结果直接证明了改性膜表面上单宁酸分子的存在,也从侧面证明了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2的涂覆功.
使用座滴法,随机选取膜样品的两个位置进行,测试水滴大小为10µL,使用Young-Laplace方程拟合计算接触角的大小,并使用纯水溶液测量了膜的纯水通量.如图7所示,相对于PVDF基膜水通量268L/(m2⋅h),改性膜的水通量下降了6%,为252.66L/(m2⋅h);但改性膜的接触角从原来的75.3°下降到了60.7°,亲水性得到了明显的提高,这是因为单宁酸的多羟基结构可以显著增强被涂覆材料的亲水性[31].总体而言,虽然涂覆改性对渗透有阻碍作用,但亲水性膜表面通过拖拽作用促进水的渗透,可以部分抵消水渗透性的下降[32],因此改性膜的通量下降程度不高.
该实验通过纵向对比研究了PVDF超滤体系、PVDF/PMS催化体系、PVDF/PMS光催化体系、(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF超滤体系、(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化体系和(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF/PMS光催化系统对四环素的去除效率,其结果见图8.纯PVDF膜对于四环素并无明显的去除作用;当引入PMS后,四环素的去除率大约能达到30%左右;然而,在此基础之上增加可见光照射,并未显著改善四环素的去除效率.相比之下,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜在缺乏PMS的情况下也能观察到5%的四环素降解,但去除效率会随着时间的延长而减弱.在此膜的基础上施加光照,可以观察到初期四环素的去除率大约为10%,但同样地,随着处理时间的延长,去除率也会下降.然而,当同时添加PMS并进行可见光照射时,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜在10~60min对四环素的去除率稳定维持在80%,这表明该复合体系相较于其他单一处理方法具有显著的优势.出现上述情况的原因,与预想的一致.PVDF超滤膜对小分子四环素几乎没有分离截留作用;而加入PMS后,PMS自身对四环素产生了降解,但效果有限;加入可见光后,由于可见光无法直接激活PMS[33],并没有提高四环素的降解率.(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF膜本身对四环素有一定的截留作用,这可能仅仅是改性膜对四环素的吸附作用[34];可见光照射后,膜上(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2催化剂被激发,对四环素产生了一定的降解,但在持续的膜过滤中,四环素降解率逐渐下降并趋于稳定;当向体系中添加少量的PMS时,PMS的氧化作用与光催化过程之间出现了显著的协同效应,从而大幅度提升了四环素的去除效率.值得注意的是,在处理四环素溶液的过程中,整个体系对膜的通量影响不大,即便是在(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF/PMS光催化体系中,膜的通量也只减少了大约11%.
在对现有文献进行深入分析比较后(如表3),自清洁膜技术由于过滤与催化功能的分离,其降解能力局限于膜表面截留的污染物,无法降解直径小于膜孔径的污染物,更无法实时去除有机污染物.光催化膜领域,大部分采用先光催化后加压过滤的方式进行.郑茹[16]制备的10-TG/CNT膜虽然实现了86.3%的四环素去除率,但其平均去除速率仅为0.086mg/h,且由于真空抽滤导致孔隙度降低,使得该膜的水通量较原膜下降了14%.目前,大多数PMS催化膜在操作过程中采用循环过滤的方法,即过滤后的溶液重新进入进料侧进行再次过滤.Zhang等[35]、Han等[36]、Ye等[37]以及韩宇航[38]通过不同方法制备了催化膜,并利用PMS活化循环过滤降解四环素溶液.尽管这些研究最终实现了较高的四环素去除率,但将结果转化为平均去除速率时,最高值仅为4.41mg/h,最低值仅为1.73mg/h,均低于本研究的7.34mg/h.Gong等[39]制备的催化膜在连续过滤30min后,其平均四环素去除率也仅为5.26mg/h.此外,韩宇航[38]和Gong等[39]制备的催化膜在四环素去除速率上虽有所优势,但相较于未改性膜,水通量损失较大,分别下降了66%和49%,这一数据显著高于本研究的6%.
综上所述,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF催化膜在PMS与可见光的共同作用下,成功实现了对四环素类新型有机污染物的高效瞬时降解,其平均去除速率显著优于其他催化膜.(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF/PMS光催化系统不仅高效去除了四环素污染物,而且有效避免了水通量的显著下降,确保了处理过程的持续性和高效性.
研究结果如图9所示.随着四环素溶液中的PMS浓度从0mg/L增加到600mg/L,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2光催化膜溶液的膜通量逐渐降低,从253L/(m2·h)下降至210L/(m2·h),较无PMS时下降约17%,这可能是因为随着催化和过滤的同时进行,四环素大分子被催化降解为其他小分子后吸附在膜孔道内,造成膜通道的阻塞,从而降低了膜的通量;与之相对的,四环素的去除率随着溶液中PMS浓度的增加逐渐升高,其中当PMS浓度为50mg/L,四环素的去除率在1h内可以稳定保持在80%以上,并且在PMS浓度300mg/L的情况下去除率在1h内接近100%.众所周知,PMS含量的增加会导致更多活性氧的产生,活性氧攻击有机污染物,从而提高有机污染物的去除率.但也有报道称,过多的PMS会导致自由基消耗并抑制催化效率[40].然而,实验中进一步增加PMS剂量到600mg/L,这并没有抑制四环素的降解.这表明在这种情况下,四环素的降解动力学有可能更多地受动态流速控制,而不是由氧化反应控制[41].
基于PMS被活化后产生硫酸根自由基(SO4·-)的高级氧化技术是一种很有前途的废水处理和污染地下水原位修复技术,然而在改善水质的过程中,PMS作为外来物质,其在氧化过程有毒副产物的形成已经成为人们日益关注的问题[18],研究表明卤化物可以被SO4·-氧化,产生活性卤素物种,如游离卤素和卤素自由基,这些卤素物种可以与天然有机物(NOM)反应产生卤代副产物,即卤仿和卤乙酸[19];此外,图9(a)结果显示PMS的增加会降低系统中膜组件的膜通量,从而增加水处理的时间和经济成本.
在对比现有文献(如表3所示)后发现,大部分使用PMS氧化的催化膜研究中,PMS的投加量为数百mg级别,且无论是采用循环过滤还是连续过滤的方式,但其平均去除速率远远低于本研究.
鉴于此,本研究提出的(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF/PMS光催化体系,实现了在低剂量PMS投加条件下的高效四环素降解,同时仅伴随轻微的水通量损失.此体系不仅有效降低了化学药剂的消耗,还减少了运行成本及潜在的环境风险.
近年来的研究表明,TA-Fe络合物对半导体材料具有“敏化”作用,可以扩大半导体的光吸收范围[28],其中,TA能够作为“桥梁”吸收可见光并与半导体之间形成电荷转移.因此,用TA-Fe修饰TiO2,可以赋予其独特的光催化性质[42].实验中,使用420nm滤波片将氙灯模拟太阳光中的<420nm部分光线过滤,如图10所示,光催化膜对可见光有较好的响应.
实验继续考察了光照强度对光催化膜降解四环素性能的影响,根据氙灯功率,选择了低、中、高三种光照强度进行实验,研究结果如图10所示.在可见光照射下,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2光催化膜通量明显提升约20%.造成此情况的原因可能是,可见光照射后,附着在膜表面的光催化剂在PMS协同下产生活性物种,降解并且矿化了可能会堵塞膜孔径的大分子污染物,从而使得膜通量增加.这也侧面说明了光催化在体系中可能起到增强四环素分子降解效果的作用.
随着光照强度(以光功率计)的增加,膜通量并没有进一步变化,较为稳定,可见光照强度对膜通量的影响并不大.对于四环素浓度的去除率,从图中可以很明显看出不同光照强度下的光催化膜,对四环素的去除率都呈现了在前10min左右去除效果最好、10~20min去除率逐渐下降并在20min后趋向平稳的趋势.这可能是随着系统的运行,膜表面受到一定的污染,催化剂无法更有效地接收光子;此外,光催化膜上光催化剂的含量有限,即使光照强度进一步增加,可能也不会有更多的光催化响应.
在光催化技术领域,目前面临的主要挑战之一是光能利用效率低下和较高的能耗.因此,在利用光催化系统降解四环素的过程中,必须考虑光照强度和光的波长,以防止能量过剩而造成浪费.实验数据表明,在低光功率的可见光条件下,该光催化膜展现出卓越的性能,不仅具有高膜通量,而且对四环素的去除效果显著,因此具有经济高效的优势.
实验考察不同pH值水体对光催化膜降解四环素性能影响.研究结果如图11所示.结果表明,水体的pH值对(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜的工作有着较为显著的影响.随着水体pH值的升高,碱性提升,光催化膜的膜通量呈明显的下降趋势,在pH=10时膜通量最低,损失达到了35%;从四环素的降解率来看,pH值的过低和过高都会对四环素的降解产生影响.出现这种情况的原因是因为膜在酸性条件下,表面(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2改性涂层被解构,即TA-Fe3+在不同pH值时,会形成不同的络合物,pH值越小络合物的配位数越小[36].此时的膜与未改性的原膜性能相似,膜通量高但是对四环素几乎没有去除效果.而在碱性条件下,OH-浓度升高,TA-Fe3+中的Fe3+可能与OH-反应生成氢氧化铁沉淀,从而破坏原有的TA-Fe3+改性涂层,形成的沉淀物质堵塞孔径降低膜通量的同时,也抑制了光催化系统中活性基团的形成;此外,碱性条件下,OH-也会与活性基团发生反应,与四环素产生竞争,这都会降低对四环素的去除率.由实验结果可知,该系统在中性以及弱酸性环境中,水通量和四环素去除率较好,能够使光催化膜在工作过程中保持最佳性能.
图12所示,Cl-和HCO3-作为离子,直径远小于超滤膜孔径;腐殖酸作为天然有机物的代表,其大小在0.3~100kDa,也小于PVDF超滤膜的孔径,因此理论上这些共存物质可以顺利的通过PVDF膜.如图12(a)所示,添加共存物质之后的溶液与对照组的水通量无显著差异,这也从侧面说明了,(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2的改性不会对PVDF膜的孔径造成很大的影响.同时,由图12(b)~(d)可知,水体中存在的这些物质对(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2光催化超滤膜去除四环素有一定的影响,但影响基本都在5%以内,且离子和腐殖酸的浓度增加,并不会导致四环素去除率的进一步下降.这可能是,虽然离子和腐殖酸也会跟四环素竞争与活性物种发生反应[43],从而影响四环素的去除率,但是在系统运行过程中,反应可能更多的受动态流速控制,因此其影响有限,这与前文也是一致的.从这一点上说,该系统在高浓度共存离子和天然有机物的干扰下,仍具有很强的稳定性.
为了探究原位光催化过滤系统中四环素降解的活性物种,进行了活性物种捕获实验,结果如图13所示.通过添加不同的淬灭捕获剂,可以根据不同的四环素降解抑制效率来确定活性物种的种类.由于叔丁醇对⋅OH的反应活性(K=(3.8-7.6)×108L/(mol⋅s))高于SO4·-(K=(4.0-9.1)×105L/(mol⋅s)),因此叔丁醇可以用于淬灭⋅OH;而甲醇与⋅OH(K=9.7×108L/(mol⋅s))和SO4·-(K=(1.6-7.1)×107L/(mol⋅s))的反应速率都比较快[44],所以甲醇可以淬灭⋅OH和SO4·-;抗坏血酸、糠醇和EDTA-2Na分别用于淬灭O21O2和空穴(h+).此外,由于体系中存在Fe元素,因此需要考虑到非自由基中活性铁物种在四环素降解中的作用.活性铁物种可以与亚砜类物质发生氧转移生成相应的砜类物质,因此亚甲基苯亚砜通常用作活性铁物种的淬灭剂.
图13所示,在添加甲醇、叔丁醇、糠醇、亚甲基苯亚砜、抗坏血酸和EDTA-2Na后,四环素的降解别被抑制了60.14%、13.22%、92.15%、27.16%、74.42%和78.46%.添加叔丁醇和亚甲基苯亚砜后,四环素的降解抑制作用都不显著,轻微的抑制可能是因为淬灭剂直接与PMS发生的反应,因此⋅OH和活性铁物种在反应中不是主要活性物种.而甲醇的加入对四环素的降解产生了显著抑制作用,这表明反应体系中生成了SO4·-,且起到重要作用.在反应体系中添加抗坏血酸、糠醇和EDTA-2Na后,可以观察到四环素的降解均受到了明显的抑制,说明O21O2和空穴(h+)是重要的活性物种.从图13活性物种捕获实验的抑制率可以推测,本研究原位光催化过滤系统中四环素降解主要存在的活性物种及其贡献顺序为1O2>h+>O2>SO4·-.
电子顺磁共振(EPR)实验进一步证实了上述活性物质在原位光催化过滤系统中的存在,如图14.一个1:1:1模式的三重信号特征代表了TEMPO-h+,表明了h+在降解过程产生.同样的,TEMP-1O2也在EPR谱中观察到信号,呈现出1:1:1的三重信号,表明了1O2的存在.此外,EPR中DMPO被用作捕获剂用于识别体系中O2、SO4·-和·OH,图中1:1:1:1的四重特征信号表明DMPO-O2,1:2:2:1的四重信号特征代表DMPO-SO4·-和DMPO-⋅OH.上述结果与活性物种捕获试验的结果一致,说明在四环素降解过程中存在1O2、h+、O2和SO4·-.
依据上述活性物种的出现,提出如下推测(如图14):PMS在可见光下并不会被激活,但是在光催化剂(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2表面光电子的转移过程中被激活产生SO4·-;TiO2催化剂在TA-Fe的存在下,被敏化从而产生可见光活性,同时PMS的存在抑制了光生电子和空穴的复合,使光催化的活性进一步增强;光催化活性的增强也进一步降低PMS的消耗量.在光催化和PMS氧化的协同下,体系中产生了非自由基1O2、自由基O2、SO4·-和光生载流子h+等活性物种,根据以上的解释,推测(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF/PMS光催化体系产生活性物种的反应式(1-6).在这些活性物种的共同攻击下,四环素得到了高效降解.
3.1 成功制备了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化膜,该膜以PVDF为基底,通过层层自组装技术,实现了(TA-Fe3+)/TiO2-PVDF光催化剂的均匀涂层,涂层厚度控制在660nm~1µm.这种改性显著增强了膜的亲水性,并且与PVDF基膜相比,水通量仅下降了6%.
3.2 光催化膜对四环素的降解性能优异.在50mg/L的PMS和250mW/cm2的可见光条件下,四环素的瞬时去除率保持在80%,平均去除速率达到7.34mg/h.该膜适用于弱酸性和中性环境,且四环素的降解效率不受水中常见离子和天然有机物的干扰.
3.3 光催化和PMS氧化通过自由基和非自由基路径协同降解四环素,主要的活性物种及其贡献顺序为1O2>h+>O2>SO4·-.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23A2058)
  • 中央高校优秀青年团队培育项目(B230201058)
  • 江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022834)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23A2058)
中央高校优秀青年团队培育项目(B230201058)
江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022834)
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    河海大学环境学院,江苏 南京 210098

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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