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To investigate the feasibility of anaerobic digestion of antibiotic fermentation residues(AFR)as sole substrates, several typical AFR, including erythromycin fermentation residue(EFR), cephalosporin fermentation residue(CFR), and penicillin fermentation residue(PFR)were chosen as raw materials for digestion in this study. Batch assays of methane production potential and kinetics experiments were conducted at mesophilic temperature(35±1℃)to explore the basic characteristics of anaerobic digestion of different AFR. Mass balance and correlations between basic characteristics of raw materials and digestion performance were compared and contrasted. Results showed that EFR had the highest methane production potential, approximately 226mL/g VS, which was 27.0% and 20.2% higher than CFR and PFR, respectively. Distinct kinetic characteristics and metabolic activity differences were exhibited by different antibiotic fermentation residues during anaerobic fermentation. The highest biogas production rate, which was 13.2mL/(g VS·d), was found in PFR. A clear two-stage characteristic was exhibited by EFR, with the first-order kinetic constants K1 and K2 being 0.0336 and 0.2012d-1, respectively. Material balance verification confirmed the reliability of the experimental results, and the remaining insoluble substances significantly impact the startup and stability of the anaerobic system. Correlation analysis indicated that the parameters of SCOD/TCOD, C/N, protein, and fat content in the fermentation residues are important for assessing their performance in anaerobic fermentation, suggesting that optimizing the characteristics of the fermentation residues can improve fermentation efficiency. It was demonstrated that antibiotic fermentation residues treated with antibiotic removal can serve as a single substrate for anaerobic fermentation, providing a new solution for the resource utilization of fermentation residues.

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为探究抗生素菌渣(Antibiotic fermentation residue,AFR)作为单一底物厌氧资源化利用的可行性,以经过脱抗处理的红霉素菌渣(EFR),头孢菌素菌渣(CFR)和青霉素菌渣(PFR)3种典型的大宗AFR为原料,开展中温((35±1)℃)条件下的产甲烷潜能和动力学试验,探究不同抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵的基本特性.通过原料组成,物料平衡及相关性分析等解析不同菌渣厌氧甲烷发酵的共性与特征.研究结果表明,EFR具有最高的产甲烷潜能,约为226mL/g VS,比CFR和PFR分别高27.0%和20.2%.不同菌渣在厌氧发酵中表现出明显的动力学特性和代谢活动差异,PFR具有最大的产沼气速率为13.2mL/(g VS·d).EFR具有明显的两阶段特征,一级动力学常数K1K2分别为0.0336和0.2012d-1.物料衡算验证了实验结果的可靠性,难溶性物质剩余量对厌氧系统的启动和稳定性具有重要影响.结合相关性分析,菌渣的SCOD/TCOD、C/N、蛋白质及脂肪含量等指标是评估其在厌氧发酵中性能的重要参数,说明优化菌渣特性可提高发酵效率.经脱抗处理的抗生素菌渣可作为厌氧发酵的单一基质,为菌渣的资源化处理提供了新的方案.

, correspAuthors=尹冬敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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任建军(1983-),男,山西朔州人,研究员,博士,主要从事环境微生物与污染治理研究.发表论文50余篇..

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任建军(1983-),男,山西朔州人,研究员,博士,主要从事环境微生物与污染治理研究.发表论文50余篇..

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任建军(1983-),男,山西朔州人,研究员,博士,主要从事环境微生物与污染治理研究.发表论文50余篇..

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.常州大学城乡矿山研究院,常州市生物质绿色安全高值利用技术重点实验室,江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241116660359287132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116660363481438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, companyId=1241116660359287132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116660371870047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, companyId=1241116660359287132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.常州大学药学院、生物与食品工程学院,江苏 常州 213164)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116668252967867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in biogas composition during anaerobic digestion process of different AFR, figureFileSmall=lye20rVqu0+kQzt+Fofk8A==, figureFileBig=mOavvPZNwG2zvdlM83q2UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668387185608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同抗生素菌渣厌氧甲烷发酵气体组分的变化, figureFileSmall=lye20rVqu0+kQzt+Fofk8A==, figureFileBig=mOavvPZNwG2zvdlM83q2UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668643038177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Biogas production potential and daily yield rates of different AFR, figureFileSmall=2h+STgA9fbBYoBvOK9FujA==, figureFileBig=lP4Ne25QcUf4UX8Jb5QHPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668760478702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同抗生素菌渣产气潜能和日产气速率, figureFileSmall=2h+STgA9fbBYoBvOK9FujA==, figureFileBig=lP4Ne25QcUf4UX8Jb5QHPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668898890749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fitted curves of biogas production of different AFR using first order model, figureFileSmall=C4BV71T58IRIFnzo+7auZw==, figureFileBig=rlK89NNFQ/7z7aCFbZKWxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669016330248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵的一级动力学模型拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=C4BV71T58IRIFnzo+7auZw==, figureFileBig=rlK89NNFQ/7z7aCFbZKWxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669133770769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Mass balanced based on COD of different AFR before and after anaerobic digestion, figureFileSmall=wVKF2OPVK83w3qCB7y0Fvw==, figureFileBig=F0t+FzcAzsKzIRBbE0utiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669259599906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵前后基于COD的物料衡算, figureFileSmall=wVKF2OPVK83w3qCB7y0Fvw==, figureFileBig=F0t+FzcAzsKzIRBbE0utiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669385429043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principal component analysis(a)and Pearson correlations(b)between material characteristics and digestion performance, figureFileSmall=8ZJuiLz+lpModKEqvThIKQ==, figureFileBig=vzWiiV5YIb4/mzGwZxBG0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669515452481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=图5, caption=原料基本理化特性与发酵性能之间的主成分分析(a)与Pearson相关性分析(b)

*表示较著相关性P≤0.05,**表示相关性P≤0.01,***表示相关性P≤0.001

, figureFileSmall=8ZJuiLz+lpModKEqvThIKQ==, figureFileBig=vzWiiV5YIb4/mzGwZxBG0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669624504396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of substrates and inoculum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位EFRCFRPFR接种污泥
TSg/L,w.w.132±2.0120±2.0113±1.028.8±0.1
VSg/L,w.w.103±2.0110±2.0105±1.013.6±0.2
VS/TS%,w.w.77.95±0.0392.21±0.3793.22±0.09-
SSg/L,w.w.76.1±4.273.2±5.861.8±2.822.8±1.2
VSSg/L,w.w.57.4±2.869.2±5.559.7±2.812.3±1.3
pHg/L,w.w.5.86±0.014.24±0.016.12±0.018.62±0.01
TCODg/L,w.w.106.4±2.3113.5±7.1110.2±3.415.3±0.4
SCODg/L,w.w.33.7±0.431.5±1.152.0±0.32.5±0.2
SCOD/TCOD%,w.w.31.65±1.0727.81±1.4947.19±1.64-
氨氮mg/L,w.w.21.6±1.4162.6±1.1143.2±0.854.0±0.2
乳酸g/L,w.w.0.31±0.020.21±0.010.31±0.01-
乙酸g/L,w.w.1.47±0.040.30±0.011.59±0.020.05±0.01
丙酸g/L,w.w.0.56±0.010.08±0.010.68±0.01-
异丁酸g/L,w.w.0.51±0.01---
正丁酸g/L,w.w.2.69±0.020.33±0.011.88±0.01-
异戊酸g/L,w.w.1.01±0.010.56±0.010.47±0.010.02±0.01
VFAg/L,w.w.6.56±0.091.47±0.014.93±0.030.07±0.10
C%,d.w.42.71±0.2145.45±0.2443.73±0.22-
H%,d.w.5.77±0.036.88±0.046.43±0.03-
O%,d.w.44.48±0.1338.15±0.1439.12±0.12-
N%,d.w.5.68±0.028.00±0.069.88±0.04-
C/N-7.52±0.056.88±0.044.43±0.02-
蛋白质g/L,w.w.0.25±0.052.05±0.210.87±0.17-
脂肪g/L,w.w.1.07±0.030.79±0.040.46±0.02-
碳水化合物g/L,w.w.1.23±0.120.97±0.010.92±0.01-
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669758722136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原料和接种污泥的基本理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位EFRCFRPFR接种污泥
TSg/L,w.w.132±2.0120±2.0113±1.028.8±0.1
VSg/L,w.w.103±2.0110±2.0105±1.013.6±0.2
VS/TS%,w.w.77.95±0.0392.21±0.3793.22±0.09-
SSg/L,w.w.76.1±4.273.2±5.861.8±2.822.8±1.2
VSSg/L,w.w.57.4±2.869.2±5.559.7±2.812.3±1.3
pHg/L,w.w.5.86±0.014.24±0.016.12±0.018.62±0.01
TCODg/L,w.w.106.4±2.3113.5±7.1110.2±3.415.3±0.4
SCODg/L,w.w.33.7±0.431.5±1.152.0±0.32.5±0.2
SCOD/TCOD%,w.w.31.65±1.0727.81±1.4947.19±1.64-
氨氮mg/L,w.w.21.6±1.4162.6±1.1143.2±0.854.0±0.2
乳酸g/L,w.w.0.31±0.020.21±0.010.31±0.01-
乙酸g/L,w.w.1.47±0.040.30±0.011.59±0.020.05±0.01
丙酸g/L,w.w.0.56±0.010.08±0.010.68±0.01-
异丁酸g/L,w.w.0.51±0.01---
正丁酸g/L,w.w.2.69±0.020.33±0.011.88±0.01-
异戊酸g/L,w.w.1.01±0.010.56±0.010.47±0.010.02±0.01
VFAg/L,w.w.6.56±0.091.47±0.014.93±0.030.07±0.10
C%,d.w.42.71±0.2145.45±0.2443.73±0.22-
H%,d.w.5.77±0.036.88±0.046.43±0.03-
O%,d.w.44.48±0.1338.15±0.1439.12±0.12-
N%,d.w.5.68±0.028.00±0.069.88±0.04-
C/N-7.52±0.056.88±0.044.43±0.02-
蛋白质g/L,w.w.0.25±0.052.05±0.210.87±0.17-
脂肪g/L,w.w.1.07±0.030.79±0.040.46±0.02-
碳水化合物g/L,w.w.1.23±0.120.97±0.010.92±0.01-
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669934882914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of biogas production potential and their kinetics using modified Gompertz model of different AFR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数(单位)EFRCFRPFR
累积沼气累积甲烷累积沼气累积甲烷累积沼气累积甲烷
实际产气量(mL/g VS)293±17188±18294±25174±20316±11192±7
Pm (mL/g VS)376±23226±12292±5178±4320±8188±3
Rmax [mL/(g VS·d)]7.7±0.36.6±0.49.7±0.45.4±0.213.2±1.09.9±0.6
λ (d)6.6±0.815.8±0.82.5±0.57.0±0.64.9±0.810.1±0.6
R20.9920.9920.9960.9950.9880.994
), ArticleFig(id=1241116670119432304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同抗生素厌氧发酵产气潜能及修正的Gompertz模型拟合参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数(单位)EFRCFRPFR
累积沼气累积甲烷累积沼气累积甲烷累积沼气累积甲烷
实际产气量(mL/g VS)293±17188±18294±25174±20316±11192±7
Pm (mL/g VS)376±23226±12292±5178±4320±8188±3
Rmax [mL/(g VS·d)]7.7±0.36.6±0.49.7±0.45.4±0.213.2±1.09.9±0.6
λ (d)6.6±0.815.8±0.82.5±0.57.0±0.64.9±0.810.1±0.6
R20.9920.9920.9960.9950.9880.994
), ArticleFig(id=1241116670270427260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Kinetics of biogas production using first order model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质一级动力学常数K(d-1)R2
EFR0.03360.9015
0.20120.9438
CFR0.06470.9605
PFR0.10250.9729
), ArticleFig(id=1241116671780376708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

一级动力学模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质一级动力学常数K(d-1)R2
EFR0.03360.9015
0.20120.9438
CFR0.06470.9605
PFR0.10250.9729
), ArticleFig(id=1241116671935565968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hydrolytic, acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic activities of different AFR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质水解[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]酸化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]乙酸化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]甲烷化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]
EFR596±19468±1444±23444±23
CFR470±6442±8375±2375±2
PFR630±28518±1476±32476±32
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672078172314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648606847448, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三种菌渣厌氧发酵的水解、酸化、乙酸化和甲烷化活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质水解[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]酸化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]乙酸化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]甲烷化[mg COD/(g VSS·d)]
EFR596±19468±1444±23444±23
CFR470±6442±8375±2375±2
PFR630±28518±1476±32476±32
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典型抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵性能和物料转化特性
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任建军 1 , 朱李霞 1, 2 , 尹冬敏 1, * , 毛洪刚 1, 2 , 呼和涛力 1 , 牛东泽 1 , 李春雨 1 , 唐睿 1 , 夏禧龙 1
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(3): 1375-1384
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(3): 1375-1384
典型抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵性能和物料转化特性
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任建军1 , 朱李霞1, 2, 尹冬敏1, * , 毛洪刚1, 2, 呼和涛力1, 牛东泽1, 李春雨1, 唐睿1, 夏禧龙1
作者信息
  • 1.常州大学城乡矿山研究院,常州市生物质绿色安全高值利用技术重点实验室,江苏 常州 213164
  • 2.常州大学药学院、生物与食品工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
  • 任建军(1983-),男,山西朔州人,研究员,博士,主要从事环境微生物与污染治理研究.发表论文50余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Methane production potential and material flow for anaerobic digestion of typical antibiotic fermentation residues
Jian-jun REN1 , Li-xia ZHU1, 2, Dong-min YIN1, * , Hong-gang MAO1, 2, Tao-li HUHE1, Dong-ze NIU1, Chun-yu LI1, Rui TANG1, Xi-long XIA1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 2.School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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为探究抗生素菌渣(Antibiotic fermentation residue,AFR)作为单一底物厌氧资源化利用的可行性,以经过脱抗处理的红霉素菌渣(EFR),头孢菌素菌渣(CFR)和青霉素菌渣(PFR)3种典型的大宗AFR为原料,开展中温((35±1)℃)条件下的产甲烷潜能和动力学试验,探究不同抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵的基本特性.通过原料组成,物料平衡及相关性分析等解析不同菌渣厌氧甲烷发酵的共性与特征.研究结果表明,EFR具有最高的产甲烷潜能,约为226mL/g VS,比CFR和PFR分别高27.0%和20.2%.不同菌渣在厌氧发酵中表现出明显的动力学特性和代谢活动差异,PFR具有最大的产沼气速率为13.2mL/(g VS·d).EFR具有明显的两阶段特征,一级动力学常数K1K2分别为0.0336和0.2012d-1.物料衡算验证了实验结果的可靠性,难溶性物质剩余量对厌氧系统的启动和稳定性具有重要影响.结合相关性分析,菌渣的SCOD/TCOD、C/N、蛋白质及脂肪含量等指标是评估其在厌氧发酵中性能的重要参数,说明优化菌渣特性可提高发酵效率.经脱抗处理的抗生素菌渣可作为厌氧发酵的单一基质,为菌渣的资源化处理提供了新的方案.

抗生素菌渣  /  厌氧发酵  /  产气动力学  /  物料平衡  /  相关性分析

To investigate the feasibility of anaerobic digestion of antibiotic fermentation residues(AFR)as sole substrates, several typical AFR, including erythromycin fermentation residue(EFR), cephalosporin fermentation residue(CFR), and penicillin fermentation residue(PFR)were chosen as raw materials for digestion in this study. Batch assays of methane production potential and kinetics experiments were conducted at mesophilic temperature(35±1℃)to explore the basic characteristics of anaerobic digestion of different AFR. Mass balance and correlations between basic characteristics of raw materials and digestion performance were compared and contrasted. Results showed that EFR had the highest methane production potential, approximately 226mL/g VS, which was 27.0% and 20.2% higher than CFR and PFR, respectively. Distinct kinetic characteristics and metabolic activity differences were exhibited by different antibiotic fermentation residues during anaerobic fermentation. The highest biogas production rate, which was 13.2mL/(g VS·d), was found in PFR. A clear two-stage characteristic was exhibited by EFR, with the first-order kinetic constants K1 and K2 being 0.0336 and 0.2012d-1, respectively. Material balance verification confirmed the reliability of the experimental results, and the remaining insoluble substances significantly impact the startup and stability of the anaerobic system. Correlation analysis indicated that the parameters of SCOD/TCOD, C/N, protein, and fat content in the fermentation residues are important for assessing their performance in anaerobic fermentation, suggesting that optimizing the characteristics of the fermentation residues can improve fermentation efficiency. It was demonstrated that antibiotic fermentation residues treated with antibiotic removal can serve as a single substrate for anaerobic fermentation, providing a new solution for the resource utilization of fermentation residues.

antibiotic fermentation residues  /  anaerobic digestion  /  biogas production dynamics  /  mass balance  /  correlation analysis
任建军, 朱李霞, 尹冬敏, 毛洪刚, 呼和涛力, 牛东泽, 李春雨, 唐睿, 夏禧龙. 典型抗生素菌渣厌氧发酵性能和物料转化特性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1375 -1384 .
Jian-jun REN, Li-xia ZHU, Dong-min YIN, Hong-gang MAO, Tao-li HUHE, Dong-ze NIU, Chun-yu LI, Rui TANG, Xi-long XIA. Methane production potential and material flow for anaerobic digestion of typical antibiotic fermentation residues[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1375 -1384 .
抗生素菌渣(AFR)是抗生素生产的主要副产物,主要由未被利用的底物,菌丝体和残留抗生素组成.据估计,每生产1t的抗生素,约产生8~10t的AFR,由此,我国每年产生AFR可达数百万吨[1-2].目前,水热预处理(120~160℃,30~60min)是最为安全有效的降解AFR中残留抗生素的方法[3-4],可避免抗生素和抗性基因的传播,但脱抗菌渣后续资源化利用问题还有待进一步研究[5].
脱抗处理后的AFR干基组分中有机质含量占比80%以上,主要包括多糖[6]、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷等[7],是优质的生物质资源.传统工艺中常采用好氧堆肥的方式利用AFR.尽管原始AFR中的大部分抗生素残留可以通过预处理过程去除,但并不能完全避免堆肥过程中ARGs丰度的增加[8].另一方面,AFR含水率通常在90%左右[9],C/N约为4~8,用于堆肥时需要大量秸秆等辅料调节原料的含水率和C/N[10-11],这对于堆肥工艺的应用推广也形成了一定的地域限制.因此,开发新的AFR利用方式对于其资源化利用具有重要的现实意义.与好氧堆肥相比,厌氧发酵因其具有更低的温室气体排放量,更小的环境影响和较高的经济效益[12]而被广泛应用于高含水有机固体废弃物的资源化利用[13-14].AFR作为一种潜在的厌氧发酵原料,在减量化和资源化方面展现出巨大潜力.前人研究表明[15],通过厌氧发酵可以从EFR中回收增值化学品,实现EFR处置和资源回收的双重好处.Yang等[16]通过研究头孢菌素菌渣的暗发酵产氢,展示了将废弃物转化为可再生能源的潜力.
在实际应用中仍面临一些挑战和局限.首先,AFR中的有机质组成复杂,包括未完全利用的培养基、菌体代谢产物等,这些组分的生物降解性和转化率差异较大,从而影响了整体的发酵性能[13,17].其次,AFR中低C/N的特性导致发酵过程中产生的某些成分,会对厌氧发酵系统产生抑制作用[18].这些物质的积累不仅会抑制产甲烷菌的活动,还会影响整个厌氧发酵系统的稳定性与效率[19-20].再次,AFR的来源多样性也增加了厌氧发酵工艺优化的复杂性.不同抗生素的生产过程不尽相同,可能导致AFR的化学成分和物理特性存在差异,即使是同一来源的AFR,由于生产批次、所用原料、发酵条件等因素的不同,其特性也可能有所不同.这种差异性要求厌氧发酵工艺必须具有适应性和灵活性,以应对不同AFR的特性[21].针对以上挑战,进行不同AFR厌氧发酵性能的深入研究显得尤为关键.这不仅有助于揭示不同AFR的有机质组成特性,评估其在厌氧发酵过程中的转化效率,还能探索潜在的抑制或促进因素,为优化厌氧发酵工艺,提高处理效率提供科学依据.
本文选取水热脱抗处理的红霉素菌渣(EFR),头孢菌素菌渣(CFR)和青霉素菌渣(PFR)3种典型的大宗AFR为原料,分别开展中温条件下的厌氧消化批式试验,通过监测反应过程中的各项参数,利用修正的Gompertz模型和一级动力学模型进行产甲烷动力学分析,研究中温条件下3种AFR的产甲烷潜能和产气动力学特征.通过物料衡算与四阶段动力学计算,解析3种AFR厌氧发酵物料转化特征.同时,采用相关性分析和主成分分析研究不同AFR基本理化指标与物料转化之间的相关关系,探究不同AFR厌氧资源化利用的普适性规律,为抗生素菌渣的生物资源化处理提供理论和数据支撑.
AFR原料均取自中国西北某抗生素原料药生产厂,EFR和CFR为将新鲜菌渣板框过滤后加热至160℃,保持60min去除抗生素和抗性基因后所得,PFR为120℃,60min脱抗处理所得,其抗生素残留浓度均达到检测线以下(<1ng/mL).为方便保存和运输,将脱抗菌渣进行喷雾干燥.EFR,CFR和PFR干粉的总固体含量(TS)分别为983,969和983g/kg,挥发性固形物(VS)含量分别为对应TS的78%,92%和93%,表明3种菌渣中的有机质含量均较高,是优质的生物质资源.本实验所用接种污泥取自实验室长期连续稳定运行的70L中温(35℃)全混式反应器,取回后置于恒温摇床培养箱中活化一周备用.发酵原料和接种污泥基本性质见表1.
设置3个不同发酵原料的实验组,每组有3个平行试验.将VS浓度约为100g/L的EFR,CFR,PFR溶液分别与接种污泥按照3:1(1g VS的AFR和0.33g VS污泥)的比例混合加入120mL血清瓶中,混匀后加入去离子水至100mL,上部空间通入氮气30s吹出空气,创造严格的厌氧环境,迅速用橡胶塞密封瓶口,用封口钳将铝盖扣紧,所有血清瓶编号后置于水浴锅中,保持(35±1)℃恒温进行发酵.在发酵过程中定期测定产气量和气体组分,至单次产气量少于累积产气量的5%时结束试验,共进行了54d.实验结束后测发酵液的氨氮,VFA,总化学需氧量(TCOD),可溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)等理化指标.以不加任何AFR底物、只添加接种污泥和水的血清瓶为空白对照.
TS,VS,悬浮固形物(SS),可挥发性悬浮固形物(VSS)的测定采用重量分析法[22-23];发酵液的pH值采用台式pH计(Mettler Toledo,上海)测定;3种AFR中C、H、O、N等元素采用元素分析仪(PerkinElmer,美国)测定;NH4+-N采用苯酚-次氯酸钠光度法测定,使用紫外分光光度计(Shimadzu,日本)测定吸光度值;采用重铬酸钾法测定COD浓度.碳水化合物和脂肪的测试与分析方法参考前人的研究[24].发酵过程中所产沼气体积用玻璃针筒注射器计量,并转为标准状态下(标准大气压,0℃)的体积.沼气成分(N2,CH4,CO2,H2)采用气相色谱仪(磐诺仪器,常州)测定.VFA各组分(乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸和己酸)浓度由高效液相色谱仪(Thermofisher Scientific,美国)测定.
将发酵过程中不同AFR的产气数据进行模型拟合,累积沼气产量可以用修正的Gompertz模型,如式(1)所示:
式中:Pt时刻的累积气体产量,mL/g VS;P0为最大甲烷产能潜能,mL/g VS;Rmax为最大产甲烷速率,mL/(g VS·d);λ为迟滞期,d;t为实验持续的时间,d;e为自然常数,e≈2.7183.
甲烷发酵的产气速率采用一级动力学模型进行拟合,如式(2)所示:
式中:Cs0是最大产气量,mL/g VS;Cs为最大产气量减去t时刻的累积产气量,mL/g VS;k为速率常数,d-1t是产气时间,d.
采用Origin2021非线性拟合获得厌氧发酵累积沼气和甲烷产量曲线动力学参数,线性拟合获得一级动力学参数.
四阶段转化率是基于COD的转化率以及接种物的添加量来评估水解,酸化,乙酸化和甲烷化代谢活动的参数[25-26],如式(3)所示:
式中:VSS是每个反应器中添加的接种物含量,g/L;COD是发酵结束时血清瓶中SCOD,VFA,乙酸残留或生成甲烷的量,g.
在实验过程中测得的甲烷含量如图1所示,沼气中甲烷含量越高,其品质越高[27-28].随着厌氧发酵运行时间的增加,甲烷含量呈现明显的上升趋势.在发酵第一周的甲烷含量仅为15%~20%,除了由于试验初期上部空间充满N2外,还因为厌氧微生物需要适应系统环境,水解酸化细菌的生长繁殖速度较产甲烷菌快,使得CO2浓度先升高后下降[29].随着发酵的进行,产酸菌会产生乙酸,随后产甲烷菌逐渐占优势,转化利用产酸菌产生的VFA,从而使得甲烷含量逐渐升高.发酵进行至第5周后,甲烷含量趋于稳定,3种AFR均保持在80%左右,表明厌氧系统处于稳定状态.这与Liao等[28]报道的采用甘蓝废弃物进行厌氧发酵得到的甲烷含量峰值相近(78.1%),且高于牛粪与玉米秸秆厌氧共消化达到的甲烷峰值组分(50%~70%)[30],这表明3种菌渣均能通过厌氧发酵产生高质量的沼气.
在中温(35℃)条件下,EFR,CFR和PFR的厌氧产气潜能与日产气速率如图2所示.PFR具有最大的产气峰值,为22.2mL/(g VS·d),最高的产沼气速率Rmax达到13.2mL/(g VS·d),比EFR和CFR分别高出71.4%和36.1%.可能是因为PFR具有较高的SCOD/TCOD(47.2%),为厌氧发酵初期微生物的快速增殖提供了易于降解的溶解性有机质(低聚糖、可溶性单糖等),从而促进了产甲烷菌的活性表达[15,19].相反,CFR的SCOD/TCOD较低,仅为27.8%,意味着其底物中包含较多难溶性物质,这可能是造成CFR较低的生物降解率和产气速率的直接原因.与CFR和PFR相比,EFR产气迟滞期(λ)最长,为6.6d,整个发酵过程中没有明显的产气高峰,日产气量相对稳定,在8.3~11.0mL/(g VS·d),呈现了间歇性的厌氧发酵特性.这是由于厌氧发酵过程开始时可溶性有机物的可利用性不同造成的[31].
对EFR、CFR和PFR3种菌渣在中温条件下厌氧发酵产气进行修正的Gompertz模型拟合(表2),相关系数R2在0.988~0.996之间,表明拟合效果较好.根据模型计算结果,3种AFR产沼气潜能分别为376,292,320mL/g VS,对应的产甲烷潜能分别是226,178,188mL/g VS,甲烷产量占总产气量的平均比例均为60%左右.结果表明,尽管EFR的产气速率相对较低,但其产气持续时间较长,使得EFR的累积沼气产量最高,比CFR和PFR分别高出28.8%和17.5%,表明EFR具有较好的持续产气能力,需要适当延长厌氧发酵处理周期.
综上分析,随着发酵时间的延长,甲烷含量显著增加并最终稳定在80%左右,证明了这3种AFR均能产生高质量的沼气.3种AFR的累积甲烷产量与牛粪(178mL/g VS)[32],猪粪(161.3mL/g VS)[33]及秸秆(221mL/g VS)[34]等有机质产甲烷量相近,且高于柑橘渣和茶渣共混的甲烷产量(143mL/g VS),表明3种AFR均具有良好的产甲烷潜能.此外,底物中溶解性有机物的可利用性对厌氧发酵过程中物料转化效率具有重要影响.
目前,生物质甲烷发酵的动力学研究通常采用一级动力学方程进行表征[35-36]图3是3种AFR产气的一级动力学模型,表3列出了相关的动力学参数.由表3可知,R2在0.902~0.973,线性拟和效果良好,表明发酵底物向甲烷转化的过程基本符合一级动力学模型.图3a显示,除产气迟滞期外,EFR发酵的动力学常数K1K2分别为0.0336和0.2012d-1,表现出明显的慢速产气期和快速产气期,具有明显的两阶段特征.CFR和PFR的发酵过程基本符合一级动力特征,其动力学常数K分别为0.0647和0.1052d-1,产气速率优于EFR的慢速产气期,但比其快速产气期慢.EFR中温发酵约在第33d进入快速产气期,快速产气速率是慢速产气期的6倍左右,与鸡粪厌氧发酵一致[36].EFR和鸡粪一样,EFR中的有机质不易降解,水解过程受到抑制[25].水解过程被认为是厌氧发酵过程中的限速步骤[19].随着发酵的进行,产酸菌释放胞外酶,这些酶分解团聚体中的有机物,促进水解[37],提高底物的可利用性,增强发酵效率[19].另一方面,EFR在中温条件下的K2显著高于鸡粪发酵的0.1392d-1,和餐厨垃圾单独发酵的0.1896d-1.表明EFR可作为厌氧发酵的优质原料.
总体而言,CFR和PFR表现出较快的产气速率,且产气周期较EFR短.不同AFR厌氧发酵研究表明,PFR表现出较快的产气速率,EFR则具有明显的延迟产气特性.
以进料TCOD量为100%,通过计算COD转化为CH4,VFA,除VFA的水解部分,以及反应结束时未降解物质的COD值,确定系统的转化效率.试验中检出的VFA有乙酸,丙酸,丁酸,戊酸和己酸,根据对应的COD换算系数,计算出VFA在整个发酵液中的COD占比.以标准状态为基准,1g COD可产生350mL甲烷.鉴于气体的体积受温度影响较大,采用克拉伯龙方程式[24]对实验产生的CH4进行归一化处理,以便更准确地评估甲烷产量.
图4为3种AFR在厌氧发酵过程中物料比例和转化情况,表4是发酵过程中的水解、酸化、乙酸化和甲烷化四阶段的微生物活性.EFR、CFR和PFR原料中的未降解有机质占比分别为68.5%、72.4%和53.0%(图4).到发酵结束时,剩余未降解有机质与初始TCOD的比值分别降低至20.0%,39.1%和29.4%,即3种AFR的水解转化率分别为48.5%、33.3%和23.6%.从表4可以看出,EFR,CFR和PFR的水解活性分别为596,470和630mg-COD/(g VSS·d),均显著高于中温条件下鸡粪的水解活性(234mg COD/(g VSS·d))[38],表明中温条件下,AFR具有较好的水解特性.另一方面,不同AFR之间,PFR的水解活性显著高于EFR和CFR,但其总脂肪和总碳水含量较低(0.46和0.92g/L,表1),且其剩余未降解有机质中高分子量有机质含量可能较多,难以被发酵菌利用,导致不溶性有机质水解率相对较低[39].其次,CFR较低的水解活性值,可能是由于其SCOD/TCOD(27.8%)较低、基质中有机物以难降解或化学稳定性高的形式存在[40-41].
与水解活性相似,3种AFR的酸化活性中,PFR>EFR>CFR,分别为518,468,442mg COD/(g VSS·d),分别占水解活性的82.2%,78.5%和94.0%.VFA是AFR在产酸菌作用下水解产生的低分子量含碳中间产物的主要成分[19],也可以通过发酵工艺参数调节成为厌氧发酵的主产物.酸化活性与水解活性相近,说明在厌氧发酵过程中AFR中水解产生的可溶性物质,有大部分可以直接用于产生VFA,对于AFR厌氧发酵过程的高效转化具有重要意义[42].而乙酸化活性与酸化活性的相近表明AFR厌氧发酵中以VFA为终产物的发酵中,乙酸可成为VFA中的主要组分.
在甲烷化过程中,3种AFR经厌氧发酵后,分别消耗0.54,0.50,0.55g COD转化为甲烷,EFR,CFR和PFR的甲烷转化率分别为52.0%,47.9%和51.7%(图4),表明在本研究中约50%的有机质可转化为甲烷,高于采用鸡粪和仙人掌的混合物厌氧发酵达到的TCOD去除率(43%)[43].表明AFR作为厌氧发酵的原料,均具有良好的产甲烷潜能.相应的,三种AFR的产甲烷活性与乙酸化活性完全一致,表明在厌氧发酵系统中产生的乙酸能够被及时转化为甲烷[44].同样的,在发酵结束时.系统中的VFA均能够被产甲烷菌利用.据此推测,提高酸化和乙酸化转化率是提高甲烷转化的关键.另一方面,在批式实验中,AFR含有难降解的有机成分,在理想条件下也不易被完全降解.因此,在连续厌氧发酵实验中,合理调节有机负荷[45-46]和水力停留时间[47]对于避免有机质积聚、维持系统稳定和提高发酵效率是必要的[34,48].
图5以AFR特性为出发点,对单一AFR进行厌氧发酵过程中多个变量之间的关系进行分析和可视化,旨在确定其对发酵过程的影响.图5a选择选取SCOD/TCOD、C/N及VFA浓度等因子,进行主成分分析.分析结果显示,两个主成分因子(PCA1+PCA2)的贡献率达到了97.3%,表明这些因子成功捕捉了影响发酵过程中的主要变量.图5(a)揭示了三种AFR在主成分空间中的分布情况,研究发现,这些样本在PCA得分图中分布在3个不同的象限,表明样本间存在显著差异性[49],这为进一步的相关性分析提供了基础.
图5(b)为Pearson组间相关系数的热图,分析了三种AFR的基础理化指标与其产气潜能及代谢活性之间的相关性.首先,AFR的SCOD/TCOD与产气量、最大产沼气速率(Rmax)及代谢活性呈正相关.在本研究中,AFR的SCOD/TCOD和VS/TS均处于适中范围,分别为25%~50%和75%~95%,表明AFR具有较好的生物可生化性[50].其中,PFR的SCOD/TCOD值最高,对应的Rmax也最高(13.2mL/(g-VS·d)),表示原料中易于生物降解的有机物比例越高,可显著提高厌氧发酵速率和效率[51],这也是采用电离辐射[52]、水热处理[15,40]等多种预处理手段提高原料中SCOD占比可提高有机质总体转化率的原因.具体而言,本研究中脂肪含量(0.4~1.1g/L)与产气量和Rmax呈负相关.其中EFR的脂肪含量(1.07g/L)最高,其厌氧发酵具有阶段性的特征,且产气速率较低,可能是由于漂浮疏水性脂质的积累,包裹并吸附到微生物表面,抑制了微生物的代谢活动[53].另一方面,在较低C/N(4~8)的范围内,蛋白质含量与水解活性呈负相关,具体表现在CFR的蛋白质含量最高,为2.05g/L,显著高于EFR(0.25g/L)和PFR(0.87g/L),水解活性和产气量最低.据报道,基质中蛋白质含量越高越不易于水解,例如蛋肉类高蛋白基质餐厨垃圾的水解速度不足0.10g/(g·d),产甲烷潜能相应较低[54].值得注意的是,本研究中AFR的氨氮和蛋白质含量与产气迟滞期(λ)呈负相关,与其他研究一致,蛋白质含量高的底物具有较短的λ[55].与原料中碳水化合物与产甲烷结果相关性不强这一结果不同的是,原料中的VFA浓度(1.0~7.0g/L)与λ呈正相关,这可能与VFA中的组分直接相关.相对于CFR和PFR,EFR中含有较高浓度的异戊酸(1.01g/L),在短链脂肪酸中,异戊酸降解速率最慢,阻碍了厌氧发酵的进行[56].这些发现对于有机废弃物,尤其是低C/N或含有细胞结构不易水解的AFR[57]、市政污泥类[58]有机质的厌氧资源化利用过程中选择合适的工艺条件具有重要的指导意义.
3.1 采用修正Gompertz方程对EFR,CFR和PFR的累积产甲烷曲线进行拟合,成功模拟了三种AFR的厌氧发酵产甲烷过程,拟合值分别为226,178,188mL/g VS.λ分别是15.8,7.0,10.1d.3种AFR的甲烷产量占总产气量的比例均约为60%,且均能产生高质量的沼气,表明这3种AFR均具有较好的产甲烷潜能.
3.2 EFR中温厌氧发酵呈现明显的两阶段特征,产气期的动力学常数K分别为0.0336d-1和0.2012d-1,尽管产甲烷速率较慢,但产气稳定且持久,实际甲烷产量达到理论甲烷潜力的83.2%.CFR和PFR的动力学常数K分别为0.0647d-1和0.1052d-1,能在短时间内能产生大量的沼气,其预测与实际产气量相符.
3.3 通过物料平衡揭示了难溶性物质的剩余量对厌氧系统的启动和稳定性有显著影响.采用AFR作为厌氧发酵的单一基质时,应强调优化AFR的SCOD/TCOD,VS/TS及C/N等理化指标的重要性,以及调整蛋白质含量和减少不利于产气的物质(如脂肪)对提升发酵性能的影响.
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
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常州市应用基础研究计划项目(CJ20235062)
常州市领军型创新人才引进培育项目(CQ20230112)
江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)研究重大项目(23KJA610001)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32002210)
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    1.常州大学城乡矿山研究院,常州市生物质绿色安全高值利用技术重点实验室,江苏 常州 213164
    2.常州大学药学院、生物与食品工程学院,江苏 常州 213164

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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