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To deal with problems such as high concentration of arsenic(As)and fluorine(F)in water, along with difficulty in dealing with complex pollution and irrigation utilization, zirconium-aluminum modified biochars were synthesized to study their adsorption efficiency and mechanism of As and F. The study was conducted to explore the impact of initial concentration, adsorption time, pH, and co-existing ions on their adsorption. The combination of SEM, BET, FTIR, and X-ray techniques were applied to characterize and analyze the materials. The results showed that zirconium-aluminum bimetallic modified biochar(ZA-BC)was an excellent mesoporous biochar with a good pore structure, which can rapidly adsorb As and F ions within 6hours. With initial concentrations of 1mg/L for As and 5mg/L for F, and a biochar dosage of 1g/L, As and F removal rates can reach 98.7% and 95.2%. The optimal adsorption pH of As and F by ZA-BC was 4~5, the zero charge point of the material was 9.1. Its adsorption fits the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models within a pH range of 4.0~9.1. ZA-BC adsorbed As and F at 19.62 and 28.70mg/g, respectively, with CO32- most affecting its efficiency. ZA-BC's adsorption of As involved electrostatic attraction and surface complexation, whereas for F, it's primarily electrostatic and ion exchange. The hydroxyl group was vital for adsorption, with metal modifications enhancing the immobilization of As and F via M-OH groups. Comprehensive tests had shown that ZA-BC was a promising adsorbent for removing arsenic and fluoride from water.

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针对水体中砷(As)、氟(F)浓度超标,复合污染难处理,造成水污染和难以灌溉利用等问题,本文制备了锆铝等双金属改性生物炭,研究其对水中As和F的吸附效果和吸附机制.研究探索了初始浓度、吸附时间、pH值、共存离子等因素对吸附的影响,并结合扫描电镜、比表面积仪、红外光谱、X射线等技术对材料进行表征和分析.结果表明:锆铝双金属改性生物炭(ZA-BC)是孔隙结构优良的介孔型生物炭,能在6h内快速吸附水中As、F离子.当初始As、F浓度为1和5mg/L,炭投加量为1g/L时,对As、F的去除率可达98.7%和95.2%. ZA-BC对As、F的最优吸附pH值为4~5,零电荷点pH=9.1,具有较宽的pH值使用范围4.0~9.1,其等温吸附符合Langmuir模型,动力学吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,对As、F的最大吸附容量为19.62和28.70mg/g,CO32-是对吸附效果影响最大的共存离子.ZA-BC对As的吸附机制主要为静电引力和表面络合,对F的吸附机制主要为静电引力和离子交换.羟基(-OH)是吸附过程中起关键作用的物质,金属改性可为炭表面新增大量金属羟基(M-OH),M-OH可通过络合作用和离子交换作用对As、F进行化学固定.各种综合性测试表明,ZA-BC是一种很有前途的去除水中As、F的吸附材料.

, correspAuthors=罗艳丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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宋振(1999-),男,安徽六安人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事水环境污染治理研究.发表论文1篇..

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宋振(1999-),男,安徽六安人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事水环境污染治理研究.发表论文1篇..

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宋振(1999-),男,安徽六安人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事水环境污染治理研究.发表论文1篇..

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, companyId=1241116660212495344, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116665321156983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Surface morphologies of BC and ZA-BC(SEM), figureFileSmall=oSECcR1WB3yb4jMxcQ423g==, figureFileBig=tuQaBPgeH2KVRum230j11A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665472151945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图1, caption=改性前、后生物炭表面形貌(SEM), figureFileSmall=oSECcR1WB3yb4jMxcQ423g==, figureFileBig=tuQaBPgeH2KVRum230j11A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665732198818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The surface element mapping of ZA-BC before and after adsorption, figureFileSmall=UVreRZjbo59sDilqYTZBZw==, figureFileBig=yg6RSg4b+2j6UyI3y7BtgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667288285614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图2, caption=吸附前、后ZA-BC表面所含元素, figureFileSmall=UVreRZjbo59sDilqYTZBZw==, figureFileBig=yg6RSg4b+2j6UyI3y7BtgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667401531837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=XRD characterization of BC and ZA-BC, figureFileSmall=M9EjjfATeNJSZA8RqDsaQQ==, figureFileBig=iq6vwU71o3hvAbwAG/MnUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667514778060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图3, caption=改性前、后生物炭XRD表征结果, figureFileSmall=M9EjjfATeNJSZA8RqDsaQQ==, figureFileBig=iq6vwU71o3hvAbwAG/MnUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667657384412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FTIR characterization results of BC and ZA-BC, figureFileSmall=PhGWqO3klvJw4lHTPlm23w==, figureFileBig=Okzf8bCbgo+/UC4fZ/q/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667741270499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改性前、后生物炭FTIR表征结果, figureFileSmall=PhGWqO3klvJw4lHTPlm23w==, figureFileBig=Okzf8bCbgo+/UC4fZ/q/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116667854516720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XPS characterization of ZA-BC before and after adsorption, figureFileSmall=KYdQRC9rtKuiXSV8F8+AxA==, figureFileBig=RIcoFTzufZ45hBb0XXcBow==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=FTIR characterization results of ZA-BC before and after adsorption, figureFileSmall=FXnI2XJogya3+RrxFccpRw==, figureFileBig=ybYomaFSl83HInV2GIeNvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116669960057527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图12, caption=吸附砷氟前、后ZA-BC的FTIR表征结果, figureFileSmall=FXnI2XJogya3+RrxFccpRw==, figureFileBig=ybYomaFSl83HInV2GIeNvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116670140412613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=XPS fine scanning spectra for biochar, figureFileSmall=+QGH0DmHjZJ0kmgjzaoEhQ==, figureFileBig=9rXv7PQ4qWbp7reEMecsNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116670278824652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图13, caption=生物炭XPS精细谱扫描结果, figureFileSmall=+QGH0DmHjZJ0kmgjzaoEhQ==, figureFileBig=9rXv7PQ4qWbp7reEMecsNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116671792968409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Mechanism diagram of As(V)and F adsorption by ZA-BC, figureFileSmall=cVFf/JUtf8ssDvOYfISTGw==, figureFileBig=rX3u/jwGUTo4kXXG2Y64EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116671943963366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=图14, caption=ZA-BC吸附砷、氟机理, figureFileSmall=cVFf/JUtf8ssDvOYfISTGw==, figureFileBig=rX3u/jwGUTo4kXXG2Y64EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116672057209583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bimetallic modified biochars

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号改性剂1改性剂2代表含义
FA-BCFeCl3 15mLAlCl3 15mLFe-Al-BC
FL-BCFeCl3 15mLLaCl315mLFe-La-BC
ZA-BCZrOCl2 15mLAlCl3 15mLZr-Al-BC
ZL-BCZrOCl2 15mLLaCl3 15mLZr-La-BC
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672266924794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

双金属改性生物炭

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号改性剂1改性剂2代表含义
FA-BCFeCl3 15mLAlCl3 15mLFe-Al-BC
FL-BCFeCl3 15mLLaCl315mLFe-La-BC
ZA-BCZrOCl2 15mLAlCl3 15mLZr-Al-BC
ZL-BCZrOCl2 15mLLaCl3 15mLZr-La-BC
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672405336840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

the gradient of mixed solution(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液梯度混合后As浓度混合后F浓度
梯度115
梯度2525
梯度31050
梯度420100
梯度530150
梯度640200
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672556331799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混合溶液梯度(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液梯度混合后As浓度混合后F浓度
梯度115
梯度2525
梯度31050
梯度420100
梯度530150
梯度640200
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672703132451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Water quality indicators in groundwater wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标/编号G1G2G3
As(mg/L)0.100.550.96
F(mg/L)2.344.877.50
pH值7.818.469.37
DOC(mg/L)1.911.491.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672824767275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地下水井中水质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标/编号G1G2G3
As(mg/L)0.100.550.96
F(mg/L)2.344.877.50
pH值7.818.469.37
DOC(mg/L)1.911.491.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672984150838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pore structure parameters of BC and ZA-BC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号总比表面积(m2/g)总孔体积(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)改性方式
BC12.150.03210.76原始生物炭
FA-BC55.380.0677.10铁铝改性生物炭
FL-BC43.110.0528.28铁镧改性生物炭
ZA-BC79.580.0813.10锆铝改性生物炭
ZL-BC71.500.0753.62锆镧改性生物炭
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673118368578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

改性前、后生物炭孔隙结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号总比表面积(m2/g)总孔体积(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)改性方式
BC12.150.03210.76原始生物炭
FA-BC55.380.0677.10铁铝改性生物炭
FL-BC43.110.0528.28铁镧改性生物炭
ZA-BC79.580.0813.10锆铝改性生物炭
ZL-BC71.500.0753.62锆镧改性生物炭
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673269363532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparations of adsorption capacities of various adsorbent materials for As(V)and F

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂种类原料负载物质Qmax(mg/g)来源
As(V)F
La-CB牛粪La(NO3)34.51[24]
SCSB椰子壳FeSO414.65[25]
NFM-H铁锰矿石24.82[26]
ZrO2/BC茶树籽壳ZrO29.63[27]
Al-PKS棕榈壳AlCl314.10[28]
Al/CeCSBC市政污泥AlCl3和CeCl341.74[29]
PG-BC多年生禾草8.671.25[30]
Mg-mBC稻壳MgCl216.6614.38[31]
ZA-BC玉米芯ZrOCl2和AlCl319.6228.70本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673428747089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同吸附材料对砷和氟的吸附容量对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂种类原料负载物质Qmax(mg/g)来源
As(V)F
La-CB牛粪La(NO3)34.51[24]
SCSB椰子壳FeSO414.65[25]
NFM-H铁锰矿石24.82[26]
ZrO2/BC茶树籽壳ZrO29.63[27]
Al-PKS棕榈壳AlCl314.10[28]
Al/CeCSBC市政污泥AlCl3和CeCl341.74[29]
PG-BC多年生禾草8.671.25[30]
Mg-mBC稻壳MgCl216.6614.38[31]
ZA-BC玉米芯ZrOCl2和AlCl319.6228.70本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673600713564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The removal efficiency of ZA-BC in both single and composite adsorption systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组吸附前浓度(mg/L)吸附后浓度(mg/L)去除率(%)
As的单吸附ρ(As)=10ρ(As)=0.1498.6
F的单吸附ρ(F)=50ρ(F)=18.6062.8
As、F复合吸附ρ(As)=10,ρ(F)=50ρ(As)=0.97,ρ(F)=26.1090.3和47.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673713959781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

单吸附体系和复合吸附体系下ZA-BC的去除效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组吸附前浓度(mg/L)吸附后浓度(mg/L)去除率(%)
As的单吸附ρ(As)=10ρ(As)=0.1498.6
F的单吸附ρ(F)=50ρ(F)=18.6062.8
As、F复合吸附ρ(As)=10,ρ(F)=50ρ(As)=0.97,ρ(F)=26.1090.3和47.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673802040173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Adsorption in natural aquatic systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标G1(浓度均值点)G2G3(浓度最大值点)
处理前处理后处理前处理后处理前处理后
As(mg/L)0.100.010.550.040.960.08
F (mg/L)2.340.374.870.827.501.44
pH值7.817.968.468.539.379.32
DOC(mg/L)1.912.141.491.681.261.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673902703477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648531357854, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

实际水体吸附

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质指标G1(浓度均值点)G2G3(浓度最大值点)
处理前处理后处理前处理后处理前处理后
As(mg/L)0.100.010.550.040.960.08
F (mg/L)2.340.374.870.827.501.44
pH值7.817.968.468.539.379.32
DOC(mg/L)1.912.141.491.681.261.37
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锆铝等双金属改性生物炭同步去除水中As(V)和F
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宋振 , 罗艳丽 * , 王美娟 , 何佳乐 , 张千 , 解新哲
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1308-1320
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1308-1320
锆铝等双金属改性生物炭同步去除水中As(V)和F
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宋振 , 罗艳丽* , 王美娟, 何佳乐, 张千, 解新哲
作者信息
  • 新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 宋振(1999-),男,安徽六安人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事水环境污染治理研究.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Zirconium-aluminum dual-metal modified biochar for simultaneous removal of As(V) and F from water
Zhen SONG , Yan-li LUO* , Mei-juan WANG, Jia-le HE, Qian ZHANG, Xin-zhe XIE
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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针对水体中砷(As)、氟(F)浓度超标,复合污染难处理,造成水污染和难以灌溉利用等问题,本文制备了锆铝等双金属改性生物炭,研究其对水中As和F的吸附效果和吸附机制.研究探索了初始浓度、吸附时间、pH值、共存离子等因素对吸附的影响,并结合扫描电镜、比表面积仪、红外光谱、X射线等技术对材料进行表征和分析.结果表明:锆铝双金属改性生物炭(ZA-BC)是孔隙结构优良的介孔型生物炭,能在6h内快速吸附水中As、F离子.当初始As、F浓度为1和5mg/L,炭投加量为1g/L时,对As、F的去除率可达98.7%和95.2%. ZA-BC对As、F的最优吸附pH值为4~5,零电荷点pH=9.1,具有较宽的pH值使用范围4.0~9.1,其等温吸附符合Langmuir模型,动力学吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,对As、F的最大吸附容量为19.62和28.70mg/g,CO32-是对吸附效果影响最大的共存离子.ZA-BC对As的吸附机制主要为静电引力和表面络合,对F的吸附机制主要为静电引力和离子交换.羟基(-OH)是吸附过程中起关键作用的物质,金属改性可为炭表面新增大量金属羟基(M-OH),M-OH可通过络合作用和离子交换作用对As、F进行化学固定.各种综合性测试表明,ZA-BC是一种很有前途的去除水中As、F的吸附材料.

双金属改性  /  生物炭  /  砷  /  氟  /  吸附机制

To deal with problems such as high concentration of arsenic(As)and fluorine(F)in water, along with difficulty in dealing with complex pollution and irrigation utilization, zirconium-aluminum modified biochars were synthesized to study their adsorption efficiency and mechanism of As and F. The study was conducted to explore the impact of initial concentration, adsorption time, pH, and co-existing ions on their adsorption. The combination of SEM, BET, FTIR, and X-ray techniques were applied to characterize and analyze the materials. The results showed that zirconium-aluminum bimetallic modified biochar(ZA-BC)was an excellent mesoporous biochar with a good pore structure, which can rapidly adsorb As and F ions within 6hours. With initial concentrations of 1mg/L for As and 5mg/L for F, and a biochar dosage of 1g/L, As and F removal rates can reach 98.7% and 95.2%. The optimal adsorption pH of As and F by ZA-BC was 4~5, the zero charge point of the material was 9.1. Its adsorption fits the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models within a pH range of 4.0~9.1. ZA-BC adsorbed As and F at 19.62 and 28.70mg/g, respectively, with CO32- most affecting its efficiency. ZA-BC's adsorption of As involved electrostatic attraction and surface complexation, whereas for F, it's primarily electrostatic and ion exchange. The hydroxyl group was vital for adsorption, with metal modifications enhancing the immobilization of As and F via M-OH groups. Comprehensive tests had shown that ZA-BC was a promising adsorbent for removing arsenic and fluoride from water.

bimetallic-modified  /  biochar  /  arsenic  /  fluorine  /  adsorption mechanis
宋振, 罗艳丽, 王美娟, 何佳乐, 张千, 解新哲. 锆铝等双金属改性生物炭同步去除水中As(V)和F. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1308 -1320 .
Zhen SONG, Yan-li LUO, Mei-juan WANG, Jia-le HE, Qian ZHANG, Xin-zhe XIE. Zirconium-aluminum dual-metal modified biochar for simultaneous removal of As(V) and F from water[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1308 -1320 .
砷(As)、氟(F)污染水体及其共存的问题是环境领域研究的热点问题,长期暴露于高砷、高氟的环境中,会对人体健康造成直接或间接的巨大威胁[1].有报道称[2-3],人体摄入过量砷氟物质,会引发一系列疾病,如皮肤癌、心血管疾病、氟斑牙等.若使用高砷高氟水灌溉庄稼作物,会抑制农作物生长,导致减产,作物被食用后超标元素也会逐渐在人体内富集并危害人身健康[4].从全国来看,高砷[C(As)≥0.01mg/L]和高氟[C(F)≥1.5mg/L]的状态在中国北方干旱和半干旱区的地下水中较为常见,如新疆、内蒙古、山西等地,且砷氟共存的现象普遍存在,其中,新疆地区砷、氟污染共存的问题更为突出[5].据报道[6],新疆奎屯河流域的地下水中,高砷水约占61.3%,高氟水约占28.4%,砷氟共富集的约占22.7%.有研究表明[7],与单独暴露于砷或氟相比,同时暴露于砷和氟可能会对人体造成更严重的健康影响和组织损伤.
为解决地下水中砷、氟浓度超标的问题,研究人员开发了多种水体除砷除氟技术,包括电化学法、混凝沉淀法、膜分离法、生物炭吸附法等[8].其中,生物炭吸附法因成本低廉、操作简单、选择性强等优点,被认为是去除水体中有毒有害离子性价比最高的方法之一.然而,原始生物炭因吸附位点少、表面电荷强度弱等原因导致吸附能力有限,可采用金属负载和酸碱改性的方法,增加炭表面的吸附位点、改变炭表面的电荷强度,以达到吸附量提高的目的[9].如陈文敏等[10]用铁和碱改性玉米芯生物炭吸附水中的砷,最大吸附容量为18.02mg/g,与未改性生物炭相比吸附量提高了4倍,Wang等[11]用镧改性柚皮生物炭吸附水中的氟,最大吸附容量为19.86mg/g,与未改性生物炭相比其吸附量提高了12倍.可见,对生物炭进行金属负载改性可显著提高其吸附能力.
在砷、氟复合共存污染日趋严重的背景下,若环境治理技术仅去除单一污染元素,已难以满足日渐提高的环境治理标准.生物炭材料可通过负载双金属实现同步去除砷、氟两种污染物的潜力,其中,铁(Fe)和锆(Zr)对砷具有特异性吸附能力[11],铝(Al)和镧(La)对氟具有特异性吸附能力[12],可对生物炭负载铁锆或铝镧,以提高材料对砷和氟的吸附能力,目前该方向的研究较为薄弱,有必要进行深入探索和实践研究.
本文以玉米芯生物炭为骨架,负载针对砷和氟各有特异性吸附能力的金属,制备4种双金属改性的生物炭复合材料(Fe-Al复合、Fe-La复合、Zr-Al复合、Zr-La复合),通过吸附实验和孔隙表征,筛选出吸附效果最好、孔隙结构最发达的一类,探究其吸附特征和内在吸附机理,以期为砷和氟复合污染水体的高效同步治理,以及净化污染水体应用于灌溉利用等方面提供新思路和新方法.
制备生物炭的原料为玉米芯,购买自新疆乌鲁木齐市农贸市场.所用药剂FeCl3、ZrOCl2、AlCl3、LaCl3、NaOH、HCl、NaH2AsO4和NaF,均为分析纯.实验用水均为去离子水.
原始生物炭的制备:将玉米芯洗净、烘干、粉碎、过100目筛,置于坩埚中,在箱式马弗炉氮气氛围下以500℃热解并保温2h,自然冷却后取出,再次研磨并过100目筛,记为BC.
改性生物炭的制备:采用浸渍搅拌法改性,以1g/30mL比例投加改性剂(浓度为0.5mol/L).取4份生物炭于烧杯中,每份1.0g,每个烧杯中分别加入改性剂1和2,充分摇匀,将其置于磁力搅拌器上以180r/min搅拌4h,后逐滴加入0.1mol/L NaOH调节溶液pH值至12,再以相同转速搅拌4h,该步骤起轻微活化、增大孔隙度、固定金属元素的作用.搅拌结束后密封并陈化24h,陈化后洗涤溶液至中性,洗去多余盐分,最后烘干、磨碎、储存备用.具体见表1.
用NaH2AsO4配制As浓度分别为2~80mg/L,NaF配制F浓度分别为10~1000mg/L的储备溶液.储备溶液中As元素的形态,均为阴离子形式存在的砷酸氢根离子状态(H2AsO4-),其中的砷为正五价.取不同浓度As、F溶液混合,制成6个不同梯度的混合溶液.生物炭投加量以1g/L比例投加.具体浓度见表2.
分别称取0.1g BC于6个实验瓶中,依次加入表2中6个梯度的混合溶液100mL.在pH=7,T=25℃,转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡12h,过滤、稀释并测定滤液中As、F离子浓度.其他类型生物炭的吸附测定同上操作.
分别称取0.1g ZA-BC于9个实验瓶中,每个瓶中均加入100mL As、F混合溶液(ρ(As)=10mg/L,ρ(F)=50mg/L).设置9个初始pH:3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11,在T=25℃,转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡12h,过滤、稀释并测定滤液中As、F离子浓度.
分别称取0.1g ZA-BC于10个实验瓶中,每个瓶中均加入100mL As、F混合溶液(ρ(As)=10mg/L,ρ(F)=50mg/L).在pH=7,T=25℃,转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡至2,5,15,30,60,120,240,360,480,960min,过滤、稀释并测定滤液中As、F离子浓度.
分别称取0.1g ZA-BC于3个实验瓶中,每个瓶中依次加入100mL处理溶液,设置3个处理:单砷溶液(ρ(As)=10mg/L)、单氟溶液(ρ(F)=50mg/L)、砷氟混合溶液(ρ(As)=10mg/L,ρ(F)=50mg/L).在pH=7,T=25℃,转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡12h,过滤、稀释并测定滤液中As、F离子浓度.
分别称取0.1g ZA-BC于数个实验瓶中,每个瓶中均加入100mL As、F混合溶液(ρ(As)=10mg/L,ρ(F)=50mg/L).再依次添加NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4、NaNO3、Na3PO4溶液,每种离子(Cl-、CO32-、SO42-、NO3-、PO43-)设置3个浓度:0,10,50mg/L.在pH=7,T=25℃,转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡12h,过滤、稀释并测定滤液中As、F离子浓度.
称取0.1g吸附饱和的ZA-BC,置于30mL浓度为1mol/L NaOH解吸溶液中,在转速=180r/min条件下恒温振荡4h,进行脱附处理,脱附后的ZA-BC为强碱性,使用100mL去离子水将其洗涤至中性,再投加到100mL As、F混合溶液中(ρ(As)=1mg/L,ρ(F)=5mg/L),进行循环吸附实验,二次吸附的外加条件同1.4.1操作,可得到第二次吸附的去除率,共循环测试5次.
试验所用高砷高氟水采自新疆奎屯垦区123团地下水井,取其中具有代表性的3个样点进行处理,具体浓度见表3.
As的测定采用原子荧光分光光度计;F的测定采用氟离子浓度计.
式中:C0为初始吸附质的浓度,mg/L;Ce为平衡时吸附质的浓度,mg/L;Qe为生物炭单位吸附量,mg/g;V为吸附溶液体积,L;m为吸附剂的质量,g.
①等温吸附采用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对数据进行拟合[见公式(3)(4)].②动力学吸附采用拟一级动力学和拟二级动力学模型对数据进行拟合[见公式(5)(6)].
式中:Qe为生物炭单位吸附量,mg/g;Qm为生物炭拟合的最大单位吸附量,mg/g;Ce为平衡时吸附质的浓度,mg/L;KL为Langmuir模型常数;KF为Freundlich模型常数;n为与吸附强度有关的常数.Qtt时刻的单位吸附量,mg/g;k1为拟一级动力学模型的速率常数;t为吸附时间,min;k2为拟二级动力学模型的速率常数.
通过比表面分析仪(BET)测定比表面积和孔隙大小;通过扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-Mapping)测定生物炭的外观形貌及元素组成;通过X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)测定生物炭晶体结构;通过红外吸收光谱(FTIR)测定生物炭官能团类型;通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测定生物炭的化学成分和价态.
对生物炭进行N2吸附-脱附孔隙结构测定,结果如表4所示.
表4可知,经双金属改性后,4种生物炭的总比表面积比原始生物炭(BC)提高了3.5~6.5倍,总孔体积提高了1.6~2.5倍,平均孔径减小到BC的0.3~0.7倍,其中经Zr和Al改性的生物炭(ZA-BC)参数变化最大.双金属搭配对生物炭孔隙结构的改性效果排名为ZA-BC>ZL-BC>FA-BC>FL-BC.有研究表明[13-14],生物炭经强碱和金属活化后会增大比表面积和体积,同时新增大量微孔和介孔,使炭的平均孔径减小,这与表中呈现的结果一致.金属和碱的改性大幅提高了炭的比表面积和总孔体积,使其具有发达的孔隙结构,为炭表面创造了大量吸附位点.
对原始生物炭BC和改性效果最佳的ZA-BC进行SEM-Mapping测定,结果见图1图2.
图1(a)(b)可知,改性前生物炭表面较为平坦,孔隙较少;改性后炭表面粗糙程度显著增加,孔隙量增多,孔隙排列更为均匀致密.由图1(c)(d)可知,改性后单位面积上孔洞的数量由1个增加为7个,且排列有序.改性后炭表面整体呈现出优良的孔道结构,有利于后续吸附质快速进入孔洞内,与相应的吸附位点有序结合.
图2(a)可知,吸附前生物炭表面检测出Zr和Al元素,说明经改性后,Zr、Al两种金属成功负载在炭上.从图2(b)可知,吸附后生物炭表面检测出As、F元素,说明吸附后As、F元素被成功固定在炭表面上.
图3为生物炭改性前、后的XRD分析图.
图3可知,改性前BC未出现明显的衍射峰,不含高强度的晶体结构;改性后ZA-BC在18.6°、22.3°、27.5°、41.8°、53.6°处出现明显的衍射峰,经Jade软件中元素标准卡片对比,识别这些衍射峰所对应的物质为三水铝石(Al2O3·3H2O)和斜锆石(ZrO2),即铝和锆以Al2O3·3H2O和ZrO2的形式负载在ZA-BC上.有研究表明[15-16],Al2O3·3H2O和ZrO2可通过表面所含羟基与F-和H2AsO4-进行离子(配体)交换,形成稳定的氟化物和含砷络合物.在2θ=24°左右检测到有序且较宽的峰信号,结合相关文献分析[17],部分Zr能以低结晶度的无定形—水合氧化物形式负载在生物炭上,无定形—水合氧化锆可通过表面络合或离子交换作用捕获As、F离子,使生物炭具备吸附As、F的能力.
图4为生物炭改性前、后的FTIR分析图.
图4可知,BC的吸收峰主要体现在3434,1590和1092cm-1处,分别对应-OH、C=C和C-O三类基团[18],说明BC具有稳定的碳结构和丰富的含氧官能团.经Zr、Al改性后,在3427cm-1处出现峰,该峰较3434cm-1处峰位置变化不大,但吸收程度(吸收面积)明显变强,说明改性后炭表面-OH含量增多,可能是无定形氧化锆和三水铝石形成Zr-OH和Al-OH所致[19-20];1586cm-1处出现峰,是C=O的反对称拉伸现象[20];1354cm-1处出现峰,是羧基(-COOH)的伸缩振动现象[20];1050和541cm-1处峰值对应Zr-O基团的生成[21];755cm-1处峰值对应Al-O基团的生成[22].FT-IR测定结果说明,改性后炭表面-OH含量大幅增加,C=O和-COOH强度提高,Zr和Al以金属羟基和金属氧化物的形式负载在炭表面.
图5为ZA-BC吸附砷氟前、后的XPS分析图.
由图可知,吸附前ZA-BC检测出O、C、Zr、Al峰,吸附后检测出F、O、C、Zr、Al、As峰,说明吸附后,As、F元素被成功固定在生物炭上.
图6是4种改性生物炭对As、F的等温吸附结果.
图6可知,经双金属改性后的4种生物炭,对As、F的吸附用Langmuir模型(R2=0.987和0.974)比Freundlich模型(=0.885和0.891)更适合于描述其吸附过程.Langmuir模型假设的吸附过程为单层吸附,反映的是均匀吸附表面的吸附过程[23].
图6(a)(c)可知,4种改性生物炭对As、F的吸附量均表现为:ZA-BC>ZL-BC>FA-BC>FL- BC(锆铝>锆镧>铁铝>铁镧).这与BET孔隙表征参数所呈现的趋势一致,ZA-BC比表面积和总孔体积最大,平均孔径最小,表面有更多吸附位点,因此吸附量最高.ZA-BC对As、F的最大单位吸附量为19.62mg/g和28.70mg/g,与未改性的生物炭相比,其吸附量分别提高了12.5倍和16倍.
表5对比了ZA-BC和已报道的除As除F吸附剂.由表可知,从单独的吸附量来看,ZA-BC对As和F的吸附量均排在第2.从复合吸附来看,ZA-BC的吸附量最高,展现出较好的同时去除As和F两种污染物的综合性能.
图7是溶液初始pH值对4种改性生物炭吸附的影响.图8是ZA-BC零电荷点pH值的测量结果.
图7可知,总体趋势上,4种改性生物炭对As、F的去除率随pH值的增大而减小,这是由于炭在不同pH值下表面电荷不同造成的.酸性环境下,炭表面易发生质子化现象,获得质子(H+),使其表面带正电,有利于吸附水体中以阴离子形式存在的H2AsO4-和F-,体现了异性相吸的静电吸附作用;碱性环境下,炭表面易发生去质子化现象,脱去质子(H+),使其表面带负电,与阴离子产生静电排斥,不利于吸附水体中阴离子.同时,有研究表明[32],碱性环境下As、F离子更容易发生电离、迁移和释放,分散作用较强,这也是在碱性环境下生物炭吸附效果差的原因.
图7(a)可知,4种改性生物炭在pH=4时对As的去除率最高,pH<4时去除率变化不大,可能是该pH值下炭的质子化强度已达到最大,吸附能力已饱和.由图7(b)可知,4种改性生物炭在pH=5时对F的去除率最高,pH<5时,去除率变差,可能是因为酸性过强,部分F-会发生水解形成氢氟酸[33],氢氟酸很难解离,炭就难以对其进行吸附,导致去除率下降.综合来看,pH=4~5时,改性生物炭对As、F的整体吸附效果最好.
图8可知,使用pH值漂移法[34]对ZA-BC进行零电荷点pH值测量,测得其pHpzc=9.1.当pH<9.1时,炭表面带正电,静电吸附力强,去除效果理想;pH>9.1时,炭表面带负电,静电吸附力弱,去除效果较差.因此,使用ZA-BC吸附水体中As、F时,推荐pH值的应用范围为4.0~9.1,这在图7中也有体现,该pH值范围下,ZA-BC对As、F的去除率均为中上等.
采用拟一级动力学和拟二级动力学模型对ZA-BC的吸附过程进行拟合,结果如图9所示.
拟一级动力学是基于吸附速率受扩散步骤控制的假设,拟二级动力学是基于吸附速率受化学吸附控制的假设[35].由图9可知,用拟二级动力学模型(R2=0.986和0.980)比拟一级动力学模型(R2=0.894和0.913)能更好地描述炭的吸附过程,说明ZA-BC对As、F的吸附主要受化学吸附影响.
ZA-BC对As、F的吸附分别在240min和360min达到平衡.反应初期(120min前),生物炭对As、F吸附呈现迅速上升趋势,这是因为此时炭的表面孔隙和初始溶液在固液两相之间浓度差很大,炭表面吸附位点充足,传质力强所致.随着时间的增长,反应中后期(120min后),吸附速率变化缓慢并逐渐达到平衡状态,这是因为此时溶液中As、F离子浓度降低,吸附位点逐渐被填满,传质力下降所致.
对ZA-BC进行不同体系吸附,结果如表6所示.
由表可知,ZA-BC单独吸附As和F时去除率为98.6%和62.8%,同时吸附As、F时,去除率下降为90.3%和47.8%,说明生物炭吸附As、F的过程中存在竞争吸附位点的现象,F的存在会抑制生物炭对As的吸附,As的存在会减少生物炭对F的吸附,两者存在拮抗现象和竞争吸附.
经金属改性后,炭表面会新增共吸附位点和特异性吸附位点.复合吸附后,As的去除率降低程度(0.083/0.986=8.42%)小于F的去除率降低程度(0.15/0.628=23.9%),说明复合吸附体系中As的吸附受影响更小,共吸附位点更容易被As占据,As对共吸附位点的竞争力比F强.结合动力学平衡时间分析,As的吸附平衡时间小于F,也说明相比于F,As更容易被优先吸附.
为了解生物炭在自然水体中的吸附效果,模拟了多种可共存离子的吸附环境,吸附结果如图10所示.
由图可知,CO32-和PO43-的存在对吸附As、F的影响最显著,其中CO32-的影响程度最大,当CO32-浓度为50mg/L时,ZA-BC对水体中As、F的去除率分别降至25.7%和17.4%.去除率下降的原因可能是CO32-消耗掉了一部分炭表面起去除作用的官能团,抢夺了As、F离子的吸附位点;同时CO32-在水体中会发生水解反应生成OH-,提高了水体的pH值,高pH值环境下会抑制生物炭对As、F的吸附.各离子对吸附的影响程度排序为:CO32->PO43->SO42->NO3->Cl-.
用30mL浓度为1mol/L NaOH溶液作为解吸液,解吸0.1g已吸附饱和的ZA-BC,解吸和洗涤后ZA-BC再重新投入As、F混合溶液进行多次吸附-脱附处理,结果如图11所示.
图11可知,每循环1次,ZA-BC对As和F的去除率会下降一些,循环5次后,ZA-BC对As的去除率从97.5%下降至50.6%,对F的去除率从95.2%下降至47.3%,下降的原因可能是炭表面起吸附作用的官能团(M-OH)的损失[36].经过5次循环再生后,ZA-BC去除能力下降,但依然保持着50%左右对As和F的去除率.
对新疆奎屯的实际地下水进行吸附处理,结果如表7所示.
吸附剂采用ZA-BC,考虑到当地地下水整体偏碱性,岩石风化较强,共存离子较多,为保证去除率达标,调整吸附剂投加量为5g/L.经过6h的吸附,G3点As和F的浓度减小为0.08mg/L和1.44mg/L,对As和F去除率达到了91.7%和80.8%,处理后的浓度满足《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084-2021)[37]中对于旱地作物(小麦、玉米、棉花等)灌溉水的要求:C(As)<0.1mg/L,C(F)<3.0mg/L.试验证实了ZA-BC用于实际水体吸附的可行性.
为进一步探究ZA-BC除As除F机理,对其进行了深度FTIR和XPS表征,结果如图1213所示.
图12可知,吸附前3426cm-1处代表-OH,吸附后该峰面积减小,说明吸附过程中-OH为主要参与反应的基团.有研究表明[38],氟离子(F-)和羟基离子(OH)-电价相同,拥有相近的离子半径(0.13和0.14nm),且F-与Al3+的配位能力,比(OH)-与Al3+的配位能力更强,故F-可与-OH进行离子交换生成铝氟化合物,实现自身的吸附.
吸附前1354和1050cm-1处峰值代表金属羟基(Zr-OH和Al-OH)的伸缩振动,吸附后两峰消失,金属羟基与As、F离子发生化学反应所致.由于金属羟基(M-OH)和羧基(-COOH)的红外吸收峰位置有重合,所以1354cm-1处峰还可能发生了-COOH的伸缩振动现象,吸附后该峰消失,可能是-COOH与As、F离子发生了配体交换反应,生成R-F和R-H2AsO4(R代表烃基)[38-39].ZA-BC吸附后在1168和821cm-1处出现新峰,1168cm-1处峰代表‘-COOH、-OH’与As、F发生离子交换新生成的化学键[38-39],821cm-1处的峰值与As-O键的生成有关[38].吸附前755和541cm-1处代表金属氧化物的伸缩振动[40],吸附后两峰位置偏移至563和449cm-1处,可能是ZA-BC吸附As后形成了M-O-As络合物[40].
图13(a)(b)可知,吸附As、F前,C 1s轨道上检测出C-C、C-O、C=O;吸附后,C=O消失,且C-O的含量减少,说明吸附过程中,C=O和C-O被消耗,可能是这两类含氧化学键在金属配位的条件下与As或F形成了配位络合物M-O-As或M-O-F.
图13(c)(d)可知,吸附As、F前,O 1s轨道上检测出M-O(含氧金属基团)、M-OH(金属羟基)、H2O(结合水)三类物质[41];吸附后,M-O和H2O含量升高,M-OH含量从61.7%下降为42.7%,M-OH被大量消耗.由此可看出,金属羟基在固定As、F离子的机制上起着关键的作用.
图13(e)(f)可知,吸附As、F前,Zr 3p轨道在185.75和183.50eV处检测到2个峰,均代表锆的二氧化物(ZrO2);吸附后,两峰的结合能位置提高至186.75和184.45eV,结合能位置的改变,代表Zr的化学态发生变化,间接表明ZrO2与H2AsO4-或F-之间存在强烈的相互作用,可能发生了离子转移,推测H2AsO4-或F-与ZrO2表面的羟基发生了配体交换[42],从而导致Zr的结合能位置发生改变.考虑到F-的强电负性和小离子半径,使其在溶液中难以形成络合物,所以此处很可能是Zr-OH与H2AsO4-发生了络合反应,生成了Zr-O-As配体络合物[43].吸附前后Zr化学态的变化也进一步说明ZA-BC对As、F的吸附是一个化学过程.
图13(g)(h)可知,吸附As、F前,Al 2p轨道上检测出铝的氧化物和Al-OH;吸附后Al-OH含量减少,新增一个铝峰,推测可能是Al-F键所引起的峰值,这与黄志勇[44]所研究的结果一致.
图13(i)~(l)可知,吸附As、F前,As 3d轨道和F 1s未检测到明显的峰值;吸附后在45.6和684.9eV分别检测到2个明显的峰,对应As5+和F-的结合能位置.
由表征结果和相关文献分析[45],发现阴离子可通过与羟基交换形成新的化学键(物质)从而吸附在氢氧化物上.生物炭经金属和碱改性后,表面会生成氢氧化物.氢氧化锆[Zr(OH)4]和氢氧化铝[Al(OH)3]本身是无机物,不含有羟基,但与生物炭结合后会成为一种新的有机混合物,使得无机的氢氧化物也含有羟基.虽然As和F都是与羟基发生反应得以去除,但由于生成物稳定性的不同,导致As与Zr-OH的适配性好,F与Al-OH的适配性好;因为As与Zr原子序数接近,质量较大,更易生成稳定的配体络合物吸附在炭表面[46],F与Al原子序数接近,原子半径小,更易形成高强度的Al-F键,最终以AlF3这种稳定难溶的物质吸附在炭表面[47].
根据对红外光谱和X射线结果的讨论,得出ZA-BC的吸附机制主要以化学吸附为主,生物炭表面的吸附位点(锆羟基和铝羟基)是影响吸附效果的关键物质,其次,溶液初始pH值对吸附过程也起到显著的影响.
当溶液pH<9.1时(材料的pHpzc=9.1),炭表面会发生质子化现象,使生物炭带正电,会首先通过静电引力吸附溶液中的H2AsO4-和F-,接着As、F离子会通过表面络合和离子交换作用与炭表面的Zr-OH和Al-OH结合,As会剥夺掉Zr-OH中的氢,生成含有Zr-O键和As的络合物(Zr-O-As),F会替换掉Al-OH中的-OH,生成含氟化学键的难溶物质(Al-F).羧基(R-COOH)也会与H2AsO4-和F-发生配体交换,生成含有R-F键和R-H2AsO4键的稳定物质,最终达到有效分离和固定As、F元素的目的.当溶液pH>9.1时,炭表面会发生去质子化现象,使生物炭带负电,静电作用力消失,仅有以表面络合和离子交换为基础的化学作用力吸附As和F.
综上.ZA-BC对As、F的吸附作用主要涉及表面络合、离子交换和静电作用.具体见图14.
3.1 用铁、锆、铝、镧四种金属对生物炭进行复合改性,以As、F吸附量为评定标准,改性效果排名为:锆铝>锆镧>铁铝>铁镧.锆铝改性后生物炭的比表面积最大,平均孔径最小,孔隙结构最佳.
3.2 锆铝生物炭(ZA-BC)可有效去除自然水体中的As、F离子,当实际进水浓度C(As)=0.96mg/L,C(F)=7.50mg/L,pH=9.37时,ZA-BC可将As、F浓度降至0.1和1.5mg/L以下,对As和F去除率达到了91.7%和80.8%.
3.3 ZA-BC对As、F的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型,对As、F的最大吸附量为19.62和28.70mg/g.吸附质H2AsO4-和F-在吸附过程中存在拮抗现象和竞争吸附,As对吸附位点的竞争力比F强.经5次循环再生后,炭仍然保持着50.6%(对As)和47.3%(对F)的吸附能力.
3.4 ZA-BC对As、F的吸附机制为:pH<9.1时,As、F均受到静电吸附力,另外会受到以表面络合(对As)和离子交换(对F)为基础的化学吸附力,最终以含砷络合物和含氟化学键的形式将As、F元素固定在生物炭表面.pH>9.1时静电吸附力消失,化学吸附力为主导.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42067053)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
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    新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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