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This study focuses on regions characterized by complex traffic environment area and its background environment, exploring the contamination profiles of six heavy metals(As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd)at two spatial scales. Through modeling analysis, this study examined the patterns of dust resuspension and the associated health risks resulting from the movement of a single traffic source. The results indicate that the levels of Cd, Pb, and Cu contamination in traffic intensive area, as well as their ecological risks, exceed those found in background area, with Cd showing the highest contamination, 70% of which poses a high ecological risk. During the movement of a single traffic source, the severity of changes in dust concentration is positively correlated with velocity, with dust accumulation occurring at heights of 0.3m and 0.6m above ground level. The primary exposure pathway for key heavy metals is hand-to-mouth ingestion; although both non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risks are generally low, at a vehicle speed of 60km/h and a height of 0.6m, the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient for inhalation(HQ-inh)is elevated. Therefore, protective measures are recommended for individuals active within this range.

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本文聚焦于复杂交通环境区域及其背景环境,并在两个不同空间尺度下探讨了As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd六种重金属的污染特征.通过建模分析单一交通源移动过程中灰尘二次扬起规律及其健康风险.结果表明,交通密集区域灰尘Cd、Pb、Cu的污染程度与生态风险均超过背景区,Cd污染程度最高且70%具有强生态风险.当单一交通源移动,扬尘浓度变化的剧烈程度与速度呈正相关,在距地0.3/0.6m高时发生聚集.重点重金属的暴露主要途径是手-口摄入;虽然非致癌风险与致癌风险均较小,但当行驶速度为60km/h、距地0.6m时,其经呼吸吸入非致癌危险熵(HQ-inh)较高,在此范围内的人群活动有进行防护的必要.

, correspAuthors=朱熙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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朱熙(1984-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化、土壤污染治理与修复、工程技术管理.发表论文30余篇..

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朱熙(1984-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化、土壤污染治理与修复、工程技术管理.发表论文30余篇..

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朱熙(1984-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化、土壤污染治理与修复、工程技术管理.发表论文30余篇..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Simulation results of 2D(a)velocity field and(b)pressure field of fluid around automobile at different velocities; 3D(c)Y-axis streamline diagram,(d)vehicle airflow streamline diagram and(e)vehicle rear X-axis streamline diagram, figureFileSmall=cHJ80Ev5P92jmtqGtRpiHA==, figureFileBig=BgjJVeY/Nsg8cvFoZDfElw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668500431827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同速度下汽车周围流体的二维(a)速度场和(b)压力场模拟结果;三维(c)Y轴流线图,(d)车辆周身气流流线图和(e)车尾X轴流线图, figureFileSmall=cHJ80Ev5P92jmtqGtRpiHA==, figureFileBig=BgjJVeY/Nsg8cvFoZDfElw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668643038178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation of HQ-inh for Cd, Cu, and Pb with height above ground at different velocities, figureFileSmall=WsGm4nuk982SjgHAAbJp8w==, figureFileBig=cetKbN49NZiqWS8GD75+0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668756284397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同速度下Cd、Cu、Pb的HQ-inh随距地高度的变化, figureFileSmall=WsGm4nuk982SjgHAAbJp8w==, figureFileBig=cetKbN49NZiqWS8GD75+0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116668882113531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geo-accumulation index assessment and ecological risk assessment results for complex traffic envirnoment area and its background area

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区域重金属污染程度(%)潜在生态危害程度(%)
轻度偏中度中度偏重度轻微中等很强极强
背景区As10000001000000Eir
Hg702550050351500
Cu801010001000000
Ni10000001000000
Pb85105001000000
Cd03065050257005
3560500IR
复杂交通环境区域As93.756.250001000000Eir
Hg68.7531.2500043.75506.2500
Cu7518.756.25001000000
Ni10000001000000
Pb68.75256.25001000000
Cd018.7568.7512.50012.55031.256.25
12.581.256.2500IR
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669003747335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复杂交通环境区域及其背景区地积累指数评价与生态风险评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域重金属污染程度(%)潜在生态危害程度(%)
轻度偏中度中度偏重度轻微中等很强极强
背景区As10000001000000Eir
Hg702550050351500
Cu801010001000000
Ni10000001000000
Pb85105001000000
Cd03065050257005
3560500IR
复杂交通环境区域As93.756.250001000000Eir
Hg68.7531.2500043.75506.2500
Cu7518.756.25001000000
Ni10000001000000
Pb68.75256.25001000000
Cd018.7568.7512.50012.55031.256.25
12.581.256.2500IR
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669150547988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variance contribution rates of principal component analysis(%)

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主成分AsHgCuNiPbCd累积总方差
第一主成分--0.9180.7460.963-39.151
第二主成分0.941--0.484--58.360
第三主成分-----0.94475.576
第四主成分-0.991----92.366
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669263794211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主成分分析方差贡献率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分AsHgCuNiPbCd累积总方差
第一主成分--0.9180.7460.963-39.151
第二主成分0.941--0.484--58.360
第三主成分-----0.94475.576
第四主成分-0.991----92.366
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669377040434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Human health risk assessment results for heavy metals in road dust

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属种类人群HQ-ingHQ-dermlHQ-inhHICR-ingCR-dermCR-inhTR
Cd成人4.08×10-41.24×10-35.33×10-61.65×10-32.85×10-62.92×10-81.84×10-82.90×10-6
儿童3.81×10-36.10×10-41.28×10-54.43×10-3
Cu成人7.62×10-47.33×10-59.88×10-68.45×10-4
儿童7.11×10-33.79×10-52.38×10-57.17×10-3
Pb成人7.22×10-31.46×10-39.35×10-58.77×10-3
儿童3.37×10-27.18×10-42.25×10-43.46×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1241116669477703742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648330023381, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

道路灰尘重金属人体健康风险评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属种类人群HQ-ingHQ-dermlHQ-inhHICR-ingCR-dermCR-inhTR
Cd成人4.08×10-41.24×10-35.33×10-61.65×10-32.85×10-62.92×10-81.84×10-82.90×10-6
儿童3.81×10-36.10×10-41.28×10-54.43×10-3
Cu成人7.62×10-47.33×10-59.88×10-68.45×10-4
儿童7.11×10-33.79×10-52.38×10-57.17×10-3
Pb成人7.22×10-31.46×10-39.35×10-58.77×10-3
儿童3.37×10-27.18×10-42.25×10-43.46×10-2
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交通源活动对城市灰尘重金属污染、再悬浮及健康风险的影响
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朱熙 1, 2, 3, * , 宋思源 1, 2 , 余伟贤 1, 4 , 王倩 1, 2 , 刘思齐 1, 3
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(3): 1623-1635
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(3): 1623-1635
交通源活动对城市灰尘重金属污染、再悬浮及健康风险的影响
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朱熙1, 2, 3, * , 宋思源1, 2, 余伟贤1, 4, 王倩1, 2, 刘思齐1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 2.中南财经政法大学,环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 3.中南财经政法大学,环境管理与政策研究所,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 4.广州市环境保护科学研究院有限公司,广东 广州 510620
  • 朱熙(1984-),女,湖北武汉人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化、土壤污染治理与修复、工程技术管理.发表论文30余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Impact of traffic-related activities on heavy metal pollution, resuspension and associated health risks of urban dust
Xi ZHU1, 2, 3, * , Si-yuan SONG1, 2, Wei-xian YU1, 4, Qian WANG1, 2, Si-qi LIU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 2.Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 3.Institute of Environmental Management and Policy, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 4.Guangzhou Research Institute of Environment Protection Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510620, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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本文聚焦于复杂交通环境区域及其背景环境,并在两个不同空间尺度下探讨了As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd六种重金属的污染特征.通过建模分析单一交通源移动过程中灰尘二次扬起规律及其健康风险.结果表明,交通密集区域灰尘Cd、Pb、Cu的污染程度与生态风险均超过背景区,Cd污染程度最高且70%具有强生态风险.当单一交通源移动,扬尘浓度变化的剧烈程度与速度呈正相关,在距地0.3/0.6m高时发生聚集.重点重金属的暴露主要途径是手-口摄入;虽然非致癌风险与致癌风险均较小,但当行驶速度为60km/h、距地0.6m时,其经呼吸吸入非致癌危险熵(HQ-inh)较高,在此范围内的人群活动有进行防护的必要.

物流城市  /  道路灰尘  /  重金属  /  污染评价  /  来源分析  /  健康风险

This study focuses on regions characterized by complex traffic environment area and its background environment, exploring the contamination profiles of six heavy metals(As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd)at two spatial scales. Through modeling analysis, this study examined the patterns of dust resuspension and the associated health risks resulting from the movement of a single traffic source. The results indicate that the levels of Cd, Pb, and Cu contamination in traffic intensive area, as well as their ecological risks, exceed those found in background area, with Cd showing the highest contamination, 70% of which poses a high ecological risk. During the movement of a single traffic source, the severity of changes in dust concentration is positively correlated with velocity, with dust accumulation occurring at heights of 0.3m and 0.6m above ground level. The primary exposure pathway for key heavy metals is hand-to-mouth ingestion; although both non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risks are generally low, at a vehicle speed of 60km/h and a height of 0.6m, the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient for inhalation(HQ-inh)is elevated. Therefore, protective measures are recommended for individuals active within this range.

logistics city  /  road dust  /  heavy metals  /  pollution assessment  /  source analysis  /  health risks
朱熙, 宋思源, 余伟贤, 王倩, 刘思齐. 交通源活动对城市灰尘重金属污染、再悬浮及健康风险的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1623 -1635 .
Xi ZHU, Si-yuan SONG, Wei-xian YU, Qian WANG, Si-qi LIU. Impact of traffic-related activities on heavy metal pollution, resuspension and associated health risks of urban dust[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1623 -1635 .
大量的机动车尾气排放与灰尘扬起,是大气环境潜在且持续破坏的重要原因,也是城市居民环境不友好的重要因素.许多研究关注了沉积的道路灰尘自身的危害程度、时空分布、来源分析等问题[1-2].虽然城市环境中的道路灰尘重金属的污染风险评估可采用沉积物中相关元素是否超过公布的的背景值进行判断[3],但由于灰尘易受外源物质影响,可获得的道路灰尘背景资料有限,因此在进行风险评估时常采用土壤背景值与污染评价方法进行对标[4],且污染程度大多高于土壤[5].灰尘空间分布较土壤而言更分散,但依然具有很强的空间局限性[6],因此灰尘成分受临近源影响而变化显著.并且道路灰尘中的重金属更容易在粒径小于150µm的颗粒中进行富集[7],也更容易进入人体造成危害.城市道路灰尘是道路污染物迁移扩散的重要介质,机动车辆尾气易被道路灰尘颗粒吸附,轮胎磨损易沉积归为灰尘,而车辆行驶产生的诱导湍流又能将地面灰尘二次扬起,造成更为复杂的混合性污染.因此,为了促进城市环境中道路灰尘的最佳管控,有必要评估交通源道路灰尘中重金属可能对生态和健康造成的影响.
交通源对城市道路灰尘的影响显著.相较于土壤母质、建筑扬尘等源影响而言,交通排放量贡献逐年升高[8].已有研究证明交通强度与道路灰尘中多种重金属(如Cd、Cu等)的积累程度呈正相关[9].此外,因为交通源对二次扬尘影响复杂,二次扬起过程受路面状态、积尘负荷、路面湿度、车辆重量和速度等多个参数的影响[10].随着车辆重量或积尘负荷的增加,颗粒物排放显著增加,且在1h内扬尘控制率降低[11].因此在交通密集地区常具有较高重金属累积风险[12].此外,在交通源移动过程中,道路灰尘中粒径越小的颗粒物更容易被扬起且产生较大的扬起范围[14],短时间、局部空间内细小灰尘浓度的骤增,使得人体呼吸高度与灰尘二次聚集浓度区间具有重叠可能,具有更大的吸入风险.因此,仅考虑静态的地面灰尘污染情况难以解释真实情况下的暴露场景,我们更需要系统分析交通源引起的动态的灰尘被二次扬起过程中带来的暴露风险.
物流时代的来临使得交通运输业迎来巨大变化.目前公路货、旅运输量之比已经达到了十比一,在部分物流枢纽城市中甚至能达到更高,使得物流货运已经成为了城市道路交通污染的重要来源.武汉市东西湖区,城市功能分区边界清晰,工业源、建筑源的影响小,但是物流运输发达,已形成车辆10000余台次/d、停车2000余台/d、活跃司机2000余人次/d的物流运输网络核心区,是首批“国内示范性物流服务工业园区”之一.园区所处位置地广人稀,道路宽阔,路面行驶车辆主要为大型物流运输车,具有独立交通源影响的天然优势.因此本文优先选择西部物流园区作为复杂交通环境区域,与区域背景(东西湖区)进行对比研究.以As、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd、Hg六种重金属为研究对象,对复杂交通环境区域和背景区域的灰尘及附近土壤进行实地采样,在检测重金属浓度的基础上,探究交通源对其空间分布的影响;接着设计单一交通源引起灰尘二次扬起实验,建模分析交通源行驶过程中引起扬尘浓度发生变化的因素,进一步解释交通源如何影响重金属的空间分布;基于交通源引起的二次扬尘浓度实测值计算其健康风险,以期为制定有效的城市扬尘污染防治工作与构建完善的人体健康风险评价提供有力支撑.
选择物流区作为典型的复杂交通环境区域,并以东西湖区作为区域背景.在这两个空间尺度范围内同时采样对比分析,以探究复杂交通环境区域道路灰尘重金属As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Pb和Cd的污染特性.武汉市东西湖区(30°34′~30°47′N,113°53′~114°30′E),占地面积近499.71km2.全境地处江汉平原的东北缘,地势一马平川.东西湖区属于北亚热带季风性湿润气候,年平均气温17.3℃,全年降水总量1053.30mm.冬季主导风向为东北风,夏季主导风向为西南风,年平均风速为1.6m/s,年平均相对湿度为77.5%.
采用网格布点法初步布点,结合实际踩点与专家建议确定最终布点.共设置36个采样点,其中区域背景内采样点20个,复杂交通环境区域加密采样点16个(图1).采样当天处于低风速(低于13km/h),温湿度适宜(25℃,60%湿度左右)的阴天.根据梅花采样法,每个采样区域都包含多个点,规定了若干个1m宽的地块区域,以确保收集具有代表性的灰尘.汇总多个小区域的灰尘成一个采样的样品,并在采样点附近采集表层土壤(0~20cm)作为对照.采集的样品风干后过150µm标准筛备用.
检测灰尘样品pH值以及As、Hg、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd六种重金属浓度.实验所使用的的药品均为优级纯,每批样品设置20%的平行样,并用国家标准土壤样品(GSS-15)进行质量控制与保证,测定的相对偏差控制在±10%以内.其中,Cu、Ni、Pb按照硅酸盐的微波酸式消解法消解后,用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-OES 8300)进行测定,其方法检出限分别为0.600,1.67,4.67mg/kg;As按照GB/T 22105.2-2008用原子荧光光度计(AFS-9700)测定,方法检出限为0.01mg/kg;Hg根据催化热解-冷原子吸收分光光度法用测汞仪DMA80测定,其方法检出限为0.0002mg/kg;Cd用原子吸收分光光度计(AA900T)石墨炉法测定,方法检出限为0.01mg/kg.
本文采用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评价灰尘重金属污染程度,通过美国环保署推荐模型评估因接触道路灰尘而摄入重金属的非致癌性和致癌性健康风险.具体计算公式及参数见附表1.
舵罗口(B1)是东西湖区内交通要道,区域内有大量物流仓库和中转站等,受交通源影响大,重金属污染最突出.因此本文收集B1处的灰尘进行扬尘实验.选择人为干扰因素少,没有其他排放源的道路,用卷尺确定一块大约3m×10m的研究区域,划出合适的缓冲区.实验车辆在“起步”时从研究区域的边界开始驶入,以目标速度从缓冲区域驶向研究区域并尽可能保持匀速沿研究区域中轴线行驶,直至驶出研究区域,行驶时关闭车窗.设置车辆速度为0~5km/h(起步)、20km/h、40km/h、60km/h.在区域中部、间距为实验汽车轮毂间距离(2.7m)处,分别于距地面高度0.3m、0.6m、0.9m、1.2m、1.5m放置粉尘测定仪(多台)即时检测.并将实验场景以长安CS75为原型,建立单一交通源简化几何模型,如图(a)所示.车长4650mm,宽1850mm,高1705mm,轴距为2700mm,前后轮横距为1565mm,车体与地面间距190mm.
本文模拟20s内汽车外流场的变化,建立二维速度场与压力场模型.测量范围与分解情况如图2(b)所示.边界设置为无滑移壁面.将计算区域划分为多个网格,单元数56589,边界单元数1685,最小单元质量0.1816,如图2(c)所示.为进一步探究汽车周围气流运动规律,本实验进行了三维速度场建模.所取计算区域的入口距车头部为5m,车尾部至计算区域的出口为25m,汽车两侧面至计算区域的两侧面分别为1.2m,车顶部至计算区域的顶部为3.3m.计算区域如图2(d)所示.将计算区域划分为多个网格,对包含汽车模型的子区域使用了非结构化网格,而其他子区域则使用了结构性网格,共计715729个域单元、76954个边界单元和2566个边单元,见图2(e).通过设置相对于地面作匀速直线运动的惯性坐标系来实现外流场的模拟.
本文研究利用ArcGIS 10.2绘制重金属空间分布图,采用PCA模型和PMF模型进行土壤重金属来源解析和贡献率计算.利用COMSOL模拟单一交通源的二维和三维速度场,采用RNG k-湍流模型模仿车辆尾部大尺寸的分离流动.在近壁地区,使用非均匀壁面函数法来完成数据运算.使用Simple算子对汽车外流场实行非稳态计算,并使用二阶迎风格式实现离散化处理,同时使用欠松弛技术来解决压强、动量、湍动能和耗散率微分方程,以确保结果的收敛性,其中残差不超过10-3.
以武汉市土壤背景值为基准,复杂交通环境区域与背景区灰尘及其附近土壤值为对比.其pH值和6种重金属浓度对比结果如图3所示.背景区灰尘、复杂交通环境区域灰尘、背景区土壤pH值平均值分别为9.14、8.47和7.61,其重金属含量的平均值与武汉市土壤背景值分别为As(6.88/9.24/11.58/12mg/kg)、Cu(43.20/43.26/29.48/32mg/kg)、Pb(31.16/35.86/27.40/25mg/kg)、Ni(17.15/16.07/31.33/40mg/kg)、Cd(0.48/0.58/0.17/0.12mg/kg)、Hg(0.06/0.05/0.08/0.044mg/kg).比较灰尘与临近土壤结果可知,灰尘碱性较土壤高,这一规律在其他城市也有体现[15].其中,Cd、Pb、Cu更易在灰尘中发生富集,这四种重金属也是城市包括交通运输、工业生产中常见的排放污染物类型.因为汽车尾气和工业生产产生的颗粒物更容易吸附污染物,从而形成聚集效果[16-17].但Ni和As在灰尘中浓度较低,可能是因为Ni和As主要来源于成土母质、岩石风化等自然源,在城市区域裸岩裸土较少,且产生的含Ni、As颗粒较大,不易在灰尘中富集[18].而道路灰尘与土壤中的Hg含量接近,均高于背景值,这说明Hg在土壤和灰尘中均出现相近程度的富集.整体上,道路灰尘对Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg均有富集效果.
为进一步探讨这几种重金属的污染特性,我们对比复杂交通环境区域及其背景区域中的灰尘中重金属污染情况,发现Hg虽然在灰尘中有一定的聚集,但并没有与复杂交通环境表现出明显的相关性.这可能是因为Hg来源多为工业排放,受交通活动影响小,因此复杂交通环境区域中的Hg含量并不突出.而Cd、Pb和Cu则表现出与复杂交通环境具有较强的相关性.这可能是由于交通活动频繁导致车辆运行过程中的颗粒物排放增加,根据相关研究报道,这些PM对Cd、Cu等重金属的结合能力强[19],造成Cd、Cu在道路灰尘中的富集.此外,车辆行驶过程中的机械磨损、道路磨损等也会产生Cd、Cu、Pb[20-21].综上,考虑将Cd、Cu、Pb列为复杂交通环境区域的重点关注重金属.
变异系数(CV)能较好的反映重金属元素的波动情况,变异系数越大,表明土壤重金属的含量受人为因素影响越大,可分为弱变异(0~15%)、中等变异(15%~35%)和强变异(大于35%).复杂交通环境区域灰尘中重金属元素变异系数均大于30%,由高到低排序为Pb(58.75%)>Cu(56.19%)>As(51.36%)>Hg(48.35%)>Cd(43.63%)>Ni(30.96%).在复杂交通环境区域的小空间尺度范围内,除Ni外的5种重金属均为强变异,说明灰尘中重金属的富集易受临近污染源影响[22],这也体现了灰尘分布的空间局限性.综上所述,Pb、Cu、Cd均易受人为活动影响而富集在道路灰尘中,且富集与强交通源影响有关.
两区地积累指数结果如表1所示,以两区中各污染程度样点数占总样点数百分比表示.对比复杂交通环境区域及其背景区的评价结果可以发现,Ni在两区均属于无污染状态.相较于背景区,复杂交通环境区域的As出现了轻度污染状态.Hg、Cu的轻度污染占比有所增加.Pb的轻度污染和偏中度污染占比均有所上升.Cd在背景区多为轻度污染和偏中度污染,但在复杂交通环境区域主要是轻度、偏中度和中度污染.综上所述,复杂交通环境区域内多种重金属污染程度高于背景区,主要污染物为Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu.同时也有科学家在对比交通密集地区与农村地区的道路灰尘重金属污染程度时发现[23],交通繁忙的地区,道路灰尘中大多数重金属含量显著增加,尤其是Cu、Pb等.这与我们得出的结论一致,说明交通活动的确会加剧道路灰尘重金属污染,使得复杂交通环境区域的污染程度高于背景区.
为进一步探讨6种重金属的潜在生态风险,以武汉市背景值为参比浓度,计算两区的生态风险指数.As、Cu、Ni、Pb在两区内均属于轻微生态风险,对环境的威胁有限.背景区Hg主要处于轻微生态危害(50%),而复杂交通环境区域Hg主要处于中等生态危害(50%);Cd在背景区主要属于强生态危害(70%),但在复杂交通环境区域,其很强生态危害(31.25%)和极强生态危害(6.25%)占比均有所增加.从综合潜在生态风险指数RI看,相较于背景区域,复杂交通环境区域生态风险评价有由轻微向中等(81.25%)和强生态危害发展(6.25%)的趋势.综上所述,整体上复杂交通环境区域的潜在生态风险要高于背景区域,主要污染物为Cd>Hg.
根据上述结果,研究区域内主要污染物为Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb.通过核密度法分析主要污染物的空间分布特征,如图4所示.Cd主要在采样点B9处聚集.B9位于东西湖大道与荷沙路的交汇处,是背景区物流运输的重要交通节点,且周围分布着金属制造、建材生产等工业园.结合Cd在全区内较高的变异系数,判断区域背景中Cd属于较为典型的集中分布,只存在一个聚集中心,因此Cd的分布规律可能与建筑污染源、交通污染源有较为密切的关系.Hg主要在背景区南部聚集,这一带集中着工业产业以及零散的物流园区,推测Hg主要受到工业污染影响.Cu和Pb聚集特征高度相似,主要集中在点B1和B5处,点B1位于汉江最大港区(舵落口物流枢纽港区),点B5处聚集着武铁物流、吴家山物流等物流园区.可见Cu、Pb有着相近的来源且与交通物流因素关系密切.综上,Cd、Cu、Pb均与交通污染源之间存在密切联系,这与上文结论一致.
复杂交通环境区所占空间尺度小,居民楼稀疏,绝大部分地区均属于物流仓储用地,交通运输污染源处于绝对优势的地位.各种重金属在该区域内空间分布规律类似,均呈现3个聚集中心,分别为S2、S3、S6处(物流信息港、轮胎汽修工业),S7、S16处(新宜中国物流园),S8、S13处(中通快递物园区、美安停车场).聚集中心均有物流园区停车场,有很多大型车辆停靠其中,停车场内环境条件较差,无防尘降尘措施,大型车辆往来频繁,易使地面灰尘二次扬起,产生重复污染.
本文采用PCA辅助PMF方法来筛选出重金属的有效影响源,进一步说明强交通源对部分重金属空间分布的影响.对背景区道路灰尘重金属进行主成分分析,结果如表2所示,数据通过了KMO检验(KMO≥0.6),说明分析的模型是可靠的.当提取的因子数为4时所累积的方差贡献率达到92%以上,可以代表绝大多数因子.因此,可以将背景区域内对灰尘重金属的来源分为四类.通过EPA PMF5.0软件对背景区道路灰尘中6种重金属的来源进行分析,设定因子数目为4,根据信噪比S/N进行调整,并取拟合优度参数Q(Robust)值与Q(True)最接近的结果,除Cd、Pb的决定系数R2分别为0.41和0.66外,其余四种重金属均大于0.92,表明结果拟合程度较好.
以PCA结果为基础,分析各因子来源如图5所示.因子4占总贡献率的36.3%,对Hg的贡献率最大(79.8%).Hg可能来自工业污水、工业烟尘和化石燃料的燃烧[24],背景区的主要工业区分布在南部,与Hg的聚集中心高度重合,推测因子4代表工业源.
因子2占总贡献率的33.5%,主要负载重金属为Cu(59.5%)、Pb(53.02%)和Cd(35.4%),对As、Ni、Hg的贡献率也在10%~20%不等,是背景区灰尘中重金属的主要来源之一.Cu、Pb、Cd被认为是机动车尾气排放的主要重金属元素[25].Cu可能来自于汽车刹车片衬里[26],Pb可能来自刹车片及其他金属零部件磨损的排放[27],Cd则与汽车润滑油和轮胎磨损有关[28].背景区拥有95家总占地面积约4.3km2的大型物流园区,大型运输车辆往来频繁,由车辆引起的污染是背景区的主要污染问题之一.同时,Cu和Pb在空间分布上的高值点集中在区内西南部物流园区附近,其周围道路密集.Cd的高值点集中在交通繁忙且人口较为集中的区域.因此,推测因子2为交通源.
因子3占总贡献率的17.4%,主要负载金属为Ni(45.3%).其他学者的研究中Ni多来自土壤母质[29].在本文区域背景中,Ni的平均浓度均低于土壤背景值,变异系数小,且在大多数点位中处于无污染状态,表明其受人为干扰少,因此因子3可能为自然源.
因子1占总贡献率的12.8%,对As和Cd的贡献率较大(分别为29.2%和26.4%),对其他重金属贡献率较低.背景区耕地面积占总面积45%左右,As和Cd可能来自农业和化肥的使用[30-31].结合两种重金属的空间分布来看,As、Cd在区域背景的分布较为均匀,这与该区内的农田分布广泛相符,因此认为因子1是农业源.
综上所述,Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg污染程度均高于背景区域.但复杂交通环境区与背景区Hg污染程度接近,且较大比例Hg来自工业源,受交通源影响较小.而交通源对Cd、Cu、Pb贡献较高.复杂交通环境区的B1处位于汉江最大港区,交通、物流运输强度高,是交通源影响的突出区域.因此综合考虑下,建议将B1作为强交通源影响研究区域,Cu、Pb、Cd列为强交通源影响区域内的重点管控重金属.
交通源最为特殊的是直接参与了道路灰尘扬起的过程,是道路灰尘进入人体的重要途径.因此,探究道路灰尘二次扬起的规律并揭示其暴露路径的影响机制极为重要.本文选择一处封闭道路,进行单辆机动车的二次扬尘实验.利用COMSOL对实验过程进行简单模拟,转化为二维和三维速度场和压力场模型,对其流场和紊动扩散进行分析,并通过空气介质的运动路径来解释灰尘二次扬起的规律.
机动车行驶速度对扬尘浓度的影响如图6(a)所示.在一定高度范围内(0.3-0.9m),扬尘浓度受影响程度与机动车速度呈正相关.尤其是在60km/h的速度下,扬尘瞬时浓度最高值可达稳定值的35倍以上.当行驶速度为40km/h和60km/h时,扬尘浓度发生剧烈波动,具体表现为在该行驶速度下,5~10s内,扬尘浓度迅速爬升,并在10s左右达到顶峰,然后波动式下降至背景浓度.说明在较快行驶速度情况下,气流湍流现象较为强烈,扬尘浓度变化较快,但也会在第30~35s内基本沉降而趋于稳定.但是在1.2m及1.5m的高度处并不遵循机动车速度越快,对扬尘浓度影响越强烈的规律.在此高度下,是汽车行驶导致的气体湍流最为强烈的地方,少量粒径较小的灰尘被扬起到达这一高度后,被强烈的气流裹挟而四处流动,且其沉降时间可延长到第40s后,被人体吸入的风险较高.
据地高度对扬尘浓度的影响如图6(b)所示.在各个高度下,灰尘的浓度易呈现波浪式上升或下降的趋势,这可能是裹挟着细小颗粒的上升气流与沉降下来的较大颗粒的灰尘相碰撞导致的.整体而言,扬尘大量集中于0.3~0.6m的高度.例如当速度为20km/h时,位置1主要是0.6m和1.2m处的浓度最高,而在位置2,0.6m处的扬尘浓度持续高值.当速度为40km/h和60km/h时,位置1的0.6m处扬尘浓度明显高于其他高度,位置2则以0.3m处为最高浓度.这说明,速度越高,0.3m和0.6m处越容易出现灰尘的最高浓度值.意味着,当汽车高速行驶时,车尾部0.3~0.6m处可能形成了较强的负压区,气流推动扬起的灰尘聚集在该高度区域内运动.
为进一步证明二次扬尘浓度变化规律的产生原因,设计了单一交通源驶过后的速度场和压力场模型.二维速度场模拟结果如图7(a)所示.车头附近的气体受到车头冲击而产生,尤其在车头上角,由于气体在拐点处受到粘性剪切的作用,导致该处气体速度更大.引擎箱上部由于气流分离形成负压梯度,导致该部分的速度较慢.而前车窗面上,由于空气贴壁运行,导致该部分的流速接近汽车行驶速度.由于车身下部贴近地板,车身下壁面的高速移动形成了大量的诱导气流,再加之轮胎的阻力推动,导致该部分的流速变得更大.而车身后部,由于车身前移,也会形成较大的诱导气流,这是因为该部分存在着拖曳涡等涡体结构.
补充三维速度场模拟实验,进一步探究车身附近气流运动轨迹.沿Y轴在车体中央进行截面,得到这一截面处气流的二维流线图,如图7(c)所示.可以看到气流在车头处由于车体的挤压而分开,在达到车尾处时汇流并在尾箱高度形成上下两个紧邻着的、方向相反的涡流,下涡流的流线较上涡流更加密集.随着速度的减慢,涡流剧烈程度减小,气流流线也越稀疏.通过三维流线图可以进一步解释车尾旋转气流的产生过程与随行驶速度变化的规律,并观察到这种紊流在车后几米范围内均存在.为验证这一结果,对三种速度下,车后距离汽车0.3m和2m处进行截面,得到的截面二维流线图如图7(e)所示.可以看到在0.3m处存在着上下两个涡流,涡流中心高度大约为0.3m及1.2m,且两涡流在X方向上存在一定偏移,下涡流更靠近车身左侧而上涡流则更靠近车身中部.当距离拉远至2m时,可以看到,此时只剩下一个涡流,高度大约在0.6m左右.当速度从60km/h逐步减小至20km/h时,0.3m处涡流流线密集程度的减小并不明显,而在2m处流线明显会随速度减小而变得稀疏.这说明车后2m处的气流容易受到车速的影响,且气流紊乱程度与行驶速度呈正相关.因此,在防护过程中,对行驶车辆进行限速是一种有效的措施.
综合单一交通源二维和三维速度场模拟结果可知,汽车驶过形成的气流会在车尾0.3m及1.2m处形成较大的涡流,地面灰尘被剪切力扬起后,在两个涡流作用下短暂聚集,导致这一高度范围内处灰尘浓度急剧升高.且随着车速的增加,车侧的三维流线的密集程度、旋转程度和所显示的速度均有所增加,说明车速的增加往往伴随着更明显的车后紊流产生,扬起更多的灰尘.
一般来说,道路灰尘对人体的暴露途径主要有三条:皮肤接触吸收、手-口摄入以及呼吸吸入[32].根据美国环保署制定的风险特征,采用改进的传统健康风险评估模型计算了复杂交通环境区道路灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb三种重金属对人体的非致癌风险以及Cd的致癌风险,结果如表3所示.结合总非致癌风险结果来看,基本呈现出Pb>Cu>Cd的趋势,这说明Pb是复杂交通环境区域扬尘重金属导致人体非致癌健康风险的主要污染物.但是3种重金属的HI均低于美国环保署推荐的标准限值1,说明复杂交通环境区域道路扬尘重金属的非致癌风险较小,可以忽略.不同暴露途径下Cu和Pb的非致癌危险熵大小顺序为手-口摄入途径>皮肤接触途径>呼吸吸入途径,这说明手-口摄入是这两种重金属主要的暴露途径.但对成人而言,Cd的皮肤接触暴露途径非致癌危险熵要高于手-口摄入,需要引起重视.此外,除皮肤接触途径外,儿童重金属非致癌风险熵均略高于成人.
通过对Cd的致癌风险计算发现,各种暴露途径的致癌风险熵呈现出与危险熵一致的规律,均为手-口摄入途径>皮肤接触途径>呼吸吸入途径.其总致癌风险处于美国环保署推荐的可接受风险阈值(10-6~10-4)范围内,说明复杂交通环境区域扬尘Cd对人群致癌风险小.
对比3种暴露途径的HQ发现,交通源引起的扬尘重金属经呼吸吸入暴露途径的贡献率并非首要因素,这与许多相关研究结论一致[33-34].但依据本文扬尘实验结果可知,当车辆驶过后,道路灰尘被扬起并在距地高度0.3~0.6m处存在聚集风险.这一高度范围与幼儿期(1~3岁)儿童身高水平((84.67±11.22)cm)下的呼吸高度存在吻合[35].此外,建模结果还发现,除0.3m处出现漩涡中心外,1.2m处也存在涡流中心.这一高度范围与最佳视线高度(驾驶人员鼻子与方向盘上缘对齐)下,1.65~1.69m成人身高人群的舒适驾驶高度(据地高度1.0~1.2m)[36-37]吻合,说明乘车人员在该环境下也存在潜在暴露风险,这在后续的研究上值得关注.综上,在实际情况下,对某些特殊人群而言,道路扬尘重金属经呼吸吸入的暴露风险较大.这与我们的计算结果略有出入.可能是由于针对经呼吸道吸入的日均暴露量计算中,使用了美国环保署的颗粒物排放因子(PEF)推荐值.并未考虑汽车行驶过程中,由于气流影响导致局部扬尘浓度骤增,使HQ-inh计算结果可能偏低.为了更好地体现在不同高度、行驶速度下的真实暴露情况,本文使用各条件下二次扬尘实测浓度替代PET,如图9所示.在不同速度下,HQ-inh在0.3~0.6m内均呈上升趋势,说明在该高度范围内,人体暴露风险最大,这与我们上文的结论一致.同时非致癌危险熵与行驶速度呈明显正相关,尤其当速度达到60km/h时,Pb的HQ-inh达到峰值.对比两种方法的计算结果发现,使用实测值时HQ-inh结果普遍大于PEF,这与我们的预想结果一致.但优化后的计算结果提升并不明显,这可能与评估模型本身局限性有关.
综上所述,当行驶速度较高,距地高度在0.6m左右时,人体暴露在二次扬尘中的健康风险最大.结合实际情况发现在该环境下,高危人群主要包括1~3岁婴幼儿.车尾距地1.2m处也存在涡流中心,可能产生重金属的聚集,使汽车驾驶员或乘客存在潜在暴露风险.
3.1 与土壤背景值相比,武汉市Pb、Cd、Cu在灰尘中出现明显富集,其分布受人为活动影响较大.复杂交通环境区域道路灰尘重金属污染程度与生态风险均高于背景区,主要污染物为Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu.其中,交通源对Cu(59.5%)、Pb(53.02%)和Cd(35.4%)贡献较高.
3.2 当车辆行驶速度越快时,扬尘浓度越高.在车尾0.3~0.6m处容易出现二次扬尘浓度峰值.
3.3 手-口摄入是主要的非致癌风险暴露途径,其次是皮肤接触和呼吸吸入.Pb的非致癌危险熵最高,但低于1,重金属非致癌风险小.Cd的总致癌风险同样处于可接受风险阈值内.但是在高速行驶过程中,由于灰尘的二次扬起与短暂聚集,使1~3岁婴幼儿可能存在经呼吸吸入途径的暴露风险,应引起重视.
  • 湖北省社科基金(HBSK2022YB409)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-04
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湖北省社科基金(HBSK2022YB409)
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    1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430073
    2.中南财经政法大学,环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073
    3.中南财经政法大学,环境管理与政策研究所,湖北 武汉 430073
    4.广州市环境保护科学研究院有限公司,广东 广州 510620

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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