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This paper investigated the application of an improved perfusion method for microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technology in the solidification of heavy metals. Bacillus pasteurii was employed as the urease-engineered bacterium, and a 0.5cm diameter channel filled with pebbles and wire mesh was constructed to facilitate the injection treatment of industrial solid waste tailings. The migration behavior of heavy metals in the tailings was examined, the mechanisms of MICP solidification were analyzed, and a risk assessment was conducted. The results indicated that, following MICP treatment, the migration factors(MF)of Cu, Pb, and Cd in the tailings were significantly reduced by 78.94%, 61.88%, and 64.06%, respectively. Calcium carbonate precipitation was formed, filling the tailings model box and significantly increasing the residual fractions of Cu, Pb, and Cd(76.43%~92.48%). Consequently, the environmental risks of Cu, Pb, and Cd were reduced from very high to moderate levels, significantly lowering the pollution risk of the tailings. The improved perfusion method was shown to enhance the diffusion channels of the bacterial solution, increased its contact efficiency with the tailings, promoted rapid calcium carbonate precipitation and solidification, and ensured uniform penetration while avoiding uneven solidification. This study provides a valuable reference for the engineering application of MICP technology in heavy metal pollution remediation.

, correspAuthors=An CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu TANG, Jun FU, An CHEN, Han ZHOU, Yu ZHANG, Lei LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116659696595882, articleId=1241116648304865437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=改进灌注方式下MICP固化尾矿中重金属形态特征及风险评价, columnId=1240689598737731645, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=固体废物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨了改进灌注方式下微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术在固化重金属中的应用.以巴氏芽孢杆菌为脲酶工程菌,通过卵石充填铁丝网构建的直径0.5cm通道灌注方式修复工业固废尾矿,研究了尾矿中重金属迁移规律及MICP固化机理,并进行了风险评价.结果表明:MICP处理后,尾矿中Cu、Pb、Cd的迁移率(MF)显著降低,分别下降78.94%、61.88%、64.06%;碳酸钙生成填充了尾矿模型箱,显著提高了Cu、Pb、Cd的残渣态(76.43%~92.48%),Cu、Cd和Pb均从极高风险降低为中等风险,极大降低了尾矿的污染风险等级.改进灌注方式通过增加菌液扩散通道,提高了菌液与尾矿的接触效率,促进了碳酸钙的快速沉淀与固化,确保了尾矿中均匀渗透并避免固化不均.此研究为MICP技术在治理重金属污染中的工程应用提供了参考依据.

, correspAuthors=陈安, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,正高级工程师,
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汤禹(1999-),男,江苏淮安人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境岩土方面研究..

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2.Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Kunming 650093, China
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2.自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
3.云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093, bio={"content":"

汤禹(1999-),男,江苏淮安人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境岩土方面研究..

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汤禹(1999-),男,江苏淮安人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境岩土方面研究..

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4.Kunming Prospecting Design Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Co. Ltd, Kunming 650051, China
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4.中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司,云南 昆明 650051
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2.自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
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4.Kunming Prospecting Design Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Co. Ltd, Kunming 650051, China
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correlation diagrams, figureFileSmall=5tcH4aGAG3E1recT96Qulg==, figureFileBig=4S312L54Fr2RGa29SZ4yTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116672061403888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=图14, caption=Cd相关性, figureFileSmall=5tcH4aGAG3E1recT96Qulg==, figureFileBig=4S312L54Fr2RGa29SZ4yTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116672262730489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main chemical components of tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分K2ONa2OCaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3SiO2
含量(%)1.349.025.548.6210.1718.9544.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672405336839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

尾矿主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分K2ONa2OCaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3SiO2
含量(%)1.349.025.548.6210.1718.9544.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672552137492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main heavy metal content of tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分CuZnPbCdCrNiHgAs
含量(mg/kg)1492410.0624240.0363.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672644412190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

尾矿主要重金属含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分CuZnPbCdCrNiHgAs
含量(mg/kg)1492410.0624240.0363.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672736686885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main physical parameters of tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有效粒径d10(mm)中间粒径d30(mm)限制粒径d60(mm)最大干密度(g/cm3)最优含水率(%)渗透系数(m/s)
0.0060.0460.0951.956.96.197×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672849933107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

尾矿主要物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有效粒径d10(mm)中间粒径d30(mm)限制粒径d60(mm)最大干密度(g/cm3)最优含水率(%)渗透系数(m/s)
0.0060.0460.0951.956.96.197×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116672984150839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

BCR Process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属形态制作步骤
酸可溶态使用0.11M/L醋酸提取,主要提取样品中与碳酸盐结合的重金属,以及易被离子交换的部分
可氧化态使用0.5M/L羟胺盐酸在pH 1.5条件下提取,主要与铁锰氧化物结合的重金属.这些金属在还原条件下容易释放.
可还原态使用双氧水氧化,随后用1M/L乙酸铵提取.主要提取与有机物和硫化物结合的重金属
残渣态经以上步骤后,剩余的固体残渣通常使用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸溶进行消解,提取残余态重金属.
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673114174275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BCR流程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属形态制作步骤
酸可溶态使用0.11M/L醋酸提取,主要提取样品中与碳酸盐结合的重金属,以及易被离子交换的部分
可氧化态使用0.5M/L羟胺盐酸在pH 1.5条件下提取,主要与铁锰氧化物结合的重金属.这些金属在还原条件下容易释放.
可还原态使用双氧水氧化,随后用1M/L乙酸铵提取.主要提取与有机物和硫化物结合的重金属
残渣态经以上步骤后,剩余的固体残渣通常使用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸溶进行消解,提取残余态重金属.
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673252586312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Risk Evaluation Coding Scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阈值区间风险等级
0<RAC<1无风险
1<RAC<10低风险
10<RAC<30中等风险
30<RAC<50高风险
50<RAC<100极高风险
), ArticleFig(id=1241116673428747091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648304865437, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风险评价编码等级划分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阈值区间风险等级
0<RAC<1无风险
1<RAC<10低风险
10<RAC<30中等风险
30<RAC<50高风险
50<RAC<100极高风险
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改进灌注方式下MICP固化尾矿中重金属形态特征及风险评价
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汤禹 1, 2, 3 , 付俊 1, 4, 5 , 陈安 1, 2, 3, * , 周罕 1, 4, 5 , 张宇 1, 2, 3 , 罗磊 1, 2, 3
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(3): 1385-1394
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(3): 1385-1394
改进灌注方式下MICP固化尾矿中重金属形态特征及风险评价
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汤禹1, 2, 3 , 付俊1, 4, 5, 陈安1, 2, 3, * , 周罕1, 4, 5, 张宇1, 2, 3, 罗磊1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
  • 2.自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
  • 3.云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
  • 4.中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司,云南 昆明 650051
  • 5.云南省岩土工程与地质灾害重点实验室,云南 昆明 650051
  • 汤禹(1999-),男,江苏淮安人,昆明理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境岩土方面研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,正高级工程师,
Speciation characteristics and risk evaluation of heavy metals solidified by MICP under improved perfusion methods
Yu TANG1, 2, 3 , Jun FU1, 4, 5, An CHEN1, 2, 3, * , Han ZHOU1, 4, 5, Yu ZHANG1, 2, 3, Lei LUO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Kunming 650093, China
  • 3.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Kunming 650093, China
  • 4.Kunming Prospecting Design Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Co. Ltd, Kunming 650051, China
  • 5.Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering and Geological Hazards, Kunming 650051, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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探讨了改进灌注方式下微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术在固化重金属中的应用.以巴氏芽孢杆菌为脲酶工程菌,通过卵石充填铁丝网构建的直径0.5cm通道灌注方式修复工业固废尾矿,研究了尾矿中重金属迁移规律及MICP固化机理,并进行了风险评价.结果表明:MICP处理后,尾矿中Cu、Pb、Cd的迁移率(MF)显著降低,分别下降78.94%、61.88%、64.06%;碳酸钙生成填充了尾矿模型箱,显著提高了Cu、Pb、Cd的残渣态(76.43%~92.48%),Cu、Cd和Pb均从极高风险降低为中等风险,极大降低了尾矿的污染风险等级.改进灌注方式通过增加菌液扩散通道,提高了菌液与尾矿的接触效率,促进了碳酸钙的快速沉淀与固化,确保了尾矿中均匀渗透并避免固化不均.此研究为MICP技术在治理重金属污染中的工程应用提供了参考依据.

MICP  /  重金属形态  /  风险评价  /  重金属污染

This paper investigated the application of an improved perfusion method for microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technology in the solidification of heavy metals. Bacillus pasteurii was employed as the urease-engineered bacterium, and a 0.5cm diameter channel filled with pebbles and wire mesh was constructed to facilitate the injection treatment of industrial solid waste tailings. The migration behavior of heavy metals in the tailings was examined, the mechanisms of MICP solidification were analyzed, and a risk assessment was conducted. The results indicated that, following MICP treatment, the migration factors(MF)of Cu, Pb, and Cd in the tailings were significantly reduced by 78.94%, 61.88%, and 64.06%, respectively. Calcium carbonate precipitation was formed, filling the tailings model box and significantly increasing the residual fractions of Cu, Pb, and Cd(76.43%~92.48%). Consequently, the environmental risks of Cu, Pb, and Cd were reduced from very high to moderate levels, significantly lowering the pollution risk of the tailings. The improved perfusion method was shown to enhance the diffusion channels of the bacterial solution, increased its contact efficiency with the tailings, promoted rapid calcium carbonate precipitation and solidification, and ensured uniform penetration while avoiding uneven solidification. This study provides a valuable reference for the engineering application of MICP technology in heavy metal pollution remediation.

microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)  /  heavy metal morphology  /  risk assessment  /  heavy metal pollution
汤禹, 付俊, 陈安, 周罕, 张宇, 罗磊. 改进灌注方式下MICP固化尾矿中重金属形态特征及风险评价. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1385 -1394 .
Yu TANG, Jun FU, An CHEN, Han ZHOU, Yu ZHANG, Lei LUO. Speciation characteristics and risk evaluation of heavy metals solidified by MICP under improved perfusion methods[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1385 -1394 .
近年来,我国经济飞速发展,对于矿产资源需求急剧增长.虽然矿产资源对于社会发展和进步取到了很大的作用,但是伴随矿产开采的大量尾矿阻碍了经济可持续发展.未经处理的尾矿不但占用大量土地资源,大多数尾矿呈现酸性,其重金属会从残渣态转化为非残渣态,直接影响周围的土壤和地下水,从而间接威胁周边动植物的健康[1].因此治理污染尾矿具有巨大的社会、经济和环境效益.
微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)方法[2]是一种用于治理重金属污染土的新型技术.该技术给拥有脲酶的微生物提供钙源和尿素,使微生物快速生成碳酸钙晶格包裹住土壤中的重金属离子,钙离子与重金属离子发生置换反应,而被碳酸钙包裹的微生物也会因为缺氧而死.与传统的物理化学技术相比,它对环境友好、没有二次污染,在治理重金属污染方面具有巨大潜力[3].但是直接通过喷洒形式等MICP处理污染物效果并不理想,微生物生成的碳酸钙会堵住菌液下渗的通道[4],从而影响菌液处理重金属的范围,所以MICP技术的应用效果在很大程度上依赖于灌注方式的选择.灌注方式不仅影响到微生物的分布和活动,还影响到碳酸钙的沉淀效率和均匀性.传统喷洒方式往往导致碳酸钙沉淀分布不均匀,菌液下渗效率低,进而影响重金属的固定效果.因此,合理的灌浆方式对MICP处理土体中重金属尤为重要[5].研究表明,优化灌注方式,如格栅注浆[6]、分层灌注、花管注浆[7]等,可以提高碳酸钙的沉淀效率和均匀性,但这些方法的具体效果及其机制尚需进一步验证和优化.
尾矿的孔隙度、渗透性以及级配给MICP技术修复尾矿中重金属提供许多不确定因素.Xue[8]等将菌液采用蠕动泵压入土柱中,发现菌液很难渗透至深层土壤;Zhu等[9]采用喷洒的方式有效治理了0~7.5cm深度的小区域污染土中Ni,使Ni的可交换态从400mg/kg降低至38mg/kg,Shi等[10]将菌液和土壤搅拌后充填进40cm高土柱,发现地下深度0~25cm处除主要以铁锰氧化态为主,在地下35cm处,残渣态和可交换态含量开始增加.不同的灌注方式会对微生物的活性产生影响,进而影响MICP的固化效果和速率[11].灌浆方式在MICP修复技术中的优化具有重要意义,高效的灌注通道有利于微生物能扩散到整个污染场地,也能避免土中土体孔隙堵塞进而影响重金属的迁移与转化.本文采用的改进灌注方式有利于菌液和胶结液渗透至尾矿深部,通过增加菌液的扩散通道,改善了菌液与尾矿颗粒的接触效率,从而促进碳酸钙的快速沉淀和固化改进的通道设计确保菌液在尾矿中的渗透更加均匀,避免上层尾矿固化过多而导致固化不均匀.
在MICP固化过程中,重金属的形态特征会发生显著变化[12].重金属在土壤/尾矿中通常以多种形态存在,包括酸可溶态、可氧化态、可还原态和残渣态等.这些形态不仅决定了重金属的生物可利用性,还影响其迁移性和环境风险[13].改进灌注方式可能会影响重金属在MICP固化过程中的形态转化规律,但目前关于这方面的研究较为有限.了解灌注方式对重金属形态变化的影响,对于评估MICP技术的长期稳定性和环境友好性至关重要.
重金属形态分布是评价重金属污染风险的重要指标之一[14].MICP技术在重金属污染尾矿修复中的应用虽然显示出良好的前景,但其环境风险评价尚不充分.因此,有必要对新型灌注方式下MICP固化重金属的环境风险进行系统评价,以确保该技术的安全应用.环境风险评价包括重金属在不同形态下的释放风险、生物毒性和潜在的生态影响等方面[15].
针对传统MICP技术中灌注方式的局限性,本文采用卵石充填铁丝网构建的直径0.5cm通道的新型灌注方式,优化菌液的扩散路径,显著提高了碳酸钙的沉淀速度和均匀性,通过MICP修复尾矿中重金属试验,探究了MICP处理重金属机理、新型灌注方式处理后尾矿重金属总量、形态的空间分布、以及尾矿污染评价.借助重金属风险等级的定量评价,综合分析了MICP技术对尾矿中重金属迁移率(MF)的显著降低效果,以及碳酸钙沉淀对重金属形态转化(如残渣态显著增加)的影响,为理解MICP固化重金属的作用机制提供了新的数据支持.
巴氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pasteurii)由15g胰酪蛋白胨、5g大豆蛋白胨,5gNaCl和5mL 2%(W/V)尿素组成的改良培养基培养,OD600为2.0~2.3.菌液活性为0.8~1.0,用于后续浇灌修复重金属污染尾矿.选用尿素与氯化钙比为1:1制作胶结液,胶结液浓度为1mmol/L.
试验用的尾矿来自云南大红山铜矿尾矿库,尾矿的主要化学成分如表1.尾矿的主要物理参数见表2.
根据表2,ICP测出原尾矿中Cu、Pb和Cd的含量都很少,可以视为无污染,所以添加了外源重金属.基于重金属化合物的稳定性与安全性,本文采用硝酸镉、硝酸铜和硝酸铅溶液来制备重金属污染土:根据最优含水率,将称好的重金属化合物溶于去离子水中,与干土放入搅拌器里充分搅拌制成Cu 1500mg/kg、Pb 500mg/kg和Cd 500mg/kg的重金属污染土.将受到重金属污染的尾矿分五次填埋进模型箱,逐步堆高至50cm,保鲜膜封口钝化15d[16].
pH值采用《固体废物 腐蚀性测定 玻璃电极法》称取4g土壤,按1:2.5的固液比加入10mL去离子水,振荡后离心取上清液测定土壤pH值.
毒性浸出采用TCLP[17]测定:将MICP处理前后尾矿样在烘箱中105℃条件下烘干24h后过2mm筛网,取10g尾矿按固液比1:20加入200mL pH=2.8的醋酸溶液.将装有提取液和烘干尾矿样的振荡瓶置于翻转振荡器中,振荡18h;结束后静置取上清液在离心机中以4000r/min离心20min,过0.45µm滤膜后使用ICP-OES测定溶液中重金属浓度.
尾矿中重金属赋存形态由改进BCR法[18]测定(图1表4).重金属总量采用金属总量微波消解法测定.每个样品均设置两组平行样,结果以平均值显示.改进BCR法将重金属形态分为:酸可溶态(F1)、可还原态(F2)、可氧化态(F3)和残渣态(F4).Cu、Pb和Cd的所有形态均采用海光GGX-910火焰原子吸收分光光度计测定.
将MICP修复的重金属污染土用冻干机冷冻干燥48h,然后采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征.
重金属迁移因子[19-20]被定义为评估土壤中重金属的迁移.重金属的4种形态中最稳定的是F4,难以发生迁移;F3在强氧化条件下才会发生迁移;F2在还原条件下容易被还原成F1;F1在偏酸性下易释放出来,其计算公式如下:
风险评价编码法[21]是目前比较常用的评价重金属生物可利用性和生态风险的一种评价方法,其计算公式如下:
本次预实验用尾矿分层填筑至50cm的亚克力圆柱体ϕ=250mm内,灌注通道是用铁丝网编织而成,由粒径0.6~0.9cm的卵石充填,每次用100ml的去离子水浇灌灌注通道ϕ=50mm,直至水完全浸润砂柱.
模型箱整体高70cm、长50cm、宽50cm.将五个灌注通道布置在一个中心和四个拐角,每一个拐角的灌注通道距离边界75mm,具体见图3.根据预实验结果,可以将菌液输送至模型箱底部达到覆盖整个模型箱场地效果.本次试验设定菌液与胶结液比为1:5,每个桩每次先灌注2.4L菌液然后灌注12L胶结液,以3mL/min速率注入灌注通道,一共浇筑7次,每次间隔24h,在第四次浇筑后,表层土体固化.灌注通道内径为50mm,在模型箱里分布如图3所示.本试验将模型箱分为5层,每10厘米一层,每层设置4个监测点位.靠近灌注通道的为一号点位,中间桩与周边桩之间的中点为二号点位,贴近模型箱拐角的为三号点位,周边桩与周边桩之间的中点为四号点位(图2图3).
图4表明经过MICP处理后的尾矿重金属的毒性浸出显著降低,其中Cu从67.83mg/L降到7.17mg/L,Pb从15.37mg/L降低到2.07mg/L,Cd从23.67mg/L降到0.67mg/L.MICP技术通过利用巴氏芽孢杆菌代谢作用生成碳酸钙,从而将溶解态的重金属离子转化为不溶性化合物,减少它们的生物可利用性和毒性.一方面,碳酸钙的生成,可以将重金属包裹限制其迁移[22],另一方面,碳酸钙的生成,可以与尾矿中的重金属发生共沉淀,将重金属固定在沉淀中,降低其生物毒性[18].
pH值的变化对于尾矿中重金属的浸出和迁移率具有显著影响.在MIC过程中,巴氏芽孢杆菌通过分解尿素生成氨(NH3),会导致环境pH值上升.经过MICP技术处理的尾矿,pH值从6.94提高到7.70.一方面,pH值的增加,降低了尾矿中重金属的浸出;另一方面,7.7的pH值不仅适合巴氏芽孢杆菌的生长[23],也有利于脲酶分解尿素生成碳酸钙沉淀,进一步减少尾矿中重金属的浸出,提高尾矿的稳定性.此外,pH的提升还改变了尾矿中氧化还原电位,这有利于重金属从可溶解态转变为不溶性形态,降低尾矿中重金属的毒性和迁移率[24].
图5可知,随着尾矿深度增加,重金属浓度也随之升高,表明菌液与胶结液的扩散影响着重金属的迁移.
Cu的平均浓度变化先从第一层的427.24mg/kg下降至最低368.04mg/kg然后逐渐增加至第五层最大645.02mg/kg,一号点位在四个监测点位中浓度最低,而二号点位与三号点位浓度差别不大,四号点位浓度最高,这可能与灌注通道的距离有关.
而Pb和Cd也显示出类似的趋势,Pb的浓度从第一层470.47mg/kg先下降至第二层最小值417.93mg/kg然后增加至第五层最大值492.24mg/kg;Cd的浓度则从第一层341.07mg/kg先下降至第二层310.41mg/kg然后升高到第五层425.25mg/kg.与Cu在不同的是,Pb在417.93~492.24mg/kg,Cd在310.41~425.25mg/kg之间变化较小,受菌液和胶结液的渗流作用影响较小,而Cu在368.04~645.02mg/kg变化较大,受菌液和胶结液影响较大.这些数据表明,菌液与胶结液促进了重金属的垂直迁移.在水平分布方面,重金属的浓度通常与灌注通道的距离呈正相关.
模型箱的10~40cm深度处,是菌液与胶结液冲刷最严重的区域,菌液和胶结液通常会先渗透至一定深度,然后再浸入土体.这一过程导致灌注通道周围的尾矿中,重金属浓度显著下降,尤其是靠近灌注通道的一号点位,Cu和Cd的浓度最低分别为229.29,257.69mg/kg,明显低于其他点位.这表明菌液和胶结液在进入尾矿时,能够带走通道周围尾矿中的部分重金属部分原因是一号点位与灌注通道之间裂隙较大所以菌液和胶结液更容易通过[25].二号点位处的重金属浓度分布也显示出特征性变化与三号点位相似,普遍高于一号点位,而低于四号点位;但在垂直方向上,金属浓度在20~30cm处最低,在40~50cm处重金属含量最高,说明模型箱底部重金属迁移率较低.菌液在到达一号点位10cm处一部分向下迁移另一部分向二号点位20~30cm处渗流.三号点位于模型箱边界,三号点位因距离灌注通道还有一定距离所以重金属含量高与一号点位,在垂直方向上10~20cm处金属总量较低.四号点位受三个灌注通道影响,水平上四号点位距离灌注通道最远,所以四号点位金属总量较高,但也略微受到桩的影响有少部分重金属离子发生迁移.
Lin等[26]认为在饱和土壤中Cd的流动性远大于Cu.Tian等[27]认为Cu、Pb和Cd在顶层发生了解析,并且随着降雨会沉降到底部.总的来说,研究表明菌液与胶结液的灌注过程对尾矿中重金属的迁移有显著影响,且在不同的深度与水平距离上,表现出不同的分布规律.在模型箱底部,菌液与胶结液的浇灌还生成了碳酸钙,填充了尾矿孔隙,导致尾矿固结下沉,并阻止后续菌液的进一步下渗,从而影响上部土层中重金属的稳定性[28].此外,重金属的迁移与其形态有关,重金属总量与酸可溶态成正相关,并取决于其自身化学性质、菌液渗流和尾矿因素的综合作用.
根据图6~图7可知,尾矿经过MICP处理,重金属的残渣态比例显著增加,处理后的尾矿样品中Cu、Pb和Cd三种重金属形态主要以残渣态为主,占比高达76%~92%.这种形态变化的主要原因在于MICP过程中生成的大量碳酸钙晶体有效地将重金属固化.这不仅减少了重金属的迁移性,还使其难以在未来的环境变化(如酸雨、还原环境)中被重新释放.与其他形态相比,残渣态的重金属在自然环境中保持稳定,减少了对尾矿、水体和生物体的长期威胁.
从点位上看,一号点位固化效果(81%~92%)优于其他点位,这是由于一号点位距离灌注通道最近,菌液和胶结液最先接触,是最容易生成大量碳酸钙的地方.三号点位位于模型箱边界,不利于菌液自然渗流,所以固化效果略差(76%~86%).从尾矿深度来看,0~40cm深度的尾矿固化效果偏好,由于灌注通道的存在,菌液和胶结液可以渗透至模型箱底部,虽然菌液率先扩散至模型箱底部,但是在胶结液渗流过程中,0~40cm的巴氏芽孢杆菌已经开始生成碳酸钙造成上部尾矿先固结,只有部分胶结液顺着灌注通道到达模型箱底部,降低了底部尾矿的固化效率,所以第五层尾矿的固化效果略低于前四层.根据XRD半定量分析也证实了这点,其中第一层碳酸钙含量在49.3%,第二层碳酸钙含量在55.2%,第三层处碳酸钙含量50.4%,第四层碳酸钙含量43.1%,第五层碳酸钙含量20%.
在MICP矿化过程中,Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+可以通过共沉淀[29]、吸附[30]等机制与碳酸钙晶体结合,进而转化为更加稳定的残渣态.共沉淀是指重金属离子在碳酸钙晶体生长过程中被包裹入晶格中,形成固体溶解体.而吸附则是重金属离子通过表面化学反应与碳酸钙颗粒结合.这些作用使得重金属从原本较为活跃的形态(如酸可溶态、可氧化态)转变为化学性质更为稳定的残渣态,从而降低其在自然环境中的迁移和释放风险.
采用XRD和FTIR对MICP修复前后的尾矿进行了表征,如图8所示.根据XRD结果,修复前的尾矿主要以石英、绿泥石和钠长石为主,修复后的尾矿增加了方解石的峰.石英和方解石晶体是每层点位的主要成分.相较于原尾矿,模型箱试验后方解石的衍射峰强度显著增加[31],表明在一到五层MICP过程成功发生并污染土中生成了方解石[28].由于第一层到第四层CaCO3含量高,所以一到四层XRD图谱中方解石衍射峰强度最高[32].因尾矿环境复杂,不像水溶液环境可以生成碳酸盐沉淀,Cu、Pb和Cd会与尾矿中的重金属发生反应生Cu3(OH)2V2O7、Pb4BiVO8、CdFe2NbO6等矿物,这些矿物有助于Cu、Pb和Cd向残渣态转化[32].此外,FTIR表征也证实了XRD分析结果.吸收峰值在2513.43cm-1、1419.95cm-1、1796.21cm-1和996.15cm-1在MICP组中,由碳酸根的对称拉伸振动引起的基团明显强于未修复污染土组,表明MICP修复过程中形成了方解石晶体[33-34].吸收峰值在3166.61cm-1是由ν(-OH)羟基和胺基ν(-NH)的强烈拉伸振动形成的[35].
可以推断,巴氏芽孢杆菌通过脲酶将尿素分解成氨和碳酸氢根离子,生成的氨与水分子反应形成氢氧化铵,进一步解离成氨根离子和氢氧根离子,碳酸氢根离子与氢氧根离子反应生成碳酸根离子.然后,碳酸根离子与环境中的钙离子结合形成碳酸钙[5-36](见图9).
MF[37]是用来衡量重金属在土壤中迁移性的一种指标.MF值越高,说明重金属在土壤中的迁移性越强,反之,MF值越低,说明重金属在土壤中的稳定性越强.这对于评估重金属污染的潜在风险和尾矿修复措施的有效性非常重要.一旦重金属进入尾矿,它们就会随着水的运动在多孔孔隙中迁移[38].随着巴氏芽孢杆菌分解尿素尾矿中NH等阳离子的增加,使尾矿中重金属迁移能力增强[39].
重金属的生物毒性不仅和总量相关,其更大程度取决于重金属的存在形态[40].可利用态占重金属总量的比值可较好反映模型箱潜在环境风险.
图10可知,Cu的MF最低8.14%,最高23.54%;Pd的MF最低7.52%,最高19.51%;Cd的MF最低9.17%,最高21.03%.Cu的迁移系数表现出类似Cd的特性,在一号点位0~40cm处迁移较小,在五层和其他点位迁移率较大.尤其在深度40-50cm中变化较大,这可能是由于Cu(F1部分)和Cd(F1和F2部分)向下迁移,导致底土中可溶性部分的比例增加[41].Pb通常在尾矿中固定较好,特别是与有机质和氧化物结合,使其不易移动.整体而言,模型箱中重金属MF的平均值为Cd(16.08%)>Cu(16.05%)>Pb(15.14%),MICP有效的抑制重金属的迁移[42].
依据土壤重金属RAC均值及风险评价等级划分标准,如图11所示,Cd元素RAC均值占比达8.48%,呈现低生态风险,各元素风险排序依次为:Cd(8.48%,低风险)>Cu(8.32%,低风险)>Pb(7.79%,低风险).Cu、Pb和Cd元素主要以残渣态为主,所占比例均大于76.46%,进而叠加潜在可利用态占比分别为89.26%、89.87%和90.01%,可氧化态、可还原态和残渣态均不易释放到环境中,反映了它们迁移能力总体较弱.相比较而言,第五层三号点位Cd、Cu和四号点位Cd、Cu元素潜在可利用态分别为9.99%、10.74%和11.41%、11.38%,为主要生态风险因子.主要是因为在MICP过程中,重金属Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+被Ca2+替代这导致重金属碳酸盐沉淀,从而将它们从生物可利用形式转变为非生物可利用形式[43].Cd元素生态风险较高且可通过淋溶作用进入水体而发生迁移[44],随着尾矿污染的持续存在,Cd和Cu元素极易迁移到地下水中,进而可能影响当地地下水水体环境.
为进一步探究不同重金属形态与金属总量、深度的相关性.进行Pearson相关系数分析,图12~图14表明灌注通道的存在并不会过多影响尾矿中金属总量的分布.
Cu、Pb和Cd的F1、F2、F3呈显著相关性,因为金属总量的变多,会抑制菌液的活性,所以向残渣态转化的效率会降低.Cu、Pb和Cd的四种形态与深度无显著相关性.深度与F4呈负相关,是因为模型箱下部固结后菌液难以入渗,堆积在上部的菌液生成大量碳酸钙固化上部重金属.相较于Cu和Cd总量与深度呈显著水平,Pb的总量受深度影响较小.根据Cu、Pd和Cd的总量与残渣态的相关性,说明重金属总量与残渣态成反比.
3.1 灌注通道在MICP处理过程中起到了关键作用,通过其独特的结构和高渗透性,有效地扩展了菌液和胶结液的渗透范围.这一扩展使得MICP技术能够在更广泛的尾矿区域内发挥作用,提高了处理效率和效果.
3.2 通过MICP技术处理后,污染尾矿中的重金属Cu、Pb和Cd的风险显著降低.实验结果表明,经过MICP处理后,这些重金属的生物可利用性大大降低,风险评价也降至可控范围内,从而减少了对环境和生态系统的潜在危害.
3.3 在MICP处理过程中,菌液与胶结液的流动性对Cu、Cd离子的迁移具有显著影响.由于Cu离子和Cd离子具有较高的迁移率,菌液和胶结液在尾矿中的流动性可能导致Cu、Cd离子在尾矿中扩散得更远,从而增加地下水污染的风险.而Pb离子受到菌液和胶结液的影响较小,更有利于在尾矿中的固定.
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
基金
云南省院士专家工作站(202405AF140045)
云南省万人计划产业技术领军人才科技项目((2019)274)
中铝国际重点科研项目(CJ2021JS-06)
中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司科技创新项目(2019FGW01)
《地质工程》教学案例库(〔2019〕17)
作者信息
    1.昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
    2.自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
    3.云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室,云南 昆明 650093
    4.中国有色金属工业昆明勘察设计研究院有限公司,云南 昆明 650051
    5.云南省岩土工程与地质灾害重点实验室,云南 昆明 650051

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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