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Using surface meteorological and air quality observational data and the 5th Generation of ECMWF Reanalysis data(ERA5), the characteristics of ozone(O3)pollution impact by the sea-land breezes(SLBs)over the Pearl River Estuary(PRE)in 2022 were studied. The results showed that the SLBs days in the seven cities of PRE were at the range of 40~64, and most of SLBs days occurred in spring and autumn. The averaged median of maximum daily 8-hour average of O3(O3-8h)and over-standard rate of regional SLBs days were 141µg/m3 and 38%, respectively, while only 74µg/m3 and 11% were found in non-SLBs days. The averaged O3-8h were 26%, 41% and 29%, respectively, higher in SLBs days than those of non-SLBs days in Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Jiangmen(ZZJ), the three cities located in the western part of PRE, indicating that the impact of SLBs was the most significant in those areas. The averaged time of peak concentration in SLBs days was 0.5h later than that of non-SLBs days, with 29% increase in averaged peak concentration. When the sea breezes firstly occurred at 17:00 and 18:00, 72% and 41% of the hourly growth rates of ozone concentrations were positive, and the averaged growth rates were 5% and 7% higher, respectively, than those of non-SLBs days. But the growth rates declined obviously 1h after the occurrence of sea breezes. The averaged recirculation factor(RF)of SLBs days was 39% lower than those of north wind days and south wind days. RF of transition periods was 14% and 15% lower than those of land and sea breezes periods, respectively. Besides, compared to non-SLBs over-standard days, RF in SLBs over-standard days was 28%lower. The atmospheric diffusion capability was weakened by the SLBs, and that exacerbated the ozone pollution.

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利用地面气象和空气质量观测数据及第五代欧洲中心大气再分析数据(ERA5),对2022年环珠江口地区在海陆风环流影响下的臭氧(O3)污染特征进行研究.结果表明,环珠江口7市2022年海陆风日天数在40~64d,海陆风日主要集中在春季及秋季.区域海陆风日各市平均O3日最大8h滑动平均浓度(O3-8h)中位数及超标率分别为141µg/m3和38%,非海陆风日仅为74µg/m3和11%.海陆风环流对珠江口西岸的珠海、中山、江门三市O3污染影响最大,3市海陆风日O3-8h相比非海陆风日分别偏高26%、41%和29%.海陆风环流使珠中江地区O3峰值浓度的出现时间比非海陆风日平均偏晚0.5h,平均峰值浓度偏高29%.当海风在17:00或18:00首次出现,该时次O3小时增长率为正增长的比例分别达72%和41%,平均增长率比非海陆风日分别偏高5%和7%,但海风出现1h后O3小时增长率明显下降.珠中江地区海陆风日平均回流指数(RF)比北风日和南风日偏低39%,陆风转海风时段平均RF比陆风及海风时段分别偏低14%和15%,海陆风超标日平均RF比非海陆风超标日偏低28%,海陆风环流使大气扩散能力减弱,因此O3污染比非海陆风日更趋严重.

, correspAuthors=邓涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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麦健华(1985-),男,广东中山人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境气象研究工作.发表论文10余篇..

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麦健华(1985-),男,广东中山人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境气象研究工作.发表论文10余篇..

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麦健华(1985-),男,广东中山人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境气象研究工作.发表论文10余篇..

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.GBA Academy of Meteorological Research, Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116655909131213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, companyId=1241116655892353995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,粤港澳大湾区气象研究院,广东 广州 510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116660837437858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Locations of the cities around the PRE, the air quality and the meteorological monitoring stations, figureFileSmall=pzA5uECbDq/IPOf/eRTgOg==, figureFileBig=jmGFi3OR0SY+JNekXeWDjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660988432825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图1, caption=珠江口7市及空气质量和气象观测站点位置

ZH珠海;JM江门;ZS中山;FS佛山;GZ广州;DG东莞;SZ深圳审图号:GS(2019)1822号

, figureFileSmall=pzA5uECbDq/IPOf/eRTgOg==, figureFileBig=jmGFi3OR0SY+JNekXeWDjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116661370114520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SLBs days of the cities around the PRE and the monthly variations of the SLBs days, figureFileSmall=1r4sW5f+d+W4h+Ez8kYC1Q==, figureFileBig=k9tJ6AGFl8A8pu9vZNYqjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662758429158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图2, caption=环珠江口各市2022年海陆风日天数及海陆风日逐月分布, figureFileSmall=1r4sW5f+d+W4h+Ez8kYC1Q==, figureFileBig=k9tJ6AGFl8A8pu9vZNYqjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662942978542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Four surface circulation patterns of the regional SLBs days, figureFileSmall=zwjaqL0pKuvNZkkhM7jvhA==, figureFileBig=mO5HhkvYCVvZSXHRxSSuMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663098167812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图3, caption=四类区域海陆风日地面天气形势, figureFileSmall=zwjaqL0pKuvNZkkhM7jvhA==, figureFileBig=mO5HhkvYCVvZSXHRxSSuMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663240774167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Seasonal variations of ozone over-standard days and the ozone annual assessment value of cities around PRE in 2022, figureFileSmall=ejRwimtvc33YZUIOpOjrpg==, figureFileBig=piv0nETW+ou9AmxXjockEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663383380522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图4, caption=环珠江口各市2022年O3超标天数季节分布及O3年评价值, figureFileSmall=ejRwimtvc33YZUIOpOjrpg==, figureFileBig=piv0nETW+ou9AmxXjockEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663559541307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=O3-8h and the over-standard rate of regional SLBs days, non-SLBs days and SLBs days of different circulation patterns, figureFileSmall=qEvn+3zb/uFRriglBm/Cfg==, figureFileBig=2e6EjJUK0kEeJBPCnuTl/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663685370443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图5, caption=区域海陆风日、非海陆风日以及不同形势海陆风日O3-8h指标(箱线图)及超标率(点图), figureFileSmall=qEvn+3zb/uFRriglBm/Cfg==, figureFileBig=2e6EjJUK0kEeJBPCnuTl/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663777645139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The O3-8h and their bias of cites around the PRE in SLBs days and non-SLBs days, figureFileSmall=Ous8X+enR3AFg5bbt1YA9g==, figureFileBig=ITfO0Grq/a7uvWv8LW/1sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663861531235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图6, caption=环珠江口各市海陆风日与非海陆风日平均O3-8h及浓度偏差, figureFileSmall=Ous8X+enR3AFg5bbt1YA9g==, figureFileBig=ITfO0Grq/a7uvWv8LW/1sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663991554677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Percentages of the occurrence of ozone peak concentrations and the averaged peak concentrations at different times over ZJJ in SLBs days and non-SLBs days, figureFileSmall=JTScF3F17uDpZ5Uwz5ubbw==, figureFileBig=KQqIuHv7MywTeAI+1SbOrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664117383811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图7, caption=珠中江海陆风日与非海陆风日O3峰值浓度出现时次占比及该时次的平均峰值浓度, figureFileSmall=JTScF3F17uDpZ5Uwz5ubbw==, figureFileBig=KQqIuHv7MywTeAI+1SbOrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664218047116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Percentages of positive and negative growth of the ozone hourly growth rates at the first hour of the occurrence of sea breezes in SLBs and those of the same hour in non-SLBs days, figureFileSmall=Sja60QApWGdzzijCunNjZw==, figureFileBig=JpyKY4Ivp0NSQSn+v85wvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664381624999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图8, caption=珠中江地区海陆风日海风出现的首个时次与非海陆风日同一时次的O3小时增长率正负增长占比, figureFileSmall=Sja60QApWGdzzijCunNjZw==, figureFileBig=JpyKY4Ivp0NSQSn+v85wvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664507454135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The averaged ozone hourly growth rates at the occurrence of the first hour of sea breezes in SLBs days and those of the same hour in non-SLBs days, and the averaged O3-8h of the first hour of the occurrence of sea breezes in SLBs days, figureFileSmall=dj8b7zj2oCdhlMlrONZBzA==, figureFileBig=yxo6L0vTx+Un0wyx0IMh0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664675226313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图9, caption=海陆风日中海风出现的首个时次与非海陆风日同一时次的平均O3小时增长率及海风在各个时次首次出现的海陆风日平均O3-8h, figureFileSmall=dj8b7zj2oCdhlMlrONZBzA==, figureFileBig=yxo6L0vTx+Un0wyx0IMh0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664868164319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The ozone hourly growth rates and their averaged values at 0-3h after the occurrence of sea breezes at different periods, figureFileSmall=ZJq5MLAIuHbe0vXUwDYFLA==, figureFileBig=UXoGDg+Ktyg1BGod30R4cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665019159280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同时段海风出现后0-3h的O3小时增长率及增长率平均值, figureFileSmall=ZJq5MLAIuHbe0vXUwDYFLA==, figureFileBig=UXoGDg+Ktyg1BGod30R4cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665199514375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The RF of ZZJ in SLBs days, north wind days, south wind days and over-standard days(a), and the RF during the transition periods, the land breezes periods and the sea breezes periods, figureFileSmall=7Pyt19Hu7gvd+SGL9LFysQ==, figureFileBig=5nLvKxIQ+q2bBSTx5iSmJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665363092255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=图11, caption=珠中江海陆风日与北风日、南风日和O3超标日的RF与海陆风日中海风出现前后的RF

图中,散点代表各天的RF平均值,箱线图代表RF的平均值及最大值;图(b)中,陆风转海风时段指海风出现的第一个时次以及其前后各1h的平均值;陆风、海风时段分别指陆风转海风时段的前3h及后3h平均值

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Averaged values of surface meteorological factors of cities around the PRE in SLBs days and non-SLBs days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市日最高气温(℃)相对湿度(%)风速(m/s)08:00~20:00降水(mm)日照时数(h)
海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风
广州29.626.877791.72.30.23.97.64.4
佛山29.926.869731.62.40.33.86.44.5
东莞28.326.970771.72.303.47.94.6
江门28.626.769741.92.703.46.84.4
中山27.527.170781.41.804.07.64.1
珠海27.126.172792.52.704.48.24.5
深圳29.127.575820.91.003.67.44.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667313443677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环珠江口各市海陆风日与非海陆风日地面气象要素平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市日最高气温(℃)相对湿度(%)风速(m/s)08:00~20:00降水(mm)日照时数(h)
海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风
广州29.626.877791.72.30.23.97.64.4
佛山29.926.869731.62.40.33.86.44.5
东莞28.326.970771.72.303.47.94.6
江门28.626.769741.92.703.46.84.4
中山27.527.170781.41.804.07.64.1
珠海27.126.172792.52.704.48.24.5
深圳29.127.575820.91.003.67.44.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667443467119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Averaged values of surface meteorological factors of cities around the PRE in SLBs days and non-SLBs days after sifting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市日最高气温(℃)相对湿度(%)风速(m/s)08:00~20:00降水(mm)日照时数(h)
海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风
广州29.630.077761.71.80.207.67.3
佛山29.929.569661.61.80.306.47.5
东莞28.329.170711.71.9007.97.0
江门28.628.969711.92.0006.86.4
中山27.529.670741.41.6007.66.2
珠海27.127.772752.52.3008.26.7
深圳29.129.775770.91.0007.46.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667560907645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对气象要素进行筛选后各市海陆风日与非海陆风日地面气象要素平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市日最高气温(℃)相对湿度(%)风速(m/s)08:00~20:00降水(mm)日照时数(h)
海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风海陆风非海陆风
广州29.630.077761.71.80.207.67.3
佛山29.929.569661.61.80.306.47.5
东莞28.329.170711.71.9007.97.0
江门28.628.969711.92.0006.86.4
中山27.529.670741.41.6007.66.2
珠海27.127.772752.52.3008.26.7
深圳29.129.775770.91.0007.46.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667653182346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The averaged RF, daily maximum temperature and O3-8h in SLBs days, north wind days, south wind days and over-standard days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目RF日最高气温(℃)O3-8h(µg/m3)
平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值
海陆风日0.590.910.0827.736.614.615227437
北风日0.960.990.8320.033.410.67922513
南风日0.961.000.8731.934.628.9578141
海陆风超标日0.500.850.0830.636.522.7209274161
非海陆风超标日0.690.980.1031.637.421.2193274161
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667770622875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116648057393620, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

海陆风日与北风日、南风日和O3超标日的平均RF、日最高气温及O3-8h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目RF日最高气温(℃)O3-8h(µg/m3)
平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值
海陆风日0.590.910.0827.736.614.615227437
北风日0.960.990.8320.033.410.67922513
南风日0.961.000.8731.934.628.9578141
海陆风超标日0.500.850.0830.636.522.7209274161
非海陆风超标日0.690.980.1031.637.421.2193274161
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海陆风对环珠江口地区臭氧污染的影响
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麦健华 1 , 于玲玲 2 , 邓涛 3, * , 吴道航 1 , 倾鹏程 1 , 余欣洋 1
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1198-1209
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1198-1209
海陆风对环珠江口地区臭氧污染的影响
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麦健华1 , 于玲玲2, 邓涛3, * , 吴道航1, 倾鹏程1, 余欣洋1
作者信息
  • 1.中山市气象局,广东 中山 528400
  • 2.广东省气象台,广东 广州 510641
  • 3.中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,粤港澳大湾区气象研究院,广东 广州 510641
  • 麦健华(1985-),男,广东中山人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境气象研究工作.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,研究员,
Impact of sea-land breezes on the ozone pollution over the Pearl River Estuary
Jian-hua MAI1 , Ling-ling YU2, Tao DENG3, * , Dao-hang WU1, Peng-cheng QING1, Xin-yang YU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhongshan Meteorological Service, Zhongshan 528400, China
  • 2.Guangdong Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 3.GBA Academy of Meteorological Research, Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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利用地面气象和空气质量观测数据及第五代欧洲中心大气再分析数据(ERA5),对2022年环珠江口地区在海陆风环流影响下的臭氧(O3)污染特征进行研究.结果表明,环珠江口7市2022年海陆风日天数在40~64d,海陆风日主要集中在春季及秋季.区域海陆风日各市平均O3日最大8h滑动平均浓度(O3-8h)中位数及超标率分别为141µg/m3和38%,非海陆风日仅为74µg/m3和11%.海陆风环流对珠江口西岸的珠海、中山、江门三市O3污染影响最大,3市海陆风日O3-8h相比非海陆风日分别偏高26%、41%和29%.海陆风环流使珠中江地区O3峰值浓度的出现时间比非海陆风日平均偏晚0.5h,平均峰值浓度偏高29%.当海风在17:00或18:00首次出现,该时次O3小时增长率为正增长的比例分别达72%和41%,平均增长率比非海陆风日分别偏高5%和7%,但海风出现1h后O3小时增长率明显下降.珠中江地区海陆风日平均回流指数(RF)比北风日和南风日偏低39%,陆风转海风时段平均RF比陆风及海风时段分别偏低14%和15%,海陆风超标日平均RF比非海陆风超标日偏低28%,海陆风环流使大气扩散能力减弱,因此O3污染比非海陆风日更趋严重.

海陆风  /  珠江口  /  O3污染  /  回流指数

Using surface meteorological and air quality observational data and the 5th Generation of ECMWF Reanalysis data(ERA5), the characteristics of ozone(O3)pollution impact by the sea-land breezes(SLBs)over the Pearl River Estuary(PRE)in 2022 were studied. The results showed that the SLBs days in the seven cities of PRE were at the range of 40~64, and most of SLBs days occurred in spring and autumn. The averaged median of maximum daily 8-hour average of O3(O3-8h)and over-standard rate of regional SLBs days were 141µg/m3 and 38%, respectively, while only 74µg/m3 and 11% were found in non-SLBs days. The averaged O3-8h were 26%, 41% and 29%, respectively, higher in SLBs days than those of non-SLBs days in Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Jiangmen(ZZJ), the three cities located in the western part of PRE, indicating that the impact of SLBs was the most significant in those areas. The averaged time of peak concentration in SLBs days was 0.5h later than that of non-SLBs days, with 29% increase in averaged peak concentration. When the sea breezes firstly occurred at 17:00 and 18:00, 72% and 41% of the hourly growth rates of ozone concentrations were positive, and the averaged growth rates were 5% and 7% higher, respectively, than those of non-SLBs days. But the growth rates declined obviously 1h after the occurrence of sea breezes. The averaged recirculation factor(RF)of SLBs days was 39% lower than those of north wind days and south wind days. RF of transition periods was 14% and 15% lower than those of land and sea breezes periods, respectively. Besides, compared to non-SLBs over-standard days, RF in SLBs over-standard days was 28%lower. The atmospheric diffusion capability was weakened by the SLBs, and that exacerbated the ozone pollution.

sea-land breezes  /  Pearl River Estuary  /  ozone pollution  /  recirculation factor
麦健华, 于玲玲, 邓涛, 吴道航, 倾鹏程, 余欣洋. 海陆风对环珠江口地区臭氧污染的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1198 -1209 .
Jian-hua MAI, Ling-ling YU, Tao DENG, Dao-hang WU, Peng-cheng QING, Xin-yang YU. Impact of sea-land breezes on the ozone pollution over the Pearl River Estuary[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1198 -1209 .
随着经济社会的快速发展,空气污染事件日益增多.近年间,得益于多项大气污染防治政策的有效落实,大气颗粒物浓度不断下降[1],但同时臭氧(O3)浓度却持续上升[2-3],并且已取代颗粒物成为影响我国部分城市空气质量的最主要污染物[4-5].O3是O2的同素异形体[6],大气中90%的O3分布在平流层中[7],但在对流层低层,氮氧化物及可挥发性有机物等前体物通过光化学作用也能生成O3[8-9].近地面高浓度O3不仅会影响气候变化,还会使空气质量恶化,从而对人体健康、植被生长等造成不利影响[10-13].
O3污染事件的发生发展及其严重程度与前体物排放以及气象条件密切相关[14].前体物是光化学反应生成O3的物质基础,是O3局部污染形成的主要原因,其浓度变化趋势与O3呈显著的负相关性[15];但也有研究指出前体物对O3的影响同样要通过气象条件实现,如气温越高,前体物对O3的正向影响力越大[16].在气象影响上,众多研究表明我国的O3污染事件大多发生在副热带高压、台风外围、地面高压脊等大尺度天气系统控制之下[17-19].而在具体的气象要素上,强辐射以及高温加快了光化学反应的速率,弱小风降低了O3的传输与扩散效率,无雨或少雨减弱了污染物的沉降,这些气象要素特征均有利于O3污染的出现[20-24].此外,在大气垂直层结上,逆温层以及大范围的下沉气流抑制了大气对流运动,使O3在近地面积聚,从而污染进一步加重[25-27].
除了容易引起O3污染的一般气象特征外,由于各个地区地理位置的差异,局地气候特征也会对空气污染事件造成明显影响[28-29].海陆风是沿海地区一种常见的中尺度大气环流系统,其发生的原因主要是陆地和海面热容量差异导致的下垫面受热不均匀[30].海陆风影响着沿海地区的温湿、风场以及大气层结状况,从而对O3污染造成影响[31-32].一方面,海风通过传输作用把吹离陆地的O3及其前体物重新输送回陆地,使污染物浓度上升[33-34],即污染回流;另一方面,海陆风影响了沿海地区的气象条件,例如降低了陆地风速和边界层高度等,使污染物的水平及垂直扩散减弱,从而加重污染[35-36].但也有部分研究指出,当海洋气团较为清洁时,海风可促进陆地污染物的稀释扩散,从而使污染缓解[37].
珠江三角洲作为我国经济最为发达的地区之一,其三面环山、一面靠海的地形特征使空气污染物易于积聚,近年来O3污染事件频发[38-39].而作为近海地区,海陆风环流对珠三角空气质量的影响不容忽视.近年来部分学者就海陆风对珠三角O3污染的影响进行了探讨,指出海陆风的回流作用会加重珠江口附近城市的O3污染[40-41],但这些研究多是基于污染个例或短时期内的加密观测,评估海陆风对污染状况的总体影响,而利用长时期的气象及空气质量观测数据全面评估海陆风对珠江口地区O3污染的影响,探讨海陆风对该地区不同城市O3污染影响的差异,特别是把研究重点细化到小时量级,重点分析海风出现的时间对O3污染影响的研究目前仍较缺乏.因此,本文利用环绕珠江口的珠海、中山、江门、佛山、广州、东莞和深圳7个城市2022年全年的地面空气质量和气象观测数据以及欧洲中心(ECMWF)的ERA5再分析资料,对该地区在海陆风环流影响下的O3污染特征进行研究,以期为该地区O3污染的预报预警及治理提供参考.
本文使用的地面空气质量观测数据来源于广东省生态环境监测中心,包括了2022年全年珠江口附近的珠海、中山、江门、佛山、广州、东莞和深圳7个城市的空气质量监测站逐小时的O3浓度和全天的O3-8h(O3日最大8h滑动平均)实况数据,气象数据来源于7市的国家基本气象站,包括了2022年逐小时的气温、相对湿度、降水量、风向、风速等数据,7市的地理位置、空气质量及气象观测站点分布如图1所示.气象再分析资料采用了ECMWF的ERA5海平面气压再分析数据,数据空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为3h,该数据主要用于绘制区域海陆风日的天气形势.
海陆风的判定标准因各地区的地理位置、海岸线形状以及沿海地形的不同而存在一定差异[42],国内外学者根据常规观测资料大体上从大尺度环流形势、海陆温差、近地面风向转变等方面对海陆风进行判定[43-44].本文根据前人对海陆风判定的相关研究,结合广东海岸线的东北-西南走向,基于以下条件对珠江口7市进行海陆风日的筛选:
(1)弱环流场条件:在研究范围内(21.5~24ºN,112~114.5ºE),每日08:00和20:00最多有一条等压线通过,其中每条等压线间隔2.5hPa.在弱环流场形势下,大气背景风较弱,有利于海陆风环流的形成.
(2)风向转换条件:气象观测站点整点风向在1d内存在明显的海、陆风转换,考虑到广东海岸线呈东北-西南走向,规定陆风的风向为292.5~67.5º(WNW~ENE),海风风向为112.5~247.5º(ESE~WSW),且陆风、海风的连续持续时间不少于4个时次,或连续5个时次内至少有4个时次同为陆风或海风.
(3)无降水条件:为了排除降水等对流天气对地面风向及O3浓度的影响,规定在陆风转换为海风的时刻前后各3h内气象观测站没有降水出现.
当某市的气象观测站点在某天0:00~23:00同时满足以上3个条件时,则称该市出现1个海陆风日,把海陆风日之外的其他日期称为非海陆风日.若某日环珠江口7市中有3市或以上为海陆风日,则称该日为区域海陆风日.另外定义1d内风向均在292.5~67.5º或112.5~247.5º变化,且日间08:00~20:00没有出现降雨的日期分别为北风日和南风日.
根据《环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)》[45],O3污染等级根据某天的O3-8h划分为6个级别,分别为优(0~100µg/m3)、良(101~160µg/m3)、轻度污染(161~215µg/m3)、中度污染(216~265µg/m3)、重度污染(266~800µg/m3)和严重污染(>800µg/m3),当O3-8h超过160µg/m3时,则认为出现了O3超标.一年中O3-8h的第90分位数为O3年评价值.
定义O3小时增长率为连续两个观测时次中,后一时次O3浓度相比于前一时次O3浓度的增长率,若为正增长,则代表O3浓度上升,若为负增长,则代表O3浓度下降.其计算公式如下:
式中:GR表示O3小时增长率,%;c表示不同时次的O3浓度,µg/m3t表示时次.
基于地面风观测数据,本文采用回流指数对海陆风环流发生期间的大气扩散特征进行分析.回流指数(RF)[46-47]反映了风场对污染物的有效输送能力.当RF接近1时,代表风场对污染物为平直输送,当RF接近0时,代表风场对污染物无有效输送.其计算公式如下:
式中:k为相应的数据时刻;st和et分别是研究时段内的起始时刻和结束时刻;ΔT为时间间隔,h;uv分别是水平风速的东西分量和南北分量,m/s.
根据本文的海陆风日判定标准,得到珠江口7市2022年的海陆风日天数及海陆风日的逐月分布如图2所示.7市的全年海陆风日天数为40~64d,其中海陆风日天数最多的中山比最少的佛山偏多60%,但海陆风日的多少并无明显的地域性特征.从海陆风日的逐月分布来看,各月7市海陆风日天数总和及区域海陆风日天数均呈现出明显的双峰分布特征,其中3月的海陆风日最多,6月最少,两个峰值集中在3~4月及9~11月,即春季和秋季.这是因为这两个时期是入夏及入冬的过度时期,地面天气系统及背景风较弱,且降雨较少,因此海陆风日较多;而6月份处于“龙舟水”季节,降雨频繁,地面盛行南风,因此海陆风日最少.
图3为4类区域海陆风日的地面天气形势.其中a类大陆高压型的占比高达48%,是占比最高的天气形势;c类均压场型次之,占比30%;b类变性高压脊型及d类台风外围型分别占比17%和5%,为占比较少的两类天气型.该4类地面天气形势控制下,珠江口地区地面风较弱,除了有利于海陆风环流的形成外,对O3污染的形成也相对有利[48].
图4为珠江口7市2022年的O3超标天数及其季节分布以及各市的O3年评价值.可以看出7市虽处于同一地区,但受各自地理位置影响,O3超标天数有较大差异.7市2022年O3超标天数29~72d,其中超标天数最多的东莞是最少的深圳的2.5倍,与深圳同处南部沿海的珠海超标天数次少,其余4市的超标天数较为接近.各市出现在秋季的超标天数均为最多,占比40%~75%,其次为春季,占比14%~32%,而夏季和冬季超标较少.这与当地秋季气温高、日照强、降雨少的气候特征密切相关.7市的O3年评价值在148~194µg/m3,年评价值最高的江门比最低的深圳偏高31%.
图5所示,在区域海陆风日及非海陆风日两种不同形势下,珠江口附近各项O3浓度指标差异明显(O3-8h为7市平均).区域海陆风日的O3-8h中位数为141µg/m3,相比非海陆风日的74µg/m3偏高91%,区域海陆风日O3超标率达到38%,而非海陆风日仅为11%.在3类主要的海陆风天气形势中,大陆高压型及均压场型的O3-8h指标较为接近,O3-8h中位数均为143µg/m3,而变性高压脊型仅为121µg/m3;均压场型、大陆高压型、变性高压脊型的O3超标率分别为44%、38%、20%,差异同样明显.另外,台风外围型虽然仅有3d,但其平均O3-8h达到了191µg/m3,远超其余3种天气形势,这与台风外围影响下珠江口地区容易出现大范围O3污染[49]的结果一致.
图6(a)可以看出,与整个环珠江口区域类似,区域内各市的海陆风日O3-8h均比非海陆风日明显偏高,但各市的浓度偏差存在较大差异,其中偏差最大的中山达到了83%,其次为江门的78%,该二市的偏差远大于其余5市,但偏差最小的深圳也达到了42%.从表1可以看出,与非海陆风日相比较,各市海陆风日地面气象要素均体现出气温及日照时数偏大,湿度、风速及降水偏小的特点[41],因此更有利于O3浓度的上升.
由上文可知,当海陆风环流发生时,各种地面气象要素的差异会对O3浓度造成影响,为进一步排除其余气象要素的影响,以各市海陆风日的气象要素为准,对各市非海陆风日中气象要素不符合条件的日期进行筛选,具体方法为:①日最高气温不低于海陆风日的最低日最高气温;②08:00~20:00时无降水;③日平均风速不高于海陆风日的最大日平均风速;④进行以上筛选后,日照时数、相对湿度的筛选对O3-8h影响已不大,因此不再继续筛选.经过筛选后,各市非海陆风日和海陆风日的O3-8h及偏差如图6(b)所示,虽然海陆风日的O3-8h仍然高于非海陆风日,但各市的浓度偏差与筛选前相比下降了25%~ 49%,这与筛选后海陆风日与非海陆风日各气象要素的差距明显减小有关(表2).其中广州、佛山的偏差下降至10%以下,中山、江门、珠海的偏差最大,其中最大偏差为中山的41%.图6(c)为各市海陆风超标日与非海陆风超标日的O3-8h及偏差,可以看出偏差进一步减小,其中佛山、东莞、深圳为负偏差,即海陆风日的浓度比非海陆风日要小,而偏差最大的同样是中山、江门和珠海三市,偏差分别为11%、7%和7%.从以上讨论可知,海陆风日各市的O3浓度均比非海陆风日明显偏高,但海陆风对各市的实际影响程度差异较大,位于珠江口西岸的珠海、中山、江门三市(珠中江地区) O3浓度受海陆风的影响最大,因此下文将着重分析海陆风对珠中江地区O3污染的影响.
图7为珠中江三市海陆风日与非海陆风日O3峰值浓度出现时次的占比及各时次的平均峰值浓度.可见无论是否出现海陆风环流,O3峰值浓度均是出现在14:00~17:00的占比最高.非海陆风日峰值浓度出现在16:00的占比最高,为24%;而海陆风日占比最高为17:00的25%.在16:00前,非海陆风日各个时次的占比大多高于海陆风日,而17:00后则是海陆风日的占比高于非海陆风日,说明出现海陆风环流时,O3峰值浓度出现的时次总体上要晚于非海陆风日,该地区海陆风日的峰值浓度出现时间比非海陆风日平均偏晚0.5h.而在峰值浓度方面,除13:00外,其余各时次海陆风日的平均峰值浓度均显著高于非海陆风日,平均偏差达29%,其中14:00峰值浓度偏差54%,为各时次最大.综上,海陆风环流使珠中江地区O3峰值浓度更高,且峰值浓度出现时间更晚.
当近地面风从陆风转为海风时,风向的转换使陆风时段向下游输送的污染物回流,从而使O3浓度上升[50].从图8可以看出,在下午14:00之前,海风出现后O3正增长的占比较高,但与非海陆风日相比变化不明显.15:00非海陆风日的正增长占比减小,但海陆风日反而增加.到17:00,非海陆风日的正增长占比下降至38%,而海陆风日正增长占比仍高达72%,与非海陆风日差距明显.18:00海陆风日的正增长占比下降至41%,但仍远高于非海陆风日的19%.19:00后海陆风日正增长占比明显减小,且与非海陆风日相比差距不大.由此可见,海风出现后的污染回流使傍晚17:00前后O3浓度继续出现正增长,从而令污染峰值出现时间延后,且污染更为严重.如图9,11:00~12:00海陆风日的O3增长率远高于非海陆风日,但这两个时次海陆风日样本较少,代表性不大.从14:00~18:00,海陆风日的增长率均大于非海陆风日,其中非海陆风日从17:00起增长率从正转负,比海陆风日早2h.18:00和17:00海陆风日的增长率与非海陆风日相差最大,海陆风日比非海陆风日分别偏高7%和5%.19:00起海陆风日和非海陆风日均为负增长,且海陆风日负增长明显高于非海陆风日,说明入夜后海风的出现能使O3浓度快速下降.从海陆风日的平均O3-8h来看,海风在16:00首次出现的O3-8h最大,达167µg/m3,其次为17:00的163µg/m3.另外,海风在20:00和21:00首次出现时,O3-8h再次上升,这可能是因为海风出现较晚时,在珠中江地区近地面白天长时间吹陆风,有利于上游地区的污染物向下游输送,同样有利于该地区出现O3污染.
图10分别为上午(13:00前)、下午(13:00~15:00)、傍晚(16:00~18:00)、入夜后(18:00后)4个不同时段,海风出现后0~3h内各小时的平均O3小时增长率.上午出现的海风,在海风出现后正处于午间O3快速增长的时段,因此在0~3h内O3小时增长率全为正,但由于陆风转为海风的时间较早,海风气流内的污染物浓度不高,因此随时间推移,较为清洁的海风气流使O3小时增长率从45%迅速下降至4%.
而下午和傍晚出现的海风,0h增长率分别为11%和2%,之后由于太阳辐射强度下降,光化学作用随之减弱,O3增长率逐渐下降,其中傍晚出现的海风,海风出现后逐渐入夜,因此1h增长率已经下降至-12%.而入夜后出现的海风,由于光化学作用消失,加上NO对O3的滴定作用,污染回流虽然能令部分日期的O3浓度出现增长,但平均O3小时增长率全为负,另外,由于入夜后O3浓度的下降会逐渐减缓,因此海风出现后2~3h负增长率反而低于海风刚出现时.综上,海风出现后虽然能令O3浓度在短时间内上升,但一般1h后O3小时增长率将明显下降,或变为负增长.另外,受边界层内日照强弱的影响,近地面O3的日变化表现出日间高、夜间低的单峰分布特征,其浓度小时增长率在上午和中午增速较快,之后随着太阳辐射的减弱,增长率逐渐下降,已有大量的研究表明珠江口地区的平均O3峰值浓度出现在15:00~16:00[51-53],之后O3浓度快速下降.而海陆风环流的存在使大气扩散能力减弱,因此在傍晚时分太阳辐射已明显减弱的情况下,O3浓度仍能出现正增长,其变化趋势与平均态的O3浓度日变化曲线存在明显差异,使O3峰值浓度上升,峰值浓度出现时间延后,因此污染更加严重.
本文采用地面风的RF对海陆风日、非海陆风日及海陆风日陆风向海风转换期间的大气扩散特征进行分析.研究表明,当RF较小时,大气水平扩散能力差,污染容易加重[54-55].图11(a)是海陆风日与北风日、南风日及O3超标日的RF对比.受到海风回流影响,海陆风日的平均RF比北风日与南风日明显偏小,结合表3,海陆风日平均RF为0.59,比北风日和南风日(同为0.96)偏低39%,且海陆风日的RF随不同日期变化明显,变化范围从0.08~0.91,而北风日和南风日的RF变化范围相比海陆风日明显要小.受较低的RF及较高的气温影响,海陆风日平均O3-8h达到152µg/m3,相比北风日和南风日分别偏高92%和167%.在北风日由于受到上游污染物输送的影响,珠中江地区时有O3超标出现,而南风日的平均日最高气温最高,但O3-8h却为最低,最大O3-8h仅为81µg/m3,这除了得益于较大的RF外,也说明来自海洋的清洁气流对O3污染起到明显的遏制作用.另外,珠、中、江三市的平均RF分别为0.73、0.55和0.50,中山、江门的RF相当,而珠海比中山、江门明显偏大,这是因为珠海更加靠近海洋,海陆风日中陆风小、海风大,且海风维持时间较长,导致陆风、海风转换对RF的影响相对较小.因此,虽然珠海、中山气温条件类似,但珠海在海陆风日的平均O3-8h为136µg/m3,相比中山偏低12%,而江门在海陆风日RF最小,气温最高,平均O3-8h达167µg/m3,为三市最高.
图11(b),在海风出现前,风向较为一致的陆风把污染物向海洋方向输送,其平均RF为0.92;陆风转海风时段由于地面风出现了明显的风向转变,其平均RF下降为0.79;海风出现后,一致的南风使平均RF重新加大到0.93.因此,3个时段中陆风转海风时段的大气扩散及输送能力最弱,其平均RF比陆风及海风时段分别偏低14%和15%.海风时段RF迅速加大,使污染物得到有效扩散,与图10中海风出现后1~3h内O3小时增长率明显下降结论一致.另外,RF也与uv风的大小相关,若海风出现前北风较少,且海风出现后南风迅速加大,则陆风转海风时段也能出现较大的RF.
图11(a)对比了海陆风超标日与非海陆风超标日的RF,结合表3,可见海陆风超标日的平均、最小及最大RF均比非海陆风超标日要小,且海陆风超标日的RF变化范围小于非海陆风超标日.其中海陆风超标日平均RF为0.50,相比非海陆风超标日的0.69偏低28%.由图12的拟合曲线可见,由于海陆风日的大气扩散能力较弱,因此日最高气温相同时,海陆风日的O3-8h要大于非海陆风日,且随日最高气温的上升,非海陆风日的O3-8h增长明显放缓,而海陆风日却仍有明显增长.从表3可知,海陆风超标日的平均日最高气温相比非海陆风超标日偏低1.0℃,而其平均O3-8h反而比非海陆风超标日偏高8%.综上,当气温条件相近时,海陆风环流的出现使大气扩散能力明显减弱,因此O3污染更趋严重.
3.1 环珠江口地区7市2022年全年海陆风日天数在40~64d之间,海陆风日主要集中在3~4月及9~11月.大陆高压型、变性高压脊型、均压场型和台风外围型是主要的海陆风日天气形势.7市2022年O3超标天数29~72天,其中秋季的超标天数占比40%~75%,为全年最高.
3.2 区域海陆风日的O3-8h中位数及超标率分别为141µg/m3和38%,非海陆风日仅为74µg/m3和11%.海陆风日地面气象要素体现出气温及日照时数偏大,湿度、风速及降水偏小的特点,海陆风对珠江口西岸的珠海、中山、江门三市O3污染影响最大,对地面气象要素进行筛选后3市海陆风日O3-8h相比非海陆风日分别偏高26%、41%和29%,海陆风污染日O3-8h相比非海陆风日分别偏高7%、11%和7%.
3.3 珠中江地区海陆风日平均O3峰值浓度出现在17:00的占比最高,海陆风环流使该地区O3峰值浓度的出现时间平均偏晚了0.5h,海陆风日的平均峰值浓度比非海陆风日平均偏高29%.当海风在14:00~18:00出现,海陆风日的平均O3小时增长率均大于非海陆风日,其中当海风在17:00或18:00出现,该两个时次O3小时增长率为正的比例分别达72%和41%,平均增长率比非海陆风日分别偏高5%和7%,差异最为明显.海风出现后能令O3浓度在短时间内上升,但一般1h后O3小时增长率将明显下降.
3.4 珠中江地区海陆风日平均RF为0.59,比北风日和南风日均偏低39%.陆风转海风时段平均RF为0.79,比陆风及海风时段分别偏低14%和15%.海陆风超标日平均RF为0.50,相比非海陆风超标日偏低28%,当气温条件相近时,海陆风环流的出现使大气扩散能力明显减弱,因此O3污染比非海陆风日更趋严重.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709201)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42275123)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2023A1515012448)
  • 中国气象局重点创新团队项目(CMA2023ZD08)
  • 广东省社会发展科技协同创新项目(2024A1111120022)
  • 粤港澳大湾区气象科技协同攻关项目(GHMA2024Y03)
  • 广东省气象局科学技术研究项目(GRMC2023M26)
  • 中山市气象局科学技术研究项目(ZSKT202401)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709201)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42275123)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2023A1515012448)
中国气象局重点创新团队项目(CMA2023ZD08)
广东省社会发展科技协同创新项目(2024A1111120022)
粤港澳大湾区气象科技协同攻关项目(GHMA2024Y03)
广东省气象局科学技术研究项目(GRMC2023M26)
中山市气象局科学技术研究项目(ZSKT202401)
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    1.中山市气象局,广东 中山 528400
    2.广东省气象台,广东 广州 510641
    3.中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,粤港澳大湾区气象研究院,广东 广州 510641

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