Article(id=1241116647864455632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834867683, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834867683, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834867683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834867683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1556, endPage=1567, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116652109091534, articleId=1241116647864455632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Study on the coupling and coordination relationship between ecosystem service and water use efficiency in Xinjiang, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coupling and coordinated relationship between ecosystem services and water use efficiency is calculated and analyzed according to the land use and water consumption data from 2005 to 2020 in Xinjiang. The results indicated that food production increased significantly from 2005 to 2020, while other ecosystem services had no significant change. The agricultural water efficiency was greater than 0.649 and increased with rate of 0.023/a from 2005 to 2020. The ecological water use efficiency decreased with rate of 0.013/a, and had significant regional difference. The water efficiency in domestic industry was higher and changed little. The coupling coordination degree of food production and agriculture water efficiency increased with rates of 0.057/a, and achieved highly coordination(0.995)in 2020. The coupling coordination degree of habitat quality and ecological water use efficiency decreased with rate of 0.052/a, and achieved slightly dysregulation(0.251)in 2020. The results indicated that the allocation and utilization efficiency of water resources in agricultural production reached highly coordination in Xinjiang, but the attention of ecological environment water use needs to be improved.

, correspAuthors=Fei-yun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lun TENG, Fei-yun ZHANG, Qian LI, Jian-qiang LI, Li-na MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116658836754545, articleId=1241116647864455632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2005~2020年新疆土地利用和用水量等数据,测算并分析新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系.结果表明:2005~2020年新疆食物生产呈明显增加趋势,其他各项生态系统服务变化不明显.2005~2020年新疆农业用水效率在0.649以上,且存在上升趋势(上升率0.023/a);生态用水效率以0.013/a的速率呈波动下降,且存在较为明显的区域差异;生活工业用水效率整体较高但变幅较小.2005~2020年生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调度变化明显.其中,食物生产和农业用水效率的耦合协调度以0.057/a的速率上升,到2020年达到高度协调(0.995);但生境质量与生态用水效率的耦合协调度在以0.052/a的速率降低,到2020年达到轻度失调(0.251)).表明新疆在农业生产方面水资源的配置和利用效率已经达到了高度协调的状态,但对生态环境用水的关注有待提升.

, correspAuthors=张飞云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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滕伦(2000-),女,内蒙古宁城人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究..

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滕伦(2000-),女,内蒙古宁城人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究..

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滕伦(2000-),女,内蒙古宁城人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究..

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatial distribution pattern of ecosystem services in Xinjian, figureFileSmall=GscjspVq9eJm3Lz1gcbAQQ==, figureFileBig=b8Gvyq38hS71qHhrZWlN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664180298375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=图1, caption=新疆生态系统服务空间分布格局, figureFileSmall=GscjspVq9eJm3Lz1gcbAQQ==, figureFileBig=b8Gvyq38hS71qHhrZWlN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664427762351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Change of agricultural water, domestic industrial water and ecological water efficiency in Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=eQx9qB8UlioDrY/myw/ffQ==, figureFileBig=XFBy1hjdGCkDr9cyMLlZlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664553591488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=图2, caption=新疆农业用水、生活工业用水及生态用水效率时间变化, figureFileSmall=eQx9qB8UlioDrY/myw/ffQ==, figureFileBig=XFBy1hjdGCkDr9cyMLlZlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664759112408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distribution of water use efficiency in Xinjiang in 2005 and 2020, figureFileSmall=ATBL8A4UCyxYlfkmtfSeFA==, figureFileBig=3g3MCuYLbbxbITEY2I8mbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664901718760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2005年和2020年新疆用水效率空间分布, figureFileSmall=ATBL8A4UCyxYlfkmtfSeFA==, figureFileBig=3g3MCuYLbbxbITEY2I8mbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665052713721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Time series changes of coupling coordination degree between ecosystem services and water use efficiency in Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=kmzs2xpIJmkHWe1KyqbYlA==, figureFileBig=Wp6B1zwWe69kvcsz6vozOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665224680204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=图4, caption=新疆各生态系统服务与用水效率耦合协调度时间变化, figureFileSmall=kmzs2xpIJmkHWe1KyqbYlA==, figureFileBig=Wp6B1zwWe69kvcsz6vozOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665358897949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Spatial distribution of coupling coordination degree between ecosystem services and water use efficiency in Xinjiang, figureFileSmall=QRwWFWMfSnf5SNSVg1B6ZQ==, figureFileBig=EGaDLlVwhfRjvRHT61w2uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665438589737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=图5, caption=新疆各生态系统服务与用水效率耦合协调度空间分布, figureFileSmall=QRwWFWMfSnf5SNSVg1B6ZQ==, figureFileBig=EGaDLlVwhfRjvRHT61w2uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665568613175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation index system of water use efficiency in Xinjiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用水效率分类指标类型指标分类变量说明
农业用水效率投入指标农业水资源投入
农业资本投入
农业中间投入
劳动力投入
单位农作物播种面积农业用水量
单位农作物播种面积农业机械总动力
单位农作物播种面积化肥使用量
单位地区面积农作物播种面积
就业人口
产出指标农业总产值单位农作物播种面积农业生产总值
生活工业用水效率投入指标水资源投入
资本投入
劳动力投入
生活用水量
财政支出
总人口
产出指标生产总值单位地区面积生产总值
生态用水效率投入指标水资源投入
自然因素
地表水资源
地下水资源
生态用水量
年均降雨量
年均气温
单位NDVI地表水资源量
单位NDVI地下水资源量
产出指标植被指数NDVI
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665702830919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647864455632, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新疆用水效率评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用水效率分类指标类型指标分类变量说明
农业用水效率投入指标农业水资源投入
农业资本投入
农业中间投入
劳动力投入
单位农作物播种面积农业用水量
单位农作物播种面积农业机械总动力
单位农作物播种面积化肥使用量
单位地区面积农作物播种面积
就业人口
产出指标农业总产值单位农作物播种面积农业生产总值
生活工业用水效率投入指标水资源投入
资本投入
劳动力投入
生活用水量
财政支出
总人口
产出指标生产总值单位地区面积生产总值
生态用水效率投入指标水资源投入
自然因素
地表水资源
地下水资源
生态用水量
年均降雨量
年均气温
单位NDVI地表水资源量
单位NDVI地下水资源量
产出指标植被指数NDVI
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Classification of coupling coordination degree between ecosystem and water use efficiency

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耦合协调度范围0≤D≤0.20.2<D≤0.40.4<D≤0.60.6<D≤0.80.8<D≤1
耦合协调度类型高度失调轻度失调轻度协调基本协调高度协调
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生态系统与用水效率耦合协调度等级划分

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耦合协调度范围0≤D≤0.20.2<D≤0.40.4<D≤0.60.6<D≤0.80.8<D≤1
耦合协调度类型高度失调轻度失调轻度协调基本协调高度协调
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新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系研究
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滕伦 1 , 张飞云 1, * , 李倩 2, 3, 4 , 李建强 1 , 马丽娜 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1556-1567
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1556-1567
新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系研究
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滕伦1 , 张飞云1, * , 李倩2, 3, 4, 李建强1, 马丽娜1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆农业大学公共管理学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 3.新疆干旱区水循环与水利用重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 4.天山积雪雪崩新疆野外科学观测研究站,新疆 新源 835800
  • 滕伦(2000-),女,内蒙古宁城人,新疆农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Study on the coupling and coordination relationship between ecosystem service and water use efficiency in Xinjiang
Lun TENG1 , Fei-yun ZHANG1, * , Qian LI2, 3, 4, Jian-qiang LI1, Li-na MA1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Public Management, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Use in Arid region of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 4.Tianshan Snow Avalanche Xinjiang field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Xinyuan 835800, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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基于2005~2020年新疆土地利用和用水量等数据,测算并分析新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系.结果表明:2005~2020年新疆食物生产呈明显增加趋势,其他各项生态系统服务变化不明显.2005~2020年新疆农业用水效率在0.649以上,且存在上升趋势(上升率0.023/a);生态用水效率以0.013/a的速率呈波动下降,且存在较为明显的区域差异;生活工业用水效率整体较高但变幅较小.2005~2020年生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调度变化明显.其中,食物生产和农业用水效率的耦合协调度以0.057/a的速率上升,到2020年达到高度协调(0.995);但生境质量与生态用水效率的耦合协调度在以0.052/a的速率降低,到2020年达到轻度失调(0.251)).表明新疆在农业生产方面水资源的配置和利用效率已经达到了高度协调的状态,但对生态环境用水的关注有待提升.

生态系统服务  /  用水效率  /  耦合协调  /  新疆

The coupling and coordinated relationship between ecosystem services and water use efficiency is calculated and analyzed according to the land use and water consumption data from 2005 to 2020 in Xinjiang. The results indicated that food production increased significantly from 2005 to 2020, while other ecosystem services had no significant change. The agricultural water efficiency was greater than 0.649 and increased with rate of 0.023/a from 2005 to 2020. The ecological water use efficiency decreased with rate of 0.013/a, and had significant regional difference. The water efficiency in domestic industry was higher and changed little. The coupling coordination degree of food production and agriculture water efficiency increased with rates of 0.057/a, and achieved highly coordination(0.995)in 2020. The coupling coordination degree of habitat quality and ecological water use efficiency decreased with rate of 0.052/a, and achieved slightly dysregulation(0.251)in 2020. The results indicated that the allocation and utilization efficiency of water resources in agricultural production reached highly coordination in Xinjiang, but the attention of ecological environment water use needs to be improved.

ecosystem service  /  water use efficiency  /  coupling coordination  /  xinjiang
滕伦, 张飞云, 李倩, 李建强, 马丽娜. 新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1556 -1567 .
Lun TENG, Fei-yun ZHANG, Qian LI, Jian-qiang LI, Li-na MA. Study on the coupling and coordination relationship between ecosystem service and water use efficiency in Xinjiang[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1556 -1567 .
水土资源作为生态系统的重要组成部分,两者协调发展对推进生态系统可持续发展具有重要作用[1].随着社会经济的快速发展和人口的增加,水土资源压力日渐增大.干旱半干旱地区降水少蒸发大,生态环境受水资源影响非常脆弱,且水资源短缺,生态系统恶化,探究干旱半干旱区生态系统和用水效率之间的关系,对维持生态系统健康和可持续发展意义重大.因此急需科学评价生态系统服务与用水效率之间的关系,助力水土资源的高效利用和可持续发展.
目前国内外对生态系统服务与用水效率的研究多集中于水土资源方面,张祥永等采用耦合协调度模型分析我国省域水资源可持续性和生态系统服务价值的耦合协调关系,表明两者耦合协调度先减少后增加,整体处于初级协调类型[2];张文睿等研究发现河西走廊区域水资源-生态系统的耦合协调度在2006~2021年波动较大[3];Ying等认为中亚国家间水土资源匹配程度存在较大差异,咸海上游国家匹配度优于下游国家[4].现有的水土资源研究成果丰富,但在“水”和“土”上的研究重点不同,“土”以耕地面积[5],流域土地面积[6]等为主,“水”是以水资源使用量[7-8],水足迹[5]等.其中张雯等认为山东省水土资源数量及质量匹配系数在空间上呈现出一致性,水土资源空间配置水平高的地区同时面临着较大的农业面源污染压力[5];Sun等[9]认为受人类活动的影响,我国水资源与潜在耕地资源的匹配程度极差,农业水资源与耕地资源的匹配程度优于潜在耕地与水资源,同样黄梓鑫等认为我国农业水土资源整体高度不匹配且呈不显著变差的趋势,处于高度不平衡状态[7].Geng等[10]结合蓝水和绿水对我国水土资源匹配进行分析,由于蓝水的影响,新疆农业用水和土地资源的匹配度最高,且水土匹配与降水的分布并不完全一致.土地对人类的影响主要是通过它所能提供的生态系统服务来体现;干旱区的水量是有限的,开发利用主要是通过提高用水效率来实现.因此本文拟从土地的生态系统服务和用水效率来分析干旱区水土资源之间的关系.
从国内外研究可知,对生态系统服务和用水效率单方面已经展开了大量研究并取得一定的成果[11-12].对生态系统服务的研究集中在时空演变[12-13],影响因素[7,14],供需匹配[15-16],权衡协同[17],其中Niu等通过探究松花江流域生态系统服务协同/权衡趋势,发现土壤固存,水土保持和生物多样性在空间上有显著的协同关系,食物生产和产水在时间上是协同的[17].Jia等[13]基于1995,2005和2016年三期芜湖市遥感数据,分析生态系统服务时空演变规律,表明芜湖市生态系统服务持续下降,且与生态风险存在正相关关系.Wang等[14]结合当量因子法等定量分析新疆生态系统服务价值变化的驱动力,认为新疆生态系统服务总值逐年递增,其中人类活动因素影响程度较大.Tian等[16]认为杭州生态系统服务碳储存供小于求,产水量,土壤保持,食物生产和休闲娱乐供大于求,且生态系统服务供需空间异质性显著,城区供需失衡,西部供需较协调.而学者们对用水效率的研究则更偏向于农业用水效率[18],工业用水效率[19]及生活用水效率[20],对生态用水效率的探究较少.Geng等[21]通过数据包络法对我国31个省区的农业用水效率研究发现,2008年后我国农业用水效率有所提高.苗峻瑜等[19]基于超效率SBM模型测算黄河流域工业水资源效率,认为黄河流域整体工业水资源效率整体呈上升趋势,但未达到有效水平.HAI等基于京津冀城市群用水数据,表明城市群联动协调管理水资源有利于生活用水效率的提高[22].用水效率测算方法主要采用超效率SBM模型[23],DEA模型[24]等方法测算效率;其中超效率SBM模型适用于期望产出和非期望产出等指标,三阶段超效率SBM是够剔除环境因素和随机误差等因素对效率值的影响,DEA-CCR模型适用于多投入-单产出的指标体系.而本文研究区新疆生产用水中约96%以上都用于农业生产[25],故在生产用水效率分析时以农业用水效率为主;生态用水中的地表及地下水资源量对干旱半干旱的新疆来说至关重要,影响植被覆盖度,对水源涵养和防风固沙等具有重要意义,亟需探究生态用水效率;生活用水和工业用水方面在整个新疆占比相对较小,将其合并进行综合分析;因此结合新疆实际情况,基于本文构建的用水效率指标体系,采用DEA-CCR模型测算农业、生活工业及生态用水效率.
这些成果为生态系统及其相关应用研究已经奠定了基础,但对生态系统服务和用水效率之间关系的探究较少.干旱半干旱地区生态环境脆弱,水资源短缺,生态系统恶化,探究干旱半干旱区生态系统和用水效率之间的关系,对维持生态系统健康和可持续发展意义重大.因此,本研究基于土地利用数据及相关经济数据,采用生态系统测算方法及数据包络法等对新疆生态系统服务和用水效率的关系进行分析,以期能够为新疆水资源高效利用提供理论支撑和生态环境保护提供科学指导,从而推动新疆地区的可持续发展.
新疆维吾尔自治区(73°40′~96°18′E,34°25′~48°10′N),是我国典型的西北干旱区,由于其脆弱和敏感性,极易受到人类活动与自然环境的影响.新疆山脉与盆地相间排列盆地与高山环抱,喻称“三山夹两盆”,北部阿尔泰山,南部为昆仑山系;天山横亘于新疆中部,南部是塔里木盆地,北部是准噶尔盆地.新疆远离海洋,深居内陆,四周有高山阻隔,海洋气流不易到达,形成明显的温带大陆性气候;气温温差较大,日照时间充足,降水量少,气候干燥.因此新疆面临着水资源短缺、土地沙漠化、水土流失等一系列生态挑战,这些因素始终制约着社会经济及生态系统的可持续发展.
新疆土地利用数据(1km)、NDVI(1km)、逐年降水量和行政区划数据均来源于中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn);潜在蒸散发数据来源于国家地球系统科学数据中心(http://www.geodata.cn);土壤数据来源于世界土壤数据库(HWSD);农业用水量、农业机械总动力、农作物播种面积、生活用水量等数据来源于《新疆统计年鉴》和《新疆水资源公报》;部分缺失数据采用插值法补充完整.
基于新疆水资源短缺,耕地面积广,生态环境脆弱,土壤盐碱化、土地沙漠化、水土流失等生态问题严重,本研究结合研究区实际情况和数据的可获取性,重点对食物生产(FD)、生境质量(HQ)、碳储存(CS)、土壤保持(SDR)、产水量(WY)及绿地休闲(RS)六项生态系统服务进行测算和分析.
(1)食物生产(FD)
利用NDVI数据对食物生产进行空间化,根据NDVI值将新疆统计数据的粮食产量分配到耕地像元上[26],从而得出食物生产.计算如下:
式中:FSi为食物生产t;Gsum为新疆粮食、油料、蔬菜、水果的总产量t;NDVIi为第i个栅格的归一化植被指数;NDVIsum为新疆耕地NDVI之和.
(2)生境质量(HQ)
采用InVEST模型中的生境质量模块进行评估,通过退化程度和生境适宜性计算得到新疆的生境质量[27].计算公式如下:
式中:HQSmn为土地利用类型m的第n个栅格的生境质量;Smn为土地利用类型m的第n个栅格的生境胁迫度;K为半饱和参数;z为归一化常数.
(3)碳储存(CS)
InVEST模型的碳储量模块将生态系统服务碳储量分为地上碳储量、地下碳储量、土壤碳储量和死亡有机质碳储量4个部分[28],本研究基于InVEST模型中的碳储存模块评估新疆生态系统服务的碳储量.计算如下:
式中:Ctot为总碳储量,t/hm2Cabove为地上生物碳,t/hm2Cbelo为地下生物碳,t/hm2Csoil为土壤有机碳,t/hm2Cdead为死亡有机物,t/hm2.
(4)土壤保持(SDR)
土壤保持由土壤潜在侵蚀量和土壤实际侵蚀量决定的,本研究采用修正通用流失方程估算新疆生态系统土壤保持量[29].利用InVEST模型的土壤保持模块计算,计算如下:
式中:SD为土壤保,t;RKLS为潜在土壤侵蚀量,t;USLE为实际土壤侵蚀量,t;R为降雨侵蚀因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为坡长坡度因子;C为植被覆盖和管理因子;P为土壤保持措施因子.
(5)产水量(WY)
采用InVEST模型的产水量模块评估新疆产水量,基于水量平衡原理,综合考虑植被覆盖、土地利用、地形及土壤质地等因素进行计算[30].计算如下:
式中:Y(x)为年产水量,mm;AET(x)为年实际蒸发量,mm;P(x)为年降水量;Kc(x)为作物蒸散系数;ETo(x)为参考植物蒸散量;AWC(x)为植物有效可利用水量;W(x)为经验参数;Z为经验常数.
(6)绿地休闲(RS)
参照Li等[31]的研究,通过ArcGIS软件中的渔网工具将每个栅格的林地、草地和水域进行提取,以此来量化新疆绿地休闲的供给.
本研究中用水效率测算采用数据包络分析法[15],采用DEA-CCR模型对多投入-单产出的结构进行效率分析,避免了单独衡量一个角度的局限性.模型公式如下:
式中:A是目标产出最大化的对偶规划,θ为生产用水效率值,ε为非阿基米德无穷小量;分别是输入、输出的松弛变量;n为决策单元数量,14个决策单元,每个决策单元有m个输入变量和s个输出变量,农业用水包括5个输入变量和1个输出变量;χijγij分别为第j个决策单元第i个输入和第r个输出指标值;χij0γrj0分别为j0个决策单元第i个输入和第r个输出指标值;γj为输入和输出植被指标的权重.
根据前人经验[32],在划分“三生”用水效率的基础上,结合新疆实际情况,将用水效率细分为农业用水效率、生活工业用水效率及生态用水效率进行分析.在指标选取上,参照投入-产出关系,选取农业用水量、农业机械总动力、化肥使用量、农作物播种面积、就业人口、生活用水量、财政支出、总人口、生态用水量、降雨量、气温、地表水资源量和地下水资源量等13个指标作为投入指标,农业生产总值、生产总值及NDVI数据作为产出指标,其中生活工业用水效率中的产出指标生产总值具体是指地区生产总值与农业生产总值的差值.具体见表1.
耦合协调度反映的是系统内部要素之间在发展过程中彼此和谐一致的程度,该值越大,表明两者越趋于协调发展,反之亦然[33].因此本研究运用耦合协调度模型测算新疆生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调关系.计算如下:
式中:C为耦合度,T为协调度,D为耦合协调度,取值范围[0,1];U1U2分别为每项生态系统和对应用水效率综合值;αβ为系统权重,和为1.
依据现有研究[34]将耦合协调度划分为高度失调、轻度失调、轻度协调、基本协调和高度协调五个阶段,具体结果见表2.
由图可知,食物生产从2005年到2020年呈明显增长的态势,从12.66t/km2增长到27.64t/km2,增幅118.33%,这与农作物播种面积的增加、农业机械设备的优化及管理水平的提高是息息相关的[35];FD集中分布在绿洲地区,包括塔里木河流域、伊犁河流域、孔雀河流域、额尔齐斯河流域等.从2005年到2020年,食物生产分布从各绿洲区域向四周延伸.
碳储存从2005年到2020年呈少量增加状态,变化幅度较小,从549.67t/km2增加到559.51t/km2,增幅仅为1.79%.生境质量在2005~2020年期间变幅较小,保持在0.45~0.46之间.绿地休闲在2005~2020年期间呈少量减少状态,从4.71km2/km2减少到4.53km2/km2,减幅为3.82%.CS、HQ及RS的空间分布格局相似,这与研究区的土地覆盖类型密切相关,其中单位面积HQ≥0.64,单位面积CS≥859t及单位面积RS≥14km2的区域主要分布于“三山”及主要河流流域的林草地分布的区域,空间格局变化较小.这表明新疆推广实施退耕还林(草)等政策的有效性,使林草地有所增加,沙漠化防治取得一定效果,但可能受人类生产生活等活动的影响,绿地休闲服务能力有所下降.
土壤保持从2005年到2020年呈增加趋势,从8540.97t/km2增加到8718.59t/km2,增幅为2.08%.单位面积SDR≥21.6×104t/km2的区域主要分布在伊犁、阿尔泰山北坡及昆仑山西部地区.从2015到2020年,昆仑山南部、阿尔泰山北部及伊犁河谷西部土壤保持减少明显.表明新疆整体土壤侵蚀量减少,水体保持情况良好,土壤保持服务能力提高,区域生态环境向好发展.
产水量在2005~2020年呈增加趋势,从102.38m3/km2增加到105.73m3/km2,增幅为3.27%;单位面积WY≥363m3/km2的区域集中分布在天山、昆仑山及阿尔泰山等山脉附近及伊犁河等降水丰沛、蒸散量较小的地区.其空间格局变化与土壤保持比较类似.从2010年到2015年,昆仑山北部、昆仑山南部及伊犁北部单位面积产水量≥363m3/km2的区域缩减明显.2015~2020年,“三山”附近及伊犁地区的产水量又呈增加态势.而新疆NDVI和降水的增加可能是导致产水量增加的重要因素.
图2所示,新疆农业用水效率整体较高(0.649以上)且存在上升趋势(上升率0.023/a).2005~2013年持续上升,从0.649升至1(54.08%);2013~2020年变化相对稳定,在0.914~1之间波动.这与农业生产中耕地面积和人工灌溉水量的增加等有所相关,说明在一定程度上新疆水资源利用由粗放型转向集约型取得了一定效果.新疆生活工业用水效率除2009年外整体变化比较稳定,保持在0.899以上. 2009年生活工业用水效率为0.777,可能是因为2009年新疆气候异常,极端天气频繁,属于枯水年.由水资源公报数据可知,2009年洪旱交替,降水少,总体以干旱为主,各河道、水库等蓄水偏少,较2008年减少了23.5%;各地区都出现了不同程度的旱情,居民日常生活也受到一定限制.新疆生态用水效率变化较大,呈波动下降趋势(下降率0.013/a).在2005~2008年生用水效率保持在0.91以上,但逐年降低;2009~2020年除2019年外变化较稳定,效率在0.645~0.784波动.2019年生态用水效率为1,可能是因为该年NDVI较2018年提高了46.49%,且地表及地下水资源量分别增加8.31%和28.01%,植被覆盖程度向好发展.
通过新疆14个行政区农业用水、生活工业用水及生态用水效率的计算结果,借助ArcGIS软件展现新疆用水效率的空间演变(图3).为了便于直观展示用水效率的空间分布,本研究采用自然断点法将新疆2005年和2020年用水效率水平分为四级,分别是低水平(0~0.6)、中等水平(0.6~0.8)、较高水平(0.8~0.9)及高水平(0.9~1).
新疆各地区农业用水效率整体提升,在2005~2020年都转变为高水平;说明新疆农业生产方式有所改进,合理且有效的利用水资源进行生产活动.2005-2020年乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依、吐鲁番、昌吉、伊犁、塔城、阿克苏地区农业用水效率分别从0.56、0.57、0.44、0.713、0.563、0.657、0.663增加到1(分别增加78.57%、75.44%、127.27%、40.25%、77.62%、52.21%、50.83%).这些地区在研究期内农业用水效率增长较快,资源集约化程度提高,农业发展倾向于采取更先进的机械设备和管理水平,因此会推动农业用水效率的高效利用.
新疆生态用水效率呈下降趋势,在2005~2020年生态用水效率水平由高水平转为低水平和中等水平;从空间格局看,北疆用水效率为高水平,南疆及哈密地区生态用水效率水平较低,南疆等地区生态用水效率仍然具有一定的提升潜力.2005~2020年哈密和喀什地区生态用水效率分别从0.247和0.294下降至0.114(53.85%)和0.151(48.64%),效率水平维持在低水平;和田和巴州地区生态用水效率分别从0.983和1降至0.637和0.744(35.20%和22.60%),都由高水平转为中等水平,这可能与人类活动有一定关系.哈密地下水超采已对哈密盆地绿洲带的生态环境造成巨大影响[36-37];和田地区水资源开发利用强度远远超过地区水资源生态承载力,用水效率较低[38];巴州和喀什地区水资源压力较高,水资源承载力呈轻度超载状态,人类活动在其中起一定作用[39].
生活工业用水效率整体变幅较小,效率水平以高水平为主.除伊犁、阿勒泰、克拉玛依和博州地区外,其他地区的生活用水效率空间格局变化较稳定.2005~2020年伊犁地区生活工业用水效率从0.652增加到0.838(28.53%),由中等水平转为较高水平;阿勒泰地区从0.845增加到0.976(15.50%),博州地区从0.455增加到1(119.78%),两者由较高水平和低水平都转为高水平.这说明随着节水工具的推行等生活用水管理措施加强,生活工业用水效率相对落后的区域不断改进,水资源浪费的行为也在日渐减少.克拉玛依生活工业用水效率从0.956减少到0.774(19.04%),由高水平转为中等水平,可能是因为克拉玛依地区地下水(开采量12890×104m3)超采严重,导致水资源承载力超载[40],水资源供需矛盾突出,节约集约利用率低,效率有所下降.
农业用水效率涉及到的用水量、农业机械总动力等对食物生产产量等具有重要影响;碳储存与人类生活活动等息息相关;生境质量、土壤保持、产水量及绿地休闲更多涉及到远离人类生产生活活动的区域,与生态用水效率密切相关.因此本文对食物生产与农业用水效率(FD&SC)、生境质量与生态用水效率(HQ&ST)、碳储存与生活工业用水效率(CS&SH)、土壤保持与生态用水效率(SDR&ST)、绿地休闲与生态用水效率(RS&ST)及产水量与生态用水效率(RS&ST)的关系进行耦合协调分析.
表2划分标准,判定其各项生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调水平(图4).从2005年到2020年,食物生产和农业用水效率、绿地休闲和生态用水效率的耦合协调度分别以0.057/a和0.013/a的速率上升;碳储存与生活工业用水效率的耦合协调度以0.006/a的速率下降;生境质量、土壤保持、产水量与生态用水效率的耦合协调度分别以0.052/a、0.024/a、0.023/a的速率下降.
2005~2020年,FD&SC耦合协调度处于稳定上升趋势,从0.1升到0.995,表明食物生产和农业用水效率的协调性逐渐增强,已达到高度协调水平,这与新疆各地州农业技术及机械设备的提高都有一定关系.RS&ST耦合协调度呈波动上升趋势,从2005年的0.315上升至2020年的0.671,耦合协调度水平也从轻度失调上升为基本协调.表明绿地休闲与生态用水效率的协调性以波动的方式逐渐增强,且逐渐达到基本协调的状态.
CS&SH耦合协调度呈先降低后升高的趋势,从2005年的0.995降至2020年的0.746,由高度协调转为基本协调.其中2005~2010年耦合协调度减少了89.95%,由高度协调转为高度失调;2010~2020年耦合协调度大幅增加,由高度协调转为基本协调,整体说明碳储存与生活工业用水效率的协调性呈减弱趋势.
2005~2020年,SDR&ST和WY&ST耦合协调度呈先减少后增加的态势,与生态用水效率的变化趋势近似.2015年SDR&ST和WY&ST耦合协调度均达到了最低值0.1(高度失调),在2020年又升至0.757和0.764(基本协调);2020虽有回升,但远低于2005年(0.947和0.933),说明SDR&ST和WY&ST协调性总体呈降低趋势,在2020年都处于基本协调的状态.HQ&ST耦合协调度呈逐年降低趋势.2005~2020年从0.995逐年降低至0.251(74.77%),由高度协调转为轻度失调,表明HQ&ST耦合协调度的协调性呈减弱趋势,这与生态用水效率的变化是一致的,与区域降水量的减少相关,2005~2020年新疆降水量从2281.9mm降至1517.2mm(33.51%).
图5可知,新疆生态系统服务与用水效率耦合协调度存在明显的空间分异规律.2020年FD&SC的耦合协调度整体较高,以高度协调为主,HQ&ST耦合协调度整体较差,以轻度失调为主,CS&SH呈“西北低东南高”空间分布,RS&ST、SDR&ST及WY&ST呈北高南低的空间分布.
新疆FD&SC的耦合协调度在2005年以高度失调为主(88.87%),其余11.13%为轻度失调;2020年都转为高度协调(100%).说明新疆各地州食物生产与农业用水效率关联度较强,近年来新疆用水大部分都应用于农业生产方面,且受流域内气候等影响,各地州FD&SC的耦合协调度水平逐渐上升.新疆HQ&ST的耦合协调度在2005年以高度协调(51.82%)为主,集中在北疆和南疆西部,到2020年高度协调的范围减少到4.49%,范围向西部缩减;轻度失调的范围从2005年的43.84%增加到2020年的73.36%,范围向西部延伸;高度失调的范围从2005年的4.35%增加到2020年的21.38%,增加区域集中在哈密和和田.
新疆CS&SH的耦合协调度在2005年以基本协调为主(34.05%),集中在巴州和阿勒泰地区,到2020年基本失调的范围增加到44.25%,增加范围集中在和田;高度协调的范围从2005年的31.21%增加到2020年的51.50%,范围向南延伸;轻度失调的范围从2005年的34.74%减少到2020年的21.89%,范围向北缩减.
新疆RS&ST的耦合协调度在2005年以高度协调(57.63%)为主,集中在新疆中部地区,到2020年减少到19.42%,范围向北部缩减,减少范围集中在巴州和吐鲁番地区,且巴州地区转为高度失调范围;轻度失调的范围从2005年的40.96%增加到2020年的51.33%;轻度协调变化较小.新疆SDR&ST和WY&ST的耦合协调度的分布和空间演变基本一致,2005年SDR&ST和WY&ST都以高度协调(82.55%)为主,到2020年都减少到45.15%,范围向北部缩减;SDR&ST和WY&ST基本协调和高度协调的范围从2005年(17.03%和82.55%)到2020年的转为轻度失调和轻度协调(48.18%和6.68%),轻度失调范围大幅增加,扩张范围集中在南疆.
新疆FD&NY的耦合协调度处于稳定上升趋势,与农业用水效率的上升密切相关,而农业用水效率上升与褚家琦等用SBM及Malmquist模型测算新疆农业水资源绿色效率[41]的结论一致.FD&SC耦合协调度的提升可能是由于农业技术的进步导致的,
滴灌、喷灌等节水灌溉技术作用于棉花等作物[35],大幅提高了全疆农业水资源利用效率,播种面积(34.95%)和农业机械动力(57.54%)的增加也对食物生产产量有正向作用.并且国务院在2012年印发《国家农业节水纲要(2012~2020年)》,新疆积极响应政策,大力发展农业节水,促使新疆农业水资源利用效率不断提高.新疆CS&SH的耦合协调度呈先降低后升高的趋势,从高度协调降至高度失调,又升至基本协调,这与新疆生活工业用水效率的变化趋势基本一致.加之滞后性的影响[42],生活工业用水效率在2009年达到最低值(0.777),而CS&SH的耦合协调度在2010年达到最低值(0.1).
新疆RS&ST的耦合协调度呈上升趋势,可能是因为绿地休闲的增加(5.8%),而生境质量、土壤保持、产水量与生态用水效率的耦合协调度呈下降趋势,这与新疆生态用水效率的降低有一定关系.研究期间生态用水效率有恶化趋势,尤其到2020年处于低水平的哈密和喀什地区,地下水位埋深的林草地的实际蒸散发量远大于降水量,植被的生长只能依靠有限且少量的降水,且2005~2020年哈密和喀什地区年均降水量和地表水量减幅明显(降水量67.47%和53.9%,地表水量18.04%和11.04%).除自然因素对生态用水效率的影响外,人类活动在一定程度上也影响生态用水效率的变化;哈密和喀什地区在2005~2020年总人口和地区生产总值大幅增加(分别增加18.36%和688.25%),水资源需求缺口较大,其中哈密地区地下水利用量达63.6%,地下水严重超采对哈密盆地绿洲带的生态环境造成巨大影响[36];据倪明霞等[39]的研究知喀什需水量不断增加(年均增加量(2.56×108m3/年),且多年处于高水压力状况下(水压力指数0.63±1.08)并呈不断增加的趋势(年均增加量0.02).
新疆HQ&ST和RS&ST高度失调的区域增加明显,尤其HQ&ST的吐鲁番、和田和哈密地区以及RS&ST的巴州地区都由高度协调和轻度失调转为高度失调,恶化情况比较严重,可能是由气候因素与人类活动共同造成的.盐渍和风蚀使土壤生产力下降[35],土地荒漠化加剧,这些地区人口不断增加(18.42%),对水资源需求增大,但地区降水量不断减少(39.62%),通过降水补给地下水的可能性较小,有限的地表水资源造成地下水超量开采的问题,加剧土地荒漠化和土壤次生盐渍化,生态环境逐渐恶劣[39].这些地区要警惕其耦合协调关系今后可能进一步恶化的风险,需采取措施以改善生态系统服务与用水效率之间的互馈关系.
新疆产水量较水资源总量来说偏低,这可能与研究区冰川积雪融水等因素有关,与郑续等[43]研究结果类似.InVEST模型中的产水量模块以水量平衡为基础,模型运算以降水量为主,而新疆属于干旱区,降水少,蒸散大,日常生产生活用水均来源于高山冰雪融水,且新疆境内除克拉玛依地区无冰川分布外,其余地州均有冰川分布.加之全球气温变暖的背景,新疆各地区冰川加速消融;据相关研究显示,阿克苏河流流域冰川面积减少25.88%[44],玛纳斯河流域冰川平均减薄11m[45],萨吾尔山冰川总面积减少12.3%[46],新疆“三山”冰川(阿尔泰山、天山及昆仑山)均呈现不同程度的冰川面积退缩现象,冰川消融面积分别达0.75%/a、0.36%/a和0.34%/a[47],由此使冰川融水径流量快速增加,而冰川面积分布较广的阿克苏河、渭干河、叶尔羌河、和田河及克里雅河等冰川融水径流分别占总径流量的53.1%、30.8%、64.3%、59.5%及69.0%[48].冰川融水极大的增加了各流域来水量,导致模型计算的产水量相对偏少;而江西、无锡等地区由于没有冰雪覆盖,降水量丰富,蒸散小[48-50],因此产水量与水资源相差较小.这些不足有待在今后的研究中改善,通过不断改进模型以适应干旱区以及冰雪覆盖等地区.
针对以上问题和新疆实际情况,结合《新疆维吾尔自治区国土空间规划》,提出以下建议:(1)筑牢绿色生态屏障.生态用水效率低水平区集中分布在哈密和喀什地区,加强对冰川、重要水源涵养区以及湖泊湿地生态恢复,保障水资源生态循环.(2)统筹自然资源保护利用.HQ&ST和RS&ST耦合协调度中高度失调范围增加,恶化情况比较严重,要实行严格水资源管理制度,加强经济社会用水量控制,适量开采地下水,强化对地下水资源的利用管控.(3)立足区域协调发展.SDR&ST、RS&ST及WY&ST耦合协调度的结果具有明显的南北差异,因此在保护生态系统可持续的同时要坚持以北疆与南疆为重点的深度融合发展战略,推动基础设施互联互通、缩小南北疆差异,形成更加融合平衡的发展格局.(4)合理配置水资源.充分发挥政府和市场配置的双重作用,综合考虑满足人们生活、保证粮食安全、维系生态系统等基本用水需求.新疆各地州用水效率不一,农业用水方面要依据各灌区的配水定额合理分配水源;生活工业方面要依据实际居住人口及相关工业企业等按节水型社会建设进行用水控制;生态环境方面用水要进行断面水量控制.将水资源在经济社会系统和生态环境系统之间合理调配,使水资源配置格局与经济社会发展及生态环境保护相协调.
4.1 2005~2020年新疆食物生产呈明显增加趋势,有由绿洲区域向四周扩展的趋势,生境质量、碳储存、土壤保持、产水量和绿地休闲变幅较小;新疆各项生态系统服务具有明显的空间分异特征,土壤保持和产水量都在2010~2015年大幅缩减.
4.2 2005~2020年,新疆各地区农业用水效率整体提升;新疆生态用水效率变化较大,呈波动下降趋势(下降率0.013/a),且有较为明显的区域差异,北疆为高水平,南疆及哈密地区是低水平和中等水平;生活用水效率整体较高但变幅较小.
4.3 2005~2020年各项生态系统服务与用水效率的耦合协调度变化明显.其中,食物生产和农业用水效率的耦合协调度以0.057/a的速率上升,到2020年达到高度协调(0.995);但生境质量与生态用水效率的耦合协调度以0.052/a的速率降低,到2020年达到轻度失调(0.251).这表明新疆在农业生产方面水资源的配置和利用效率已经达到了高度协调的状态,但对生态环境用水的关注有待提升.
  • 新疆干旱区水循环与水利用实验室开放课题(XJYS0907-2023-06)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
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新疆干旱区水循环与水利用实验室开放课题(XJYS0907-2023-06)
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    1.新疆农业大学公共管理学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
    2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    3.新疆干旱区水循环与水利用重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    4.天山积雪雪崩新疆野外科学观测研究站,新疆 新源 835800

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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