Article(id=1241116647138848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834867510, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834867510, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834867510, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834867510, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1241, endPage=1250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116647843491994, articleId=1241116647138848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Response analysis of endogenous partial denitrification system to different categories of low molecular weight PAHs, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the tolerance of endogenous partial denitrification(EPD)system to different types of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and to explore methods to enhance the impact resistance of EPD systems, this study first acclimated EPD systems with 20mg/L PAHs(phenanthrene and anthracene), and then added other types of PAHs(anthracene, phenanthrene, and naphthalene)at concentrations of 0~80mg/L to the EPD system to analyze the mechanisms of PAHs tolerance by batch tests. The results indicated that under the stress of phenanthrene and anthracene, the EPD systems maintained a high accumulation rate of 86% for NO2--N and a removal capacity of 50% for PO43--P. In the anthracene system, the microorganisms secreted more extracellular polymeric substances to protect themselves, while a greater enrichment of PAH-RHD GNF/R and PAH-RHD GPF/R genes was observed to enhance tolerance to PAHs in the phenanthrene system. The introduction of phenanthrene and anthracene significantly enriched denitrifying glycan bacteria and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating bacteria. The denitrifying activity of the EPD system acclimated with phenanthrene was(167.429±2.321)mgN/(gVSS⋅h), and it still maintained a well phosphorus removal capacity under the stress of naphthalene and anthracene. The EPD system acclimated with anthracene maintained high NO2--N accumulation capacity under the stress of naphthalene and phenanthrene, with denitrifying bacterial activity at(220.137±0.575)mgN/(gVSS⋅h). This study provides the theoretical support for the tolerance of EPD systems to low molecular weight PAHs and also proposes insights into enhancing the impact resistance of EPS system through technological interventions, which has significant importance for optimizing the operational effectiveness of EPD in wastewater treatment.

, correspAuthors=Jian-tao JI, Bao-dan JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-xuan BAI, Ye-yu YAN, Jian-tao JI, Bao-dan JIN, Ye LIU, Jing-jing DU, Lan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116652176208247, articleId=1241116647138848892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=EPD系统对不同类别小分子量PAHs的响应分析, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究内源短程反硝化(EPD)系统对不同种类小分子量多环芳烃(PAHs)的耐受性,同时探索提高EPD系统抗冲击能力的方法,首先采用20mg/LPAHs(菲、蒽)分别驯化EPD系统,再通过批次实验向驯化的EPD系统中加入0~80mg/L其他种类的PAHs(蒽、菲、萘)分析驯化的EPD系统对不同种类PAHs的耐受性机理.结果表明,EPD系统在菲和蒽胁迫下,保持了高达86%的NO2-N积累率和50%的PO43--P去除能力.蒽系统中的微生物分泌出更多的胞外聚合物来保护自身,而菲系统富集了更多的PAH-RHD GNF/RPAH-RHD GPF/R基因来提高对PAHs的耐受性.菲和蒽的引入显著富集了反硝化聚糖菌和反硝化聚磷菌.经菲驯化的EPD系统反硝化菌活性为(167.429±2.321)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),且在萘和蒽的胁迫下仍保持良好的除磷能力,经蒽驯化的EPD系统,在萘和菲的胁迫下保持高NO2-N积累能力,且反硝化菌活性为(220.137±0.575)mgN/(gVSS⋅h).本研究为EPD系统对于小分子量PAHs耐受性以及通过技术手段提高系统抗冲击能力提供理论支持,对于优化EPD系统在污水处理中的运行效果具有显著意义.

, correspAuthors=吉建涛, 金宝丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
** 副教授,
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白芷瑄(2000-),女,河南郑州人,郑州大学硕士研究生,研究方向为污水生物处理技术..

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白芷瑄(2000-),女,河南郑州人,郑州大学硕士研究生,研究方向为污水生物处理技术..

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白芷瑄(2000-),女,河南郑州人,郑州大学硕士研究生,研究方向为污水生物处理技术..

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Water Research2022223:119023., articleTitle=Transformation and toxicity dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a novel biological-constructed wetland-microalgal wastewater treatment process, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241116663521800400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, awardId=42007340, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007340), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116663605686494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, awardId=42377375, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42377375), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241116652499169665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116652507558274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, companyId=1241116652499169665, 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of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116653933621664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, companyId=1241116653782626714, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.郑州轻工业大学材料与化学工程学院,河南 郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116659725956014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Variation of EPS concentration in different systems, figureFileSmall=FwbafDo+xy/u9fF4F6RuZg==, figureFileBig=AO8r3yZZQwddPo7B1u3Pcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659809842103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同系统EPS浓度变化, figureFileSmall=FwbafDo+xy/u9fF4F6RuZg==, figureFileBig=AO8r3yZZQwddPo7B1u3Pcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660048917463, 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articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同EPD系统功能基因的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=g4Eviti9t7DQF+tI5GYb+A==, figureFileBig=sJKkzPArkwT7F+ygRatBQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660426403856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microbial community structure, figureFileSmall=KPuJ8m4RL66tyRw0LWYX5w==, figureFileBig=LFZaRHH7UyA7eYKNHnXYPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660573204514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微生物群落结构, figureFileSmall=KPuJ8m4RL66tyRw0LWYX5w==, figureFileBig=LFZaRHH7UyA7eYKNHnXYPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660694839346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Tolerance of system P1to other types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, figureFileSmall=Kc+rc7Z614XQYAt6R9EfAg==, figureFileBig=btgGh9l9TYZV2Tdc0Svqbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660787114047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=图5, caption=P1系统对其他种类PAHs的耐受性, figureFileSmall=Kc+rc7Z614XQYAt6R9EfAg==, figureFileBig=btgGh9l9TYZV2Tdc0Svqbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660866805833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Tolerance of system P2 to other types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, figureFileSmall=FzWBSLJA8AeQe9NtFNz88g==, figureFileBig=BCKu+chVVvvMgUEhKi+1ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660988440661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=图6, caption=P2系统对其他种类PAHs的耐受性, figureFileSmall=FzWBSLJA8AeQe9NtFNz88g==, figureFileBig=BCKu+chVVvvMgUEhKi+1ZA==, tableContent=null), 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Operating conditions and performance of various systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位进水出水
P0P1P2
CODmg/L300.14±6.2342.47±6.1939.13±4.7336.31±5.11
NO3--N68.27±2.241.91±1.740.68±0.570.39±0.38
NO2--N0.11±0.0827.41±2.7927.49±2.3226.33±2.02
PO43--P10.04±0.555.28±1.244.35±1.145.06±1.64
NO3--N去除(NRE)%/97.2±2.2599.3±0.896.4±3.58
NTR/85.9±8.4886.49±3.3686.52±13.74
PO43--P去除(PRE)/47.63±14.2356.14±13.549.53±17.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662875877515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各系统的运行情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位进水出水
P0P1P2
CODmg/L300.14±6.2342.47±6.1939.13±4.7336.31±5.11
NO3--N68.27±2.241.91±1.740.68±0.570.39±0.38
NO2--N0.11±0.0827.41±2.7927.49±2.3226.33±2.02
PO43--P10.04±0.555.28±1.244.35±1.145.06±1.64
NO3--N去除(NRE)%/97.2±2.2599.3±0.896.4±3.58
NTR/85.9±8.4886.49±3.3686.52±13.74
PO43--P去除(PRE)/47.63±14.2356.14±13.549.53±17.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662997512347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in PAHs concentration in influent and effluent for various systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位进水P1P2
PHEmg/L200.064±0.167/
ANTmg/L20/14.558±0.184
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663127535788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各系统中PAHs进出水浓度变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位进水P1P2
PHEmg/L200.064±0.167/
ANTmg/L20/14.558±0.184
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663261753531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116647138848892, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of the α diversity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统多样性指数
SobsAceChaoShannonSimpsonCoverage
P01726917269172694.7940030.0326581
P11607216072160725.0535320.0227131
P21660916609166094.9774560.0264961
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α多样性指数结果

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P11607216072160725.0535320.0227131
P21660916609166094.9774560.0264961
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EPD系统对不同类别小分子量PAHs的响应分析
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白芷瑄 1 , 闫业宇 2 , 吉建涛 1, * , 金宝丹 2, ** , 刘叶 2 , 杜京京 2 , 王兰 2
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1241-1250
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1241-1250
EPD系统对不同类别小分子量PAHs的响应分析
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白芷瑄1 , 闫业宇2, 吉建涛1, * , 金宝丹2, ** , 刘叶2, 杜京京2, 王兰2
作者信息
  • 1.郑州大学生态与环境学院,河南 郑州 450001
  • 2.郑州轻工业大学材料与化学工程学院,河南 郑州 450001
  • 白芷瑄(2000-),女,河南郑州人,郑州大学硕士研究生,研究方向为污水生物处理技术..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
** 副教授,
Response analysis of endogenous partial denitrification system to different categories of low molecular weight PAHs
Zhi-xuan BAI1 , Ye-yu YAN2, Jian-tao JI1, * , Bao-dan JIN2, ** , Ye LIU2, Jing-jing DU2, Lan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2.School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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为了探究内源短程反硝化(EPD)系统对不同种类小分子量多环芳烃(PAHs)的耐受性,同时探索提高EPD系统抗冲击能力的方法,首先采用20mg/LPAHs(菲、蒽)分别驯化EPD系统,再通过批次实验向驯化的EPD系统中加入0~80mg/L其他种类的PAHs(蒽、菲、萘)分析驯化的EPD系统对不同种类PAHs的耐受性机理.结果表明,EPD系统在菲和蒽胁迫下,保持了高达86%的NO2-N积累率和50%的PO43--P去除能力.蒽系统中的微生物分泌出更多的胞外聚合物来保护自身,而菲系统富集了更多的PAH-RHD GNF/RPAH-RHD GPF/R基因来提高对PAHs的耐受性.菲和蒽的引入显著富集了反硝化聚糖菌和反硝化聚磷菌.经菲驯化的EPD系统反硝化菌活性为(167.429±2.321)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),且在萘和蒽的胁迫下仍保持良好的除磷能力,经蒽驯化的EPD系统,在萘和菲的胁迫下保持高NO2-N积累能力,且反硝化菌活性为(220.137±0.575)mgN/(gVSS⋅h).本研究为EPD系统对于小分子量PAHs耐受性以及通过技术手段提高系统抗冲击能力提供理论支持,对于优化EPD系统在污水处理中的运行效果具有显著意义.

内源短程反硝化  /  多环芳烃  /  耐受性  /  功能基因  /  菌群结构  /  反硝化菌活性

In order to investigate the tolerance of endogenous partial denitrification(EPD)system to different types of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and to explore methods to enhance the impact resistance of EPD systems, this study first acclimated EPD systems with 20mg/L PAHs(phenanthrene and anthracene), and then added other types of PAHs(anthracene, phenanthrene, and naphthalene)at concentrations of 0~80mg/L to the EPD system to analyze the mechanisms of PAHs tolerance by batch tests. The results indicated that under the stress of phenanthrene and anthracene, the EPD systems maintained a high accumulation rate of 86% for NO2--N and a removal capacity of 50% for PO43--P. In the anthracene system, the microorganisms secreted more extracellular polymeric substances to protect themselves, while a greater enrichment of PAH-RHD GNF/R and PAH-RHD GPF/R genes was observed to enhance tolerance to PAHs in the phenanthrene system. The introduction of phenanthrene and anthracene significantly enriched denitrifying glycan bacteria and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating bacteria. The denitrifying activity of the EPD system acclimated with phenanthrene was(167.429±2.321)mgN/(gVSS⋅h), and it still maintained a well phosphorus removal capacity under the stress of naphthalene and anthracene. The EPD system acclimated with anthracene maintained high NO2--N accumulation capacity under the stress of naphthalene and phenanthrene, with denitrifying bacterial activity at(220.137±0.575)mgN/(gVSS⋅h). This study provides the theoretical support for the tolerance of EPD systems to low molecular weight PAHs and also proposes insights into enhancing the impact resistance of EPS system through technological interventions, which has significant importance for optimizing the operational effectiveness of EPD in wastewater treatment.

endogenous partial denitrification  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  /  tolerance  /  functional genes  /  microbial community structure  /  denitrifying bacteria activity
白芷瑄, 闫业宇, 吉建涛, 金宝丹, 刘叶, 杜京京, 王兰. EPD系统对不同类别小分子量PAHs的响应分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1241 -1250 .
Zhi-xuan BAI, Ye-yu YAN, Jian-tao JI, Bao-dan JIN, Ye LIU, Jing-jing DU, Lan WANG. Response analysis of endogenous partial denitrification system to different categories of low molecular weight PAHs[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1241 -1250 .
近年来厌氧氨氧化技术因其高效节能的优点被广泛关注,而稳定的NO2--N供给是厌氧氨氧化技术推广的关键[1].短程硝化系统(PN)(NH4+-N→NO2--N)、短程反硝化系统(PD)(NO3--N→NO2--N)是目前NO2--N供应的主流技术,但是由于亚硝酸盐氧化菌的生长,使PN过程中NO2--N的积累缺乏稳定性[2],而PD系统能够更加稳定积累NO2--N,但是PD系统存在不能有效去除PO43--P的短板.与直接利用外部碳源的PD系统相比,以内碳源聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)为电子供体的内源短程反硝化系统(EPD)最大限度地提高了有机物的利用效率,能够避免有机物对于厌氧氨氧化的影响[3].同时,EPD系统通过强化聚糖菌(GAOs)的反硝化性能实现NO2--N的稳定积累,并且通过富集的聚磷菌(PAOs)实现对PO43--P的去除[4].同时研究发现,反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)能够以NO2--N为电子受体实现反硝化除磷[5].而相关研究认为,反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)具有较好的脱氮能力,为EPD系统与厌氧氨氧化耦合创造良好条件[6].因此,EPD系统具有为厌氧氨氧化与反硝化除磷耦合创造生存空间的潜力,可以解决传统厌氧氨氧化工艺在除磷方面的缺陷.
随着工业化进程的加快,新兴污染物(ECs)在环境中被频繁检出,因其具有环境持久性和生物积累效应对生态稳定和环境健康有较大危害[7-10],城市污水处理厂不仅是污水集中处理的地点,也是ECs发生迁移和转化的核心区域.PAHs是一种典型的新兴污染物[11],具有毒性、致畸性和致癌性[12].研究发现,根据分子量PAHs可分为两大类:低分子量PAHs和高分子量PAHs,与高分子量PAHs相比,低分子量PAHs具有更高的挥发性,在水中的溶解度也更高,更容易在环境中迁移,生物利用率也更高[13],因此,环境危害性更大.然而,随着工业化和城市化的不断发展,越来越多含PAHs的废水排入自然水体,对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁.有研究表明[14-15],在污水处理厂的进水和出水中均检测到PAHs的存在,且PAHs对废水传统生物处理过程的脱氮除磷效率均具有影响.研究发现[16],PAHs提高了总氮和COD的去除率,但降低了PO43--P的去除率,此外,在添加PAHs的双污泥系统中富集了NitrospiraeHydrogenophagaHyphomicrobium等反硝化菌(DNB),有助于提高反硝化性能.目前大多数研究主要关注大分子量PAHs对传统污水处理工艺的影响,而关注小分子量PAHs对EPD系统的影响研究较少,因此,深入研究EPD系统对于小分子量PAHs耐受性以及通过技术手段提高其抗冲击能力,进而强化EPD运行效果,在污水处理过程中具有重要意义.
为了探究EPD系统对不同种类小分子量PAHs的耐受性,同时探索提高EPD系统抗冲击能力的方法,本研究首先采用单一种类PAHs(菲:PHE,蒽:ANT)分别驯化EPD系统,考察不同种类的PAHs对EPD系统NO2--N、NO3--N、PO43--P和COD等去除效果的影响.其次,通过评估EPS含量、关键酶活性、抗性基因等指标,分析其对不同种类PAHs的抗冲击能力.最后,通过批次实验将不同种类不同浓度的PAHs(萘、菲、蒽:NAP、PHE、ANT)引入经PAHs驯化的EPD系统,考察NO2--N积累率、NO3--N和PO43--P去除率以及反硝化活性,研究驯化EPD系统对其他种类PAHs的抗冲击能力.研究结果可为EPD系统对于小分子量PAHs耐受性以及提高EPD系统抗冲击能力提供理论基础和技术支持.
试验所用活性污泥取自郑州市某城市污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥.进水C/N维持在(4.0±0.5).其中,采用无水CH3COONa作为碳源,NaNO3作为氮源,KH2PO4作为磷源,试验分2次进水,其中进水Ⅰ:COD为280~320mg/L、PAHs,进水Ⅱ:NO3--N为68~71mg/L,PO43--P为9~10.5mg/L.
在每升废水中添加以下微量元素以维持微生物的生长代谢:0.03g CuSO4·5H2O,0.06g Na2MoO4·2H2O,0.12g MnCl2·4H2O,0.12g ZnSO4·7H2O,1.5g H3BO3,0.15g CoCl2·6H2O,和0.18g KI;1.5g FeCl3·6H2O,10g EDTA.
本研究采用3个12L实验室规模的序批式反应器(SBR)来构建3个EPD系统,分别为P0、P1和P2,其中,P0作为空白对照组、P1中加入PHE、P2中加入ANT,PHE和ANT浓度首先在低浓度1mg/L进行适应运行20d,2mg/L进行适应运行20d,稳定后增加至20mg/L并稳定运行23d.pH值不受控制,反应温度为室温.
系统运行方式:厌氧搅拌2h(包括进水Ⅰ)、缺氧搅拌1h(包括进水Ⅱ)、沉淀0.5h、排水10min、好氧搅拌0.5h,每天运行4个周期,排水比为50%.PAHs随进水Ⅰ进入EPD系统.
为了探究经过某一种类PAHs驯化的EPD系统对其他种类PAHs的抗冲击性,将主反应器中的污泥转移到有效体积为250mL的锥形瓶中.并保持各瓶中污泥浓度相同(约3500mg/L),废水性质与主反应器相同.批次实验分析选择了3种类型的多环芳烃ANT、PHE、NAP,浓度分别控制0,10,20,40,80mg/L,运行方式与主反应器相同.
所有水样均用定量滤纸过滤,NO2--N、NO3--N和PO43--P的测定采用标准法测定[17].化学需氧量(COD)采用快速消解分光光度法测定.悬浮污泥浓度(MLSS)、可挥发性悬浮污泥浓度(MLVSS)采用重量法测定[17].胞外聚合物(EPS),采用加热法提取,蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)分别采用福林酚试剂法和硫酸蒽酮法[16]测定,脱氢酶(DH)采用INT法[18]测定.过氧化物酶(POD)采用试剂盒进行检测(南京建成).使用配备DB-5MS色谱柱的Agilent 7890B色谱系统(GC/MS)以色谱法测定PAHs[19].
在系统运行末期,分别从3组反应器中采集污泥样本记为P0、P1、P2,使用Illumina测序平台进行测序分析.反硝化功能基因和PAHs功能基因由上海Wcgene生物科技有限公司完成[20].原始数据已提交至NCBI(序列号:SRP533955).针对宏基因组数据的处理,本文应用了RPKM方法进行归一化,以此校正了基因长度和测序深度对转录丰度估计的影响.
NO2--N转化率(NTR)[3]
式中:NO3-eff、NO2-eff是出水中NO3--N、NO2--N的浓度,mg/L;NO3-inf、NO2-inf是进水中NO3--N、NO2--N的浓度,mg/L;V是系统的有效体积,L;Vi是每周期进水的体积,L.
DNB活性[21]
式中:ΔNO2--N表示从开始反应到NO2--N浓度最高值之间的NO2--N浓度的变化值,mg/L;Δt表示NO2--N积累达到峰值的时间,h.
表1可知,加入20mg/LPAHs,3个EPD系统均表现出较好的有机物去除能力,出水中的COD含量均较低,其中,P2系统中的COD出水浓度最低,为(36.31±5.11)mg/L,P0系统中的COD出水浓度最高,为(42.47±6.19)mg/L,说明PAHs并未对EPD系统中COD的去除效果产生负面影响.这与Jin等[20]的研究结果一致.
表1可知,PAHs对于EPD系统反硝化影响较小,P0、P1和P2系统出水中NO3--N浓度较低,仅为(0.39±0.38)~(1.91±1.74)mg/L,NRE为(99.3%±0.8%)~(96.40%±3.58%).可见,20mg/LPAHs的引入未影响EPD系统的NO3--N去除能力,这也印证了反硝化菌对PAHs具有较强的耐受性[16].EPD系统长期暴露在含PHE和ANT的废水中会对PAHs有一定的适应能力,且能够促进NO3--N的还原.研究发现,NO3-是PAHs降解的最佳电子受体[22],有利于NO3--N的去除和PAHs的降解.同时由表1可知,P0、P1、P2系统中NO2--N浓度相似,NTR为(85.9%±8.48%)~(86.52%±13.74%),可见,PAHs对于EPD系统NO2--N积累影响较小.此外,3个系统中PO43--P出水浓度基本维持在4~5mg/L,P1系统的PO43--P去除效果最好,P2次之.有研究发现PAOs可以利用PAHs,将其作为内碳源进行储存用于生物除磷过程[15],而DPAOs能够以NO2--N为电子受体实现反硝化除磷[5,23],PAOs和DPAOs的存在使EPD系统表现出一定的PO43--P去除能力.
EPS作为活性污泥的重要组成部分,不仅为微生物提供了附着和生长的基质,还参与细胞间的信息传递和物质交换.研究表明,恶劣环境下微生物能够分泌较多的EPS保护其免受外界环境的影响,增强微生物的存活率和生长速率[24].因此,EPS对于活性污泥系统的稳定性具有重要的作用.
图1可知,3个系统中的EPS含量具有显著的区别,P2系统中EPS含量最高为1601.05mgCOD/g VSS,P1系统中EPS含量最低为1084.81mgCOD/g VSS,说明ANT对于EPD系统毒性最大,造成微生物分泌丰富的EPS抵抗外界压力.3个系统中的PN含量分别为875.94,751.80,1002.72mgCOD/g VSS,PS含量分别为577.08,333.02,598.332mgCOD/g VSS,因此,PAHs对于EPD系统中EPS成分具有显著的影响.在本研究中,P2系统中EPS及PN含量最高,为ANT提供了更多的吸附位点[25],在较多的ANT包围下,微生物被刺激分泌出更多的EPS来维持微生物的活性,也可说明ANT比PHE具有更大的生物毒性.同时,Zhang等[26]发现,PN/PS比值与NO2--N积累呈正相关.P1中的PN/PS比值最高,为2.26,该系统中NO2--N积累率最大.
微生物降解、污泥吸附、光解、氧化以及混凝絮凝等手段均能有效降解PAHs[27].由表2可知,P1系统中残余的PHE一直处于较低浓度,去除率达到99.68%,而P2系统中的出水ANT浓度则处于较高浓度水平,去除率仅为27.21%.这可能与P2系统中较高的PN含量有关(图1),较高的EPS及PN为ANT提供了更多的吸附位点,使ANT被吸附至污泥表面,环境变化时发生释放现象,从而导致生物降解效果较差[25],导致P2系统中ANT残留浓度较高.Jin等[20]曾报道,PHE对反硝化过程影响最小,且生物去除率最高,ANT次之,这与本实验结果一致,说明PAHs对反硝化细菌的毒性或抑制作用可能与反硝化过程中PAHs去除的效率直接相关.NO3-为PAHs降解提供电子受体,使得P1和P2系统中PHE和ANT出现不同程度的降解.此外,PAHs降解也可能与PNGs相关,相同的功能微生物的抗性基因不同也会导致不同的PAHs去除率[20].
过氧化物酶(POD)是一种氧化还原酶,它使用过氧化氢作为电子受体来催化氧化反应[28],它可以通过与过氧化氢和类似分子反应来催化各种有机和无机底物的氧化.脱氢酶(DH)是普遍存在于微生物中的一种催化底物去掉氢的酶,它在有机物的分解过程中具有关键作用[29],是微生物降解有机污染物,获取能量的必需酶[18].可见,POD和DH均是与有机污染物降解有关的酶,是衡量COD与PAHs降解程度的指标,反映了微生物对有机物的降解和利用能力.实验结果可知,P1系统中POD和DH活性最高,分别为25.94U/mgprot和1.02EU/gVSS,P0和P2系统中的POD活性相似,分别为15.22和15.29U/mgprot,与P1系统相比,P0和P2两个系统中的DH活性较低,分别为0.31和0.23EU/gVSS.Sakshi等研究发现,POD和DH在PAHs降解中起着关键作用[30].可见,PHE的引入能够显著提高POD和DH活性,与P1系统有着较低的PHE残留一致.而P2系统中的POD和DH活性较低,因此ANT残留较多.
硝酸盐还原酶(narGnapA)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(nirKnirS)、一氧化二氮还原酶(nosZ)和一氧化氮还原酶(norB)均是氮转化过程中的关键酶,其功能基因的丰度在一定程度上可以反应微生物的氮转化能力[31],由图3可知,PAHs对于反硝化功能基因具有显著的影响.
图3(a)可知,P1系统中,napAnarG基因的相对丰度最高,分别达到了0.00381和0.00088,相较于对照组P0(0.00346、0.00040)分别提升了10%和120%.这表明,PHE的存在促进了P1系统中硝酸盐还原酶活性的增强.P2系统napAnarG基因的丰度最低,分别为0.00296和0.00023.可见,ANT的加入对这两种基因的富集产生了抑制作用.napAnarG丰度的增加提高了P1系统中NO3--N还原为NO2--N的能力,从而促进了NO2--N的积累,与实验中NO2--N积累效果一致.然而,ANT的加入在一定程度上抑制了napAnarG的表达,造成P2系统中NO3--N还原为NO2--N能力下降,NO2--N积累较少.
图3(b)可知,不同样品的nirSnirK基因相对丰度表现出显著差异,具体数值分别为0.04698和0.00012(P0)、0.06162和0.0000797(P1)和0.05159和0.00010(P2),可见nirS基因相对丰度显著高于nirK基因丰度,这一对比揭示出nirK相较于nirS基因对PAHs更为敏感,且在PAHs存在的情况下更易受到抑制.同时发现,3个系统中的nirSnirK基因的丰度显著高于napAnarG基因的丰度,可能是因为在后续的曝气恢复阶段使系统中的NO2--N进一步被转化并脱离系统,从而促进了nirSnirK基因的富集,而且DPAOs和DGAOs中均具有nirSnirK基因,较高的微生物丰度也促进了nirSnirK基因的富集.P0中较低的nirSnirK基因相对丰度揭示了其具有较好的NO2--N积累效果的原因.P1系统中nirS基因相对丰度最高,不利于NO2--N的积累,但nirK基因相对丰度最低,在二者的共同作用下P1系统表现出较好的NO2--N积累效果.对于P2系统,虽然napAnarG基因相对丰度较低,但该系统nirSnirK基因相对丰度均不高,在二者的作用下,脱氮过程容易被停留在NO2--N阶段,系统中的NO2--N不易被转化为N2O和NO,有利于NO2--N的积累.
图3(c)可知,在对照组P0中,nosZ(0.02901)和norB(0.00575)的相对丰度明显高于P1(0.020403、0.00015)和P2(0.016754、0.00031),且P2系统中nosZnorB相对丰度最低,这表明PAHs的存在抑制了nosZnorB的富集,导致N2O和NO向N2的转化减少,阻碍反硝化脱氮的过程.
图3(d)可知,P1中GNF/RGPF/R的相对丰度最高,分别达到了0.00457和0.00011,而P0系统中GNF/RGPF/R基因的相对丰度最低,分别为4.88×10-5和4.10×10-5.与P0相比,GNF/R在P1中的相对丰度提高了92.73倍,而GPF/R则提高了25.6倍.然而,在P2系统中,GNF/RGPF/R相对P0仅分别提高了23%(5.98×10-5)和921%(4.19×10-5),这与系统内PHE和ANT降解正相关.结果进一步表明,PAHs在促进GNF/RGPF/R基因富集方面的积极作用,进一步证实EPD系统对PAH和ANT的降解潜力.此外,GNF/RGPF/R基因的富集还表明EPD系统在处理复杂污染物方面的潜在优势.
为了进一步探究PHE和ANT对EPD系统的影响,选取运行末期的污泥样品,进行α多样性分析.结果表明,每个样本都稀释到16,000条序列(测序的最低数量),覆盖率均达到100%,测序深度足以确定这些样本中的微生物菌群(表3).Ace、Chao、Sobs和Simpson指数的趋势一致,P1中指数最低,为16072和0.022713.然而,P1中的Shannon指数最高,为5.053532.P2次之,Shannon指数为4.977456.这表明,P1和P2中的微生物群落多样性均高于P0,即PAHs丰富了EPD系统内微生物物种的数量.
3个样品中检测到2979个共同的OTU,其中P1和P2间共同的OTU(317)数量最多,这表明,P1和P2更具同源性.
为进一步探究3个EPD系统中NO2--N积累和PO43--P去除性能差异的内部机制,将3个系统运行末期的污泥样品进行高通量测序分析,观察不同系统中微生物多样性和结构变化.微生物在门水平的群落结构如图4(a)所示,在EPD系统长期运行中,投加PAHs会造成系统内微生物在门水平上的差异.
在门水平中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是P1、P2系统中的优势门,在P1和P2系统中的丰度分别为65.87%和60.37%,在P0系统中的丰度为28.75%.Proteobacteria在反硝化过程中起主导作用,高丰度的Proteobacteria是系统中高NTR的保证[32].从图4(a)可以看出,引入PAHs促进了Proteobacteria的富集,而PHE对于Proteobacteria的富集作用尤为显著.此外,Proteobacteria被发现具有降解PAHs的能力,是最主要的PAHs降解门[33],与P1和P2系统中PHE和ANT的降解正相关.拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota也是常见的反硝化菌,同时在除磷过程中起重要作用[34].Bacteroidota在P0系统中为优势菌群丰度为32.39%,但是在P1和P2系统中的丰度仅为5.61%、7.36%.Proteobacteria和Bacteroidota均可以保证NO2--N的高效积累.绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi也是EPD系统中常见的反硝化细菌,其相对丰度的变化趋势同Proteobacteria一致,P1和P2中的丰度较P0(5.2%)分别提高至8.51%和8.31%,猜测Chloroflexi可能也具有PHE和ANT降解的能力,也证实了P1和P2系统中PHE和ANT降解性能差异.试验结果表明,PHE和ANT并未改变EPD系统菌群的组成,但改变了反硝化菌群的丰度.
在属水平上,Unclassified f Candidatus Competibacteraceae可以利用自身合成的PHAs进行内源性反硝化[6].实验结果表明,在P0系统该菌属中含量较低,其丰度仅为1.05%,而在P1和P2系统中,其丰度增长至8.60%和9.06%.说明PAHs会促进系统中Unclassified f Candidatus Competibacteraceae的富集.研究表明,Candidatus Competibacter是典型的DGAOs,主要为NO2--N积累作贡献[35],可实现内源性反硝化,促进NO3--N向NO2--N的转化[36].结果表明,P0中该菌属的丰度仅为0.28%,而在P1和P2系统中的丰度增加至5.41%和6.59%.可见,PAHs的引入促进了Candidatus Competibacter的富集,也是P1和P2系统可以实现NO2--N高效积累的主要原因.Thauera是一种与NO3--N还原和NO2--N积累相关的反硝化菌,Thauera作为DPAOs属的一种功能性细菌,被发现能够反硝化除磷从而实现PO43--P的去除[37].Thauera为P1系统的优势菌群,丰度为9.03%,P0系统中的丰度最低,仅为1.16%.这表明PAHs不会抑制Thauera的富集,而且对PHE的适应性强于ANT.Candidatus ContendobacterCandidatus Accumulibacter,也被认为是DPAOs的成员,有助于磷酸盐的去除[38-39].P0系统中这两种菌属丰度较低(0.47%、0.20%),在P1和P2系统中分别升高至5.41%、6.59%和2.82%、1.38%.这表明,Candidatus ContendobacterCandidatus Accumulibacter对PAHs有较高的耐受性.因此,可以推断Unclassified f Candidatus CompetibacteraceaeCandidatus Competibacter是实现NO2--N积累的主要功能属.而ThaueraCandidatus ContendobacterCandidatus Accumulibacter主要利用NO3--N进行反硝化实现PO43--P的去除.可见,PHE和ANT的引入并未影响反硝化性能,同时,显著富集了DGAOs和DPAOs菌,有利于NO2--N的积累和PO43--P的去除.
图5(a)可知,向P1系统中加入0~80mg/L的ANT时,出水中的NO3--N浓度维持在(0.93±0.45)mg/L,NRE稳定在98%左右,说明向P1系统中加入ANT并未影响NO3--N的去除.此外,P1系统中的NO2--N积累情况较好,加入ANT后,出水NO2--N浓度保持在(26.2±2.39)~(29.92±3.59)mg/L,NTR维持在(73.34%±7.34%)(图5(c)).可见ANT对P1系统内源短程反硝化过程影响较小,实现NO2--N高效积累.由图5(e)可知,ANT对于P1系统PO43--P的去除效果影响较小,PO43--P去除率保持在(52.08%±16.62%).由于P1系统富集了DGAOs和DPAOs,因此经PHE驯化的EPD系统暴露在ANT环境中同样具有一定的耐受性,同时推测P1系统中驯化出的能够降解PHE的功能菌群对ANT同样具有一定的降解性,因此,P1系统中NO2--N积累和PO43--P去除效果均较好.
图5(b)可知,NAP对P1系统NO3--N去除影响较大,NRE从98.28%(0mg/LPAHs)降低至(68.98%±8.16%).此外,NO2--N积累效果变差,从29.92mg/L(0mg/LPAHs)下降至(14.12±3.64)mg/L,NTR仅为(57.15%±13.39%),说明NAP抑制P1系统中内源短程反硝化作用.Lu等的研究中发现,NAP较容易被生物降解[40],因此其毒性更容易进入微生物体内,从而干扰了系统中的反硝化过程或微生物群落的平衡.由图5(f)可知,加入了NAP后,在厌氧段DPAOs的释磷过程受到抑制,在缺氧段PO43--P去除率为(51.11%±9.77%).研究发现[23],DPAOs可以利用NO2-作为电子受体,对PO43--P进行去除.结合其较差的NO2--N积累效果,猜测可能是NAP促进了DPAOs对NO2-的利用,导致NO2--N积累效果变差.
P2系统引入0~80mg/LPHE时(图6(a,c,e)),NO3--N出水浓度维持0.5mg/L以下,NO3--N去除率达到(98.52%±0.76%),但是NO2--N出水浓度由27.19mg/L(0mg/LPAHs)降低至(20.32±3.48)mg/L,NTR由79.33%(0mg/LPAHs)降低至(60.26%±10.18%),可见PHE对于NO3--N向NO2--N转化的效率有一定影响,但仍可以保持较好的NO2--N积累效果.
然而,PHE对P2系统PO43--P去除有较大影响,当加入20mg/L的PHE时,出水PO43--P浓度为10.53mg/L,完全破坏了除磷过程.由图6(b,d,f)可知,P2系统中加入NAP后,NO3--N和NO2--N出水浓度分别为(9.67±5.19)mg/L和(28.1±2.74)mg/L,这表明被消耗的NO3--N几乎全用于转化为NO2--N,但PO43--P去除过程遭到严重的破坏,出水浓度为(11.04±0.72)mg/L,这可能是由于DGAOs和DPAOs之间存在电子竞争,使DPAOs处于劣势,导致PO43--P去除效果较差.
为了探究经过PHE和ANT驯化后的EPD活性污泥是否对其他种类的PAHs同样具有耐受性,通过NO2--N积累速率(rNO2-N)表示DNB的活性[21].由图7可以看出向经过PHE和ANT驯化后的活性污泥加入其他种类的PAHs后,其DNB的活性具有显著差别.
图7(a)可知,经过PHE驯化的EPD活性污泥可以较好的抵抗投加ANT带来的有毒环境,其DNB的活性未受到抑制,仍保持在165.108~180.458mgN/(gVSS⋅h).然而,向P1系统投加NAP后,其DNB活性明显受到抑制,其活性从169.75mgN/(gVSS⋅h)(0mg/LPAHs)降低至(70.236±3.483)mgN/(gVSS⋅h).可见,PHE的驯化使DNB不仅对ANT产生了耐受性,同时增加了对ANT毒性的抵抗能力,而PHE驯化的DNB对于NAP耐受性较差.由图7(b)可知,ANT驯化后污泥中的DNB活性最高,为(196.89±23.82)mgN/(gVSS⋅h)(0mg/LPAHs),说明DNB可以较好地适应被ANT胁迫的环境.向P2系统中加入PHE后,DNB活性略有下降,从220.711mgN/(gVSS⋅h)(0mg/LPAHs)下降至(201.716±2.737)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),说明经过ANT驯化的DNB在面对PHE胁迫的环境下依然有较高的活性,向P2系统中加入NAP后DNB的活性出现降低,从219.562mgN/(gVSS⋅h)(0mg/LPAHs)下降至(191.87±13.826)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),说明经ANT驯化后的DNB对PHE的耐受性强于NAP.
3.1 EPD系统对PHE有着较好的耐受性,在PHE胁迫的环境中依然可以保持86.49%的NTR和56.14%的PRE.PAHs的存在促进了PAHs抗性基因的富集,ANT刺激微生物分泌更多的EPS来保护自身,这种现象增强了EPD系统对PAHs的耐受能力.
3.2 PHE和ANT的引入还显著富集了DGAOs和DPAOs.这些菌群的富集有利于NO2--N的积累和PO43--P的去除,进一步提升了EPD系统的处理性能.
3.3 经PHE驯化的EPD系统,DNB活性为(167.429±2.321)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),且在萘和蒽的胁迫下仍保持良好的PO43--P去除能力,在蒽胁迫的环境下可以保持良好的NO2--N积累能力,但是在萘胁迫的环境下NO2--N积累能力下降.
3.4 经ANT驯化的EPD系统,DNB活性为(220.137±0.575)mgN/(gVSS⋅h),在萘和菲的胁迫下均保持高NO2--N积累能力,但PO43--P去除能力恶化.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007340)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42377375)
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007340)
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    1.郑州大学生态与环境学院,河南 郑州 450001
    2.郑州轻工业大学材料与化学工程学院,河南 郑州 450001

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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