Article(id=1241116646820073871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834867433, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834867433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834867433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834867433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1210, endPage=1217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116647117869476, articleId=1241116646820073871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Multifactorial impact analysis of aerosol hygroscopic parameters during haze process, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the hourly observational data from October to December 2017 in Chengdu, as well as the simultaneous data of atmospheric visibility(V), relative humidity(RH)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2), aerosol hygroscopic growth factor(Gf)was retrieved by Mie scattering theory coupled with immune evolutionary algorithm, and then aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ was calculated by κ-köhler theory, the variation characteristics of aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ and its influencing factors were analyzed during the haze process. The results showed that: The aerosol hygroscopic parameters κ were 0.142±0.092、0.149±0.088、0.191±0.061and 0.200±0.041 under mild, light, moderate and heavy haze intensity conditions respectively. The set of explanatory variables of aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ was determined, including CBC, CBC/CPM2.5, CPM1/CPM2.5 and CPM2.5/CPM10CBC, CPM1, CPM2.5 and CPM10 represented mass concentrations of BC, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 respectively). There were significant differences in the explanatory power for aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ of each variable as the haze intensities changed. The multifactor GAM model could be well characterized aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ variation(passed the significance test of α=0.001). As to the above four haze conditions, the corresponding adjusted coefficients of determination(R2)were 0.303, 0.488, 0.504 and 0.631, the coefficients of determination(R2)for the regression of the pressure axis were 0.327, 0.517, 0.558 and 0.739, and the residual sum of squares(RSS)were 1.448, 0.721, 0.209, and 0.025, respectively. The above study revealed the complexity of the multifactorial influence on aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ, and further clarified the intrinsic connection between aerosol hygroscopicity and haze evolution.

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基于成都市2017年10~12月的逐时观测数据,以及该时段同时次大气能见度(V)、相对湿度(RH)和二氧化氮(NO2)监测资料,通过耦合免疫进化算法和Mie散射理论反演气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子(Gf).利用κ-köhler理论计算气溶胶吸湿参数κ,分析了霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数κ的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾强度条件下,气溶胶吸湿参数κ分别为(0.142±0.092)、(0.149±0.088)、(0.191±0.061)和(0.200±0.041).气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释变量集包括CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10(CBCCPM1CPM2.5CPM10分别为BC、PM1、PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度),各变量对气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释能力随霾强度的变化存在显著的差异.多因素GAM模型可以很好地表征气溶胶吸湿参数κ的变化特征(通过了α=0.01的显著性检验),在轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾条件下,对应的调整判定系数(R2)分别为0.303、0.488、0.504、0.631,压轴回归决定系数(R2)分别为0.327、0.517、0.558、0.739,残差平方和(RSS)分别为1.448、0.721、0.209、0.025.上述成果揭示了气溶胶吸湿参数κ多因素影响的复杂性及其与灰霾演化的内在联系.

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* 责任作者,高级工程师,
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米家媛(1999-),女,辽宁锦州人,助理工程师,主要从事大气物理学与大气环境方面研究.发表论文3篇..

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米家媛(1999-),女,辽宁锦州人,助理工程师,主要从事大气物理学与大气环境方面研究.发表论文3篇..

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米家媛(1999-),女,辽宁锦州人,助理工程师,主要从事大气物理学与大气环境方面研究.发表论文3篇..

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label=Table 1, caption=

The univariate GAM model fitting results of aerosol hygroscopic parameter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平滑效应项估计自由度参考自由度FPR2
RH7.6508.5425.428.65×10-70.074
CBC3.6094.4998.041.42×10-6***0.052
2.4663.1594.220.00476**0.022
1.0021.00389.25<2×10-16***0.124
6.1257.38016.27<2×10-16***0.215
2.8883.72114.95<2×10-16***0.091
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663949611628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116646820073871, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气溶胶吸湿参数单变量GAM模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平滑效应项估计自由度参考自由度FPR2
RH7.6508.5425.428.65×10-70.074
CBC3.6094.4998.041.42×10-6***0.052
2.4663.1594.220.00476**0.022
1.0021.00389.25<2×10-16***0.124
6.1257.38016.27<2×10-16***0.215
2.8883.72114.95<2×10-16***0.091
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664058663548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116646820073871, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The multivariate GAM model fitting results of aerosol hygroscopic parameter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平滑效应项估计自由度参考自由度FPR2
CBC5.5346.69837.67<2×10-16***0.494
CBC/CPM2.55.3476.53912.84<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.55.2026.40822.87<2×10-16***
CPM2.5/CPM103.1934.08555.88<2×10-16***
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664184492680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116646820073871, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气溶胶吸湿参数多变量GAM模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平滑效应项估计自由度参考自由度FPR2
CBC5.5346.69837.67<2×10-16***0.494
CBC/CPM2.55.3476.53912.84<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.55.2026.40822.87<2×10-16***
CPM2.5/CPM103.1934.08555.88<2×10-16***
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664289350298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116646820073871, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The GAM model fitting results of aerosol hygroscopic parameter with four explanatory variables under four haze intensities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霾强度平滑效应项FPR2方差解释率(IRV)
轻微CBC35.93<2×10-16***0.31531.8%
CBC/CPM2.5116.8<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.53.1870.00828**
CPM2.5/CPM102.56<2×10-16***
轻度CBC3.7150.0183**0.49837.8%
CBC/CPM2.537.88<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.56.711<2×10-6***
CPM2.5/CPM107.6370.000421***
中度CBC2.9760.109*0.52451.4%
CBC/CPM2.531.16<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.517.53<2×10-6***
CPM2.5/CPM1015.640.000166***
重度CBC2.0240.319*0.64575.9%
CBC/CPM2.522.191.72×10-5***
CPM1/CPM2.519.520.0198**
CPM2.5/CPM1021.380.211**
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664410985132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116646820073871, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种霾强度下气溶胶吸湿参数与4个解释变量的GAM模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霾强度平滑效应项FPR2方差解释率(IRV)
轻微CBC35.93<2×10-16***0.31531.8%
CBC/CPM2.5116.8<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.53.1870.00828**
CPM2.5/CPM102.56<2×10-16***
轻度CBC3.7150.0183**0.49837.8%
CBC/CPM2.537.88<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.56.711<2×10-6***
CPM2.5/CPM107.6370.000421***
中度CBC2.9760.109*0.52451.4%
CBC/CPM2.531.16<2×10-16***
CPM1/CPM2.517.53<2×10-6***
CPM2.5/CPM1015.640.000166***
重度CBC2.0240.319*0.64575.9%
CBC/CPM2.522.191.72×10-5***
CPM1/CPM2.519.520.0198**
CPM2.5/CPM1021.380.211**
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霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数变化的多因素影响分析
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米家媛 1, 2 , 邓也 3, * , 李昕翼 4 , 佟景哲 5 , 李娜 1 , 倪长健 1
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1210-1217
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1210-1217
霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数变化的多因素影响分析
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米家媛1, 2 , 邓也3, * , 李昕翼4, 佟景哲5, 李娜1, 倪长健1
作者信息
  • 1.成都信息工程大学大气科学学院,四川 成都 610225
  • 2.吉林省气象信息网络中心,吉林 长春 130062
  • 3.成都市环境保护科学研究院,四川 成都 610072
  • 4.成都市气象局,四川 成都 611130
  • 5.辽宁省气象装备保障中心,辽宁 沈阳 110166
  • 米家媛(1999-),女,辽宁锦州人,助理工程师,主要从事大气物理学与大气环境方面研究.发表论文3篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,高级工程师,
Multifactorial impact analysis of aerosol hygroscopic parameters during haze process
Jia-yuan MI1, 2 , Ye DENG3, * , Xin-yi LI4, Jing-zhe TONG5, Na LI1, Chang-jian NI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
  • 2.Jilin Meteorological Information Network Center, Changchun 130062, China
  • 3.Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
  • 4.Chengdu Meteorological Service, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 5.Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Equipment Support Center, Shenyang 110166, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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基于成都市2017年10~12月的逐时观测数据,以及该时段同时次大气能见度(V)、相对湿度(RH)和二氧化氮(NO2)监测资料,通过耦合免疫进化算法和Mie散射理论反演气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子(Gf).利用κ-köhler理论计算气溶胶吸湿参数κ,分析了霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数κ的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾强度条件下,气溶胶吸湿参数κ分别为(0.142±0.092)、(0.149±0.088)、(0.191±0.061)和(0.200±0.041).气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释变量集包括CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10(CBCCPM1CPM2.5CPM10分别为BC、PM1、PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度),各变量对气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释能力随霾强度的变化存在显著的差异.多因素GAM模型可以很好地表征气溶胶吸湿参数κ的变化特征(通过了α=0.01的显著性检验),在轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾条件下,对应的调整判定系数(R2)分别为0.303、0.488、0.504、0.631,压轴回归决定系数(R2)分别为0.327、0.517、0.558、0.739,残差平方和(RSS)分别为1.448、0.721、0.209、0.025.上述成果揭示了气溶胶吸湿参数κ多因素影响的复杂性及其与灰霾演化的内在联系.

气溶胶  /  吸湿参数  /  霾强度  /  GAM模型  /  成都

Based on the hourly observational data from October to December 2017 in Chengdu, as well as the simultaneous data of atmospheric visibility(V), relative humidity(RH)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2), aerosol hygroscopic growth factor(Gf)was retrieved by Mie scattering theory coupled with immune evolutionary algorithm, and then aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ was calculated by κ-köhler theory, the variation characteristics of aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ and its influencing factors were analyzed during the haze process. The results showed that: The aerosol hygroscopic parameters κ were 0.142±0.092、0.149±0.088、0.191±0.061and 0.200±0.041 under mild, light, moderate and heavy haze intensity conditions respectively. The set of explanatory variables of aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ was determined, including CBC, CBC/CPM2.5, CPM1/CPM2.5 and CPM2.5/CPM10CBC, CPM1, CPM2.5 and CPM10 represented mass concentrations of BC, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 respectively). There were significant differences in the explanatory power for aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ of each variable as the haze intensities changed. The multifactor GAM model could be well characterized aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ variation(passed the significance test of α=0.001). As to the above four haze conditions, the corresponding adjusted coefficients of determination(R2)were 0.303, 0.488, 0.504 and 0.631, the coefficients of determination(R2)for the regression of the pressure axis were 0.327, 0.517, 0.558 and 0.739, and the residual sum of squares(RSS)were 1.448, 0.721, 0.209, and 0.025, respectively. The above study revealed the complexity of the multifactorial influence on aerosol hygroscopic parameter κ, and further clarified the intrinsic connection between aerosol hygroscopicity and haze evolution.

aerosol  /  hygroscopicity parameter  /  haze intensities  /  GAM model  /  Chengdu
米家媛, 邓也, 李昕翼, 佟景哲, 李娜, 倪长健. 霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数变化的多因素影响分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1210 -1217 .
Jia-yuan MI, Ye DENG, Xin-yi LI, Jing-zhe TONG, Na LI, Chang-jian NI. Multifactorial impact analysis of aerosol hygroscopic parameters during haze process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1210 -1217 .
由于气溶胶中的硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和海盐等无机成分及部分有机物具有吸湿性,其吸水能力随周围环境相对湿度的增加而增强[1].气溶胶吸湿不仅通过直接或间接辐射效应作用于全球气候,还会对环境空气质量和人体健康造成影响[2-3].气溶胶吸湿性是大气气溶胶的重要热动力学性质,是联系气溶胶理化参数的纽带,在整个大气气溶胶科学研究中处于基础地位[4].
描述气溶胶吸湿增长的指标通常包括气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子(GF)和气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子(F),二者分别从粒径谱和散射能力两个角度反映气溶胶吸湿的影响.张智察基于Mie散射理论和免疫进化算法的耦合,提出了气溶胶等效粒径吸湿增长因子(EGF)的反演算法[5],为粒径吸湿增长因子这一参数的获取提供了新途径.Köhler理论[6]用于描述气溶胶和水汽的相互作用,是研究气溶胶单一化学组分吸湿性的基础.Petters等[7]基于Köhler理论提出了一个能够反映气溶胶吸湿能力的新方案(κ-Köhler理论).其中,引入的气溶胶吸湿参数κ与颗粒物初始粒径以及湿度条件无关,其变化只取决于颗粒物化学组分[8].气溶胶吸湿参数κ与气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子以及气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子从不同侧面表征气溶胶的吸湿性.
近年来,国内外围绕气溶胶吸湿参数κ开展了大量的观测试验及应用研究.Kim等[9]在韩国首尔地区开展了观测实验,揭示了不同污染源主导下的气溶胶吸湿参数κ存在显著差异.Thalman等[10]指出,巴西玛瑙斯市雨季背景下气溶胶吸湿参数κ的均值约为0.19,旱季背景下κ的均值约为0.15.Philips等[11]在美国东海岸观测时发现,海洋气溶胶具有较强的吸湿性,气溶胶吸湿参数κ值为0.37~0.54,比大陆气溶胶偏高.Lange等[12]研究表明,格陵兰岛东北海岸人为源为主的气溶胶吸湿参数κ值为0.10~0.46,自然源为主的气溶胶吸湿参数κ值为0.35~0.51,明显偏高.Wu等[13]研究了北京地区两次颗粒物污染事件,κ值的计算结果介于0.09~0.10,且基本不随粒径改变.另外,高颖等[14]发现邢台地区云凝结核(CCN)活化能力明显强于北京地区.上述分析表明,受排放源和气象条件的共同作用,实际气溶胶化学组分差异很大,由此导致吸湿参数κ随时空存在显著的变化,进而强化气溶胶的直接和间接效应.
霾的形成和演化涉及大气多尺度物理化学过程[15],气溶胶吸湿无疑是其中的一个关键环节.大气颗粒物吸湿后所含凝结水可作为异相成核和非均相化学反应床,进而影响大气光化学反应[16].迄今为止,尚未厘清气溶胶吸湿参数κ与灰霾演化之间的内在联系.本文利用成都市2017年10~12月气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子的反演数据,基于κ-Köhler理论计算的气溶胶吸湿参数κ,分析了该参数对霾强度变化的响应特征,探究了κ的影响因子及其模型表征.
利用的资料包括成都市2017年10~12月浊度计(AURORA-3000)、黑碳仪(AE-31)和环境颗粒物监测仪(GRIMM180)的逐时观测数据,以及该时段同时次大气能见度(V)、相对湿度(RH)和二氧化氮(NO2)监测资料,监测设备的型号、布设点位以及数据的质量控制见文献[5].
首先,剔除了出现降水、沙尘以及大风现象所在日的全部数据;其次,剔除仪器烘干后RH仍大于40%的异常数据,超出界限值数据,连续无变化数据及缺测数据;最后,根据《霾的观测和预报等级》(QX/T113—2010)[17],在小时能见度数值低于10km且RH低于80%,或当RH在80%~95%且PM2.5质量浓度高于75µg/m3,均判断为霾.其中,当能见度在5~10km时定义其为轻微霾,筛选获得匹配样本254个;当能见度在3~5km时定义其为轻度霾,筛选获得匹配样本193个;当能见度在2~3km时定义其为中度霾,筛选获得匹配样本128个;当能见度<2km时定义其为重度霾,筛选获得匹配样本58个.
GAM模型具有解释响应变量与影响因子之间非线性关系的能力,已广泛用于复杂非线性问题研究[18],见式(1).
式中:g(x)是连接函数;f1f2,…,fi是连接解释变量的样条平滑函数;xi为解释变量;ω为残差.
气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子Gf的表达式见式(2).
式中:r(RH)和r(dry)分别为环境条件和干燥条件下的气溶胶粒子半径.
基于Mie散射理论,构建了目标函数F反演气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子Gf,见式(3).
式中:n[r(RH)]为环境条件下气溶胶的粒子谱分布;a(RH)为环境条件下气溶胶粒子的尺度参数;m(RH)为气溶胶等效复折射率;Qap[a(RH),m(RH)]和Qsp[a(RH),m(RH)]分别为环境条件下气溶胶散射效率因子和吸收效率因子;σext为波长550nm的大气消光系数;σsgσag分别为波长550nm环境条件下大气气体的散射系数和吸收系数;σextσagσsg的具体计算和订正过程详见文献[29].利用免疫进化算法求解Gf,具体反演过程详见文献[5].
Köhler理论[19]用于描述气溶胶和水汽的相互作用,是研究气溶胶单一化学组分吸湿性的基础,Köhler方程的表达式见式(4).
式中:S为饱和度;aw为水活度;D为液滴直径;σs/a为表面张力;Mw为水的摩尔质量;ρw为水的密度;T为温度;R为理想气体常数.
Petters等[7]基于Köhler理论引入气溶胶单吸湿参数κ,并提出能够反映气溶胶吸湿能力的新方案κ-Köhler理论.气溶胶吸湿参数κ与颗粒物初始粒径以及湿度条件无关,其变化只取决于颗粒物化学组分,见式(5).
式中:Vs为干气溶胶粒子的体积;Vw为水的体积.
ZSR混合定律[20]假设气溶胶体积含水含量可加,基于式(4)和式(5)得到粒径吸湿增长因子Gf与RH的关系式,见式(6).
大粒径气溶胶的开尔文效应可忽略不计,参考钟佳利等[8]的研究成果,将式(6)简化为式(7),气溶胶吸湿参数κ的计算,见式(8).
利用式(7)计算观测时段内所有样本的气溶胶吸湿参数κ,基于拉依达准则[21]剔除异常数据,得到气溶胶吸湿参数κ时间序列,如图1所示(序号N=1,2,……,1215).由图1可见,霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数κ存在较为显著的变化.分析结果表明,成都地区秋冬季气溶胶吸湿参数κ为0.197±0.113,这一结果与Kim在韩国首尔和刘玥晨在北京地区κ的测量结果相当,共同反映了城市气溶胶的吸湿性特征.
进一步计算了霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数的主要统计量,将霾分为轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾4种类型,对应气溶胶吸湿参数κ分别为(0.142±0.092)、(0.149±0.088)、(0.191±0.061)和(0.200±0.041).另外,绘制了4种霾强度条件下吸湿参数κ的变化特征(图2).由图2可见,气溶胶吸湿参数κ的中位数亦随霾强度的增加而增大,离散程度则随霾强度的增加而减小,这可能与研究区黑碳老化以及高湿气象条件下二次气溶胶占比升高有关[22-25].
根据Zieger等[26]的研究,气溶胶吸湿参数κ与其化学成分密切相关,并在不同相对湿度条件下,诱发气溶胶吸湿增长因子的变化.张智察等[27]CBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CBC/CPM10CPM1/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM10CPM2.5/CPM10(CPM1CPM2.5CPM10分别为PM1、PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度)作为解释变量,提出了气溶胶等效复折射率的参数化方案,为气溶胶化学组分光学效应的表征奠定了基础.考虑到黑碳老化对气溶胶吸湿性的复杂影响,佟景哲等[28]和米家媛等[29]以RH、CBCCPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10CBC/CPM2.5CBC/CPM1为自变量构建了适用于气溶胶吸湿增长因子的多因素解释变量集,显著提升了气溶胶吸湿增长因子在高湿气象条件下的模拟精度.基于上述研究并结合式(7),将CBCCBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10这5个因子作为气溶胶吸湿参数κ的初始解释变量集.
GAM模型作为加性模型的衍生,能够有效地揭示响应变量与影响因素之间的非线性联系.以CBCCBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10作为气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释变量集,分别构建了气溶胶吸湿参数κ的单变量GAM模型,拟合结果如表1所示.表1中解释变量的自由度大于1时为非线性关系;F统计值越大的变量相对越重要;P值是判断假设检验结果的参数,P值越小,表明结果越显著;调整判定系数(R2)为回归平方和与总离差平方和的比值,用于判定回归方程的拟合效果,值越大拟合效果越好.由表1可见,除RH外,CBCCBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5以及CPM2.5/CPM10均通过了α=0.01的显著性检验,其中,CBCCBC/CPM2.5以及CPM1/CPM2.5通过了α=0.001的显著性检验,据此初步确定了气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释变量集,包括CBCCBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5以及CPM2.5/CPM10.气溶胶吸湿参数κ与各解释变量之间呈现出显著的非线性关系,其中,CBC/ CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5的影响尤为显著.与文献[28-29]对比发现,气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子和气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子的变化具有高度的同源性,除RH之外,二者与气溶胶吸湿参数κ也有共同的解释变量.综上分析可知,气溶胶吸湿性参数κ是气溶胶吸化学组分吸湿性的表征,其变化与环境湿度无关[30].
上述解释变量集并未考虑解释变量之间可能存在的多重共线性问题,而多重共线性问题的出现会使构建的模型估计失真或难以准确估算.因此,通常在建模之前应对解释变量的独立性进行检验[31].利用多元递归法和方差膨胀因子(VIF)相结合,诊断各解释变量之间的多重共线性问题.结果表明,(1)当解释变量为CBCCBC/CPM1CBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5以及CPM2.5/CPM10,对应方差膨胀因子(VIF)为1.425,29.199,25.338,14.089,11.241,后4个解释变量的VIF大于3(未通过VIF检验);(2)当选取CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10作为解释变量,模型的拟合效果不仅最优,且对应的方差膨胀因子(VIF)为1.419,1.270,1.219,1.240,该值小于3(通过VIF检验).据此,最终确定了气溶胶吸湿参数κ的解释变量集,包括CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10.
CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5以及CPM2.5/CPM10为解释变量集构建了κ多因素影响的GAM模型,拟合结果如表2所示.由表2可知,CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5以及CPM2.5/CPM10均通过α=0.001的显著性检验,即以上4个解释变量均具有显著的统计学意义;由于参考自由度的值均大于1,表明κCBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10之间的关系均是非线性的;根据F统计值的计算结果,以上4个解释变量对κ影响程度由高到低的顺序依次为CPM2.5/CPM10>CBC>CPM1/CPM2.5>CBC/CPM2.5,其中以CPM2.5/CPM10的影响尤为显著;根据R2结果显示,κ多因素影响的GAM模型调整判定系数(R2)为0.494,模型拟合效果良好.
利用R语言中的gam.check函数获取QQ图、残差直方图和线性预测值与残差散点图,据此验证气溶胶吸湿参数多变量GAM模型的适用性,结果如图3所示.由图3可见,在QQ图中,散点主要集中在y=x直线周围,且残差多数集中在0附近,这表明残差分布趋向于正态分布,残差的随机无序分布进一步说明多变量GAM具有较高的可靠性.
通过构建GAM模型可以分析κ与多个解释变量之间的关系,并得到每个解释变量对κ影响的平滑回归函数(图4).其中,实线表示的是解释变量与κ之间的平滑拟合关系,而虚线则展示了这种拟合关系的不确定性范围,即置信区间的上下限;图中的纵轴显示的是解释变量对κ影响的估计值,横轴则对应于解释变量的实际观测值;在纵轴的括号内,提供的是估计自由度的数值,这是一个衡量模型中变量解释能力的指标.根据图4(a)~(d)的结果显示,κCBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10间均存在显著的非线性关系.由图4(a)可见,当CBC<3.8µg/m3κCBC增加呈现出显著的下降趋势;当CBC>3.8µg/m3κCBC增加总体降幅较为平缓.图4(b)中,当CBC/CPM2.5<0.15,κCBC/CPM2.5增加同样呈现出显著的下降趋势;当CBC>0.15,κCBC/CPM2.5增加呈现出弱上升的形态特征.κCBC以及CBC/CPM2.5的初始演化形态主要体现了黑碳本身非吸湿性特征,其后期演化形态可能与黑碳老化以及黑碳在细颗粒物中的混合态有关[32-33].由图4(c)可见,κCPM1/CPM2.5的升高呈现出先增后减再增的形态特征,对应的临界点分别在0.6和0.8附近.由图4(d)可见,κCPM2.5/CPM10的升高呈现出先减后平缓变化的形态特征,对应的临界点位于0.6附近.超细颗粒物在细颗粒物中占比(CPM1/CPM2.5)和细颗粒物在粗颗粒物中占比(CPM2.5/CPM10)的变化对气溶胶吸湿增长有着复杂的影响[34],由于成都地区CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10的统计结果分别为0.69±0.10和0.51±0.09,故实际CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10的升高总体有利于κ的增加,从而致使气溶胶吸湿性的增强.
进一步分析了气溶胶吸湿参数κ多变量GAM模型在4种霾强度条件下的适用性,拟合结果如表3所示.由表3可见,4种霾强度条件下,4个解释变量对气溶胶吸湿参数κ均存在显著的影响(通过α=0.05的显著性检验);根据F统计值可知,4个解释变量对κ的解释能力随霾强度的变化存在显著的差异,CBCCBC/CPM2.5κ的解释能力随霾强度的增加而减小,CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10κ的解释能力则随霾强度的增加而增大,这揭示了霾过程κ多因素影响的复杂性;根据R2结果显示,轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾强度条件下,多变量GAM模型调整判定系数(R2)分别为0.315、0.498、0.524和0.645,这一结果表明多变量GAM模型在不同霾强度条件下的拟合效果均较好,且模型的拟合精度随霾强度的增加逐渐提升.
利用压轴回归法(RMA)评估不同霾强度下气溶胶吸湿参数κ多变量GAM模型的拟合效果,拟合结果如图5所示.由图5可见,轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾强度条件下,气溶胶吸湿参数κ的压轴回归决定系数R2分别为0.327、0.517、0.558和0.739,残差平方和RSS分别为1.448、0.721、0.209、和0.025,多变量GAM模型的拟合精度随霾强度的增强而增加.上述研究结果系统地揭示了气溶胶组分结构变化对气溶胶吸湿参数κ影响的复杂性,并为气溶胶吸湿参数κ的科学表征提供了新途径.
3.1 成都地区霾过程气溶胶吸湿参数κ的统计值为0.197±0.113;其均值随霾强度的增加而增大,变差系数则随霾强度的增加而减小.
3.2 气溶胶吸湿参数κ表征的是颗粒物组分的综合吸湿能力,其解释变量集包括CBCCBC/CPM2.5CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10,并以CPM2.5/CPM10的影响尤为显著,这反映了二次气溶胶占比变化对气溶胶吸湿参数κ影响的重要性.
3.3 气溶胶吸湿参数κ与各解释变量之间呈现出显著的非线性关系.CBCCBC/CPM2.5κ的解释能力随霾强度的增加而减小,CPM1/CPM2.5CPM2.5/CPM10κ的解释能力则随霾强度的增加而增大.
3.4 GAM模型具有解释响应变量与影响因子之间非线性关系的能力,它为气溶胶吸湿参数κ多因素影响复杂性的科学表征提供了新途径,模型模拟精度随霾强度的增加而提升.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709301)
  • 四川省科技教育联合基金项目(2024NSFSC1983)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709301)
四川省科技教育联合基金项目(2024NSFSC1983)
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    1.成都信息工程大学大气科学学院,四川 成都 610225
    2.吉林省气象信息网络中心,吉林 长春 130062
    3.成都市环境保护科学研究院,四川 成都 610072
    4.成都市气象局,四川 成都 611130
    5.辽宁省气象装备保障中心,辽宁 沈阳 110166

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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