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As one of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the spatial distribution characteristics of Methane(CH4)were the main content of climate research. However, differences were observed between the methane column concentration(XCH4)data from multiple satellite sources. A systematic evaluation of these differences was conducted to improve the accuracy of its scientific application. The XCH4 products obtained by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite(GOSAT)and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)from March 2019 to February 2023 were compared and analyzed, and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON)data were used for evaluation. The results showed that the two satellites shared the following common characteristics: XCH4 was higher near the equator and decreased towards the poles, with XCH4 values in the northern hemisphere generally being higher than those in the southern hemisphere; In the interannual variation, the fluctuation range in the southern hemisphere was larger, reaching ±15×10-9; Seasonal variation was characterized by lower values in summer and higher values in winter. The differences were as follows: The data volume of TROPOMI was found to be 1300 times greater than that of GOSAT; The annual average growth rates of GOSAT in North America and Africa(13.08×10-9/a and 13.92×10-9/a)were slightly lower than those of TROPOMI(13.34×10-9/a and 14.12×10-9/a), while the interannual amplitude in South America(16.10×10-9/a)was found to be larger. The XCH4 difference between the two satellites in summer was found to be the largest, with a measurement of -5.00×10-9. Verification and analysis with TCCON data showed that both satellites exhibited high consistency, although errors were also observed. Specifically, the differences between TCCON and GOSAT and TROPOMI were -7.61×10-9(-4.59×10-9 and -4.63×10-9 in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively)and -5.03×10-9(-6.70×10-9 and 0.18×10-9 in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively).

, correspAuthors=Hui-fang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu CAO, Ru-ren LI, Hui-fang ZHANG, Hui-ya LI, Jun-jun FANG, Bao-zhang CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116655804281430, articleId=1241116645989609546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=GOSAT与TROPOMI的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)对比分析, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲烷(CH4)作为大气中主要的温室气体,其空间分布特征是气候研究的主要内容.然而,多源卫星观测的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)数据之间存在差异,对这些差异的系统评估有助于提高其科学应用的准确性.本研究对2019年3月~2023年2月期间的温室气体观测卫星(GOSAT,Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite)和对流层观测仪(TROPOMI,TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument)所获得的XCH4产品进行比较分析,并使用总碳柱观测网(TCCON,Total Carbon Column Observing Network)数据进行评估.结果表明,两颗卫星共同特征为:赤道附近XCH4较高,向两极递减,北半球的XCH4值普遍高于南半球;年际变化中,南半球的波动幅度较大,达到±15×10-9;季节变化表现为夏季较低,冬季较高.差异特征为:TROPOMI的数据量是GOSAT的1300倍;GOSAT在北美和非洲的年均增长率(13.08×10-9/a和13.92×10-9/a)略低于TROPOMI(13.34×10-9/a和14.12×10-9/a),且南美的年际振幅(16.10×10-9/a)较大;夏季两颗卫星的XCH4差异最大,为-5.00×10-9.经与TCCON数据验证分析显示:两颗卫星都具有较高的一致性,但也存在误差,具体而言TCCON与GOSAT和TROPOMI的差值分别为-7.61×10-9 (南北半球分别为-4.59×10-9和-4.63×10-9)和-5.03×10-9 (南北半球分别为-6.70×10-9和0.18×10-9).

, correspAuthors=张慧芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,助理研究员,
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曹钰(1999-),男,辽宁朝阳人,沈阳建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为摄影测量与遥感..

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曹钰(1999-),男,辽宁朝阳人,沈阳建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为摄影测量与遥感..

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曹钰(1999-),男,辽宁朝阳人,沈阳建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为摄影测量与遥感..

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4.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Climate change199292: 25-46., articleTitle=Greenhouse gases: sources and sinks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116678688403571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=120, issue=9, pageStart=4352, pageEnd=4369, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Thompson R L, Stohl A, Zhou L X, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thompson R LStohl AZhou L X,et al. Methane emissions in East Asia for 2000~2011 estimated using an atmospheric Bayesian inversion [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres2015120(9):4352-4369., articleTitle=Methane emissions in East Asia for 2000~2011 estimated using an atmospheric Bayesian inversion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116678797455480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Bruhn D, Mikkelsen T N, Øbro J, journalName=Plant Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bruhn DMikkelsen T NØbro J,et al. Effects of temperature,ultraviolet radiation and pectin methyl esterase on aerobic methane release from plant material [J]. Plant Biology200911:43-48., articleTitle=Effects of temperature,ultraviolet radiation and pectin methyl esterase on aerobic methane release from plant material, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116678860370047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=58, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=60, authorNames=姚守平, 罗鹏, 王艳芬, journalName=世界科技研究与发展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姚守平,罗鹏,王艳芬,等. 湿地甲烷排放研究进展 [J]. 世界科技研究与发展2007,(2):58-63., articleTitle=湿地甲烷排放研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116678973616261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=29, issue=null, pageStart=58, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Yao S P, Luo P, Wang Y F, journalName=World Sci.-Technol. Res. Dev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao S PLuo PWang Y F,et al. Advances in the research on methane emissions from wetlands [J]. World Sci.-Technol. Res. Dev200729:58-63., articleTitle=Advances in the research on methane emissions from wetlands, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116679040725130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=17, pageStart=6238, pageEnd=6246, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=62, authorNames=He W, Han G, Email Author Song W, journalName=Shengtai Xuebao/Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He WHan GEmail Author Song W,et al. Effects of tidal action on methane emissions over a salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta,China(Article) [J]. 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ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116658199229152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, companyId=1241116658190840542, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Geographic Information Resources and Development and Utilization, Nanjing 210023, China).), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116658203423457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, companyId=1241116658190840542, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.江苏省地理信息资源与开发利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116663114952873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=TCCON site distribution, figureFileSmall=+HIiideel2XZbJFeCshV9w==, figureFileBig=OAIY9sWoJxxeJDgWToXpUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663232393400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TCCON站点分布

审图号为GS(2021)648号

, figureFileSmall=+HIiideel2XZbJFeCshV9w==, figureFileBig=OAIY9sWoJxxeJDgWToXpUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663567937750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Data distribution of GOSAT and TROPOMI in four periods审图号为GS(2021)648号, figureFileSmall=4c1kp9v2lmMKooz1W1xeXA==, figureFileBig=BsOP/u3Vl73xu7mREdNYOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663693766885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GOSAT和TROPOMI在四个时期的数据分布, figureFileSmall=4c1kp9v2lmMKooz1W1xeXA==, figureFileBig=BsOP/u3Vl73xu7mREdNYOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663794430188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distribution of XCH4 values of GOSAT and TROPOMI in four periods, figureFileSmall=n8lNE22CyNJq4NehucW3jw==, figureFileBig=O6+67EFA8O0mGXPBo6wxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663882510583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GOSAT和TROPOMI的XCH4值四个时期的空间分布

审图号为GS(2021)648号

, figureFileSmall=n8lNE22CyNJq4NehucW3jw==, figureFileBig=O6+67EFA8O0mGXPBo6wxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664037699842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Global XCH4 temporal variation trend from 2019 to 2022, figureFileSmall=z0CBI1wKVjrxTKH85uyGpA==, figureFileBig=RFxa/xHlb95Btbg6/6IIkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664188694800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2019~2022年全球XCH4时间变化趋势

其中绿色为GOSAT,蓝色为TROPOMI;a1-f1中曲线为时间序列,虚线为通过STL方法获得的趋势;a2-f2为通过STL方法获得的季节变化周期;a3-f3为通过公式(2)得到的年际变化率(IAV)

, figureFileSmall=z0CBI1wKVjrxTKH85uyGpA==, figureFileBig=RFxa/xHlb95Btbg6/6IIkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664327106843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of the mean difference of XCH4 between GOSAT and TROPOMI in four periods, figureFileSmall=3Q7PUNxgslDUjunke0ds6w==, figureFileBig=0s0roZmr4yX2lPs00q7e9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664415187235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GOSAT和TROPOMI的XCH4在4个时期的均值之差对比, figureFileSmall=3Q7PUNxgslDUjunke0ds6w==, figureFileBig=0s0roZmr4yX2lPs00q7e9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664515850538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of the difference(ΔXCH4)between GOSAT and TROPOMI XCH4, figureFileSmall=qE7rXNZo/l/abVWWmDxDwA==, figureFileBig=27dp2+s0OCM5qOlAmU6qcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664616513843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图6, caption=GOSAT和TROPOMI XCH4之差(ΔXCH4)的时空分布

审图号为GS(2021)648号

, figureFileSmall=qE7rXNZo/l/abVWWmDxDwA==, figureFileBig=27dp2+s0OCM5qOlAmU6qcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664742342975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=XCH4 verification results of GOSAT and TROPOMI with TCCON, figureFileSmall=yULnLG1eIoiDRKSA/0IqnQ==, figureFileBig=6AeiqPJ9QCpHLMD7Q+Jd+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664893337935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图7, caption=GOSAT和TROPOMI与TCCON的XCH4验证结果

橙色为GOSAT,蓝色为TROPOMI,NH与SH分别为南北半球,灰色虚线为1:1的参考线,实线为回归拟合线.N表示匹配的数量,R2为决定系数,RMSE为均方根误差

, figureFileSmall=yULnLG1eIoiDRKSA/0IqnQ==, figureFileBig=6AeiqPJ9QCpHLMD7Q+Jd+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665086275935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Frequency distribution of the difference between TCCON and XCH4 of GOSAT and TROPOMI, figureFileSmall=nkzPj2ePsvqC4r2MJLdUGA==, figureFileBig=nNoUM5bEYvzsrYEi8gUx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665262436718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TCCON与GOSAT和TROPOMI XCH4之差的频率分布

其中红色代表GOSAT,蓝色代表TROPOMI,实线是用公式(4)对频率分布的拟合线,虚线则是对应图中的值(平均值),σ为标准差

, figureFileSmall=nkzPj2ePsvqC4r2MJLdUGA==, figureFileBig=nNoUM5bEYvzsrYEi8gUx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665455374726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The average values of the XCH4 differences between TCCON and GOSAT and TROPOMI in the four seasons in the northern and southern hemisphere, figureFileSmall=/7nuPiw3ULhuwmhRLHEwXA==, figureFileBig=OScxWVQVzXSVIqnLD7X6XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665602175380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=图9, caption=南北半球的四个季节中TCCON与GOSAT和TROPOMI的XCH4差的平均值, figureFileSmall=/7nuPiw3ULhuwmhRLHEwXA==, figureFileBig=OScxWVQVzXSVIqnLD7X6XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116665707032992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensor parameter information of GOSAT and TROPOMI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称GOSATSentinel-5p
传感器TANSO-FTSTROPOMI
TANSO‐CAI
轨道倾角(°)98.0698.18
轨道高度(km)665.96824
重访周期(d)31
过境时间13:0013:30
空间分辨率(km)10.55.5×7.0
条带(km)6402600
轨道周期(min)98.190
CH4波段(µm)1.56~1.720.25~1.0
5.56~14.33
CH4反演算法NIESRemoTeC
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667246342573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GOSAT和TROPOMI的传感器参数信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称GOSATSentinel-5p
传感器TANSO-FTSTROPOMI
TANSO‐CAI
轨道倾角(°)98.0698.18
轨道高度(km)665.96824
重访周期(d)31
过境时间13:0013:30
空间分辨率(km)10.55.5×7.0
条带(km)6402600
轨道周期(min)98.190
CH4波段(µm)1.56~1.720.25~1.0
5.56~14.33
CH4反演算法NIESRemoTeC
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667347005876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

TCCON site information and data volume matching with satellites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称经度纬度GOSATTROPOMI文献
Brenben (br)8.8553.10943[27]
Burgos(bu)120.6518.5314106[28]
Caltech(ci)-118.1334.144961049[29]
Darwin(db)130.89-12.4334551[30]
Dryden(df)-117.8834.96391865[31]
East Trout Lake(et)-104.9954.35-443[32]
Eureka(eu)-86.4280.05-53[33]
Garmisch(gm)11.0647.4850326[34]
Hefei (hf)119.1731.907176[35]
Harwell(hw)-1.551.5-58[36]
Izana (iz)-16.5028.31-28[37]
Saga (js)130.2933.24166401[38]
Karlsruhe (ka)8.4449.1011326[39]
Lauder (lr)169.70-45.00123589[40]
Nicosia (ni)33.4035.10-712[41]
Ny-Alesund(ny)11.9278.92-15[42]
Lamont (oc)-97.4936.60191819[43]
Orléans (or)2.1147.9633131[44]
Park Falls (pa)-90.2745.9669524[45]
Paris (pr)2.3648.8523127[46]
Reunion Island(ra)55.48-20.9-8[47]
Rikubetsu (rj)143.7743.4611292[48]
Sodankylä (so)26.6367.3749335[49]
Tsukuba (tk)140.1236.0567101[50]
Wollongong (wg)150.8834.4164296[51]
Xianghe (xh)117.0039.80147608[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667510583755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TCCON站点信息及与卫星匹配的数据量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称经度纬度GOSATTROPOMI文献
Brenben (br)8.8553.10943[27]
Burgos(bu)120.6518.5314106[28]
Caltech(ci)-118.1334.144961049[29]
Darwin(db)130.89-12.4334551[30]
Dryden(df)-117.8834.96391865[31]
East Trout Lake(et)-104.9954.35-443[32]
Eureka(eu)-86.4280.05-53[33]
Garmisch(gm)11.0647.4850326[34]
Hefei (hf)119.1731.907176[35]
Harwell(hw)-1.551.5-58[36]
Izana (iz)-16.5028.31-28[37]
Saga (js)130.2933.24166401[38]
Karlsruhe (ka)8.4449.1011326[39]
Lauder (lr)169.70-45.00123589[40]
Nicosia (ni)33.4035.10-712[41]
Ny-Alesund(ny)11.9278.92-15[42]
Lamont (oc)-97.4936.60191819[43]
Orléans (or)2.1147.9633131[44]
Park Falls (pa)-90.2745.9669524[45]
Paris (pr)2.3648.8523127[46]
Reunion Island(ra)55.48-20.9-8[47]
Rikubetsu (rj)143.7743.4611292[48]
Sodankylä (so)26.6367.3749335[49]
Tsukuba (tk)140.1236.0567101[50]
Wollongong (wg)150.8834.4164296[51]
Xianghe (xh)117.0039.80147608[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667653190109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The interannual growth rate and interannual amplitude mean of the GOSAT and TROPOMI in six continents(10-9/a)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域年际增长率(10-9/a)年际振幅均值(10-9/a)
GOSATTROPOMIGOSATTROPOMI
北美洲13.08±2.7013.34±2.995.041.45
非洲13.92±2.1914.12±1.741.441.32
亚洲13.54±2.7213.51±3.163.481.91
欧洲13.94±1.8013.23±5.295.462.92
南美洲14.10±3.0712.28±2.9716.1012.06
大洋洲14.28±2.3914.09±2.067.578.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667749659107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645989609546, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GOSAT和TROPOMI在六大洲内的年际增长率和年际振幅均值(10-9/a)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域年际增长率(10-9/a)年际振幅均值(10-9/a)
GOSATTROPOMIGOSATTROPOMI
北美洲13.08±2.7013.34±2.995.041.45
非洲13.92±2.1914.12±1.741.441.32
亚洲13.54±2.7213.51±3.163.481.91
欧洲13.94±1.8013.23±5.295.462.92
南美洲14.10±3.0712.28±2.9716.1012.06
大洋洲14.28±2.3914.09±2.067.578.40
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GOSAT与TROPOMI的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)对比分析
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曹钰 1, 2 , 李如仁 1 , 张慧芳 2, * , 李会亚 3 , 方君君 2 , 陈报章 2, 4, 5
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1185-1197
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1185-1197
GOSAT与TROPOMI的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)对比分析
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曹钰1, 2 , 李如仁1, 张慧芳2, * , 李会亚3, 方君君2, 陈报章2, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳建筑大学交通与测绘工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,地理信息科学与技术系国家重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 3.广东省深圳生态环境监测中心站,广东 深圳 518049
  • 4.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
  • 5.江苏省地理信息资源与开发利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023
  • 曹钰(1999-),男,辽宁朝阳人,沈阳建筑大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为摄影测量与遥感..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,助理研究员,
Comparison analysis of methane column concentrations (XCH4) between GOSAT and TROPOMI
Yu CAO1, 2 , Ru-ren LI1, Hui-fang ZHANG2, * , Hui-ya LI3, Jun-jun FANG2, Bao-zhang CHEN2, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Transportation and Geomatics Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3.Shenzhen Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China
  • 4.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 5.Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Geographic Information Resources and Development and Utilization, Nanjing 210023, China).
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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甲烷(CH4)作为大气中主要的温室气体,其空间分布特征是气候研究的主要内容.然而,多源卫星观测的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)数据之间存在差异,对这些差异的系统评估有助于提高其科学应用的准确性.本研究对2019年3月~2023年2月期间的温室气体观测卫星(GOSAT,Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite)和对流层观测仪(TROPOMI,TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument)所获得的XCH4产品进行比较分析,并使用总碳柱观测网(TCCON,Total Carbon Column Observing Network)数据进行评估.结果表明,两颗卫星共同特征为:赤道附近XCH4较高,向两极递减,北半球的XCH4值普遍高于南半球;年际变化中,南半球的波动幅度较大,达到±15×10-9;季节变化表现为夏季较低,冬季较高.差异特征为:TROPOMI的数据量是GOSAT的1300倍;GOSAT在北美和非洲的年均增长率(13.08×10-9/a和13.92×10-9/a)略低于TROPOMI(13.34×10-9/a和14.12×10-9/a),且南美的年际振幅(16.10×10-9/a)较大;夏季两颗卫星的XCH4差异最大,为-5.00×10-9.经与TCCON数据验证分析显示:两颗卫星都具有较高的一致性,但也存在误差,具体而言TCCON与GOSAT和TROPOMI的差值分别为-7.61×10-9 (南北半球分别为-4.59×10-9和-4.63×10-9)和-5.03×10-9 (南北半球分别为-6.70×10-9和0.18×10-9).

XCH4  /  GOSAT  /  TROPOMI  /  交叉验证  /  遥感

As one of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the spatial distribution characteristics of Methane(CH4)were the main content of climate research. However, differences were observed between the methane column concentration(XCH4)data from multiple satellite sources. A systematic evaluation of these differences was conducted to improve the accuracy of its scientific application. The XCH4 products obtained by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite(GOSAT)and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)from March 2019 to February 2023 were compared and analyzed, and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON)data were used for evaluation. The results showed that the two satellites shared the following common characteristics: XCH4 was higher near the equator and decreased towards the poles, with XCH4 values in the northern hemisphere generally being higher than those in the southern hemisphere; In the interannual variation, the fluctuation range in the southern hemisphere was larger, reaching ±15×10-9; Seasonal variation was characterized by lower values in summer and higher values in winter. The differences were as follows: The data volume of TROPOMI was found to be 1300 times greater than that of GOSAT; The annual average growth rates of GOSAT in North America and Africa(13.08×10-9/a and 13.92×10-9/a)were slightly lower than those of TROPOMI(13.34×10-9/a and 14.12×10-9/a), while the interannual amplitude in South America(16.10×10-9/a)was found to be larger. The XCH4 difference between the two satellites in summer was found to be the largest, with a measurement of -5.00×10-9. Verification and analysis with TCCON data showed that both satellites exhibited high consistency, although errors were also observed. Specifically, the differences between TCCON and GOSAT and TROPOMI were -7.61×10-9(-4.59×10-9 and -4.63×10-9 in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively)and -5.03×10-9(-6.70×10-9 and 0.18×10-9 in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively).

XCH4  /  GOSAT  /  TROPOMI  /  cross-validation  /  remote sensing
曹钰, 李如仁, 张慧芳, 李会亚, 方君君, 陈报章. GOSAT与TROPOMI的甲烷柱浓度(XCH4)对比分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1185 -1197 .
Yu CAO, Ru-ren LI, Hui-fang ZHANG, Hui-ya LI, Jun-jun FANG, Bao-zhang CHEN. Comparison analysis of methane column concentrations (XCH4) between GOSAT and TROPOMI[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1185 -1197 .
甲烷(CH4)浓度在全球范围内不断增加,对全球的生态环境和气候变化产生了巨大的影响.根据世界气象组织的报告,自2020年以来,全球平均CH4浓度迅速增长,引发国际社会广泛关注,包括中国在内的多国提出了“碳中和”与“碳达峰”的目标[1-2].为了响应这些目标,精确监测大气中的CH4浓度变得尤为紧迫.虽然地基监测能提供高精度数据,但因其覆盖范围和高昂成本,限制了自身发展,从而促进卫星监测手段的兴起,以实现广泛、经济、快速的大气CH4获取[3-5].目前的卫星观测传感器包括大气红外探测仪(AIRS),红外大气探测仪(IASI),大气扫描成像吸收光谱仪绘图法(SCIAMACHY),温室气体观测卫星(GOSAT),对流层发射光谱仪(TES)以及搭载在哥白尼哨兵五号前体(Sentinel-5p)的对流层观测仪(TROPOMI)等,它们在不同的时间和空间尺度上提供了全球平均的干空气甲烷物质的量分数(XCH4).
目前,已有许多研究利用卫星监测数据来探究区域和全球尺度的XCH4浓度分布[6-8].受反演模型、测量仪器、空间分辨率以及大气和地表参数等影响,卫星浓度产品的精度存在误差和不确定性[9-12].因此,在利用卫星数据进行研究之前,对其进行全面的评估验证非常关键.这一步骤对于识别和减少不确定性、提高反演算法和数据产品的准确性至关重要.总碳柱观测网(TCCON)是一个由地基傅里叶变换光谱仪组成的观测网,可以收集到高精度且稳定的测量数据[13].这些数据不仅是反演地基XCH4数据的基础,也是评估和校正卫星XCH4产品性能的重要依据[14-16].尽管前人已利用TCCON对各种碳卫星数据进行了广泛的比较,但同时对比多源卫星(如GOSAT和TROPOMI数据)及与TCCON差异的研究仍有欠缺.GOSAT和TROPOMI采用不同的观测策略,体现在不同的轨道和测量足迹上.GOSAT所搭载的傅里叶变换光谱仪TANSO-FTS在电磁波谱的短波红外SWIR和热红外TIR区域工作,采取星下采点观测.短波红外测量允许以高灵敏度检索地球表面的XCH4[17].TROPOMI则是通过一种最低点观测108°视场推扫光栅高光谱光谱仪来进行大气CH4的观测.而TCCON是通过高精度光谱仪在固定地面站点进行定期观测,以获取大气中CH4的浓度.这些技术上的差异可能导致卫星数据在空间分布、时效性及测量精度等方面存在显著差异.然而,前人的研究中往往缺乏对卫星与地基观测间时空匹配标准的系统性分析,或者仅针对特定区域或短时间尺度展开研究,未能充分考虑全球范围内的复杂性.因此,选择有效的时空匹配标准,以TCCON的数据作为基准,可以有效识别和校正它们间的差异,以提高卫星数据的可靠性和准确性并增强对全球CH4时空变化的理解.通过系统性地分析数据差异,希望为各国应对大气CH4浓度快速增长的挑战,实施精准的减排政策,并为逐步实现碳达峰和碳中和目标提供有效的参考.
本文选取GOSAT和TROPOMI的XCH4数据进行全面的比较分析,以评估它们在XCH4测量中的一致性和差异.具体而言,本研究将从年际、季节和空间三个角度分析卫星数据的一致性和差异性,并利用TCCON数据验证两颗卫星数据的精度.以期为卫星(XCH4)数据的科学应用提供全球时空分布和对比分析的关键信息,从而为后续研究提供可靠的参考.
GOSAT是国际第一颗专门用于高精度观测空间温室气体浓度的卫星.它于2009年1月发射升空,由日本宇航局,日本国立环境研究所(NIES)和日本政府环境部(MOE)的联合项目运行.GOSAT的参数信息如表1,它是太阳同步轨道卫星,倾角为98.06°,观测高度为665.96km,带宽为640km,每3d就可以监测全球范围内的XCO2和XCH4,并且公转的周期为98.1min,过境时间为13:00(当地时),空间分辨率为10.5km×10.5km[18-19].GOSAT的有效载荷包括用于碳观测的热和近红外传感器-傅里叶变换光谱仪(TANSO-FTS)和云和气溶胶成像仪(TANSO-CAI).TANSO-FTS仪器有4个高光谱分辨率的光谱带,其中3个在SWIR的0.76,1.6,2.0µm中工作对近地表吸收具有敏感性,第4个则是在5.5~14.33µm的TIR波段工作,对对流层中部的吸收具有敏感性[20],且1.56~1.72µm和5.56~14.33µm为CH4的反演波段.
本研究所使用到的XCH4产品来自日本国家环境研究所(NIES)提供的经过偏差校正后的FTS L2CH4 column amount (SWIR)产品,版本为V02.95/V02.96(下载地址:https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatDataArchiveService/usr/download/ProductPage/veiw).该GOSAT L2产品采用的反演算法为NIES算法[21].本研究选择2019年3月~2023年2月的时间范围,根据用户手册中的质量标志(xch4_quality_flag=0)对数据进行初步筛选,之后通过箱型图分析进一步识别并剔除数据中的异常值,以确保后续分析结果的准确性和可靠性.
Sentinel-5p卫星是欧空局ESA于2017年10月13日发射的一颗全球大气污染监测卫星,该卫星搭载了对流层观测仪TROPOMI.TROPOMI的参数信息如表1,它是太阳同步轨道卫星,过境时间为当地下午13:30,卫星高度为824km,预计任务寿命为7a[22].TROPOMI是一种推扫式成像光谱仪,带宽为2600km,空间分辨率为5.5km×7km.该仪器每秒观测一整条条带,并在大约90min内绕地球运行一周,从而实现每天接近全球的覆盖率[23].
本研究收集了2019年3月~2023年2月的由NASA提供的Sentinel-5p卫星反演的S5P_L2__CH4____HiR的经过偏差校正后的XCH4产品(下载地址:https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataest/S5P_L2__CH4____HiR_2/),其采用的反演算法为RemoTeC[24],并且充分阅读用户手册,根据质量的筛选标准(qa_value>0.5)进行筛选,之后通过箱型图分析进一步识别并剔除数据中的异常值,以确保后续的分析准确性和可靠性.
本研究使用TCCON地面站点观测数据来评估GOSAT和TROPOMI的数据.TCCON是由全球多个国家的不同观测站点组成的全球合作观测网络,建立于2004年,如今全球共有33个观测站点,主要分布在美洲及欧洲等国家,致力于提供稳定的,长时间序列的CO2、CH4、N2O、CO等观测记录.TCCON网络建立了严格的数据采集与反演标准,基于FTS观测平台,通过测量对太阳直射光的吸收来反演多种大气温室气体的柱浓度和垂直廓线,从而获取高时空分辨率的温室气体立体分布信息,不仅可以实现卫星数据的有效验证和补充,还能实现对地基、机载、星载仪器数据的校验,以及对化学模型的对比矫正[25-26].
为了建立GOSAT、TROPOMI和TCCON数据之间的对应关系,下载了GGG2020版本的数据.意识到两颗卫星在陆地上的观测模式为天底模式,而在海洋部分则是闪烁模式.为了消除两种模式的差异,本研究只针对陆地区域进行分析.由于数据集的时间年限和卫星与站点的匹配限制,选取对应时间范围作为与GOSAT和TROPOMI的进行评估所使用的数据,匹配后的站点空间分布如图1.
表1显示了两颗卫星在空间分辨率上面存在一定的差异.这些XCH4观测值在空间和时间上都是不规则分布,由于气溶胶和云等地球物理因素的影响,造成了许多空隙.GOSAT和TROPOMI XCH4观测值的时空尺度不同,导致GOSAT的有效观测值远小于TROPOMI[10],并且两颗卫星之间的覆盖率也存在一定的差异,GOSAT为41.92%,而TROPOMI为97.03%.因此为便于比较,本研究计算每个1°×1°空间分辨率网格内的XCH4值和数据量.这一选择与大多数全球模式使用的典型分辨率1°×1°一致.具体步骤如下:1)统计每个1°×1°网格内的卫星观测到XCH4的数据量,并将同一纬度的数据点相加,以分析两颗卫星在不同纬度上的可用数据差异.2)对于XCH4,首先确定1°×1°范围内的所有XCH4的值,然后计算它们的均值以便获取到网格级别的值.之后对不同纬度下的XCH4均值和标准差进行计算,并对XCH4全球尺度的年际变化进行分析.3)在分析两颗卫星XCH4的差异(ΔXCH4)时,对每个对应的格网直接采用如式(1)所示的差分方法.为了比较不同纬度带之间的差异,对每1°纬度带内所有网格的差异进行了平均,并研究了它们随纬度的变化.4)在时间尺度上,分析每颗卫星在4个时期(季节)的点计数和XCH4值,其中3月、4月、5月(MAM,March April May);6月、7月、8月(JJA,June July August);9月、10月、11月(SON,September October November);12月、1月、2月(DJF,December January February).
式中的TRO和GOS分别代表TROPOMI和GOSAT,用于计算它们的XCH4差.
STL(Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess)是一个非常通用和稳健强硬的分解时间序列的方法,其中Loess是一种估算非线性关系的方法.利用STL方法[53]对GOSAT和TROPOMI两颗卫星的原始数据进行时间序列的分解.将原始时间序列数据分解为长期趋势(关于位置(x,y)的函数)和时间(t),一个季节循环(关于位置和月份(m)的函数)和年际变化(IAV)[54].通过公式(2)计算如下:
首先,由于南极洲常年被冰雪覆盖没有观测数据,因此将两个卫星的数据分为6个大洲分别是a北美洲、b非洲、c亚洲、d欧洲、e南美洲、f大洋洲;然后对原始(Raw)时间序列进行拟合来计算每个位置的观测趋势并去除.之后,通过计算每个月数据的平均值来计算出平均季节变化周期;最后通过公式(2),将趋势以及季节周期去除,得到年际变化.
在将两颗卫星的数据与TCCON地面站点的数据进行匹配时,由于GOSAT采用打点式的观测方式,而TROPOMI采用推扫式,两颗卫星在数据覆盖率存在明显的差异.TCCON站点虽然提供高时间分辨率的数据,但是其空间覆盖率有限,这些差异可能导致数据整合时出现偏差.因此,采取以下几个步骤来解决它们之间的差异:首先进行空间上的匹配,确定每个TCCON站点的位置.接下来,在1°×1°的空间范围内对每个点进行中心化,并从该范围内筛选卫星XCH4值.然后将这些值进行平均,以创建空间匹配.之后进行时间匹配:考虑到每分钟尺度上的匹配点较少,基于TCCON站点的采集时间,匹配了时间范围为±30min的卫星数据.将这些值取平均值,形成最终值与TCCON进行匹配,匹配结果见表2.由于TCCON数据是高频值,需对一小时TCCON数据和匹配的卫星值进行平均,得到最终结果进行分析.最后,为了评估卫星值与TCCON数据的一致性在空间上的差异,分别计算了北半球(以下简称NH)和南半球(以下简称SH)的情况.
本研究采用相关系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、期望值()和标准差(σ)4个指标对卫星和TCCON的ΔXCH4进行评估.这些指标的数学表达式如下:
式中:n表示总匹配数量;X为来自卫星的XCH4Y为来自TCCON的XCH4为TCCON的预测值;而则是TCCON的数学期望.
关于σ,它们满足正态分布的公式为:
式中:X为TCCON与卫星匹配后的XCH4之差;为ΔXCH4的均值;σ为标准差.
从季节分布来看,JJA期间两颗卫星的XCH4数据量最高,分别达到1.23×108(TROPOMI)和1.01×105(GOSAT),这可能与全球植被生长和生物活动的增加有关.除南美洲北部在4个季节中的GOSAT数据量较低外,两颗卫星在不同季节的数据量显示明显的相似性.进一步分析非洲北部、亚洲西南部和大洋洲表现出高度的一致性.这可能与这些地区特定的地理与环境因素有关,如农业活动和自然生态系统的分布.在纬度带分析中,赤道附近的数据量在4个季节内相对较少.而北半球(NH)的20°~40°N和南半球(SH)的20°~30°S,数据量达到峰值.然而造成南北半球高纬数据捕获稀疏的主要原因可能是NH高纬度地区,由于DJF时期太阳光不足,探空次数较少;而在SH高纬度地区的限制因素可能是海拔高度和岛屿位置[7].此外,JJA期间,两颗卫星在30°S附近的数据点密度达到最高.
值得注意的是TROPOMI的XCH4数据量(4.49×108)约为GOSAT(3.35×105)的1300倍,这一差异可能源于两种传感器的技术规格和观测策略.特别是在DJF时期,GOSAT的数据在SH相对缺失的,而TROPOMI则存在明显的峰值.
图3表明两颗卫星显示出相似的XCH4空间分布特征,均表现出NH的XCH4浓度高于SH(NH均值在(1872~1875)×10-9,SH在(1828~1833)×10-9),且低值区域分布在20°S以南的地区.与SH相比,NH低纬度地区在SON和DJF中的全球XCH4有显著的增加.由图3可见,XCH4值呈现出赤道向两极递减的趋势,这一趋势在4个观测时期中均得到体现,进一步证实了纬度对XCH4分布的影响.此外,两颗卫星在NH的XCH4值相比SH表现出更大的标准差(图3中浅蓝色阴影),说明NH地区XCH4的分布更为离散.对比发现,TROPOMI数据显示在JJA时期的XCH4值变化并未出现明显的峰值,变化程度较小;相反,GOSAT的XCH4在4个时期中都表现出峰值,尤其在SON和DJF时期最为明显.在分析10°S~10°N纬度范围内的XCH4变化时,TROPOMI数据显示出先下降后上升的趋势,而GOSAT则未表现出这种模式.此外,GOSAT的XCH4数据在赤道附近变异性更大,这可能与其使用的离散采样方法有关.
对2019~2022年期间GOSAT和TROPOMI两颗卫星观测的XCH4数据进行了年际和季节变化的比较,发现全球XCH4浓度从1790×10-9增长到1920×10-9,且这一增长趋势在6大洲均有记录(图4).进一步分析发现,除北美洲和非洲外,GOSAT在其他区域记录的增长率普遍高于TROPOMI(表3),这可能与两颗卫星在不同区域的观测数量有关.两者均显示出明显的季节性变化特征:夏季浓度较低,冬季浓度较高(图4a2~f2).这种季节性变化通过大气中羟基自由基(OH)的浓度变化来解释.OH是CH4的主要消耗者,OH浓度在夏季较高,导致CH4消耗加速,而冬季相反,这导致CH4浓度呈现出季节性变化[55-56].此外,CH4的季节性变化还受到稻田和植被生长周期、季风活动以及温度和湿度变化的影响.例如,沼泽和湖泊等厌氧环境对CH4排放中起到重要作用[57-59].
在对两颗卫星数据进行的年际变化对比分析中,NH中各大洲的XCH4变化范围均在±5 ×10-9以内(图4a3~f3),表明它们的年际变异性相对较小.相比之下,SH中各大洲的变化范围则显著较大,达到±15×10-9,表明SH各大洲在年际变化程度上高于NH.特别是在2022年,两颗卫星的观测数据显示NH中各大洲普遍呈现增长趋势,而SH则相反.然而,在2020年和2021年某些大洲上的观测结果存在明显的差异.进一步通过计算年际振幅均值(表3)进行深入分析.结果显示,GOSAT卫星在除大洋洲外的其他五个大洲上记录的年际振幅均值普遍高于TROPOMI卫星,尤其在南美洲,两者之间的差异达到了最大值4.04×10-9/a.此外,SH的年际振幅均值普遍高于NH,其中南美洲的振幅均值尤为显著,均超过了10×10-9/a.
图5可以看出,两颗卫星浓度之间存在一定的差异,且不同季节的ΔXCH4不同.2019~2022年间,TROPOMI与GOSAT平均差异为-1.72×10-9,表明TROPOMI的测量值普遍低于GOSAT.特别是在JJA期间,ΔXCH4的值最大(-5.00×10-9),而在MAM期间最小(0.32×10-9),季节间差距达到5.32×10-9.此外,MAM和DJF的标准误差较高,显示这两个时期的测量变异性较大.从空间差异(图6)来看,两颗卫星在4个时期的差值空间分布总体一致,个别区域存在南北差异.在南美洲、非洲、大洋洲和亚洲南部,GOSAT的值高于TROPOMI,而在非洲区域的差异更为明显.
通过图6比较不同纬度带上的ΔXCH4,发现两颗卫星之间的ΔXCH4均在±50×10-9的范围内.在40°S~30°N,ΔXCH4主要呈现负值,表明TROPOMI的值普遍低于GOSAT.此外,SH的ΔXCH4值大于NH,这表明两颗卫星的差异主要集中在SH.在MAM、JJA和SON时期,观察到相似的差异变化,而在DJF时期,30°~60°N的情况与其他时期相反,表明此时期和纬度范围内,TROPOMI观测的值小于GOSAT的观测值.
TCCON是验证多源卫星XCH4一致性的最有价值的地面数据来源.根据TCCON的观测数据,全球XCH4约为1859.25×10-9,南北半球分别约为1833.57×10-9和1871.05×10-9.然而GOSAT的全球XCH4约为1866.86×10-9,南北半球分别约为1838.16×10-9和1875.68×10-9;TROPOMI全球XCH4约为1864.28×10-9,南北半球分别约为1840.27×10-9和1870.87×10-9.这些数据表明,两颗卫星观测的XCH4和TCCON数据相比存在一定的差异,尤其在南北半球上的差异更明显.为了能够更加准确的分析出卫星与TCCON之间的差异,将匹配后的数据分别进行了南北半球的分离,然后分别进行回归拟合,如图7.
首先,在NH中,TROPOMI的匹配数量(N)为7538,GOSAT为1768.在SH,TROPOMI为1444,GOSAT为187.表明TROPOMI的数据量显著多于GOSAT.两颗卫星数据的拟合直线与1:1参考线接近,说明卫星反演得到的XCH4具有较高的精度.分析R2和RMSE时,在NH,GOSAT的R2值(0.841)高于TROPOMI的R2值(0.732),表明GOSAT的拟合度略高.且GOSAT的RMSE值(9.188)显著低于TROPOMI的RMSE值(14.563),可以看出虽然GOSAT的数据点少,但其相关性系数和RMSE均优于TROPOMI,表明GOAST数据在北半球更接近TCCON测量值.而在SH中,TROPOMI的R2值(0.845)略高于GOSAT的R2值(0.836),但两者相差不大.而RMSE则是GOSAT(10.344)低于TROPOMI(13.608),尽管在SH中GOSAT的数据量较少,但其相关系数与TROPOMI相近.回归分析显示,TROPOMI和GOSAT在NH的斜率分别为0.932和0.934,SH为0.936和0.980,表明两颗卫星观测的XCH4与TCCON数据高度相关,尤其是GOSAT的斜率更接近1.此外,GOSAT在南北半球的截距为129.032和37.353,更接近TCCON真实基线,表明其系统误差较小.图8展示了对ΔXCH4的频率分布正态变换特征,利用式(4)进行拟合的概率密度分布图,显示出Δ XCH4的值在±60×10-9之间.在NH,TROPOMI的数据分布较为集中,均值为-5.20×10-9,而GOSAT的为-1.55×10-9,均小于0,表明两颗卫星在NH的反演结果高估了XCH4,其中TROPOMI的高估程度更为显著.SH方面,TROPOMI的均值小于0,而GOSAT相反,显示出二者存在不同的差异.在NH,GOSAT的σ为14.67,而TROPOMI为9.31,SH中分别为13.79和10.38,显示出它们间的差异.尽管GOSAT的标准差更大,表示数据分布范围更广,但在南北半球的系统偏差都小于TROPOMI,这表明GOSAT的数据虽然波动较大,但总体精度优于TROPOMI.
图9展示TCCON与两颗卫星在南北半球四个季节XCH4差值(ΔXCH4)的均值.在NH中,两颗卫星的ΔXCH4显示出显著的差异:在MAM和SON期间,两者均为负值(ΔXCH4<0),但TROPOMI较小.相反,在JJA期间,GOSAT的ΔXCH4为最大负值(-8.64×10-9),而TROPOMI则相反.在SH中的差异为:MAM期间,GOSAT的ΔXCH4<0,TROPOMI接近于零.而在JJA和SON期间,两者表现相反的趋势.总体来看,GOSAT在大多数情况下的ΔXCH4<0,尤其是在NH的MAM和JJA期间,相比于TCCON来说,其值被高估.TROPOMI仅在NH的JJA期间的ΔXCH4>0,其余期间的ΔXCH4<0;而在SH中的四个季节中都表现出ΔXCH4>0,其中SON期间的ΔXCH4最大(4.93×10-9).这些结果表明,GOSAT与TROPOMI在南北半球的不同季节中的XCH4观测存在明显的差异.这种差异可能反映了两颗卫星在不同条件下的数据处理和观测能力的差异,以及季节性变化和地理位置对XCH4浓度的影响.
本研究评估了GOSAT和TROPOMI两颗卫星的XCH反演结果,发现它们在观测策略、空间覆盖范围和测量精度上存在显著差异.GOSAT使用离散采样点,空间覆盖较为局限,而TROPOMI采用连续像元观测,能够提供更广泛的空间覆盖.尽管两颗卫星的季节性XCH4测量趋势相似,但GOSAT记录的XCH4值普遍高于TROPOMI,且在中纬度地区的波动性更大.
这些差异可以归因于几个关键因素:首先,GOSAT和TROPOMI的观测策略和空间分辨率差异较大.GOSAT的离散采样模式可能导致其无法准确代表某些区域的数据,而TROPOMI通过更高的时空分辨率,能够更精确地捕捉到甲烷浓度的局部变化.其次,反演算法的不同,尤其是在气溶胶、云层以及辐射传输模型的处理方式上,可能会影响两颗卫星的XCH4测量结果.此外,中纬度地区云层和气溶胶的影响较为显著,这可能是GOSAT数据波动性较大的原因.最后,数据的时间范围差异也可能影响结果的比较,特别是在季节性变化或短期气候波动的背景下.
在ΔXCH4的比较中,不同时间段和纬度带上两颗卫星存在差异,研究同时表明,与TCCON数据相比,两颗卫星的精度较高,但GOSAT的数据相对更可靠.这些发现表明,尽管GOSAT和TROPOMI在全球范围内展现了较高的一致性,但在某些区域和季节,仍存在显著的差异.因此,结合多颗卫星的数据,以实现全球范围内更精确的甲烷监测至关重要.理解这些观测差异的原因,不仅能推动卫星反演算法的改进,还能为数据校准方法的完善提供方向,进而提高未来卫星观测数据的质量和可靠性.
本研究的局限性主要体现在数据时间范围较短,影响了对长期趋势的评估;此外,尽管数据已经通过反演过程生成,但不同卫星的测量算法和数据处理方法可能导致数据产品间的差异,这些差异可能影响最终结果的准确性.此外,云层和气溶胶效应的定量影响尚需进一步研究.在未来的工作中,计划结合更多卫星数据,并采用模式模拟数据,进一步探讨不同时间和空间分辨率下XCH数据的表现.同时,长期趋势分析将有助于更好地理解甲烷浓度的变化,为全球气候政策和减缓战略的评估提供科学依据.
3.1 两颗卫星提供XCH4产品在1°×1°的网格单元内的数据量存在显著差异.TROPOMI数据量约为GOSAT的1300倍.两颗卫星在非洲北部,亚洲西南部和大洋洲地区捕获到更多的数据,而在极地地区捕获的数据较少.
3.2 比较1°×1°网格单元内4个时期XCH4的均值发现,XCH4从赤道向两极递减,且4个时期中北半球的XCH4值(GOSAT为1875.67×10-9,TROPOMI为1872.04×10-9)高于南半球(GOSAT为1833.43×10-9,TROPOMI为1828.45×10-9).接着,通过分析两颗卫星在2019~2022年的时间变化,结果显示两颗卫星在6个区域内均呈现出逐年上升的趋势,并表现出冬高夏低的特征.在年际变化的对比中,尽管两颗卫星总体上表现出一致的趋势,但在2019年(GOSAT:-1.37×10-9,TROPO-MI:0.25×10-9)与2020年(GOSAT:-4.61×10-9,TROPO-MI:0.95×10-9)的北美洲,2021年(GOSAT:-0.92×10-9,TROPOMI:1.30×10-9)的非洲,2020年(GOSAT:-2.40×10-9,TROPOMI:2.38×10-9)的亚洲以及2021年(GOSAT:-2.46×10-9,TROPOMI:2.23×10-9)的欧洲,这些区域中两颗卫星的变化存在显著差异,这可能是由于气候变化、地表活动或其他因素导致的大气组成变化,从而影响到卫星观测的CH4浓度.在比较两颗卫星的ΔXCH4时,发现在JJA期间的值(-5.00×10-9)最大.全球尺度分析表明,TROPOMI的值高于GOSAT.此外,从区域上看,两颗卫星在巴西(-8.87×10-9),北非(-9.00×10-9)和亚北极地区(2.82×10-9)表现出明显的差异.
3.3 研究显示,在全球及南北半球尺度上,TCCON与GOSAT的差值约为-7.61×10-9(南北半球分别为-4.59×10-9和-4.63×10-9),而与TROPOMI的差值约为-5.03×10-9(南北半球分别为-6.7和0.18×10-9).分析表明,GOSAT和TROPOMI在数据特性上存在差异.GOSAT在北半球的拟合精度较高(R2:0.841,RMSE:9.188),而TROPOMI的空间覆盖范围更广.回归分析结果显示,GOSAT在南北半球的观测值与TCCON数据更为接近,其回归斜率接近1,截距较小.频率分布分析表明,GOSAT的标准差在南北半球均高于TROPOMI.此外,在季节和南北半球尺度上的ΔXCH4对比中,两颗卫星与TCCON之间存在显著差异.
  • 中国科学院基础与交叉前沿科研B类先导专项(XDB0740300)
  • 资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室自主创新项目(KPI005)
  • 新疆自治区重点研发计划项目(2021B03002-2)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41977404)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41771114)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
基金
中国科学院基础与交叉前沿科研B类先导专项(XDB0740300)
资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室自主创新项目(KPI005)
新疆自治区重点研发计划项目(2021B03002-2)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41977404)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41771114)
作者信息
    1.沈阳建筑大学交通与测绘工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
    2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,地理信息科学与技术系国家重点实验室,北京 100101
    3.广东省深圳生态环境监测中心站,广东 深圳 518049
    4.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
    5.江苏省地理信息资源与开发利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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