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Selecting Pearl River as a typical case, over a decade of data tracking and investigation was conducted. Simulated using the analytical data as well as future scenarios of climate warming and river acidification, this study predicted the evolution of nutrient element ratios and trace metal concentrations over the next 80 years. Three significant changes in natural water bodies were suggested: firstly, insufficient carbon source allocation and nutrient accumulation leading to decreased biochemical efficiency; secondly, elevated ion exchange due to acidification, resulting in higher background concentrations of trace elements; lastly, water quality fluctuation inducing the co-release of heavy metals and toxic organic micropollutants and phase distribution shifts, forming a multi-loop feedback of pollution sources. Our study suggests that changes in aqueous solution properties of water bodies are driven by the results of simultaneous occurrence of concentration resonance and convergence effects, which are crucial factors of the physical fields. Combined pollution irreversibly changes the physicochemical properties of water bodies, resulting in a rapid fluctuation of geological background baseline values over decades. Consequently, this necessitates epochal adjustments to the evaluation of natural water body thresholds. A new emergence of water environmental challenges may include element exposure and fate changes caused by the natural evolutions, water quality structure conflicts from continuous inputs and emissions, and the approaching demands for species equity in ecological era.

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针对珠江10余年的数据跟踪调查,结合气候变暖、河流酸化的未来场景,模拟了未来80a营养元素比值和金属微量元素浓度的演变.发现未来自然水体可能存在3种重要变化:其一,碳源分配不足、营养素积累和生化效率下降;其二,酸化后的离子交换增强以及微量元素的背景浓度升高;其三,水质变化诱导的重金属和微量有毒有害有机物的共同释放、相态分配的异化以及污染源的多环反馈.水体中溶液性质受物理场驱动的变化表现为浓度共振与共归趋效应的同步发生,复合污染是水体物化性质变化的不可逆表现,带来了地质背景值基线的10a级的快速更新,对天然水体评价阈值的计算将需要时代性的特征加以校正.人类面临着新生的水环境问题可能包括自然变化引发的元素暴露与活性演变、连续性输入排放的水质结构矛盾以及即将到来生态世对物种的公平性要求.

, correspAuthors=韦朝海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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宋朝晖(2000-),男,河南新乡人,华南理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制理论及技术的研究.发表论文3篇..

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宋朝晖(2000-),男,河南新乡人,华南理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制理论及技术的研究.发表论文3篇..

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宋朝晖(2000-),男,河南新乡人,华南理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制理论及技术的研究.发表论文3篇..

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China Environmental Science202444(11):6354-6363., articleTitle=Assessment of ecosystem health of river based on microbe index of biotic integrity (M-IBI)—A case study of Zhangcun River in Qingdao, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116677656596936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=4, pageStart=2256, pageEnd=2272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=55, authorNames=李欣桐, 王远铭, 梁瑞峰, journalName=中国环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李欣桐,王远铭,梁瑞峰,等. 河流系统生态完整性评估的回顾与展望[J]. 中国环境科学202444(4):2256-2272., articleTitle=河流系统生态完整性评估的回顾与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116677778231762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=4, pageStart=2256, pageEnd=2272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Li X T, Wang Y M, Liang R F, journalName=China Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X TWang Y MLiang R F,et al. A review and prospect for ecological integrity assessment of river systems [J]. China Environmental Science202444(4):2256-2272., articleTitle=A review and prospect for ecological integrity assessment of river systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116677895672282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=465, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Ru X, Guan X H, Liao J B, journalName=Journal of Hazardous Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ru XGuan X HLiao J B,et al. A methodology for evaluating the relative pollution level of metal pollution in surface sediments of rivers based on the statistical results of relevant literatures covering world-wide rivers [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials2024465:133108., articleTitle=A methodology for evaluating the relative pollution level of metal pollution in surface sediments of rivers based on the statistical results of relevant literatures covering world-wide rivers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241116665614750527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, awardId=U1901218, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1901218), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241116651672883876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116651681272485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116651672883876, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116651689661094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116651672883876, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东 广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241116651815490225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116651823878834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116651815490225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116651907764920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116651815490225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241116652067148485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116652083925705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116652067148485, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116652092314315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, companyId=1241116652067148485, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.东莞理工学院生态环境工程技术研发中心,广东 东莞 523808)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116660220875080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sampling area of the experimental data set and correlation links of elemental features in different river sections, figureFileSmall=5sZGSDmVrySly8hsQtWx1w==, figureFileBig=Bu7/Sd0EtIodfs7AB4ZI9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660325732695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验数据集采样区域及不同河段元素特征的相关性连接

图1(a)所示的采样点分布中■表示干流断面,▲表示支流断面,•表示河口断面

, figureFileSmall=5sZGSDmVrySly8hsQtWx1w==, figureFileBig=Bu7/Sd0EtIodfs7AB4ZI9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660564808061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Heterogeneity test of the flow section of the main stream and tributaries and the characteristic importance of some important chemical indicators, figureFileSmall=uUNrhmKLM5GM4FYDo0Q14w==, figureFileBig=M8uTdJNM0so6BxhFt3fkiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660699025809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图2, caption=北江段干流、支流各断面流量的异质性检验和部分重要化学指标对应物理属性的特征重要性

断面的平均值在实验组的Events中显示

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其中■代表支流断面拟合数据,•代表干流断面拟合数据,▲代表河口断面拟合数据

, figureFileSmall=3uLvqUJCIBnE2jjWn9SRwA==, figureFileBig=VjB8TyUIHtbVpHLGZ67kDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116661089096129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Estimation of biogeochemical element ratios in rivers and estuaries based on machine learning and future scenarios, figureFileSmall=2n5+wqZF9KqNeldd+cPlsQ==, figureFileBig=FJy2j+ahzpHKY38DYQ11ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116661336560085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于机器学习和未来情景预测的河流与河口生物地球化学元素比值估算, figureFileSmall=2n5+wqZF9KqNeldd+cPlsQ==, figureFileBig=FJy2j+ahzpHKY38DYQ11ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662754234853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Estimation of concentrations of important trace elements(Fe, Cu, Pb)in rivers and estuaries based on machine learning and future scenarios, figureFileSmall=QISWuhM7bQDmjfhwRisckw==, figureFileBig=Nr8UkE/ALc8+UGmzkRs0kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663001698807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于机器学习和未来情景预测的河流与河口重要微量元素(Fe、Cu、Pb)浓度估算, figureFileSmall=QISWuhM7bQDmjfhwRisckw==, figureFileBig=Nr8UkE/ALc8+UGmzkRs0kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663102362118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Spatial distribution of heavy metals(As, Cd, Tl, Pb, Sb, Hg)in the two rivers, figureFileSmall=kJ9kCgum29ZK4YjJTfbwjA==, figureFileBig=b7KSASJzxVYByxBdXWN4vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663249162777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两江水体部分重金属(As、Cd、Tl、Pb、Sb、Hg)含量的空间分布

打圈位置表示水体重金属浓度高于饮用水卫生标准

, figureFileSmall=kJ9kCgum29ZK4YjJTfbwjA==, figureFileBig=b7KSASJzxVYByxBdXWN4vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663379186218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spatial distribution of PAHs/OCPs/PAEs in the two rivers, figureFileSmall=lnQqdneYqRSUXyXpmYSzkQ==, figureFileBig=x5ibL0iyt4+NyNCSNZkDBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663567929916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图7, caption=两江水体PAHs/OCPs/PAEs空间分布, figureFileSmall=lnQqdneYqRSUXyXpmYSzkQ==, figureFileBig=x5ibL0iyt4+NyNCSNZkDBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663681176135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Pearson correlation plot of major pollutants and physicochemical characteristics, figureFileSmall=Mp+vfZ0noc6VwRFDTlCJcQ==, figureFileBig=QHZ9OYTWn0f6b3XAG1+YJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663786033750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=图8, caption=主要污染因子与理化特征的Pearson相关性

* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01

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Relative abundances of stratigraphic sediments at different periods [14-20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素寒武纪二叠纪第四纪1979表层1985表层2006表层2009表层元素寒武纪二叠纪第四纪1979表层1985表层2006表层2009表层
Al3.013.612.89.48.08.68.7N245
As0.45.014.036.3Na1.03.53.30.72.90.80.7
Ba1180643.0600.0550.0500.0522.0Nb4.712.925.013.013.5
Be3.3Nd15.235.026.029.032.2
Bi0.10.9Ni32.821.031.590.020.050.074.5
Br1.75.09.021.5P470700581115010002010
Ca4.11.06.42.23.02.62.6Pb14.420.410020.025.061.1
Cd0.10.10.51.6Pr4.47.17.78.0
Ce43.395.064.068.073.6Rb97.497.210011277.078.5
Cl231.2S1140581
Co16.13.420.010.019.022.5Sb2.50.21.42.2
Cr145.062.364.9100.035.085.0130.0Sc3.518.014.018.2
Cs1.16.03.75.26.3Si8.959.328.530.825.625.4
Cu51.38.824.2100.025.045.075.9Sm2.97.04.55.86.1
Dy2.23.54.54.3Sn5.52.94.6
Er2.32.32.62.2Sr179258150350150187
Eu0.61.50.91.41.3Ta0.51.32.20.91.3
Fe2.21.84.74.83.55.05.8Tb0.41.00.60.80.9
Ga14.016.625.017.020.018.1Te0.5
Gd2.53.85.65.3Th9.814.010.710.012.1
Ge0.81.41.2Ti0.20.60.30.40.4
Hf4.16.05.84.44.0Tl0.80.60.5
Ho0.80.90.9Tm0.20.30.40.4
K1.44.65.22.02.82.21.7U1.61.33.02.82.43.3
La20.845.030.032.037.4V64.020.217060120129
Li21.225.035.08.5W0.31.42.0
Lu0.30.50.30.40.4Y15.030.022.025.021.9
Mg4.65.22.71.21.31.41.3Yb1.63.52.22.52.1
Mn200.0400.0685.41050600.011501679Zn27.038.369.425071130208
Mo1.23.01.83.0Zr144190150160
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664473899701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各元素在不同时期地层沉积物的相对丰度[14-20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素寒武纪二叠纪第四纪1979表层1985表层2006表层2009表层元素寒武纪二叠纪第四纪1979表层1985表层2006表层2009表层
Al3.013.612.89.48.08.68.7N245
As0.45.014.036.3Na1.03.53.30.72.90.80.7
Ba1180643.0600.0550.0500.0522.0Nb4.712.925.013.013.5
Be3.3Nd15.235.026.029.032.2
Bi0.10.9Ni32.821.031.590.020.050.074.5
Br1.75.09.021.5P470700581115010002010
Ca4.11.06.42.23.02.62.6Pb14.420.410020.025.061.1
Cd0.10.10.51.6Pr4.47.17.78.0
Ce43.395.064.068.073.6Rb97.497.210011277.078.5
Cl231.2S1140581
Co16.13.420.010.019.022.5Sb2.50.21.42.2
Cr145.062.364.9100.035.085.0130.0Sc3.518.014.018.2
Cs1.16.03.75.26.3Si8.959.328.530.825.625.4
Cu51.38.824.2100.025.045.075.9Sm2.97.04.55.86.1
Dy2.23.54.54.3Sn5.52.94.6
Er2.32.32.62.2Sr179258150350150187
Eu0.61.50.91.41.3Ta0.51.32.20.91.3
Fe2.21.84.74.83.55.05.8Tb0.41.00.60.80.9
Ga14.016.625.017.020.018.1Te0.5
Gd2.53.85.65.3Th9.814.010.710.012.1
Ge0.81.41.2Ti0.20.60.30.40.4
Hf4.16.05.84.44.0Tl0.80.60.5
Ho0.80.90.9Tm0.20.30.40.4
K1.44.65.22.02.82.21.7U1.61.33.02.82.43.3
La20.845.030.032.037.4V64.020.217060120129
Li21.225.035.08.5W0.31.42.0
Lu0.30.50.30.40.4Y15.030.022.025.021.9
Mg4.65.22.71.21.31.41.3Yb1.63.52.22.52.1
Mn200.0400.0685.41050600.011501679Zn27.038.369.425071130208
Mo1.23.01.83.0Zr144190150160
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664566174403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the differential physicochemical properties of important metal element hydrates in rivers and pure water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标FeCuPbCdMnZnCr
地壳底部(mg/L)5706037.412.50.10292977228
地壳顶部(mg/L)3089014.3170.1015275235
沉积相(mg/L)3590032160.272012771
有机相(mg/L)4800010015011050350100
水相(mg/L)401010.0238.2301
–pKd全球12.33.06.54.96.33.28.0
亚马逊河10.92.39.3-8.54.06.9
珠江*11.43.57.05.68.34.96.7
多瑙河12.14.27.1-9.46.78.0
马些更河12.85.57.94.49.46.112.3
–pKsp全球11.81.53.62.85.81.97.4
亚马逊河10.40.34.1-5.91.76.3
珠江*10.81.43.32.15.82.46.1
多瑙河11.61.72.4-6.63.77.4
马些更河12.32.611.26.63.211.7
纯水37.419.714.913.612.716.930.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664717169360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重要金属元素水合物在河流和纯水中理化性质的差异比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标FeCuPbCdMnZnCr
地壳底部(mg/L)5706037.412.50.10292977228
地壳顶部(mg/L)3089014.3170.1015275235
沉积相(mg/L)3590032160.272012771
有机相(mg/L)4800010015011050350100
水相(mg/L)401010.0238.2301
–pKd全球12.33.06.54.96.33.28.0
亚马逊河10.92.39.3-8.54.06.9
珠江*11.43.57.05.68.34.96.7
多瑙河12.14.27.1-9.46.78.0
马些更河12.85.57.94.49.46.112.3
–pKsp全球11.81.53.62.85.81.97.4
亚马逊河10.40.34.1-5.91.76.3
珠江*10.81.43.32.15.82.46.1
多瑙河11.61.72.4-6.63.77.4
马些更河12.32.611.26.63.211.7
纯水37.419.714.913.612.716.930.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664943661802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Characteristic correlations of affinity components of two groups(according to combined results of 3data sets)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量因变量MSERMSEMAEMAPEr2
FeMn0.000.020.0158.650.77
CuZn0.000.020.0162.950.52
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两组亲和组分的特征相关性(根据3个数据集的合并结果)

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自变量因变量MSERMSEMAEMAPEr2
FeMn0.000.020.0158.650.77
CuZn0.000.020.0162.950.52
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–pKsp values of partial metal hydroxides and carbonates

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物质Ca2+Mg2+Fe2++Fe3+Cu2+
OH-5.310.715.137.49.86
CO3-8.57.510.5-19.66
物质Cr3+Mn2+Ni2+Pb2+Zn2+
OH-30.212.714.714.916.9
CO3--10.78.213.110.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665421812519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645591142758, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

部分金属氢氧化物和碳酸盐的–pKsp

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物质Ca2+Mg2+Fe2++Fe3+Cu2+
OH-5.310.715.137.49.86
CO3-8.57.510.5-19.66
物质Cr3+Mn2+Ni2+Pb2+Zn2+
OH-30.212.714.714.916.9
CO3--10.78.213.110.8
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人类-生态世进程中流域水环境的复合污染
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宋朝晖 1 , 关翔鸿 1 , 田雨馨 1 , 韦庚锐 1 , 陈啊聪 1 , 汝旋 2 , 廖建波 3 , 邱光磊 1 , 韦朝海 1, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1529-1545
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1529-1545
人类-生态世进程中流域水环境的复合污染
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宋朝晖1 , 关翔鸿1, 田雨馨1, 韦庚锐1, 陈啊聪1, 汝旋2, 廖建波3, 邱光磊1, 韦朝海1, *
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 2.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004
  • 3.东莞理工学院生态环境工程技术研发中心,广东 东莞 523808
  • 宋朝晖(2000-),男,河南新乡人,华南理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制理论及技术的研究.发表论文3篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Combined pollution of watershed water environment in the course of human-ecological world
Zhao-hui SONG1 , Xiang-hong GUAN1, Yu-xin TIAN1, Geng-rui WEI1, A-cong CHEN1, Xuan RU2, Jian-bo LIAO3, Guang-lei QIU1, Chao-hai WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2.School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 3.Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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针对珠江10余年的数据跟踪调查,结合气候变暖、河流酸化的未来场景,模拟了未来80a营养元素比值和金属微量元素浓度的演变.发现未来自然水体可能存在3种重要变化:其一,碳源分配不足、营养素积累和生化效率下降;其二,酸化后的离子交换增强以及微量元素的背景浓度升高;其三,水质变化诱导的重金属和微量有毒有害有机物的共同释放、相态分配的异化以及污染源的多环反馈.水体中溶液性质受物理场驱动的变化表现为浓度共振与共归趋效应的同步发生,复合污染是水体物化性质变化的不可逆表现,带来了地质背景值基线的10a级的快速更新,对天然水体评价阈值的计算将需要时代性的特征加以校正.人类面临着新生的水环境问题可能包括自然变化引发的元素暴露与活性演变、连续性输入排放的水质结构矛盾以及即将到来生态世对物种的公平性要求.

复合污染  /  溶液性质  /  气候变暖  /  河流酸化  /  浓度共振  /  地质基准值

Selecting Pearl River as a typical case, over a decade of data tracking and investigation was conducted. Simulated using the analytical data as well as future scenarios of climate warming and river acidification, this study predicted the evolution of nutrient element ratios and trace metal concentrations over the next 80 years. Three significant changes in natural water bodies were suggested: firstly, insufficient carbon source allocation and nutrient accumulation leading to decreased biochemical efficiency; secondly, elevated ion exchange due to acidification, resulting in higher background concentrations of trace elements; lastly, water quality fluctuation inducing the co-release of heavy metals and toxic organic micropollutants and phase distribution shifts, forming a multi-loop feedback of pollution sources. Our study suggests that changes in aqueous solution properties of water bodies are driven by the results of simultaneous occurrence of concentration resonance and convergence effects, which are crucial factors of the physical fields. Combined pollution irreversibly changes the physicochemical properties of water bodies, resulting in a rapid fluctuation of geological background baseline values over decades. Consequently, this necessitates epochal adjustments to the evaluation of natural water body thresholds. A new emergence of water environmental challenges may include element exposure and fate changes caused by the natural evolutions, water quality structure conflicts from continuous inputs and emissions, and the approaching demands for species equity in ecological era.

combined pollution  /  solution properties  /  climate warming  /  river acidification  /  concentration resonance  /  geological reference value
宋朝晖, 关翔鸿, 田雨馨, 韦庚锐, 陈啊聪, 汝旋, 廖建波, 邱光磊, 韦朝海. 人类-生态世进程中流域水环境的复合污染. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1529 -1545 .
Zhao-hui SONG, Xiang-hong GUAN, Yu-xin TIAN, Geng-rui WEI, A-cong CHEN, Xuan RU, Jian-bo LIAO, Guang-lei QIU, Chao-hai WEI. Combined pollution of watershed water environment in the course of human-ecological world[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1529 -1545 .
水圈与大气圈、生物圈、沉积圈和岩石圈构成了多相元素交换的体系,地表水环境质量标准(GB3838―2002)标注的24项基本指标和80项特定指标中,除了SO42–、Cl和NO3外,其余都是疏水性物质.例如Fe、Mn、Cu等金属和Al、As、Si等成岩元素容易沉降矿化而进入岩石圈[1];NH3、N2等气体和Hg、Cd、Pb则容易逸散到大气中[2];微污染物、挥发酚、农药、表面活性剂等人造有机物容易被生物利用并赋存于沉积相中[3].由于自然水体(溪流、湖泊、河流、水库、海岸带和海洋等)具有自净化功能,污染物将在较长时间尺度上会根据其化学性质选择最佳渠道脱离水相,只需持续采取清洁生产和末端治理的措施控制输入通量,污染排放产生的环境影响将逐渐得到修复.在生态容量和排放清单的有效和科学勘定下,加之科学技术和政策法规的进步发展,传统的排放型污染对河流的生态风险将逐步降低[4].例如,我国2022年人均GDP达12814美元,根据重金属的环境库兹涅茨曲线,已逐步跨越了污染暴露的峰值[5].在持续的污染治理和污废水排放提标整治下,河流的能量物质(BOD5,COD)和营养物质(N、P、S、K、Fe、Cu等)受到了一定程度的控制.以上所述的传统污染模式由动力学所引导,具有可逆转性和可修复性,本文将这个过程称之为输入污染.
然而,一种间接的污染模式正逐步涌现,尚未被人类所重视,这种污染是通过水溶液性质发生的变化引发污染物水溶性的改变,水相与各相(气相、固相、悬浮相)进行元素交换,重新建立各种物理化学平衡.这种污染模式由热力学所引导,且难以被修复.由于这种污染过程/模式是由多方面的因素共同诱导,因此,本文将其定义为复合污染,其产生是以物理和化学诱因为主,同时受到生物成分及多种环境综合因素的交互影响,最终导致污染物在环境中的迁移、累积与反馈.物理因素诱发在全球性的环境演变中发挥了重要的影响,气候变暖导致冰川溶解和海平面上升,由于海岸带淹水造成新的微量元素或营养元素的释放[6].同时,水体溶解氧缺乏导致氧化还原电位下降,引起过渡元素Mn、V、Mo等溶解能力增强,以及Cd、U、Re等溶解能力的下降[7].化学因素重点体现在水体酸化对元素溶解的影响,这种影响是多层级的:一方面,CO2浓度升高将水体的OH置换成HCO3,阴离子的离子交换导致阳离子的溶解度跟随发生变化[8],水圈广泛存在的Ca2+、Mg2+等离子溶解度上升,使岩石圈广泛存在但在水圈中痕量存在的Al3+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+等组分浓度显著升高,造成酸化胁迫下的正离子交换;另一方面,由于pH值降低,系统反硝化等生态功能速率下降[9],造成营养元素的积累,并为水体提供了大量的路易斯碱位点,岩石圈、沉积圈中的微量元素得以通过吸附重新溶解到水相中.进而,生物体通过生态位的传递机制驱动了生态系统的微量元素和营养元素的循环和矿化,深刻影响着海洋和陆地生产力[10],营养元素和微量元素的耦合比例如B/C、C/N、Fe/C比值的变化导致限制性元素的缺乏和其他前体产物的积累[11].事实上,在元素层面,上述因素的影响是相互叠加和综合作用的,例如,Fe在水体中的主要供应途径至少包括颗粒夹带、扩散、气溶胶、海冰融化、再悬浮、热液、涡流、生物内部循环等14种方式[12].在这些环节中物化和生化因素的变动,都会促进新通量的产生.除此之外,人类合成化合物的增量不断进入水体环境中,这些化合物分布面广而浓度含量低,在水体中的化学或生物化学机制难以预测,从而引发了转化产物排列组合的非线性增幅效应.因此,在传统意义的输入污染受到控制,但如今生态环境正在快速变化,由水溶液性质要素衍生的复合污染需要受到重视,需要人类考虑污染控制作用下的自然反馈.
次生污染和复合污染在效应速度、作用范围上也存在显著边界.次生污染是小尺度环境的短期波动,通常是100km以下长度的条状水体,或0.5个经纬以内的带状水体,污染持续时间为几个小时至几年,并具备可修复的特征[13].复合污染研究的是全球范围内,不同区域地质条件差异下的流域、海岸带和近海域等大尺度环境,污染持续时间以几年到几百年为尺度,聚焦于工业时代人类活动造成的物化环境变化所导致的污染物相转移及其新污染物增量.此外,在更大的时间跨度上,地质变化是类地行星在百万年~十亿年尺度的具有广泛性的星体成分演变,目前,人类对大时间尺度地质变化积累的知识有限.尽管各元素含量在不同纪元区别显著,但时间跨度长,以年为时间尺度的微小变化可忽略不计.因此,环境学可制定相对固定的地质基准值用以描述一个时间段(通常是几个小时至几年)的污染变化.然而,从统计数据中发现,这种相对的固定可能存在着年度的差别.
和地球的总储量对比,元素的逸散和衰变占比很低;元素因为物理化学性质较为固定,它在各相中的分配比例相对稳定.然而,从表1中可以看到,大部分元素的全球沉积物的背景值差异仍不可忽略,通过1979/1985和2006/2009两组数据的比较,包括As、Cd、Cr、Co、Mn、Zn等的微量元素和包括Ca、Fe、P等的宏量元素都有显著的变化趋势.同时,我们引入了三个地质时期的个案样本作为对照组,用以显示不同地质时期的微量元素丰度差异性.在短短几十年的地质背景值的变动幅度甚至与对照组的地质时期(百万年至亿年)的差异相当.因此,地质界提出了人类世的概念[21],以命名如今发生快速地质变化的新时期.然而过快的环境演变,超越生态系统适应能力和元素健康循环的阈值,将对地球整体生态环境造成威胁,在性质上也是地球所特有的.因此,百年以内显著的地质变化本质上就是复合污染的驱动.生态系统对复合污染的适应必须要考虑所有物种的公平性生存,即人类世与生态世的交融发展.
如今的环保技术不断发展,更为严格的污染排放制度在世界各国施行[22],但江河湖海的生态环境污染风险依旧存在.有必要评估环境污染的根源,即输入污染和复合污染的存在比例,从而采取针对性的措施(削减排放量、控制酸化或热污染等)管理各类水体;通过预测复合污染可能的演变趋势,以便作出前瞻性的科学决策.通过多种分析方法,包括定量、源解析、归因和预测,研究复合污染是目前的关键,也是后输入污染时代新涌现的研究热点.因此,本文以南方珠江流域作为案例,建立一个长期、多元和高维度的数据库,描述包括支流、干流和河口三种类型水团的复合污染性质.从组分间的化学约束和物理约束来揭示复合污染的产生原因.采用树模型和Boost模型拟合数据集,采用SHAP加性分析衡量因素的正负性和重要性.由此,本文能定量分析化学约束和物理约束对微量元素组分的贡献比例;同时,筛选出对特定条件,包括气候变化带来的温度和pH值变化敏感的元素.讨论复合污染的表现方式和未来预测,根据CMIP6对未来的情景模拟[23],预测复合污染的表现方式和效应强度.
广东省珠江流域(包含西江、北江两大干流水系)的13个支流断面、7个干流断面和10个河口断面(图1),从2009~2022年间的各月物理条件和组分浓度数据,共3120条(不含平行样).其中,物理条件包括7个变量:气温、水温、pH值、溶解氧、电导率、降雨量及流量,这些数据也用于未来情景的水质模拟,作为特征值拟合未来污染物(微量元素和营养元素)的浓度.组分浓度是基于地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的基本项目和补充项目,包括硫酸盐(SO42-)、氯化物(Cl-)、硝酸盐(NO3-)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)、锑(Sb)、砷(As)、氰化物(CN-)、硫化物(S2-)、氨氮(NH3-N)、BOD5、COD、TOC、氟(F-)、六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]、15种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)、20种有机氯农药(OCPs)以及16种PAHs等27个变量.组分浓度是本文主要的研究变量,在总体和被分组的数据集中进行特征分解,用以建立元素间的特征关系,证明它们可以被影响条件的显式方程所表示.
此外,为了量化复合污染的表现,采用模型预测未来污染物变化趋势.通过监测+模拟的数字孪生模式,模型在描述实测结果的同时,对未来污染浓度演变进行预测.模拟变量由CMIP6模型提供.CMIP6是世界气候研究计划启动的一个项目,旨在比较耦合模式,增强人类对地球气候系统的了解.它的目标是通过公开提供标准化格式的多模型输出来促进模型开发和促进科学研究.在数据集的搜索中,本文关注的是场景模型,其来源是GISS-E2[24].温室气体排放模式采用“SSP370”,变异标签采用“r1i1p1f1”,时间序列以月为测量单位,精度为2度经度乘以2.5度纬度.为了从模型中提取未来80a的数据,使用了基于r的ncdf4和栅格工具包,提取了水温、降雨量、二氧化碳浓度(pCO2)和海洋酸化率等变量.模拟过程中,由于调查区域是小范围内的数据,各采样点通过就近原则分配到不同的栅格中.
获得数据集后,需要处理低于检出限的数据,并剔除离群数据.对于低于检出限的数据,采用0.5倍检测限的浓度.同时,将以外的数据视作离群值予以剔除.为了保证时间序列的完整性,未检测和剔除数据产生的缺失值应少于10%.由于时空变化的机制不明,本文不对缺失值进行插值.
由于复合污染是流域整体性的污染,因此,数据集必须具备以下两个前提:(i)各组样本的效应机制相同,需识别输入污染和复合污染的产生因素;(ii)产生差异的原因是整体性的还是个别偏倚数据影响.采用Meta分析中的异质性检验和偏倚性检验作为上述两个问题的分析方法[25].这两个测试控制了数据集的分布范围,异质性和偏差可以分别使用森林图和漏斗图进行评估.使用R语言中的Meta包评估异质性和偏倚.首先将数据集以CSV文件方式导入R程序中,依次检验各季节样本溶液性质的差异性.随后,在r4.3.0中执行Meta包,按照森林图和漏斗图的说明生成实验结果.森林样的输出包括通过I2测量异质性.I2超过50%,异质性强,差异显著.此外,P值低于0.01表示异质性检验落在99%的置信区间内.漏斗图用于检测样本偏倚,比值过高或不足表明样本偏倚,落在倒三角之外的样本被认为是有偏见的.同时通过异质性检验和偏倚性检验的数据集,才可进行后续的模型拟合.
采用可靠稳定的方法得出自变量(量化的物理化学因素)对因变量(污染物)的特征贡献值是至关重要的.在机器学习方法的选择中,由于bp神经网络、KNN近邻回归和支持向量机等算法不反映变量优先级,本研究采用3种树算法和5种Boost算法.树算法包括决策树、随机森林、ExtraTree,Boost算法(梯度提升决策树)包括GBDT、Adaboost、Catboost、Xgboost和LightGBM.采用匿名投票法综合上述算法的结果,投票方法可避免采用单一算法的武断,且各种算法能相互验证,保证各集系结果的信度和效度.如果其中一种方法在加性分析中与其他算法产生分歧,识别出另外一种或几种关键变量,证明该算法存在过拟合的状态,应当在讨论中去除该结果.为了防止预测不足的情况发生,采用r2和平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)作为模型验证的结果,在r2低于0.5或MAE、MSE高于其他学习模式的50%,即被认为效度不足,不能参与投票决策.
机器学习模型将用于揭示组分间的网络结构,通过时空序列的因果识别,量化两个组分之间的浓度关联,揭示两者间在具体环境条件下的化学亲和力.此外,该算法也用于量化各组分对物理环境的响应强度,评估和筛选出敏感元素.以上的定性分析用于揭示复合污染的化学和物理诱发因素.
除此以外,未来组分的浓度数据无法直接按上述步骤从CMIP6模型中直接提取,需采用机器学习方法识别影响各元素的特征变量.特征值将用作受体模型中的变量,变量的数量取决于解释方差的主成分的数量.为了防止过拟合,提高模型的效率,当解释总方差大于0.8时,停止分量分析.所获得的特征值与背景值组合成一个多项式,该多项式描述了水体中铁和营养元素的实时浓度.具体式如下:
式中:A,B,C分别代表构成污染的组分群集,特征为性质群集,以上单位均为mg/L,矩阵间的运算关系是点乘.
验证变量的灵敏度和鲁棒性是保证受体模型可靠性的必要因素.本研究采用敏感因子和均方根算法进行敏感性分析,可以评价参数对模型输出的影响,如公式2所示.
式中:δj为均方根敏感系数;向量yj(j = 1,2,…),n为输出变量;向量xj(j = 1,2,…),n表示对应的输入变量,即模型参数,每次分析修改其初始值的10%;n是输出变量的个数.鲁棒性采用变量替换的方法,即将公式中的自变量替换为另一个强相关指标.如果线性拟合结果的r2不显著减小,则表明该变量具有鲁棒性[26].用受体模型和机器学习技术,本文模拟和预测了未来80a该水域各常规组分水平的变化.
采用Python编程语言及其相关数据分析库(Pandas、NumPy、SciPy、Seaborn等)进行Pearson相关性分析.首先,利用Pandas库导入并整理数据集后,对数据进行了标准化处理(减去均值并除以标准差),以消除不同指标在尺度上的差异对相关性分析的影响,便于后续的统计检验.随后,通过Pandas库计算Pearson相关系数矩阵,得到了每对变量间的Pearson相关系数r.此系数用于衡量两个变量间的线性关系,取值范围为–1~+1,其中1表示完全正相关,–1表示完全负相关,0表示无显著线性关系.使用SciPy库的Pearson函数对每对变量进行了显著性检验,将P < 0.05和P < 0.01作为显著性水平的阈值,识别出不同变量间相关性的显著程度.为便于展示和解读,通过Seaborn库绘制了相关性热力图(heatmap).该热力图以不同颜色代表相关性的强弱,并在图中标注显著性水平,便于直观比较不同重金属、有机污染物及理化参数之间的相关性.
河流水体是复杂系统范畴,其物理、化学特性与纯净水差异巨大.能量、相、界面的多维化,导致存在着无法统计和测量的作用力,并在昂萨格倒易关系的指引下,存在着自组织和谈判,出现目前的物理化学无法量化的结论.例如,由于其他组分的牵引,污染物的实际溶解度远高于纯水.由表2可知,在热带地区,河流密集的生物活动,包括植物凋零、动物利用、微生物反应,给水团带来了可观碳元素和营养元素的浓度,这些都是金属元素尤其是亲生物元素Fe、Cu、Zn的良好配体,上述元素的水溶性在热带地区显著增强[27].对于Cd、Hg、Pb这些易迁移元素,大气沉降起到重要作用,在寒带地区,水体流动的分支或下沉现象导致更多的易迁移元素被分配到特定水层中[28].然而,在全球河流复合污染的特征分布上,上述影响因素只是其中的一个方面,更多效应的总结,需要关联到水溶液性质[29].
复杂系统难以通过排列各单一因素进行描述,需对水的相关性效应进行群划分,以简化和直观地构建水溶液性质模型.和水关联的性质群集特征包括能量、营养、重金属、盐分、微生物、微污染物、放射性污染物、溶解性气体、酸碱度、温度、密度/比重、浊度、吸光度、吸附性、电导率、折光率等[29].尽管上述的内容难以直接表征,且它们之间存在复杂的相关性,但污染物浓度这一维度能有限地反馈上述性质的变动信息,并从可测量和可定量的基础上提取上述性质变动的关键信息.为了简化影响因素,本文通过化学和物理两个宏观因素揭示复合污染.图1为复合污染的生态风险效应区域,可清晰地表明污染不纯粹是浓度的问题,而是数量与性质的加权作用.
复合污染的化学成因建立在组分亲和吸附作用上,即水体中的组分会吸引亲和组分(群).根据Gibbs-Donnan效应,河流、湖泊等趋稳态的水体中粒子电荷基本保持均匀填充的规则[30].在化学上存在的两种作用,包括同电荷粒子的置换和异电荷粒子的配对将具有选择性,电荷相近的粒子之间由于化学性质的接近,在置换和配对时能更加稳定.这种来自于电场的弱作用使电荷性质相近的粒子具有更高的时空相关性.即一个组分浓度上的涨落,会引发另外一种电荷相近组分的涨落.电荷性质可以采用Pauling标度来表征,粒子的电荷属性由两个方面组成:电负性和化学硬度[31].电负性反映了一个粒子对电荷的吸引能力,受电荷量和半径的影响.地学上相容元素和不相容元素的划分与所体现的亲和规律是由电负性所决定的.化学硬度反映了一个粒子的电荷极化能力,电子云的形变能力是否匹配决定了两个物种间的离子键、共价键或配位键的稳定程度.软硬酸碱理论解释了化学硬度的亲和规律.
根据机器学习的投票结果,图1介绍了3种断面水体重要成分之间的特征连接,尽管在具体的特征值上有一定差异,但可以看到组分间的特征连接并不随时空差异而大幅度变化.进而,通过系统聚类测算了各组分(向量)间的欧氏距离,其结果可基本按电荷性质进行划分.离子的分类基于离子半径和电荷密度,大离子通常具有较大的离子半径(>1Å)和较低的电荷密度,小离子则反之;硬碱和软碱的划分基于离子的电负性、化学硬度、极化能力以及与配体的相互作用,由于离子配对具有硬亲硬、软亲软的规律(Pearson软硬酸碱理论),因此,硬酸和硬碱统称为硬酸碱,软酸和软碱统称为软酸碱.据此得到的聚类如下:
(1)大离子硬酸碱:SO42–、NO3、TP
(2)大离子软酸碱:CN、Pb、Hg、Cd、Sb、As、Tl
(3)小离子硬酸碱:Fe、Mn、Cr3+、Ni、F、Cl、NH3-N
(4)小离子软酸碱:Cu、Zn、S2–
必须指出的是,聚类结果受到了生物亲和的干扰.例如Fe在生物地球化学反应中发挥了限制性元素的功能,BOD、PAHs等有机组分不参与讨论.
通过聚类显示的规律可揭示自然复杂水体组分浓度相互影响和牵制的规律.亲和性(可由聚类过程的欧氏距离所表征)高的组分,其特征相关性越高.这意味着电荷属性越接近,亲和性越高,其时空相关性越大.例如,在支流、干流和河口合并的数据集中,Fe和Mn,Cu和Zn的特征关联性高(表3),具备了共同涨落的特征.由于该结论类似于波的干涉和共振,因此,本文将其命名为浓度共振,浓度共振建立在组分存在着相近的相迁移和归趋基础上.浓度共振的现象,一方面控制了水质的稳定性,共振的过程中消耗了异种电荷的亲和组分,从而减少了继续溶解在水相中的结合位点,同时也会受到同种电荷亲和组分的置换;亲和组分提供了“浓度震荡阻尼”途径,重新建立一个均质化的溶液体系,这个过程非常需要能量.浓度共振的现象还有可能造成群集性的污染.例如,水体营养元素的过剩,将给重金属群组提供大量的结合位点,这一过程的结果是污染物群集的浓度整体性的提高.这种群集过程一方面导致总体性生态风险的增加和生态联合毒性的产生,这方面将来有可能成为复合污染研究的重点方向.另一方面,可以采用简化的模型,以一种示踪物表示群集,例如按照电负性和化学硬度划分.事实上,环境的共归趋效应应当进一步从统计中加以总结,并广泛应用于生态建模的实例当中.
水体的物理性质描述没有固定的模板,所以,本研究关于物理因素的挑选,以最多描述的变量构成来反映水质、水文和水力特征.其中,流量是影响时空分布的重要特征,湍急和容量狭小的溪流环境有利于水土交换效率.水流静止并淤积的小流域,凋零的树叶和附近农田施肥的营养元素输入将提供充足的路易斯酸结合位点.由于陆海位置的差异,电导率在3组数据集中差异显著,其中,支流为92.7~359.0mS/m,干流为147.2~278.8mS/m,海洋电导率高达48.2S/m以上.由于近海的特性,湿沉降同时充当了稀释溶液和盐分输入两种功能;雨季(4~9月)的SO42–、NO3和Cl浓度(18.2 ± 6.1),(5.0 ± 2.7),(1.3 ± 0.5) mg /L和旱季(21.8 ± 8.5),(6.1 ± 4.1),(1.3 ± 0.5) mg /L相比,稀释作用高于盐分输入.pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)关联的水温、气温、溶解氧影响了组分的形态,其影响具有双向性.一方面,偏碱性和高ORP条件有利于路易斯碱与路易斯酸的配对,但另一方面又同时降低路易斯酸的溶解度.重要的是,这些变量反映的是流域层面和季节层面的水溶液性质,因此,粗糙的全球栅格数据或以年报为主的经济活动数据不适用于作为影响特征.更小层面的昼夜变化、固定单一可变因素的监测结果也是无法讨论的.表明流域模型与全球或实验室模式相比存在未解决的差异.特征变量间的共线性也值得注意,后续本文在讨论一种主体因素对元素丰度特征影响时,其它因素也有可能随之成为协同要素.由于水温和气温的高相关性(r2=0.94,P<0.01),将省略气温因素.
选择实验数据集的北江段主要干流、支流断面作为流域水系的代表,通过流量的异质性检验,判断流域内各点的水文性质具有显著差异(I2=0.69,P<0.01),发现不同组分都受到一种或多种决定性特征的控制,证明流域内的各类污染物在归趋上有较大的共性,如图2所示.其中,COD和TP是水体生物活动的表征指标,受季节性影响显著;因此,水温及与水温紧密关联的溶解氧成为其决定性因素.在纯水中,水合铁是疏水性组分;然而,高电导率的溶液负离子给铁溶解带来了大量的结合位点.Pb是一种悬浮性强的大离子,湿沉降的雨水能将其带入水体;因此Pb浓度对降雨量特征有较强的响应[32].在整体的特征波动讨论中,由于机器学习结果有着较好的拟合(r2=0.83~0.92),不产生次要特征过拟合的情况.Pb的特征性在断面上的显著差异可能是受纳水体的容量导致,对于上游XS、SLT、GD等断面,小容量的水体更容易受到降雨产生的地表径流影响.
尽管水体受到的物理因素影响是耦合的,仍然可以通过方差分析解耦不同因素的权重.由于在不同断面间存在的共性,可以合并数据集并考察各元素(组分)对物理条件的敏感性.根据变量间的联合相关性,以表层水温、湿沉降和pH值3种变量对营养元素和微量元素的浓度贡献了0.66~0.99的方差,可以将物理模型简化成三元变量.从图3中看到,尽管所在的水文环境不同,同组分对物理条件的敏感性相近(在三角图中距离接近),Cr由于在不同的水团存在方式的比例不同而产生归趋差异,Cr3+是小离子硬碱,而Cr的含氧酸形式是大离子硬碱.C、N、P、S等营养组分的亲生物性,使大部分组分对温度有较高的敏感性;然而,由于珠江下游属于海洋输入型河流[33],水体的盐分补给主要通过湿沉降,主要盐分物质NO3、SO42–和Cl有较高的湿沉降敏感性[34];另外,河流的氮、磷循环需要有稳定的pH值条件,河流的酸化过程对硝化/反硝化,吸磷/释磷等有很强的控制作用.微量元素主要集中在三角形的左上角和中部,左上角的元素有强烈的悬浮性能,Hg、Cd、As和Pb离子半径大、熔点低,在地学上划分为离心元素[35].此外,这些元素的浓度对pH值都有一定的敏感性.
从原始数据的采样收集中,我们发现,气候变化给水体带来了不可逆的暖化和酸化.支流、干流的pH值分别从2009年的(7.7 ±0.3)、(7.9 ± 0.1)下降至2022年的(7.6 ± 0.2)、(7.7 ±0.4),溶解氧从2009年的(7.8 ± 1.0),(7.3 ± 0.8) mg/L下降至2022年的(7.6 ± 1.2),(7.2 ± 0.9) mg/L.虽然这些小幅的变动成因需进一步分析,然而,我们能从整体上看出流域水溶液性质的演变.河流酸化将严重阻碍需要碱度的反硝化反应,从而需要消耗更多碳源和水力停留时间进行同等程度的脱氮反应;由于有机/无机磷具备路易斯酸和路易斯碱的结合位点,形成了缓冲体系,自然水体pH值小幅度的变动对磷的化学性能造成影响较小.此外,生物的供电子过程控制着磷的迁移,其他生化反应效率的下降会导致磷循环的变化[36].由此认为,在暖化的背景下,氮磷的生物地球化学反应适宜温度的时长将大幅增加,发生富营养化的时间可能也跟随延长.
借助机器学习算法驱动的未来80a情景模拟,得到河流、河口生物地球化学元素比值差异导致生化效率下降的结论,如图4所示.其中,B/C比值是生物化学反应能量的阀门,其变化受温度因素显著影响[37].由于生态容量的差异,河流水温受全球升温的响应较为明显,B/C比值小幅度提高,能量阀门正逐步打开;相比而言,海洋水温的升温速度响应比较缓慢,而河口的B/C比值差异不显著.河流、河口的C/N和C/P则表现出持续下降的趋势,代表氮和磷元素的积累.能量物质的相对缺乏,导致富营养化的处理负荷量增大[38],可能出现以下几方面属性的改变:一是有机物或生物量的合成和分解,需要一个严格的比例,该比例打破后的元素耦合争夺,可能影响到整体或部分元素的矿化或释放到大气中的效率,例如浮游植物凋亡的磷固定或河流的反硝化反应;二是河流微生物种群的改变,氮和磷的功能微生物丰度上升,碳源是否成为这些微生物活动的限制性因素还需要进一步研究;三是水体中碳的源汇关系发生了转变,除了水力停留时间外,碳的固定和矿化则取决于生态效率,营养元素堆积增加了藻华等富营养化行为的风险,导致的还原性水体也成为了CH4和N2O等温室气体排放的源头[39].以上研究预示着水体中能量物质与营养物质复杂的相互驱动关系,因取水与蒸发影响的地表径流量变小将会加剧这种关系的转变.
在自然水体中,主要的阴阳离子包括Na+、Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、SO42–、Cl、HCO3和NO3,阳离子在全球河流的平均丰度大约在1~20mg/L,其中,Na+(5.1mg/L)、Mg2+(3.8mg/L)、K+(1.4mg/L)、Ca2+(14.6mg/L)[17].这些人体必需元素属于大离子亲石元素,离子半径大且电荷低,因而更容易与其余4种负粒子相容,更容易占据溶解相的正离子位点,防止有害的微量元素填充,保持水体的生态安全.相比而言,微量元素的浓度远低于主要阳离子,它们的丰度在0.1mg/L以下,例如,Fe(0.04mg/L)、Cu(0.01mg/L)、Zn(0.02mg/L)[17].由于大型水体的稀释效应,点源污染输入的微量元素离子丰度较低,然而,假如阳离子的溶解平衡发生改变,尤其是主要阳离子溶解度若发生整体性(群集效应)的变化,由于离子交换是以电荷数1:1进行置换,所产生的电荷空隙若由微量元素填充,则对微量元素浓度的相对变动产生巨大的影响.元素比值的变化产生了限制性元素和过剩元素,即配比与平衡之间出现了缓冲与振荡,将会改变水体生物地球化学反应的速率.
pCO2升高带来水体酸化的同时,水体中的离子氛围也从氢氧化物型改变成碳酸型,尽管这一慢过程对主要离子丰度影响有限,但存在浓度杠杆,对微量元素的离子丰度变化产生显著影响.表4展示了部分金属的氢氧化物和碳酸盐的pKsp,可见,pCO2升高,常见的微量元素的水溶性将有所提高,作为主要离子的Ca2+溶解度显著上升,在这种情况下,将发生微量元素置换主要元素的趋势.在图5的模拟结果中,可看出河流和河口的重要微量元素发生了显著的上升(2020~2099年间增加约60%).因此,酸化导致的离子交换同样是不可忽视的复合污染形态.
(如Cd、Sb、Hg、As、Pb、Tl、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn)是生命的非必需元素,由于难以被生物降解及其具有的强食物链富集作用,通常表现出毒性;同时,由于环境容量小,它们的地球化学行为更容易受到人类活动干扰,因此,受到科研和环保部门的广泛关注.微量有毒有害有机物(如PAHs、OCPs和PAEs)因其长期低剂量暴露下的持久稳定性、环境归趋复杂性以及生物累积效应,也在生态系统和人类健康中构成重要威胁,因而其迁移、降解、富集等过程的研究成为近年来学术报道的焦点之一.通过对珠江流域水体10余年来10种重金属、15种PAEs、20种OCPs以及16种PAHs的断面数据跟踪调查,长期受点源污染影响的北江水体中,重金属含量从高到低排列为Mn>Zn >As >Cu >Ni >Cr >Pb >Tl >Cd >Hg.对比国家饮用水卫生标准中各重金属限值,发现Tl和As浓度值在部分断面(主要集中在XS和SLT)超标,如图6所示.西江流域整体水体重金属含量普遍较低,Sb浓度在西江上游和中游存在明显的热点区域,但仍低于饮用水卫生标准限值.两江水体三类微量有毒有害有机物的浓度趋势一致,均表现为∑15PAEs >∑16PAHs >∑20OCPs,如图7所示.然而,从主要流经城市的点源输入浓度来看,FSZ-H断面的PAEs输入量高达956.3µg/L,但广西柳州河段下游并未显现显著的PAE积累(FSZ-H和FSZ-LJ断面的数据对比可排除河流汇入的水体稀释效应);XS断面的PAEs输入量高达3446µg/L,是所有断面中最高的,然而其下游断面(SLT、YD、GD)的PAEs浓度有所降低,最高点却在中等输入负荷FLX断面.此外,FLX和SJ断面观察到的Cd和Pb浓度、XS断面的Zn、Cu浓度都明显高于其输入量.这表明,仅评估输入污染并不能很好地解释这些污染物的时空分布特征,很可能存在由水溶液性质变化诱导的组分间浓度共振效应,需要结合其化学性质的共性和差异性来讨论.
本文合并了两江水系干流、支流与河口的数据集,对10种重金属(Cd、Sb、Hg、As、Pb、Tl、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn)与PAHs、OCPs、PAEs浓度以及pH值、TOC这两个水溶液性质指标进行了Pearson相关性分析,结果如图8所示.首先,对重金属之间的共振效应进行讨论.重金属进入河流系统后,分散在水相(孔隙水和上覆水)和固相(悬浮物、沉积物和水生生物)之中,在水相与沉积相之间的分配动态(通常以沉积物吸附常数Kd为表征)构成了其时空分布特征的复杂性[33].从Pearson相关性图中可以看到,总体而言,除Hg、Sb、Cr外,其他7种重金属之间均存在正相关性,即这意味着它们并没有受到同离子效应的限制,而是具备共同涨落的特点,但其显著性差异较大. Cd与As、Pb、Tl之间具有显著的高度正相关(r>0.5,P<0.01),这是由于它们具有较大的离子半径和较低的电荷密度,属于“大离子软酸碱”,在迁移和沉积过程中表现出类似的相分配规律. Hg虽然和Cd均属于软酸,但由于Hg偏好软碱的线性配位模式、更高的电离能和更强的极化能力,表现出独特的化学惰性,仅与Cd呈现弱相关(r=0.37,P<0.05). Sb在水体中倾向于以Sb(III)或Sb(V)存在,其电荷密度较高、极化能力较低且与其他金属在配位反应中缺乏一致性,因此与其他组分未形成显著的相关性. Cr仅与Ni、Cu、Zn呈弱正相关关系,这是由于Cr3+是小离子硬碱,而Cr的含氧酸形式是大离子硬碱,Cr的价态与存在形式受水温、溶解氧、pH值以及盐度等水文特征影响很大,因而与其他金属以及理化指标的Pearson相关性结果难以收敛. Zn和Cu属于小离子软酸碱,较强的极化能力、相似的配位特性以及较大的生物组分亲和力,使其易与软碱结合,因此,除Hg和Sb外,Zn和Cu与其他金属均表现出显著的正相关关系.此外,pH值与Cd、As、Pb、Tl表现出显著负相关(P<0.01),一方面,这些金属均属于软酸,水体中的H+浓度升高,抑制它们与pH值关系电位的结合(如CO32–和OH),从而增加其游离态浓度;另一方面,低pH值条件下金属离子与溶解性有机物或矿物颗粒的配位反应得以增强,使得这些金属离子更倾向于保持在溶解态.大多数金属与TOC具有显著正相关性,表明重金属通过与有机质的多种配位络合,参与河流水体的地球生物化学反应与环境自净化过程.
其次,发现PAHs、OCPs和PAEs之间,以及它们与重金属之间也存在浓度共振. PAHs与OCPs有着很强的正相关性(r=0.85,P<0.01),这是由于PAHs和OCPs均为强疏水性物质,具有较高的辛醇-水分配系数;同时,包含多个苯环结构,具有相近的π-π堆叠能力,它们在低光照环境(如沉积物)的降解过程相对缓慢. PAHs与PAEs表现出较弱的负相关性(r=–0.45,P<0.05),PAEs中的短侧链成分(如DMP、DEP、DiBP)具有更高的水溶性和挥发性,其长链结构(如DEHP)更倾向于吸附在沉积物中,而短链PAEs则广泛分布于水相中,且光降解速率较快. PAHs的π-π堆叠效应进一步增强了其在沉积物中与有机质的结合能力,这与PAEs存在竞争性吸附,因而与PAEs在水-沉积物界面上表现出相反的浓度波动趋势.此外,PAHs与As、Cu、Zn表现出弱负相关性(P<0.05),PAEs则与Cd、As、Pb形成了高度显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),这表明重金属能够通过吸附、络合、共同参与相分配等方式结合PAHs、OCPs和PAEs,当水体理化性质发生改变时,会跟随吸附在河流沉积物中的重金属一起缓慢释放[40-42].一方面,疏水性物质(如PAHs)在水-沉积物中的分配变化,会影响与重金属化学性质相似(如水溶性、粒径、酸碱)的其它组分的分配,即与其他金属和有机质产生竞争;另一方面,它们构成了有机相的一部分(PAEs与TOC相关性系数r=0.40,P<0.05),作为重金属迁移的载体,提供了“浓度震荡阻尼”途径,促使它们呈现出相似的归趋行为.此外,对PAHs、OCPs、PAEs的风险评估表明,单独出现的物类均不构成显著的风险,但当3种化合物结合时,其相互作用可能产生协同毒性,使得毒性远高于单独存在时的毒性总和[43-46].水质在诱导金属暴露的同时也诱导微污染物的暴露,通过源输入、长距离迁移和理化性质演变,形成复杂的污染网络,进一步加剧了流域水体环境问题的复杂性和健康风险的潜在性.
本文将复合污染定义为:化学元素暴露和物理因素驱动共同推动的反应,人类生产活动与自然气候变化共同改变的平衡点,水环境中多组分相互作用的浓度与性质的群集效应,各种变化反馈给生态环境与生命系统.如图9所示,复杂的流域污染网络由不同类型、不同维度的物理化学指标及溶液性质群集相互交织耦合,再由两种、三种及多种指标群集之间的排列组合将链条不断延伸,最终汇聚为一个效果点予以呈现.从多因素解耦分析来看,不同污染物的浓度水平差异显著,呈现不同的生态毒性,但生态毒性与污染物的浓度没有明显的相关性. T、pH值和DO本身不是水生生物的直接致毒剂,但这类水质指标能够指示水体的性状,过高的水温(>40℃)或过低的pH值和DO(<1mg/L)表明水体具有严重生态风险;EC、TDS、SAL、SS以及水体中常见的阴阳离子是水质基本组成,其指示风险相对较低;氮、磷、硫等植物营养物质本身对水生生物的毒性效应并不高,但超过一定浓度时会引起藻类的大量生长繁殖,致使水体生态破坏,因而TN、TP、TS等指标一直被重视;尽管水体重金属含量相对较低,但其生物累积效应及不可降解性使得水质风险更具隐蔽性;微量有毒有害有机物虽然浓度低,但对水生生物的毒性效应高,因而存在大量关于这类物质的毒性效应、氧化分解、吸附去除特性等研究,新污染物属于这个范畴;水体溶解性气体的研究相对较少,但具有直接指示水质风险的作用;水体的微生物也是水质指标之一,细菌总数的浓度最高,但健康风险不高,对水体的浊度、色度、嗅味有一定影响;肠道病毒、隐孢子虫的浓度水平虽然较低,但其感染性和致病性较高,因此在河流水质分析过程中需要同时关注不同微生物的浓度水平及健康风险[47].此外,水体污染物特别是微量污染物通常以溶解态或是附着态存在,赋存形态不同其毒理学特性和去除特性也不同,且不同种类污染物之间还存在协同或是拮抗作用.所以,复合污染应当被理解为水溶液性质集群与自然物理因素共同作用的现象,有别于输入性污染的浓度尺度水平.
由于复合污染整体式的表现形式,在经历了一定时间的存量污染和不可逆的气候变化后,河流的地质背景值已经具备了时代性[48].因此,对新时期的背景值调查和评价阈值划分,需要增加监测频次和不断更新.
环境背景值和评价阈值的识别,在于寻找发生水溶液性质改变的临界点;即一种污染程度到达另外一种污染程度的突变点.突变点两侧表征污染物的形态、结合方式等物化特性具有显著性差异.被探测的两种污染状态都是稳态,稳态之间的突变点则是介稳状态或激发态.通常稳态自然样本量较大,非稳态的样本量较小,在大样本的统计结果上呈现峰-谷差异[49].这种突变规律往往发生在时空差异性较大的样本数据集中,以评估不同区域的输入污染强度.然而,图10证明,一个区域的长期浓度变化是渐变性的,通过峰识别的方法不能分析地质背景值的年代差异.因此,评价的背景值应当具有年代的标签,并且年代标签内的样本必须通过异质性检验,证明研究期间没有主导因素的变化/干预.对此,应继续对需要控制水体的持续监测,并从近期的、足够的样本集(一个特征峰的呈现需要30个无偏倚样本以上)中提取具有年代特征的地质背景值,并利用峰值之间的临界点,识别不同污染程度之间的阈值.在评价的同时,应当对浓度差异产生的源头进行定量,利用人类活动、自然条件变量、生物化学变量与浓度之间的特征相关,评估所产生差异的因素比例,运筹评(等级)析(源头),才能更好地展现出复合污染的评价结果.
污染形式的根本改变,需要把目光重新回归到基本物理、化学和生物学的基本原理上;不应当只将实际浓度作为评判污染的单一标准,而需关注其构成方式和长期变化.对于研究各类溶液性质群集复合污染的再暴露问题,存在以下机遇:
(1)过剩元素和限制性元素的识别:水体作为生态系统的一部分,应当同时具备稳定的物化性质、均衡且足额的元素池和正常物质能量交换三方面特点.元素的丰度过高导致处理效能和转移效率的下降而积累,丰度过低也可能导致初级生产率的下降和微生物多样性的减弱.因此,元素比例将是未来水质约束的一个新方向.此外,由于耦合比例的固定,野外或实验室尺度的施肥实验,有助于甄别实际生态系统的过剩元素和限制元素,通过社会水循环对过剩元素作进一步的调控是必要的.
(2)针对流域环境新风险的真实情境微扰实验与未来情景模拟:气候变暖、富营养化、盐碱化、酸化、DO亏损、生物多样性下降、元素比例失调等是已被广泛证明的地质环境演变现象,这些现象引发的生态问题对人类未来的发展产生了巨大的挑战.多种负面效应已证明,复杂系统内部因素的变化,可能通过蝴蝶效应来放大生态环境风险.有必要在复杂环境中而非纯净溶液中进行微扰实验,厘清新风险的发动因素和控制因素.通过机器学习建模和大数据分析,结合数值模型和遥感技术,弥补实验和检测的不完整性,并能重现未来情景,通过数字孪生从中识别未来流域环境风险的加剧与演变.
(3)污染物新的结合方式和归趋规划:新污染的增长已给环境科学研究带来巨大的挑战,新结合方式的数量尤在新物种数量之上.在个体问题难以解决的时候,将污染物加以分类,将性质进行归一化,将特征实现指纹化,溶液性质群集和量化的工作将有助于构建类群集之间的相关关系,包括权重与积累.机器学习的分组和拟合工作,将有助于解决浓度和其它数值维度之间的特征关系,并预测未来可能产生的污染特征指纹.新污染物、新结合体的归趋,将通过聚类的方法,以特征指纹为依据,寻求合理和平衡的地球化学归趋.
(4)以10a为精度的微地层背景值研究:人类世的研究需要地球中各圈层在气候变化背景下的物质再分配,在地质背景值以10年的速度快速变更的时期,微地层的稳定、非稳定同位素研究将是研究环境地质背景值、建立全球物质迁移模型的基石.在此基础上,沉积环境的变动需要进行归因,讨论生物圈、微生物圈、岩石圈、大气圈、沉积圈、人圈和水圈之间的交互关系,厘清人类排放的实际权重,将会对减排政策调整带来重要的指导作用.
流域水体新增环境风险来自于地球物理化学驱动的生态水体输入-输出新的平衡机制.根据水溶液性质,寻求化学、物理两种引起复合污染的成因:基于粒子电荷性质相似而亲和的特性,提出了浓度共振和群集归趋的两个化学成因;根据气候变化产生的温度、溶解氧、pH值、电导率和降雨等的自然变动进行特征分解,解析了常见组分浓度对温度、降雨/干沉降和pCO2等3种以上因素的敏感性.通过未来情景模拟和机器学习预测,推演了营养元素富集及阴阳离子交换与微量元素转化的演变轨迹.同时,基于长达10a的数据纵向调查,讨论了重金属和微量有毒有害有机物在水溶液性质变化诱导下的协同释放与共同归趋.结合这些研究方法和所得结果,能够更全面地剖析和预见未来流域复合污染的多维度风险.未来污染物组分物化性质改变导致在各相浓度的缓慢变动,地质背景值也因此产生10a为尺度的变化.在人类世物理化学条件的快速而广泛变动下,应根据最近的监控和实验数据统计出具有年度性质的地质背景值,并提出响应气候的模型.人类面临着新生的环境问题可能更多:自然变化、灾害、温度升高引发的元素暴露与活性演变;疫情、病变、事故发生后的次生环境应对,如消毒水的持续使用,医院用药的数量攀升;贫穷掠夺、富裕浪费的一致性环境伤害;还有新污染物、合成药物、塑料制品、新型病毒传播等带动的元素暴露途径多样性的体现.对此,复合污染的概念更能反映由溶液性质要素支撑的水环境问题暴露内涵.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1901218)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1901218)
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    1.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东 广州 510006
    2.桂林电子科技大学生命与环境科学学院,广西 桂林 541004
    3.东莞理工学院生态环境工程技术研发中心,广东 东莞 523808

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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