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Using the inventory model, this study evaluated the tempo-spatial characteristics of methane emissions from rice cultivation at the county level and their emission intensity per unit of rice production over the period 1980~2060. A comparison of mitigation potentials was also conducted between the baseline(BAU)scenario, the conventional technical potential(TP)scenario, and the maximum technical potential(MTP)scenario. The results showed that China's rice cultivation methane emissions decreased and then increased from 1980 to 2020, and that they decreased by 19% in 2020 compared to 1980. Over the same period, the intensity of emissions declined by 46%. Under the TP and MTP scenarios, methane emissions are reduced by 26% and 70%, respectively, while emission intensity is reduced by 26% and 68%, respectively. Rice cultivation methane emissions and their intensity have shifted to the east during the period 1980~2020, with the emission gravity center moving to the northeast by 347km and the intensity gravity center moving to the southeast by 411km during this period. Both emissions and intensities decreased in counties in the southern regions, such as Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi. Rice cultivation is gradually being replaced in high-intensity regions such as Xinjiang, Shandong, and Henan, which is resulting in declining emissions. Although emissions in northeastern regions have increased, their intensity levels remain relatively low. Water management for rice has the greatest mitigation potential, contributing more than 60% of the total mitigation potential. There is a high mitigation potential in regions with high emissions, such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, and Guangdong, where the average mitigation potential is twice that of other regions.

, correspAuthors=Min-peng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-qi LI, Er-shi HUA, Min-peng CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116654927671808, articleId=1241116645452738608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=中国水稻甲烷排放空间格局演变与技术减缓潜力分析, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于清单模型估算了1980~2060年县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和单位稻谷产量甲烷的排放强度,分析了常规技术情景(TP)和极限技术情景(MTP)下的减缓潜力.结果表明,1980~2020年中国水稻甲烷排放量先降后升,2020年比1980年下降19%,同时排放强度下降46%.到2060年,与基准(BAU)情景相比,TP和MTP情景下的甲烷排放量分别减排26%和70%,排放强度分别降低26%和68%.1980~2020年中国县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度空间分布格局发生了明显变化,水稻种植甲烷排放量的重心向东北移动347km,排放强度的重心向东南移动411km.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度均呈下降趋势;新疆、山东和河南等原排放强度较高的地区,水稻种植逐渐被替代,排放强度降低;东北地区甲烷排放量虽有增加,但排放强度始终保持在较低水平.未来情景显示,稻田水分管理减缓潜力最大,对总减缓潜力的贡献率超过60%.高减缓潜力主要分布在排放量大的区域,例如,湖南、湖北、江西、黑龙江和广东等地区,其平均减缓潜力是其他地区的两倍.

, correspAuthors=陈敏鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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李思琪(1998-),女,湖南岳阳人,中国人民大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为农业减缓气候变化与农业可持续性评估.发表论文1篇..

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李思琪(1998-),女,湖南岳阳人,中国人民大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为农业减缓气候变化与农业可持续性评估.发表论文1篇..

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李思琪(1998-),女,湖南岳阳人,中国人民大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为农业减缓气候变化与农业可持续性评估.发表论文1篇..

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articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Probability density of methane emission intensity per unit of rice yield in Chinese counties, 1980~2060, figureFileSmall=n6h8MGcdS5sWdZSKiiE87w==, figureFileBig=0FDP+8kvB090D2glzpSgpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660824862785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1980~2060年中国县域单位稻谷产量甲烷排放强度的概率密度, figureFileSmall=n6h8MGcdS5sWdZSKiiE87w==, figureFileBig=0FDP+8kvB090D2glzpSgpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660959080529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The spatial evolution of rice methane emission intensity in China, 1980~2060, figureFileSmall=T0/jSRPgf8FmgVLMGbGI6g==, figureFileBig=QxWIJyB2QDsqgQw5TVWvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116661097492579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1980~2060年中国水稻甲烷排放强度空间分布变化, figureFileSmall=T0/jSRPgf8FmgVLMGbGI6g==, figureFileBig=QxWIJyB2QDsqgQw5TVWvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116661235904621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The spatial distribution and trajectory of the center of gravity of methane emission intensity per unit of rice yield, figureFileSmall=1hlvd2LLBx6q9dLwav8nlQ==, figureFileBig=62RVWIeLTnFXc50Nvc/ayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662741659768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单位稻谷产量甲烷排放强度重心空间分布与变化轨迹, figureFileSmall=1hlvd2LLBx6q9dLwav8nlQ==, figureFileBig=62RVWIeLTnFXc50Nvc/ayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662859100293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The spatial evolution of rice methane mitigation potential, figureFileSmall=cl7ayk4CeQVMy4rgDn+WqA==, figureFileBig=nQNpoqq9YmYar2w3V7D4+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116662951374994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=图8, caption=水稻甲烷减缓潜力的空间分布变化, figureFileSmall=cl7ayk4CeQVMy4rgDn+WqA==, figureFileBig=nQNpoqq9YmYar2w3V7D4+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663043649695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of results of different studies on methane emissions from rice in China, figureFileSmall=T+Xg4cpDxth100kTTxaRZA==, figureFileBig=4rtPP632OBgWRwm6dCPXug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663156895921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=图9, caption=中国水稻甲烷排放量的不同研究结果比较, figureFileSmall=T+Xg4cpDxth100kTTxaRZA==, figureFileBig=4rtPP632OBgWRwm6dCPXug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663278530750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic assumptions in the BAU scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位202020302060来源
人口亿人1.411.391.27联合国[40]、国务院发展研究中心[42]
城镇人口亿人0.921.031.14联合国[41]
GDP万亿美元,现价14.7025.4453.13经合组织、世界银行和国际货币基金组织[42-45]
人均稻谷产量kg/人150.10153.43154.32模型预测
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663433720011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BAU情景中的基本假设

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位202020302060来源
人口亿人1.411.391.27联合国[40]、国务院发展研究中心[42]
城镇人口亿人0.921.031.14联合国[41]
GDP万亿美元,现价14.7025.4453.13经合组织、世界银行和国际货币基金组织[42-45]
人均稻谷产量kg/人150.10153.43154.32模型预测
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663567937751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Technical mitigation for rice cultivation and their emission reduction efficiency, technical applicability and implementation potential

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编号技术减排效率(%)技术适用性(%)2060年技术实施潜力(%)
TPMTPTPMTP
L1稻田水分管理[30,53,58]8460100100100
L2稀释肥[39,56-57]52306044100
L3低排放水稻[61-63]2830603070
L4稻田甲烷抑制剂[66,67]2910301750
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663689572578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645452738608, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水稻种植减缓技术及其减排效率、技术适用性和实施潜力

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编号技术减排效率(%)技术适用性(%)2060年技术实施潜力(%)
TPMTPTPMTP
L1稻田水分管理[30,53,58]8460100100100
L2稀释肥[39,56-57]52306044100
L3低排放水稻[61-63]2830603070
L4稻田甲烷抑制剂[66,67]2910301750
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中国水稻甲烷排放空间格局演变与技术减缓潜力分析
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李思琪 , 华而实 , 陈敏鹏 *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1218-1230
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1218-1230
中国水稻甲烷排放空间格局演变与技术减缓潜力分析
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李思琪 , 华而实, 陈敏鹏*
作者信息
  • 中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京 100872
  • 李思琪(1998-),女,湖南岳阳人,中国人民大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为农业减缓气候变化与农业可持续性评估.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Spatial evolution of rice methane emission and technology mitigation potential in China
Si-qi LI , Er-shi HUA, Min-peng CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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基于清单模型估算了1980~2060年县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和单位稻谷产量甲烷的排放强度,分析了常规技术情景(TP)和极限技术情景(MTP)下的减缓潜力.结果表明,1980~2020年中国水稻甲烷排放量先降后升,2020年比1980年下降19%,同时排放强度下降46%.到2060年,与基准(BAU)情景相比,TP和MTP情景下的甲烷排放量分别减排26%和70%,排放强度分别降低26%和68%.1980~2020年中国县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度空间分布格局发生了明显变化,水稻种植甲烷排放量的重心向东北移动347km,排放强度的重心向东南移动411km.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度均呈下降趋势;新疆、山东和河南等原排放强度较高的地区,水稻种植逐渐被替代,排放强度降低;东北地区甲烷排放量虽有增加,但排放强度始终保持在较低水平.未来情景显示,稻田水分管理减缓潜力最大,对总减缓潜力的贡献率超过60%.高减缓潜力主要分布在排放量大的区域,例如,湖南、湖北、江西、黑龙江和广东等地区,其平均减缓潜力是其他地区的两倍.

水稻种植  /  甲烷  /  排放强度  /  减缓潜力  /  空间重心

Using the inventory model, this study evaluated the tempo-spatial characteristics of methane emissions from rice cultivation at the county level and their emission intensity per unit of rice production over the period 1980~2060. A comparison of mitigation potentials was also conducted between the baseline(BAU)scenario, the conventional technical potential(TP)scenario, and the maximum technical potential(MTP)scenario. The results showed that China's rice cultivation methane emissions decreased and then increased from 1980 to 2020, and that they decreased by 19% in 2020 compared to 1980. Over the same period, the intensity of emissions declined by 46%. Under the TP and MTP scenarios, methane emissions are reduced by 26% and 70%, respectively, while emission intensity is reduced by 26% and 68%, respectively. Rice cultivation methane emissions and their intensity have shifted to the east during the period 1980~2020, with the emission gravity center moving to the northeast by 347km and the intensity gravity center moving to the southeast by 411km during this period. Both emissions and intensities decreased in counties in the southern regions, such as Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi. Rice cultivation is gradually being replaced in high-intensity regions such as Xinjiang, Shandong, and Henan, which is resulting in declining emissions. Although emissions in northeastern regions have increased, their intensity levels remain relatively low. Water management for rice has the greatest mitigation potential, contributing more than 60% of the total mitigation potential. There is a high mitigation potential in regions with high emissions, such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, and Guangdong, where the average mitigation potential is twice that of other regions.

rice cultivation  /  methane  /  emission intensity  /  mitigation potential  /  spatial gravity centre
李思琪, 华而实, 陈敏鹏. 中国水稻甲烷排放空间格局演变与技术减缓潜力分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1218 -1230 .
Si-qi LI, Er-shi HUA, Min-peng CHEN. Spatial evolution of rice methane emission and technology mitigation potential in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1218 -1230 .
作为仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,甲烷(CH4)在大气中的浓度比工业革命前增加了1.56倍.全球约60%的甲烷排放与人类活动有关,人为甲烷排放约使全球地表温度增加了0.5℃[1-2].由于甲烷在大气中的生命周期较短,平均为12.4a,人为甲烷排放的快速减少能够在短期内降低辐射强迫.因此,甲烷已成为近期全球减缓议程的关注点[3-4].
水稻种植是人为甲烷排放的主要来源,约占全球甲烷排放的9%[5-6].中国是全球最大的水稻生产国,2020年的稻谷产量为2.14亿t,占世界总产量的28%[7].根据历次国家信息通报,1994~2018年中国水稻种植甲烷排量为615~933万tCH4,占中国农业温室气体排放总量的14%~24%[8-11].水稻是中国的三大主粮之一,确保水稻产量稳定也是中国粮食安全的重要内容[12-13].因此,水稻种植减缓技术的推广与应用是确保水稻产量并实现其甲烷减缓的重要手段[14].
可靠的排放清单是分析水稻甲烷排放的时空演变特征和制定减缓战略的基础[15-16].排放清单分为两类,一类是自上而下(TD)的排放清单,即根据大气中甲烷浓度的监测数据和大气反演模型估算排放量[17];另一类是自下而上(BU)的排放清单,即根据活动数据和排放因子估算甲烷排放量[18].与BU排放清单相比,TD排放清单使用高时空精度的观测数据,能捕捉更细小的时空特征[19].然而,TD排放清单依赖于先验空间数据作为代理变量,排放源解析具有巨大的不确定性[20-21].在中国,水稻生产的水淹区与淡水养殖区高度重叠[22],使用TD方法往往造成排放的高估[23].
多项研究构建了水稻种植BU排放清单[24-28],但不同研究的估算结果因排放因子和活动数据来源不同差异较大[29-30].目前,多数研究使用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)层级2(Tier2)方法,基于区域特定的排放因子来估算排放量[31-33].就活动数据而言,现有研究多利用省级统计数据,估算省级水稻种植甲烷排放量,缺乏对次省级尺度(市级或县级)的排放估算[15,18].然而,中国次省级水稻种植活动的空间异质性可能远大于省级差异,省级水平的估算会带来较大的空间不确定性[34-35].少数次省级尺度的研究更多为单年份或较短的时间范围的分析[14,36].过去40a间,中国水稻种植结构和管理实践发生了巨大变化[37].对中国水稻种植空间分布长期变化的分析不足,这限制了对未来变化深入理解的可能性,无法有效支撑面向碳中和的长期预测[6].最后,少有研究兼顾水稻种植甲烷排放量与排放强度(单位稻谷产量的甲烷排放量)的时空变化特征,这限制了在粮食安全背景下对水稻甲烷减缓潜力时空格局变化的深入理解[38-39].
本研究利用县级水稻种植数据和自下而上的清单模型,计算了县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度,并分析了其时空演变特征.本研究评估了水稻种植减缓气候变化的技术可行性,研究了2030年与2060年基准情景(BAU)、常规技术情景(TP)以及极限技术情景(MTP)下中国县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度.
农业非二氧化碳温室气体清单模型(AGAIN)是一个自下而上的模型[30],可以用来核算县级农业源非CO2温室气体排放量.该模型根据IPCC清单Tier2方法[1],核算县级水稻种植甲烷排放量(Emi,t).其计算公式为:
式中:i表示县;t表示年份;s表示水稻类型;Emi,tit年水稻种植甲烷排放量,t;ACTi,t,s是县级稻田甲烷清单的活动水平数据,即its水稻的种植面积,hm2包括早稻、中稻和晚稻的种植面积;EFi,t,s表示its水稻的甲烷排放因子,kgCH4/hm2.
排放强度(Eii,t)是单位稻谷产量的甲烷排放量.其计算公式为:
式中:i表示县;t表示年份;Eii,tit年排放强,kg CH4/kg,Yeildi,tit年稻谷产量,t.
本研究重点分析了中国2030年和2060年水稻种植甲烷排放的技术减缓潜力.参考Chen等[30]的研究,本研究设定了1个基准情景(BAU)和2个技术情景,即常规技术情景(TP)和极限技术情景(MTP).由于数据限制,对未来水稻种植活动水平和甲烷排放量的情景预测在省级尺度进行.
在BAU情景中,研究假设中国水稻种植的生产效率、甲烷排放因子和生产管理技术长期保持不变,不考虑各种减缓技术的推广和发展.活动数据的预测与人口规模变化、城镇化、经济发展和人均饮食相关.表1展示了BAU情景下各变量取值、估算方法和数据来源.
其中,人口和城镇数据来自联合国经济和社会事务部[40-41],并根据国务院发展研究中心的最新预测进行了调整[42].2030年前的国内生产总值(GDP),遵循经合组织[43]、世界银行[44]和国际货币基金组织[45]的平均路径.2031~2060年GDP的预测则采用向量自回归(VAR)模型进行推断[46].本研究假设随着经济的发展,人均饮食结构和热量消耗会发生变化,但生产与消费之间的基本关系保持稳定.因此,本研究基于人口规模、城镇化水平、经济发展水平、人均稻谷和单产来预测未来水稻种植的活动量.
TP情景评估了常规技术发展路径下目前常规技术的减缓潜力.MTP情景则忽略了技术、经济和社会在不同地区的实施障碍,假设到2060年能够最大限度地实施减缓技术,从而评估了中国水稻种植甲烷排放技术减缓潜力的上限[30].
在Chen等[30]研究的基础上,本研究编制了16项生产侧水稻甲烷减缓的技术清单[51-57].通过与农业专家深入咨询,消除了技术错误分类、剔除了适用性较低及重复的技术,最终确定了4种水稻甲烷减缓技术.
参考Harmsen等[58]的研究,每种技术的减排率(Epr,t,l),由其技术适用性、实施潜力和减排效率得出.其计算公式为:
式中:r表示省;t表示年份;l表示减缓技术;Epr,t,lrtl减缓技术的减排率,%;TA为技术的适用性,%,指能够采用该减缓技术的稻田面积占总稻田面积的比例;RE为减排效率,%,指与基准情景相比,采用该减缓技术后能够减少的甲烷排放量的百分比;IP为技术应用潜力,%,指技术应用的可能性.在技术推行早期,技术可能由于成本、发展不成熟等而难以广泛推广,但随时间推移,这些障碍的影响会逐渐降低,技术实施潜力增加[59].OC为重叠修正系数,%,用于调整当在一个地区同时不同技术之间的相互影响,以防止简单相加导致的过度估计.研究假设OC为20%[30,58].水稻甲烷减缓潜力(RPt,r,j)是所有减缓举措的综合效应.其计算公式为:
式中:r表示省;t表示年份;s表示水稻类型;j表示未来情景;l表示减缓技术类型;RPt,rrt年水稻种植减缓潜力,t;BEr,t,s表示rts水稻基准的排放量,t;EPr,t,j,lrtj情景l减缓技术的减排率,%.表2是4种水稻甲烷减缓技术的RE、TA和IP的取值,其中RE是基于已有荟萃分析得出的减排效率均值,TA和IP是综合行业专家意见和现有文献分析结果后得到的取值.
水稻甲烷减缓潜力(RPt,r,j)是所有减缓举措的综合效应.其计算公式为:
式中:r表示省;t表示年份;s表示水稻类型;j表示未来情景;l表示减缓技术类型;RPt,rrt年水稻种植减缓潜力,t;BEr,t,s表示rts水稻基准的排放量,t;EPr,t,j,lrtj情景l减缓技术的减排率,%.
县级水稻种植甲烷排放量和减缓潜力的计算,根据各县在2020年各省水稻种植甲烷排放量的占比来确定.其计算公式为:
式中:i表示县;r表示省;t表示年份;j表示未来情景;l表示减缓技术;Emi,t,jitj情景的排放量,t;RPi,t,jitj情景的减缓潜力,t;Proportioni,r,j,sis水稻2020年在r省总排放量中的占比,%;Emr,t,j,srts水稻j情景的排放量,t;RPr,t,j,srts水稻j情景的减缓潜力,t.
本研究选取了至少有一年种植水稻的县作为研究样本,将所有年份种植了水稻的县合并,最终形成了包含2184个县的样本.为了确保不同年份水稻甲烷排放的空间分布具有可比性,本研究采用了分位数分段点法[68].即以2000年的水稻甲烷排放量和排放强度的分段点为基准,统一划分所有年份的甲烷排放量和排放强度.对于减缓潜力地图,采用2030年MTP情景下的减缓潜力分段点作为划分标准.
“地理重心”可以更直观地反映研究对象的空间分布特征,“重心迁移”可以反映区域发展的空间轨迹[16,69].本研究利用空间重心模型来测算中国水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度的重心,计算公式如下[2]
式中:i表示县;t表示年份;n为县的数量;xtt年水稻种植甲烷排放重心的经度;ytt年水稻种植甲烷排放重心的纬度;Emi,tit年水稻种植甲烷排放量,t.同样,对于排放强度重心的计算,仅需将排放量的值替换为排放强度即可.
本研究排放因子是基于已有研究综合整理得到的.目前,尚未有数据库和方法可以支持直接获取各县的水稻甲烷排放因子.因此,本研究在Web of Science和中国知网数据库中检索了“rice cultivation”、“methane”、“China”以及“水稻”、“稻田”、“甲烷排放”等关键词,筛选出1980~2020年间有关中国水稻甲烷排放的文献1475篇.本研究通过两个标准对上述文献进行了更严格的筛选:一是文献明确提出了涉及中国区域水稻甲烷排放因子;二是研究基于原位观测测算具体地点的水稻甲烷排放.排除不符合任一标准的文献后,本研究最终获得215篇文献,并基于这些资料整理得到了各省排放因子的均值和不确定性范围.
本研究的县级活动数据来源于中国农业科学院和中国农业农村部的县级统计数据.由于原始获取的县级统计数据存在一些错误和统计误差,本研究根据《中国农业统计年鉴》和《中国县(市)社会经济统计概要》对数据进行了系统校正.此外,参考IPCC第六次评估报告[70],本研究采用甲烷的百年增温潜势(GWP100)为28.
图1(a)所示,1980~2020年中国水稻种植甲烷排放从918万tCH4县先减少至2003年的694万tCH4,又缓慢增加至2020年的747万tCH4,2020年比1980年整体减少了19%.1980~2003年下降的原因主要是城市化导致水稻种植面积持续减少[71].2003年以后,中国取消农业税,并对种粮农民进行直接补贴、良种补贴、农机补贴“三项补贴”,水稻种植面积稳步增加[72-73],甲烷排放相应增加.
与此同时,中国水稻种植甲烷的排放结构也发生了变化,中稻甲烷排放在总排放中所占的比例增加.1980年,中稻甲烷排放量为283万tCH4,占水稻种植排放量的31%.随着短周期水稻品种的发展,水稻成熟周期缩短,大量稻田从单季稻田变为双季稻,中稻排放持续增加[72].到2020年,中稻甲烷排放量达469万tCH4,占水稻种植甲烷总排放量的63%.
尽管水稻种植面积下降,但单产不断提升,粮食产量稳步提高[74-75].如图1(b)所示,1980~2020年,单位稻谷产量甲烷排放强度呈下降趋势,排放强度从1980年的1.83kgCO2eq/kg减少到0.98kgCO2eq/kg,降幅达46%.这四十年间,中国水稻甲烷排放强度的均值比日本均值高34%,比世界均值水平高10%,比亚洲均值水平高12%[8].
在BAU情景下,2060年水稻种植甲烷排放量为685万tCH4,比2020年减少8%.水稻甲烷强度将在2036年达到峰值,为1.02kgCO2eq/kg,然后在2060年下降到0.93kgCO2eq/kg,这一数值仍高于世界水稻甲烷排放强度2020年的平均水平.
在TP和MTP情景下,中国水稻种植甲烷排放量将继续下降,到2060年,与BAU情景下的排放量相比,将分别减少177万tCH4和480万tCH4,降幅分别为26%和70%.在TP和MTP情景下,排放强度呈持续下降趋势,到2060年排放强度分别降至0.69kgCO2eq/kg和0.30kgCO2eq/kg.在这两种情景下,排放强度分别在2032和2024年突破世界水稻甲烷排放强度2020年均值水平,在2041年和2026年后低于日本2020年水稻甲烷排放强度.
图2所示,县级水稻甲烷排放量差异很大,呈明显的右偏分布.1980年、2000年和2020年县域水稻种植甲烷量减少,平均排放量分别为0.32、0.27和0.26万tCH4.1980年、2000年和2020年县级排放量的标准偏差(SDs)分别为0.67、0.51和0.58万tCH4.1980年、2000年和2020年排放量大于1.0万tCH4(2000q90值)的县分别有311个、218个和242个.
未来情景下,减缓技术的采用和推广可显著降低排放大县数量以及排放大县在总排放量中的占比.在TP情景下,2030年和2060年排放大县数量分别减少到114个和78个,排放大县占总排放量的份额减少到32%和26%.在MTP情景下,2030年和2060年排放大县数量减少到28个和5个,排放大县占总排放量的份额减少到17%和11%.
图3所示,1980~2020年县域水稻种植甲烷空间分布发生了明显变化.1980年中国水稻种植总种植面积为0.34亿hm2,73%的县种植了水稻.湖北、湖南、江西、广西、广东、江苏、浙江、安徽以及四川的东部的县域水稻种植甲烷排放量大,它们的水稻甲烷排放量占总排放量的85%.到2000年,中国水稻种植面积减少到0.27亿hm2,水稻种植的县减少到64%.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区仍然是主要的排放区,但其排放量占总排放量的比值减少到78%.相比之下,黑龙江和吉林的县域排放量明显增加,两个省份水稻甲烷排放占总排放量的6%.到2020年,水稻种植面积增加到0.30亿hm2,仅55%的县种植水稻.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区仍是主要的排放区,但其排放量占总排放量比值减少到74%.而黑龙江和吉林的县域排放量继续增加,两个省份排放量占总排放量的13%.
水稻甲烷排放的空间分布变化,反映出中国水稻种植空间分布格局的调整.由于降雨丰富和年均气温高,湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区是水稻的主要种植区[13,32],但是受干旱和城镇化的影响,区域内水稻种植面积不断减少[28,72].相反地,近年平均气温的升高降低了东北地区的低温胁迫[38,72],使东北水稻年种植面积从1980年的0.08亿hm2增加到2020年的0.3亿hm2,甲烷排放量也明显增加[76].
在BAU情景下,2060年县域水稻种植甲烷排放的空间分布与2020年相比变化很小.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区以及东北的黑龙江、吉林北部是主要排放区,这些地区产生了84%的排放.在TP情景下,2030年县域平均排放水平较2020年降低11%,排放大县数目减少45%.2060年县域排放水平较2020年降低40%,排放大县数目减少89%,凸显了减缓技术推广应用的重要性.在MTP情景下,2030年县域排放水平较2020年降低32%,排放大县数目减少69%.2060年县域排放水平降低70%,排放大县仅剩6个,零星分布在黑龙江、湖南和江西.
图4所示,1980~2020年水稻种植甲烷排放重心向东北迁移.其中1980~2000年县域水稻种植甲烷排放重心从湖南东部向东北方向迁移了141km,2000~2020年排放重心继续沿东北方向移动了211km.到2020年,县域水稻种植甲烷排放的重心位于湖北东南端,与1980年相比,重心共向东北迁移了347km.
如果基于省级数据估算,水稻甲烷排放重心的移动方向与县级相似,也是东北方向移动,但其移动距离和速度均小于县级重心.1980~2020年,省级排放重心向东北仅移动了271km.此外,省级排放重心与县级排放重心的空间位置差异明显.1980年省级排放重心位于县级排放重心的西南方向约51km,到2020年这一距离增加至西南方向117km.可以看出,省级重心时平滑了排放大县的影响,导致省级排放重心向排放较低的地区倾斜[77].
图5所示,县级水稻甲烷排放强度呈右偏分布.1980年、2000年和2020年县级水稻排放强度均值不断下降,均值分别为4.63,1.91,1.61kgCO2eq/ kg.1980年、2000年和2020年县级排放强度的SDs分别为6.33,4.71,4.62kgCO2eq/kg.
在TP情景下,2030年平均排放强度为1.79kgCO2eq/kg,2060年平均排放强度为1.18kgCO2eq/kg,较2020年降低了27%.在MTP情景下,2030年平均排放强度为1.72kgCO2eq/kg,2060年平均排放强度为0.68kgCO2eq/kg,较2020年降低了58%.
图6所示,与排放量相比,1980~2020年县域水稻甲烷排放强度的空间分布变化更显著.1980年,新疆、山东和河南单位稻谷产量甲烷排放强度较高,主要原因在于这些地区受水热条件的限制,水稻单产很低[45,50].除四川外,南方水稻甲烷主要排放区的排放强度也较高.到2000年,由于新疆、山东和河南等地种植水稻的县减少,高排放强度区域明显减少.在南方水稻甲烷主要排放区大部分县的排放强度水平降低,特别是湖南和江西.但是由于水稻产量减少,广西和广东排放强度提高[14].到2020年,由于产量提升[12],南方水稻甲烷主要排放区的排放强度水平大幅下降,高排放强度的县大幅缩减.
水稻种植甲烷排放强度的空间分布变化,说明中国水稻种植空间分布格局的调整是可持续的.一方面,新疆、山东和河南等高排放强度区域减少了水稻种植,转而种植更符合当地条件的作物,如小麦和玉米.这不仅可以保证粮食安全,同时也提高了农业的整体效益[78-79].另一方面,虽然东北地区水稻甲烷排放量明显增加,但得益于区域内高效的水稻生产系统,排放强度始终保持在较低水平[36].由于东北地区气温较低,该地区的甲烷排放因子低于其他地区[72].因此,水稻种植向东北转移有助于平衡粮食产量和甲烷减排[28].
在BAU情景下,2030年县域水稻甲烷排放强度的空间分布与2020年相比变化很小.但是到2060年,广东、广西、湖南和湖北高排放强度的县将明显减少.在TP和MTP情景下,到2030年,广东、广西、湖南西部和湖北西部依旧是高排放强度区域,这说明短期内即便推广减缓技术,降低排放强度的效果也十分有限.到2060年,在TP和MTP情景下,高排放强度的县与2020年相比分别减少56%和84%,这表明只有长期推广更严格的减缓技术,才能有效降低水稻排放强度.
图7所示,与排放量的重心相比,县级水稻种植甲烷排放强度重心向东南移动,变化范围更大.1980~2000年县域水稻种植甲烷排放强度重心从湖北西北端逐渐向东迁移305km,2000~2020年向东南移动了128km.2020年,县域水稻种植甲烷排放强度的重心位于湖北东南部,与1980年相比向东南迁移了411km.
基于省级数据的水稻甲烷排放强度重心的移动方向与县级相似,但移动距离均小于县级重心.1980~2020年,省级排放强度重心向东南仅移动了139km.此外,与排放量重心相比,省级排放强度重心与县级排放强度重心之间的空间位置差异更为显著.1980年,省级排放强度重心与县级排放强度重心的距离约72km,到2020年这一距离增加至219km.
2060年,TP情景下水稻种植的总减缓潜力为177万tCH4.稻田水分管理是减缓潜力最大的技术,其减缓潜力占总减缓潜力的76%.缓释肥、低排放水稻品种和稻田甲烷抑制剂对总减缓潜力的贡献率分别为15%、7%和2%.在MTP情景下,2060年水稻种植的总减缓潜力将增至480万tCH4,稻田水分管理、稀释肥、低排放水稻品种和稻田甲烷抑制剂的贡献率分别为60%、20%、12%和8%.
TP情景下,2030年县域平均减缓潜力为0.04万tCH4.湖南、湖北、江西和黑龙江县域的平均减缓潜力为0.09万tCH4,略高于其他地区(图8(a)).2060年,县域平均减缓潜力增加至0.08万tCH4.湖南、湖北、江西和黑龙江县域平均减缓潜力为0.17万tCH4,明显高于其他地区(图8(c)).
在MTP情景下,2030年,县域平均减缓潜力提升至1.69千tCH4.减缓潜力较大的区域进一步扩大,湖南、湖北、江西、黑龙江和广东的平均减缓潜力达0.37万tCH4(图8(b)).2060年,县域平均减缓潜力达0.22万tCH4,湖南、湖北、江西、黑龙江和广东的平均减缓潜力增至0.47万tCH4(图8(d)).
高减缓潜力主要分布在排放量大的区域.湖南、江西、湖北、广东和黑龙江省是减缓潜力排名前五的省份.在TP情景下,2060年这5个省份的减缓潜力将占总潜力的55%,其中稻田水分管理、稀释肥、低排放水稻品种和稻田甲烷抑制剂对总减缓潜力的贡献率分别42%、8%、4%和1%.在MTP情景下,2060年这5个省份的减缓潜力占总潜力的62%,其中稻田水分管理、稀释肥、低排放水稻品种和稻田甲烷抑制剂对总减缓潜力的贡献率分别40%、12%、6%和4%.
本研究估算的不确定性来自活动数据和排放因子.其中活动数据方面的影响比较少,不确定性不超过10%,排放因子而言的不确定性约为30%.
图9可以发现,本研究估算结果在现有研究的范围之内.如果与比粮农组织数据库(FAOSTAT)和社区排放数据系统(CEDS)相比,三种时间变化趋势高度一致,但本研究均值比它们高40%左右.其原因在于FAOSTAT和CEDS基于FAO国家层面统计数据,使用IPCC的默认排放因子,从而低估了中国水稻甲烷排放量[80,31].全球大气排放数据库(EDGAR)的估计结果是本研究均值的两倍,它使用较高的淹水比例,导致排放因子偏高[60].此外,EDGAR将一些淡水养殖面积归为水稻种植,也造成了其对中国水稻甲烷排放量的高估[81].本研究与国家清单和北京大学发布的甲烷数据库(PKU-CH4-China)更加接近,二者要么使用基于过程的模型或者考虑区域特性的排放因子,对水稻甲烷排放空间异质性的考虑更细致[18].
情景的不确定性主要在情景假设.本研究仅考虑了经济发展和人均饮食变化对水稻种植面积的影响,忽视了其他重要因素,例如温度升高[79,82]的影响.此外,降水、土壤类型和农业政策也对水稻种植有重要影响[83].后续研究应系统识别导致水稻种植面积变化的影响因素,降低未来情景分析的不确定性.
本研究运用自下而上的清单模型估算了1980~2060年中国县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度,分析了不同技术情景下的减缓潜力及其空间分布特征.1980~2020年,中国水稻种植甲烷排放先下降后上升,到2020年排放量减少19%.其中,中稻甲烷排放的贡献从31%增加至63%.随着产量的提升,水稻甲烷排放强度持续下降.
1980~2020年中国县域水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度空间格局变化显著,水稻甲烷排放重心向东北移动347km,排放强度重心向东南移动411km.湖南、湖北和江西等南方地区水稻种植甲烷排放量和排放强度均呈下降趋势.新疆、山东和河南等地区水稻种植逐渐被替代,排放量和强度均降低.东北地区甲烷排放量虽有增加,但排放强度始终保持较低水平.
2060年,TP和MTP情景下甲烷排放量较BAU情景分别减少26%和70%,对应排放强度分别减少26%和68%.不同技术情景下,稻田水分管理减缓潜力最大,对总减缓潜力的贡献均超过60%.高减缓潜力主要分布在湖南、江西、湖北、广东和黑龙江省等排放量大的区域.
因此,本研究建议在湖南、江西和湖北等地的排放大县推广稻田水分管理技术以促进甲烷减排.重点应加强对农业从业者的培训,提高其对减缓技术的认知水平和应用能力.其次,可根据排放强度和生产率的数据优化水稻生产布局,在产量增长潜力大的地区增加水稻种植,进一步降低平均排放强度.此外,应进一步支持高时空精度的清单研究,开展技术措施的深入调研和成本效益分析,以确定符合实际的水稻种植甲烷减缓方案.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0113000)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0113000)
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    中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京 100872

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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