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The study utilized filter mud and bagasse as raw materials for the co-hydrothermal carbonization process at 240℃-60min-5:1. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of liquid-phase cycling on the solid-liquid phase products of the co-hydrothermal carbonization process and to elucidate the reaction pathways. The experimental findings demonstrated that liquid-phase cycling significantly enhanced the reaction process of co-hydrothermal carbonization, resulting in substantial improvements in the hydrochar properties. In the liquid-phase cycling process, there was a substantial increase in the hydrochar yield and higher heating value(HHV), accompanied by a significant decrease in ash content and an increase in microsphere structures on the surface. Following the second cycling, the hydrochar obtained a maximum specific surface area of 31.2m2/g, and the contents of the groups CHX, C-C/C=C, and -C/OR/-C-NR exhibited a tendency to increase, while the contents of C=O/C=N and -COOR decreased significantly; In the liquid-phase products, the contents of organic acids and ketones increased. Concurrently, the proportion of aromatic compounds remarkably rose from 0.31% to 13.75%, and hydrocarbons, amides, and esters decreased. Within the liquid-phase cycle, the acidic environment generated by the accumulation of organic acids served as a catalyst for hydrolysis and other reactions, and simultaneously facilitated the Maillard reaction, which effectively enhanced the degree of aromatization of the hydrochar. Moreover, it was beneficial for fortifying the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the hydrothermal carbon, thereby creating more chemically active sites. Consequently, the hydrochar was bestowed with enhanced adsorption capabilities and its potential for land application was elevated.

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本研究以糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣为原料,在240℃-60min-质量比5:1条件下共水热碳化,研究液相循环对共水热碳化固液相产物影响,并探究其反应路径.结果表明,液相循环促进了共水热碳化的反应进程,水热炭性质明显改善.随着液相循环进行,水热炭产率和高热值(HHV)大幅提高,灰分含量显著降低,其表面微球结构数量增多,第二次循环后水热炭获得最大比表面积31.2m2/g,基团CHX,C-C/C=C和-C-OR/-C-NR含量呈上升趋势,而C=O/C=N和-COOR含量明显减少;液相产物中有机酸和酮类含量增多,芳香族化合物从0.31%增加到13.75%,碳氢化合物、酰胺类和酯类减少.液相循环下,有机酸积累形成的酸性环境催化了水解等反应的发生,并促进美拉德反应的进行,有效提高水热炭的芳构化程度,有利于强化水热炭表面的含氧官能团,使其提供更多的化学位点,赋予了水热炭更优异的吸附性能,提高其土地利用潜力.

, correspAuthors=唐兴颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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陈思思(1999-),女,安徽池州人,广西大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境污染物处置技术.发表论文6篇..

, authorsList=陈思思, 薛宇阳, 唐兴颖, 王智洁, 张莹莹, 钱黎黎, 李尚泽, 王英辉)}, authors=[Author(id=1241116651270238505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Hesterc827@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241116651421233462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, authorId=1241116651270238505, language=EN, stringName=Si-si CHEN, firstName=Si-si, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241116651551256895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, authorId=1241116651270238505, language=CN, stringName=陈思思, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.广西大学资源环境与材料学院,广西 南宁 530004, bio={"content":"

陈思思(1999-),女,安徽池州人,广西大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境污染物处置技术.发表论文6篇..

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陈思思(1999-),女,安徽池州人,广西大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境污染物处置技术.发表论文6篇..

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(a) HC-R0; (b) HC-R1; (c) HC-R2; (d) HC-R3; (e) HC-R4

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The main physicochemical properties of filter mud and sugarcane bagasse

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样品名称元素分析(wt. %)C/NASH(%)HHV(MJ/kg)pH值EC(mS/cm)
CHONS
糖厂滤泥19.593.9416.521.103.5817.8056.138.936.821.38
甘蔗渣44.165.7847.960.550.2380.791.3217.264.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660829057090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣的主要理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称元素分析(wt. %)C/NASH(%)HHV(MJ/kg)pH值EC(mS/cm)
CHONS
糖厂滤泥19.593.9416.521.103.5817.8056.138.936.821.38
甘蔗渣44.165.7847.960.550.2380.791.3217.264.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660950691919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical properties and yield of hydrochar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品元素分析(wt.%)C/NASH(wt.%)HHV(MJ/kg)pH值EC(mS/cm)产率(%)
CHONS
HC-R019.643.209.890.731.9326.8564.618.426.351.4362.38
HC-R121.662.6914.220.843.5625.7957.038.406.350.3164.10
HC-R222.192.6418.020.893.4424.9352.828.216.430.3563.75
HC-R322.313.1215.530.883.2225.3554.949.016.480.3968.00
HC-R422.823.4113.650.952.8224.0256.359.656.550.4466.41
), ArticleFig(id=1241116661097492578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水热炭的理化性质和产率

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样品元素分析(wt.%)C/NASH(wt.%)HHV(MJ/kg)pH值EC(mS/cm)产率(%)
CHONS
HC-R019.643.209.890.731.9326.8564.618.426.351.4362.38
HC-R121.662.6914.220.843.5625.7957.038.406.350.3164.10
HC-R222.192.6418.020.893.4424.9352.828.216.430.3563.75
HC-R322.313.1215.530.883.2225.3554.949.016.480.3968.00
HC-R422.823.4113.650.952.8224.0256.359.656.550.4466.41
), ArticleFig(id=1241116661244293230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size of hydrochar under liquid phase cycling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积(m2/g)孔体积(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)
HC-R045.90.2052.972
HC-R122.90.1237.684
HC-R231.20.1173.396
HC-R318.50.10412.236
HC-R420.20.0857.734
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662750048378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

液相循环下水热炭的比表面积、孔体积和孔径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比表面积(m2/g)孔体积(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)
HC-R045.90.2052.972
HC-R122.90.1237.684
HC-R231.20.1173.396
HC-R318.50.10412.236
HC-R420.20.0857.734
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662863294598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

pH、EC、NH3-N and COD of liquid phase products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品pH值EC(mS/cm)NH3-N(g/L)COD(g/L)
HL-R04.5412.8180.035.48
HL-R14.1524.9150.677.13
HL-R24.0332.9190.419.10
HL-R33.9936.2270.7410.68
HL-R44.0638.9340.9810.56
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662955569300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116645083639842, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

液相产物的pH值、EC、NH3-N和COD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品pH值EC(mS/cm)NH3-N(g/L)COD(g/L)
HL-R04.5412.8180.035.48
HL-R14.1524.9150.677.13
HL-R24.0332.9190.419.10
HL-R33.9936.2270.7410.68
HL-R44.0638.9340.9810.56
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液相循环对制糖固废共水热碳化影响机制研究
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陈思思 1 , 薛宇阳 1 , 唐兴颖 2, * , 王智洁 1 , 张莹莹 2 , 钱黎黎 3 , 李尚泽 1 , 王英辉 2, 4
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(3): 1364-1374
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(3): 1364-1374
液相循环对制糖固废共水热碳化影响机制研究
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陈思思1 , 薛宇阳1, 唐兴颖2, * , 王智洁1, 张莹莹2, 钱黎黎3, 李尚泽1, 王英辉2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学资源环境与材料学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 2.广西大学海洋学院,广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室/珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
  • 3.江苏大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 镇江 212000
  • 4.广西产研院绿色低碳技术研究所有限公司,广西 南宁 530022
  • 陈思思(1999-),女,安徽池州人,广西大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境污染物处置技术.发表论文6篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Study on the mechanism of liquid-phase cycling on the co-hydrothermal carbonation of sugar solid waste
Si-si CHEN1 , Yu-yang XUE1, Xing-ying TANG2, * , Zhi-jie WANG1, Ying-ying ZHANG2, Li-li QIAN3, Shang-ze LI1, Ying-hui WANG2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2.Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea/Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
  • 4.Guangxi Institute of Green and Low Carbon Technology Co, Ltd, Nanning 530022, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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本研究以糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣为原料,在240℃-60min-质量比5:1条件下共水热碳化,研究液相循环对共水热碳化固液相产物影响,并探究其反应路径.结果表明,液相循环促进了共水热碳化的反应进程,水热炭性质明显改善.随着液相循环进行,水热炭产率和高热值(HHV)大幅提高,灰分含量显著降低,其表面微球结构数量增多,第二次循环后水热炭获得最大比表面积31.2m2/g,基团CHX,C-C/C=C和-C-OR/-C-NR含量呈上升趋势,而C=O/C=N和-COOR含量明显减少;液相产物中有机酸和酮类含量增多,芳香族化合物从0.31%增加到13.75%,碳氢化合物、酰胺类和酯类减少.液相循环下,有机酸积累形成的酸性环境催化了水解等反应的发生,并促进美拉德反应的进行,有效提高水热炭的芳构化程度,有利于强化水热炭表面的含氧官能团,使其提供更多的化学位点,赋予了水热炭更优异的吸附性能,提高其土地利用潜力.

液相循环  /  共水热碳化  /  水热炭  /  糖厂滤泥  /  甘蔗渣

The study utilized filter mud and bagasse as raw materials for the co-hydrothermal carbonization process at 240℃-60min-5:1. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of liquid-phase cycling on the solid-liquid phase products of the co-hydrothermal carbonization process and to elucidate the reaction pathways. The experimental findings demonstrated that liquid-phase cycling significantly enhanced the reaction process of co-hydrothermal carbonization, resulting in substantial improvements in the hydrochar properties. In the liquid-phase cycling process, there was a substantial increase in the hydrochar yield and higher heating value(HHV), accompanied by a significant decrease in ash content and an increase in microsphere structures on the surface. Following the second cycling, the hydrochar obtained a maximum specific surface area of 31.2m2/g, and the contents of the groups CHX, C-C/C=C, and -C/OR/-C-NR exhibited a tendency to increase, while the contents of C=O/C=N and -COOR decreased significantly; In the liquid-phase products, the contents of organic acids and ketones increased. Concurrently, the proportion of aromatic compounds remarkably rose from 0.31% to 13.75%, and hydrocarbons, amides, and esters decreased. Within the liquid-phase cycle, the acidic environment generated by the accumulation of organic acids served as a catalyst for hydrolysis and other reactions, and simultaneously facilitated the Maillard reaction, which effectively enhanced the degree of aromatization of the hydrochar. Moreover, it was beneficial for fortifying the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the hydrothermal carbon, thereby creating more chemically active sites. Consequently, the hydrochar was bestowed with enhanced adsorption capabilities and its potential for land application was elevated.

liquid phase recycling  /  co-hydrothermal carbonization  /  hydrochar  /  filter mud  /  bagasse
陈思思, 薛宇阳, 唐兴颖, 王智洁, 张莹莹, 钱黎黎, 李尚泽, 王英辉. 液相循环对制糖固废共水热碳化影响机制研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1364 -1374 .
Si-si CHEN, Yu-yang XUE, Xing-ying TANG, Zhi-jie WANG, Ying-ying ZHANG, Li-li QIAN, Shang-ze LI, Ying-hui WANG. Study on the mechanism of liquid-phase cycling on the co-hydrothermal carbonation of sugar solid waste[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1364 -1374 .
广西是我国甘蔗的主产地,其蔗糖产量约占全国总产量的三分之二.制糖工艺的副产物主要为滤泥、蔗渣、蔗梢叶和糖蜜,其中蔗梢叶是良好的饲料资源,直接或经简单处理后作为粗饲料喂养畜禽动物;糖蜜主要可用于制作酒精和酵母,均可满足产业化要求;而糖厂滤泥通常施肥于肥沃田地或随意置放,除占用大面积土地资源外,还因其含水率高、富含有机物和糖类等,极易导致腐烂发臭、滋生细菌、污染空气,对环境造成严重影响[1];甘蔗渣经加工后可以作为糖厂燃料或用于制作动物饲料,但存在利用率和附加值低等问题,难以高效资源化利用.因此,开发新型处置方法,对糖厂滤泥及甘蔗渣进行有效的无害化处理和资源化利用势在必行.
共热碳化技术作为一种绿色、低碳、高效的热化学技术,是指在水热碳化过程中两种或者多种原料进行热化学转化,降低预处理能耗成本的同时,有效改善水热碳化反应的效率和产物的性质,并且获得的水热炭具有灰分低、热值高、比表面积大,含有丰富的官能团和发达的孔隙结构,应用于能源、土壤改良、吸附基质等领域[2-6].然而,水热碳化过程会产生大量的液相副产品,主要由有机酸、糖类、酚类等有机物组成,直接排放到环境中可能对生态系统的健康构成严重威胁,浪费工业化学资源;同时,液相处理成本占水热处置废物总成本的90%,影响经济可行性,亟需一种对环境、经济友好的方法处理水热碳化液相产物[7-9].
液相循环作为一种高效的处理策略,是将水热过程中获得的液相物质回收并与原料混合,重新进行水热碳化的处理方法,不仅能显著降低淡水消耗,还有效削减了废液处理成本,提高水热碳化系统的整体效率.Sharma等[10]将食品和庭院垃圾共水热碳化,经过5次液相循环发现再循环液中高有机物和离子物质的存在促进了整个碳化过程,增加了水热炭的能量产率(86%~92%)、碳含量(68%~71%)和HHV (20~27MJ/kg),并且还增强了水热炭的整体燃烧特性,促进了共水热碳化反应.Li等[11]利用聚氯乙烯和玉米芯共水热碳化并循环4次,观察到液相循环逐步增强原料的水解,并产生具有更丰富的活性表面官能团、更多孔结构和更高产率的水热炭.针对糖业副产物所产生的环境影响和资源化利用水平低等问题,考虑利用共水热碳化及液相循环技术对糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣进行处理,减少环境污染,得到更加优质的资源化产物.但是糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣的共水热碳化及液相循环的反应机制尚不明确,仍需进行更为深入的研究,为水热炭产品增值提供新的思路.
本文以糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣作为原料进行共水热碳化,研究4次液相再循环对水热炭的理化性质、产率、微观形貌、比表面积和含C官能团含量的影响,分析循环下液相产物的性质和组分变化情况,揭示其中的反应机理,解析液相循环下糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣共水热碳化的反应路径.本研究开拓了糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣高效利用的新方向,可为糖业副产物开发高附加值产品提供理论依据和数据支撑.
本实验所用糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣均取自广西农垦糖厂,所采用的工艺为磷酸亚硫酸法;其中,甘蔗渣为甘蔗压榨提汁后的固体残渣,滤泥取自糖汁硫熏中和后二次加热沉降的污泥,糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣的主要理化性质如表1所示.将滤泥与甘蔗渣置于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥24h,使用粉碎机对其粉碎并过100目筛,粉碎后的样品用密封袋封装后避光储存.
采用高温间歇式反应管装置进行共水热及液相循环实验,管式炉作为反应的温控装置.如图1所示,高温间歇式反应管采用316L不锈钢材质,容积为20mL,最高反应温度600℃,压力耐受30MPa.
本实验前期所做的研究根据水热炭吸附性能和土地适用等因素,已确定糖厂滤泥与甘蔗渣共水热的最优反应条件为:反应温度240℃,停留时间60min,滤泥蔗渣质量比5:1;因此,以此最佳条件为本次实验的基础条件,进行液相循环实验.
将破碎后的滤泥和甘蔗渣按照5:1的质量比混合后均质处理,均质后的混合粉末作为反应原料.将原料和去离子水按1:9 (WV)的比例加入反应管中混合,设置以5℃/min的速率升温至240℃,停留时间60min.反应结束后,待反应管冷却至室温,取出水热碳化固液混合产物,采用真空泵抽滤进行固液分离.将获得的固相产物在105℃下真空干燥24h,研磨后过100目筛,所得固相产物即为水热炭,称量后放密封袋避光储存;抽滤后得到的液相产物即为水热碳化液,置于棕色玻璃瓶中,于0~4℃冰箱中冷藏储存.
考虑到水热炭中保留的水分和分析中所需要的水分,每次进行液相循环时,将90%的水热碳化液再次循环利用,并补充10%的去离子水,替代下一次反应的去离子水,剩余步骤与共水热碳化实验相同.第一次共水热碳化后获得的固相产物和液相产物分别命名为HC-R0和HL-R0,后续根据液相循环次数将固相产物分别命名为HC-R1、HC-R2、HC-R3、HC-R4;液相产物分别命名为HL-R1、HL-R2、HL-R3、HL-R4.
水热炭的产率为水热炭质量与原料质量之比;pH值和EC值采用雷磁E-201-L型pH计和DJS-1-L型EC计测量.
原料和水热炭的C、H、N、S元素质量百分比使用元素分析仪(Vario EL cube,Elementar,Germany)测定,元素O含量通过差减法公式(式(1))计算.
灰分含量根据《煤的工业分析方法测定》(GB/T 212-2008)[12]进行测定;高热值含量与元素组成含量相关,根据式2计算水热炭的HHV.
水热炭的表面形貌表征采用扫描电子显微镜(Sigma500,Zeiss,Germany)观察,加速电压5.0kV;采用比表面积及孔径分析仪(AUTOSORB-IQ-MP,Quantachrome,USA)进行水热炭比表面积、孔容积及孔径分布的测定.
水热炭的N2吸附-脱附等温曲线由全自动气体吸附仪在-196℃(77K)下测定吸附剂对高纯液氮的吸附作用,并且样品在测定前,先在100℃温度条件下真空脱气处理12h.通过多点Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)法计算比表面积,孔径分布采用Barret-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)模型计算[13].
水热炭的表面官能团由傅里叶红外光谱仪(IRTrace-100,Shimadzu,Japan)分析,扫描范围在400~4000cm-1范围内,共扫描32次,根据光谱中的吸收峰位置和形状判断水热炭的结构.
通过X射线光电子能谱仪(K-Alpha,Thermo,USA)分析水热炭表面元素的存在形态,使用Al Kα X射线辐射源(hv=1486.6eV)对水热炭表面C、N、O元素组分进行研究,结合能使用284.6eV的C1s峰值校准测定,含C官能团相对百分比含量分布采用归一化法进行统计,且含量低于1%含量的官能团不列入统计范围.
液相产物成分由气相色谱质谱联用仪(8860/5977b,Aglient,USA)通过HP-5MS色谱柱测定,初始温度为40℃,保持3min,以5℃/min升温至200℃,然后以10℃/min升温至280℃,停留3min.进样量为0.6µL,使用He气作为载气气体,流量为1.2mL/min,进样器和检测器均保持在325℃.
液相产物的COD值由哈希标准COD试剂(2125915-CN)通过消解比色法测定,NH3-N浓度由哈希氨氮试剂(2606945-CN),通过水杨酸法测定.pH和EC值使用pH计和EC计测量,重复测量结果3次取平均值,通过Excel记录整理实验数据,Origin 2023分析数据、作图和拟合曲线.
表2为液相循环后水热炭的理化性质和产率.液相循环后,水热炭的C元素和N元素含量均显著增加,C元素含量由19.64wt.%(HC-R0)提升至22.82wt.%(HC-R4),N元素含量由0.73wt.%(HC-R0)提升至0.95wt.%(HC-R4).水热炭C元素与N元素含量增加是由于液相循环中一定量的可溶性蛋白质由液相转移至水热炭中[14],表明共水热碳化和再循环加剧了美拉德反应和曼尼希反应的发生[10].
由于可溶性盐的流失,无机离子向液相中转移,水热炭的灰分含量由64.61wt.%(HC-R0)下降至52.82wt.%(HC-R2),随后上升到56.35wt.%(HC-R4),相较于HC-R0,液相循环后的水热炭(HC-R1~HC-R4)灰分含量显著降低;而水热炭灰分先降低后升高则可能是由于液相中溶解的灰分被水热炭重新吸收,导致水热炭中无机物浓度增加[15],从而灰分含量上升.
随着液相循环的进行,水热炭HHV由未进行循环时(HC-R0)的8.42MJ/kg增大到了4次循环后(HC-R4)的9.65MJ/kg,水热炭HHV提高了1.23MJ/kg.据Sharma等[10]的研究,水热炭HHV的提高是由于原料中的纤维素和半纤维素降解,产生的中间产物溶解到液相中,例如糠醛和HMF(HHV约为22MJ/kg),部分中间产物随着反应的进行被转化为有机酸并在液相中不断累积,液相循环中这部分有机酸催化并加速了整个水热碳化进程,从而增大了水热炭HHV;此外,液相中的有机酸加速了原料的转化速率,尤其是半纤维素和纤维素的水解,形成了水溶性中间体,这些物质聚合并形成具有高能量密度的固体微粒,导致水热炭中的C含量增加,从而增加了其能量含量[16].液相循环后的水热炭pH值略有上升,可能是有机酸等酸性物质向液相中转移,导致水热炭pH值总体有小幅度升高.
经过多次液相循环后,水热炭的产率有了显著的提高,由最初的62.38%(HC-R0)提高到68.00%(HC-R3),在第3次液相循环后(HC-R3)水热炭产率达到最大值,随后降低至66.41%.水热炭产率的整体提高主要是因为在整个共水热碳化过程中,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的水解,生成的化合物发生一系列脱水、脱羧反应后形成的有机酸和中间产物(如糠醛、5-HMF和呋喃等)在液相中不断累积,形成了有机酸环境,这促进了生物质聚合物的进一步水解和分解,导致可溶性物质的浓度增加,加快了缩合和聚合反应的进行,生成更多的芳香族化合物,更有利于水热炭的形成[7,9,17];而水热炭产率第3次液相循环后(HC-R3)达到最大值,而第4次液相循环后(HC-R4)相比HC-R3略有降低,表明液相循环对共水热碳化中水热炭的产生具有促进作用,但这种促进作用会随着液相循环次数的增加而趋于平稳,这可能是液相中积累的有效组分达到饱和状态所致[18].
利用扫描电子显微镜对液相循环前后的水热炭进行观察,其微观结构如图2所示.对比未进行液相循环(HC-R0)的水热炭较为平整的表面结构,液相循环后的水热炭(HC-R1~HC-R4)表面更加粗糙,产生了密集堆积的微球结构,尤其是HC-R2,微球结构的数量与密度明显增多.这些微球是在有机酸的催化下,由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素分解后的中间体重新缩合和聚合而成,附着在水热炭的表面,源自单糖和含氮基团的水热炭也会出现类似的现象[15].证明了液相循环过程对水热炭产生有着促进作用[10, 19],可以促进水热炭表面微球结构的形成.
图3为液相循环下水热炭的N2吸附/脱附曲线.依据IUPAC(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)分类,水热炭的吸附/脱附等温曲线均符合Ⅳ型等温线,且呈现出一定的H4型滞后环.表明液相循环会促进水热炭内部形成介孔,使得水热炭具有更加丰富的介孔结构.
表3可知,随着液相循环进一步的进行,水热炭的比表面积有所降低,从最初的45.92m2/g下降至20.2m2/g;孔体积也由0.205cm3/g降低至0.085cm3/g.结合SEM图像分析,这种现象是因为液相循环促进了微球结构的增加,产生的微球吸附在水热炭表面,从而堵塞水热炭表面孔隙,导致水热炭比表面积减小[11].
尽管液相循环后水热炭比表面积有所下降,但经过实际对比发现,在液相循环过程中,糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣共水热炭的比表面积仍明显优于聚氯乙烯和玉米芯共水热炭(1.17~1.75m2/g)[11]以及稻草水热炭(8.21~12.18m2/g)[14]等水热炭.因此,糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣在液相循环下的共水热炭具有较强的吸附能力.
液相循环下水热炭的傅里叶变换红外光谱如图4所示,可以观察到有5组明显的吸收峰,分别代表5种典型的基团.
在3402cm-1处的吸收峰为O-H拉伸振动引起,随着循环次数的增加,该峰显著增强,证明在液相循环下,水热炭表面O-H基团数量逐渐提升.这可能是由于原料中存在大量的纤维素和半纤维素,共水热过程中分解形成有机化合物,随着液相循环的进行,液相中的有机物增加了水热炭表面的O-H基团[20].
2922cm-1和2855cm-1的吸收峰则是脂肪族亚甲基的对称和不对称C-H拉伸引起,相比HC-R0,HC-R1、HC-R2和HC-R3的特征峰略有降低,但在HC-R4时有着明显提升.特征峰初始略有降低是由于液相中的糖类和脂肪族化合物在液相循环下进一步分解,并参与了芳构化反应,从而降低了水热炭C-H含量;随后纤维素和木质素在水热碳化循环过程中生成许多糖类和脂肪族化合物,产生了更多的甲基或亚甲基,C-H含量提升.这也表明重复循环液相能够促进生物质原料的分解[15,21].
位于1728cm-1为羰基C=O的拉伸振动引起的吸收峰.在前两次液相循环中,该峰值强度表现的并不明显,但随循环次数的增加,该处特征峰在第四次循环时略有波动,这是由于共水热过程中单糖脱水脱羧生成糠醛、呋喃并进一步反应生成酮类化合物,这些物质在液相中的浓度增加,吸附在水热炭表面,导致其吸收峰略有增加.
以1620cm-1和1514cm-1为中心的是芳香族C=C拉伸振动的吸收峰.随着液相循环的进行,这两处吸收峰逐渐增强,表明液相中的有机化合物在水热碳化过程中的发生了脱水反应和芳构化反应,并在液相循环下促进了反应的进行.
位于1035cm-1的吸收峰为糖类化合物中C—O拉伸振动引起的,随液相循环的增加该峰显著减弱,主要是原料中纤维素和半纤维素分解所致[14,22],液相循环有效促进了这一进程.
X射线光电子能谱(XPS)是一种可以提供表面材料元素化合价和化学键信息的分析工具,通过XPS表征以及XPS Peak分峰拟合软件揭示水热炭结构和含量演变规律[23].水热炭的XPS C1s谱图如图5所示,主要包括脂肪族/芳香族炭基团(CHx,C—C/C=C),结合能为284.6eV;羟基/氨基(—C—OR/—C—NR),结合能为(285.6±0.3)eV;羰基/亚胺基(C=O/C=N),结合能为(287.0±0.4)eV;羧基、酯或内酯(—COOR),结合能为(288.6±0.2)eV[18,24].
图6比较了4组含C官能团相对百分比含量分布.与HC-R0相比,液相循环下HC-R1~HC-R4水热炭的CHx、C-C/C=C基团减少,但随着液相循环次数的增加,有机酸的催化作用,加速了水热炭的芳构化程度,使得水热炭的CHx,C-C/C=C含量增加,这一现象也验证了FT-IR分析中脂肪族C-H的变化情况.-C-OR/-C-NR含量从24.19%(HC-R0)显著增加至37.83%(HC-R4),说明液相循环下,水热炭表面聚集了大量含氧官能团[23,25],同时糖类和蛋白质之间发生了美拉德反应,形成了N-杂环化合物.C=O/C=N的含量先呈现上升趋势,但在HC-R4时相比HC-R0有着明显的下降,-COOR则一直呈下降趋势,这是由于液相循环促进了共水热碳化过程中的脱水和脱羧反应,导致C=O/C=N和-COOR含量明显减少.
图7为液相循环下水热炭的O1s光谱,主要分为4种:C=O呋喃或酮基团(结合能为531.3eV)、—COOR羧基或酯基团(532.4eV)、—C—O—R醚基团(533.3eV)和—C—OH羟基(534.3eV)[18].其中HC- R0、HC-R1和HC-R2的C=O变化不明显,在第3次循环时有所下降,而后随着液相循环次数的增加,峰面积增大,这与FT-IR分析结果相符合,表明液相中积累的有机酸参与水热炭形成.值得注意的是,在HC-R2中—COOR基团含量最少,这是脱水、脱羧反应发生剧烈的表现,并且此时—C—O—R基团含量较多,可能是由于第二次循环加速了水解反应的发生,促使生成更多的醚键[26-27].总体来看,随着液相循环反应的进行,各含氧基团的含量均有所增加,水热炭表面官能团的种类及数量得到提高.
通过上述FT-IR和XPS的分析结果表明,液相循环下水热炭表面仍具有丰富的官能团,这一特点有助于其在环境修复和土壤调节上的应用,尤其是含氧官能团的存在起到了关键作用,相比单一组分的水热炭,本研究的糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣共水热炭提供更多的化学位点,赋予了水热炭更优异的吸附性能,增加了水热炭的土地应用的潜力.
液相循环下共水热碳化液相产物的pH值、EC、NH3-N和COD值如表4所示.在整个循环期间,液相的pH值在酸性范围内略有变化(3.99~4.54),液相产物pH值随循环次数的增加呈下降趋势,原料中的纤维素和半纤维素分解产生的有机酸在液相中富集是水热转化过程中循环液呈酸性的主要原因,循环液的酸性环境在共水热碳化过程中起到了催化剂的作用,促进糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣的热水解,提高水热炭产量和质量.然而,对于原料含有丰富的蛋白质生物质(如污泥、家禽肥料等)来说,液相产物的pH值变化与之相反,呈上升趋势,因为在循环期间有机酰胺转化为胺,促使pH值呈碱性[7].在第4次循环后,HL-R4的pH值比HL-R3的略微增大,可能是因为糖厂滤泥中含有的少量蛋白质在反应过程中脱氨,从而使得其pH值增加.另外,随着循环次数的增加,液相产物的电导率也逐渐增大,表明金属盐离子和羧酸根离子在液相中聚集[14].
液相产物的NH3-N含量随着循环次数的增加先减少后增加,COD浓度从5.48g/L(HL-R0)增加至10.56g/L(HL-R4),主要是因为糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣中部分有机物分解转化形成水热炭,而蛋白质这类难转化的物质先被水解为可溶性蛋白和氨基酸,进一步转化为不饱和脂肪酸、胺类或其他难降解的有机物,不断向液相中转移并聚集,从而使COD浓度在循环过程中逐渐升高[28].Sharma等[10]研究了食品和庭院垃圾共水热碳化,发现了与本研究相同的现象,经过5次液相循环过程后,液相中的COD从首次运行时的58.30g/L增加到96.40g/L,并随着再循环周期的增加而增大.Zhang等[29]研究水葫芦与污泥共水热碳化经过4次液相循环后,循环液COD在30.58~49.39g/L范围内变化.对比发现,液相循环下糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣共水热碳化的液相COD浓度显著低于其它木质纤维素生物质为原料共水热碳化液相产物的COD浓度,可以考虑将再循环工艺作为水热碳化液相产物的潜在处理方法,是实现有机废弃生物质更清洁、更具成本效益的双赢策略.
共水热碳化是一系列复杂的反应,包括了水解、脱水、脱羧、脱氨、聚合和再缩合等.为进一步分析液相的性质,采用GC-MS检测共水热后液相中的有机物组成成分.图8为液相循环过程部分有机组分的变化趋势,主要分为碳氢化合物、酰胺类、酯类、环二肽类、N-杂环化合物、酚类、酮类、芳香族化合物和有机酸.
经过对比HL-R0和HL-R1发现,液相中的碳氢化合物含量显著降低,液相循环中碳氢化合物和氨基酸发生美拉德反应生成环状二肽(氨基酸衍生物),环状二肽含量有所增加.这证明了液相循环工艺加速了美拉德反应的发生,使其产生更多的环状二肽,并主要以环二肽(D-亮氨酸-L-脯氨酸)的形式存在[30-31].
对比发现,共水热碳化过程中,有机酸含量有着较为明显的提升,在HL-R2达到最高含量.液相中的有机酸主要是由木质纤维组分的降解产生的,并导致液相pH值呈酸性.经过再循环,木质纤维降解产生的有机酸在液相中富集,提供了酸性介质环境,进一步催化了水热碳化反应,促进了脱水、脱羧等反应的进行.此外,Li等[11]认为,部分碳链骨架的裂解形成碳氢化合物,并反应形成有机酸,这部分有机酸会与醇类化合物发生酯化反应,这可能是HL-R3有机酸含量降低的原因.
液相中的N-杂环化合物主要来源于蛋白质的不完全水解以及木质纤维素和蛋白质之间交互作用发生美拉德和曼尼希反应[29],并在HL-R2时达到最小值.另外,由于脱氨反应,蛋白质水解产生的氨基酸会转化为氨,并进一步形成酰胺;但根据GC-MS分析,HL-R0~HL-R4产物中酰胺类含量随着液相循环次数的增多而明显下降,证明液相循环下更多酰胺类物质再次参与了水热碳化反应,从而使其含量减少[32].
与HL-R0对比,经过循环后的液相中酮类化合物含量增长明显,这些酮类化合物主要是由5-HMF和木糖水解生成,而液相成分中并未发现5-HMF等呋喃类和糠醛类化合物,这些化合物在该水热碳化条件下不稳定,被反应消耗并转化为芳香族物质[11,33].芳香族化合物不仅来源于呋喃类和糠醛类化合物的反应,还有可溶性木质素等有机物的形成[34].GC-MS分析证明了上述结论,液相循环显著增加了芳香族化合物的含量,从0.31%(HL-R0)增加到13.75%(HL-R1),并在HL-R2时达到最大值(19.68%),这一现象也验证了前文SEM水热炭在液相循环后表面出现密集堆积的微球结构的分析结果.
图9为液相循环下主要中间产物及其共水热碳化反应路径.糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣两种原料成分主要为纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和蛋白质.在水热碳化期间,糖厂滤泥和甘蔗渣中的半纤维素先发生解聚,分解为多糖,然后水解生成木聚糖,并在异构化作用下产生戊糖或己糖.木质纤维素基质的键断裂导致纤维素形成纤维二糖等低聚物,多糖(淀粉)和二糖(蔗糖)分别转化为葡萄糖和果糖,同样异构化为戊糖和己糖[18,24].获得的单糖通过脱水、脱羧反应生成糠醛、5-HMF等物质,并经过逆羟醛缩合反应产生醛酮类化合物;同时,葡萄糖和醛酮类化合物还发生了一系列脱水、脱羧反应生成有机酸.糖厂滤泥中的蛋白质水解后产生氨基酸,脱羧后得到的有机胺可以转化为N-杂环化合物[35].在美拉德反应中,葡萄糖和氨基酸结合生成Amadori化合物,经过脱水反应形成N-杂环化合物,并进一步转化为芳香族化合物.木质素中的可溶性木质素先水解为芳香族低聚物,后进一步水解得到酚、醛等化合物,而未分解的木质素可直接碳化成水热炭基体[36].
在液相循环期间,有机酸的积累对水热炭的形成起到重要作用,使整体反应处于酸性环境中,催化水解、脱水、重排等反应的发生[16].液相中的氨基酸在酰化作用下会被不断累积的有机酸转化为N-杂环化合物和胺等有机相;在液相循环过程中,氨基酸、N-杂环化合物、胺等物质可以直接促进水热炭的形成[7,16],糠醛、5-HMF、苯衍生物、酚类、醛类、酮类化合物和N-杂环化合物通过聚合转化为芳香族团簇,并进一步聚合形成水热炭[37].此外,作为水热炭生成的主要反应之一,有机酸的积累可以促进美拉德反应的进行,从而形成更多的芳香族化合物,进而转化为水热炭,这也是水热炭产率增加的主要原因.
3.1 液相循环显著提高了水热炭的性能.液相循环下,水热炭产率大幅增高,HHV增大了1.23MJ/kg,表面微球结构数量增加.液相循环还促进了生物质的分解与脱水、脱羧等反应的进行,丰富了水热炭表面的含氧官能团,提供更多的化学位点,赋予了水热炭更优异的吸附性能,提高其土地利用潜力.
3.2 液相循环对液相产物的理化性质和有机质含量产生了影响.EC、NH3-N和COD值均随循环次数增多而大幅增加,pH值则呈相反趋势;对比液相循环前后,碳氢化合物、酰胺类和酯类物质含量减少,而有机酸、芳香族化合物和酮类含量明显增多;尤其是芳香族化合物,从0.31%(HL-R0)增大到19.68%(HL-R2).
3.3 在液相循环中,生物大分子先通过解聚、水解、脱水脱羧等反应转化为小分子有机相,由积累的有机酸催化加速了有机质的转化,促进了美拉德反应的进行,促使更多的中间产物经过芳构化作用聚合成芳香族化合物,并最终转化成水热炭.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22068003)
  • 广西科技重大专项项目(AA22117014)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22068003)
广西科技重大专项项目(AA22117014)
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    1.广西大学资源环境与材料学院,广西 南宁 530004
    2.广西大学海洋学院,广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室/珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
    3.江苏大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 镇江 212000
    4.广西产研院绿色低碳技术研究所有限公司,广西 南宁 530022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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