Article(id=1241116643296858444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834866594, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834866594, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834866594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834866594, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1351, endPage=1363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116645465313633, articleId=1241116643296858444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Water quality evaluation of Qionghai Lake based on improved integrated water quality identification index method, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper optimized the traditional comprehensive water quality identification index model(CWQI)and established two improved models: the improved comprehensive water quality identification index model based on game theory(ICWQIG), which considered both subjective weight and objective weight, and the improved comprehensive water quality identification index model with phased period combination weights(ICWQIP), which incorporated the variation of weight time. Taking Qionghai Lake as a case, the water quality monitoring data of 11 sampling sites in different hydrological periods from 2020 to 2023 were selected to evaluate the water quality of Qionghai Lake using ICWQIG and ICWQIP models, which could verify the scientific validity of the improved comprehensive water quality identification index method. The results show that, compared with the traditional CWQI model, the improved ICWQIG and ICWQIP models both take into account the factor of TP exceedance. The evaluation results could better reflect the actual water quality of the study area, and sensitively identify more pollution risk areas and severely polluted water bodies.ICWQIP used phased weights instead of uniform weights, compensating the effect of environmental factors such as such as precipitation on the weight of water quality. This could better identify the key environmental variables affecting water quality in different periods, leading to more accurate and reasonable results. At the same time, based on the improved comprehensive water quality identification index method, it was found that the water quality of Qionghai Lake in 2023 was worse than that in 2020~2022. The pollution degree of the northwestern lake area was higher than that in the eastern and southern lake area. The improved ICWQIG and ICWQIP models showed better rationality in the water quality assessment of the Qionghai Lake, providing theoretical support for the refined management of the lake’s ecological environment, and offering important reference value for water quality assessment of other similar water bodies.

, correspAuthors=Li-gang XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hui FANG, Li-gang XU, Ming-liang JIANG, Jun YANG, Chao-fan LI, Ke-yan XIAO, Guo-xiang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116654881526611, articleId=1241116643296858444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于改进综合水质标识指数法的邛海水质评价, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过对传统的综合水质标识指数(CWQI)模型进行优化,建立了同时考虑主观权重和客观权重的基于博弈论的改进的综合水质标识指数(ICWQIG)模型和考虑权重时间动态的分阶段组合权重的综合水质标识指数(ICWQIP)模型,并以邛海作为案例依托,选取2020~2023年不同水期11个样点的水质监测数据,使用ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型科学评估了邛海水质状况,验证了改进综合水质标识指数法的科学性.研究结果表明,与传统的CWQI模型相比,改进后的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型都考虑了TP超标的因素,评价结果更符合研究区域的实际水质情况,并且可以敏锐的识别出更多的污染风险区域与污染程度较严重的水体.ICWQIP采用阶段性权重代替统一权重,能够补偿降水等因素影响的水质指标权重,可以更好地辨识出不同时期影响水质的关键环境变量,得到更准确合理的结果.同时,基于改进的综合水质标识指数法发现,2023年邛海水质劣于2020~2022年,并且邛海水质指标空间差异性显著,西北部湖区的污染程度高于东部和南部湖区.本文改进的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型在邛海水质评价中表现了更好的合理性,可为邛海水生态环境精细化管理提供理论支撑,对其他类似水体的水质评价工作具有重要的参考价值.

, correspAuthors=徐力刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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方佳卉(2000-)女,安徽池州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染源解析与削减调控..

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方佳卉(2000-)女,安徽池州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染源解析与削减调控..

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方佳卉(2000-)女,安徽池州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染源解析与削减调控..

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4.江西省鄱阳湖流域生态水利技术创新中心,江西 南昌 330029
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Water202214(15):2451., articleTitle=Spatiotemporal Variations in the Water Quality of Qionghai Lake,Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241116668424934351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, awardId=2024YFE0106400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0106400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116668550763484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, awardId=2023YFF0807204, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0807204), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116668680786921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, awardId=42307106, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42307106), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116668840170485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, awardId=U2240224, language=CN, 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黑色直线为地表Ⅱ类水标准限值

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Classification standards for comprehensive water quality identification indicators

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等级污染描述综合水质标识指数(a1a2)
Ⅰ类可饮用1.0≤a1a2<2.0
Ⅱ类轻度污染2.0≤a1a2<3.0
Ⅲ类中度污染3.0≤a1a2<4.0
Ⅳ类重度污染4.0≤a1a2<5.0
Ⅴ类污染严重,但无黑无臭5.0≤a1a2<6.0
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水质综合鉴定指标分类标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级污染描述综合水质标识指数(a1a2)
Ⅰ类可饮用1.0≤a1a2<2.0
Ⅱ类轻度污染2.0≤a1a2<3.0
Ⅲ类中度污染3.0≤a1a2<4.0
Ⅳ类重度污染4.0≤a1a2<5.0
Ⅴ类污染严重,但无黑无臭5.0≤a1a2<6.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667246334807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of statistical values of water body parameters

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指标(mg/L)最大值最小值均值标准差变异系数(%)
NH3-N0.5420.0270.1310.07657.70
TN1.8600.2000.4260.20447.93
TP0.1250.0100.0300.02274.95
CODCr20.0004.00011.9013.05025.63
CODMn4.0501.6702.3290.46119.79
BOD55.6000.5001.7661.15965.64
DO10.6004.7107.1951.14615.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667363775335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水体参数统计值特征

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指标(mg/L)最大值最小值均值标准差变异系数(%)
NH3-N0.5420.0270.1310.07657.70
TN1.8600.2000.4260.20447.93
TP0.1250.0100.0300.02274.95
CODCr20.0004.00011.9013.05025.63
CODMn4.0501.6702.3290.46119.79
BOD55.6000.5001.7661.15965.64
DO10.6004.7107.1951.14615.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667472827249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The weights of each parameter are weighted based on the combination of entropy weight method, analytic hierarchy process and game theory

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权重方法参数权重
NH3-NTNTPCODCrCODMnBOD5DO
熵权法0.14060.13980.14060.14680.14180.14260.1479
层次分析法0.04070.13300.28320.18570.09670.11010.1507
组合权重0.04020.13300.28400.18590.09650.10990.1507
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667615433604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于熵权法、层次分析法和博弈论组合赋权的各参数权重

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权重方法参数权重
NH3-NTNTPCODCrCODMnBOD5DO
熵权法0.14060.13980.14060.14680.14180.14260.1479
层次分析法0.04070.13300.28320.18570.09670.11010.1507
组合权重0.04020.13300.28400.18590.09650.10990.1507
), ArticleFig(id=1241116667737068435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weights of the phased parameters of the ICWQIP model

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月份组合权重
NH3-NTNTPCODCrCODMnBOD5DO
2020-010.0680.1590.334/0.1140.1290.199
2020-080.0500.1180.2400.2200.1060.1070.158
2021-010.0460.1680.2170.2170.1090.0810.162
2021-080.0060.0990.3130.2320.0950.0670.188
2021-110.0230.1200.2750.1990.0960.0810.207
2022-020.0860.1890.2020.1760.1100.0790.157
2022-050.0560.1430.2710.1610.1120.1170.140
2022-080.0290.1220.3310.1790.1180.0590.163
2022-110.0370.1100.2580.1890.0960.1350.175
2023-020.0600.1300.3210.1460.0810.1800.083
2023-050.0360.1260.2860.2000.0900.0890.174
2023-080.0260.1510.3130.1760.0880.1070.139
2023-110.0470.1270.3270.1460.0930.1100.151
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ICWQIP模型的阶段性参数权重

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月份组合权重
NH3-NTNTPCODCrCODMnBOD5DO
2020-010.0680.1590.334/0.1140.1290.199
2020-080.0500.1180.2400.2200.1060.1070.158
2021-010.0460.1680.2170.2170.1090.0810.162
2021-080.0060.0990.3130.2320.0950.0670.188
2021-110.0230.1200.2750.1990.0960.0810.207
2022-020.0860.1890.2020.1760.1100.0790.157
2022-050.0560.1430.2710.1610.1120.1170.140
2022-080.0290.1220.3310.1790.1180.0590.163
2022-110.0370.1100.2580.1890.0960.1350.175
2023-020.0600.1300.3210.1460.0810.1800.083
2023-050.0360.1260.2860.2000.0900.0890.174
2023-080.0260.1510.3130.1760.0880.1070.139
2023-110.0470.1270.3270.1460.0930.1100.151
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668139721646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Iwq values calculated by the three models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价方法最大值最小值平均值标准差变异系数
CWQI2.8201.2001.6440.29517.95%
ICWQIG3.2211.1001.7520.41223.52%
ICWQIP3.4211.2001.7700.35319.93%
), ArticleFig(id=1241116668248773564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643296858444, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三种模型计算的Iwq

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价方法最大值最小值平均值标准差变异系数
CWQI2.8201.2001.6440.29517.95%
ICWQIG3.2211.1001.7520.41223.52%
ICWQIP3.4211.2001.7700.35319.93%
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基于改进综合水质标识指数法的邛海水质评价
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方佳卉 1, 2 , 徐力刚 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 蒋名亮 2 , 杨军 6 , 李超凡 1 , 肖克彦 7 , 李国祥 6
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(3): 1351-1363
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(3): 1351-1363
基于改进综合水质标识指数法的邛海水质评价
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方佳卉1, 2 , 徐力刚2, 3, 4, 5, * , 蒋名亮2, 杨军6, 李超凡1, 肖克彦7, 李国祥6
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,鄱阳湖湖泊湿地综合研究站,江西 九江 332899
  • 4.江西省鄱阳湖流域生态水利技术创新中心,江西 南昌 330029
  • 5.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 6.邛海国家湿地公园保护中心,四川 西昌 615050
  • 7.西昌市环境监测站,四川 西昌 615099
  • 方佳卉(2000-)女,安徽池州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为流域污染源解析与削减调控..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,研究员,
Water quality evaluation of Qionghai Lake based on improved integrated water quality identification index method
Jia-hui FANG1, 2 , Li-gang XU2, 3, 4, 5, * , Ming-liang JIANG2, Jun YANG6, Chao-fan LI1, Ke-yan XIAO7, Guo-xiang LI6
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Water Safety, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 3.Poyang Lake Wetland Research Station, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332899, China
  • 4.Jiangxi Province Poyang Lake Basin Ecological Water Conservancy Technology Innovation Center, Nanchang 330029, China
  • 5.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 6.Qionghai National Wetland Park Protection Center, Xichang 615050, China
  • 7.Xichang City Environmental Monitoring Station, Xichang 615099, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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本文通过对传统的综合水质标识指数(CWQI)模型进行优化,建立了同时考虑主观权重和客观权重的基于博弈论的改进的综合水质标识指数(ICWQIG)模型和考虑权重时间动态的分阶段组合权重的综合水质标识指数(ICWQIP)模型,并以邛海作为案例依托,选取2020~2023年不同水期11个样点的水质监测数据,使用ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型科学评估了邛海水质状况,验证了改进综合水质标识指数法的科学性.研究结果表明,与传统的CWQI模型相比,改进后的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型都考虑了TP超标的因素,评价结果更符合研究区域的实际水质情况,并且可以敏锐的识别出更多的污染风险区域与污染程度较严重的水体.ICWQIP采用阶段性权重代替统一权重,能够补偿降水等因素影响的水质指标权重,可以更好地辨识出不同时期影响水质的关键环境变量,得到更准确合理的结果.同时,基于改进的综合水质标识指数法发现,2023年邛海水质劣于2020~2022年,并且邛海水质指标空间差异性显著,西北部湖区的污染程度高于东部和南部湖区.本文改进的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型在邛海水质评价中表现了更好的合理性,可为邛海水生态环境精细化管理提供理论支撑,对其他类似水体的水质评价工作具有重要的参考价值.

改进的综合水质标识指数  /  水质评价  /  阶段性权重  /  邛海

This paper optimized the traditional comprehensive water quality identification index model(CWQI)and established two improved models: the improved comprehensive water quality identification index model based on game theory(ICWQIG), which considered both subjective weight and objective weight, and the improved comprehensive water quality identification index model with phased period combination weights(ICWQIP), which incorporated the variation of weight time. Taking Qionghai Lake as a case, the water quality monitoring data of 11 sampling sites in different hydrological periods from 2020 to 2023 were selected to evaluate the water quality of Qionghai Lake using ICWQIG and ICWQIP models, which could verify the scientific validity of the improved comprehensive water quality identification index method. The results show that, compared with the traditional CWQI model, the improved ICWQIG and ICWQIP models both take into account the factor of TP exceedance. The evaluation results could better reflect the actual water quality of the study area, and sensitively identify more pollution risk areas and severely polluted water bodies.ICWQIP used phased weights instead of uniform weights, compensating the effect of environmental factors such as such as precipitation on the weight of water quality. This could better identify the key environmental variables affecting water quality in different periods, leading to more accurate and reasonable results. At the same time, based on the improved comprehensive water quality identification index method, it was found that the water quality of Qionghai Lake in 2023 was worse than that in 2020~2022. The pollution degree of the northwestern lake area was higher than that in the eastern and southern lake area. The improved ICWQIG and ICWQIP models showed better rationality in the water quality assessment of the Qionghai Lake, providing theoretical support for the refined management of the lake’s ecological environment, and offering important reference value for water quality assessment of other similar water bodies.

improved integrated water quality identification index  /  water quality assessment  /  phased period weight  /  Qionghai Lake
方佳卉, 徐力刚, 蒋名亮, 杨军, 李超凡, 肖克彦, 李国祥. 基于改进综合水质标识指数法的邛海水质评价. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1351 -1363 .
Jia-hui FANG, Li-gang XU, Ming-liang JIANG, Jun YANG, Chao-fan LI, Ke-yan XIAO, Guo-xiang LI. Water quality evaluation of Qionghai Lake based on improved integrated water quality identification index method[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1351 -1363 .
随着社会经济的发展,水质已成为人们关注的热点,水质与人类健康、水生态系统、经济发展和社会生产息息相关[1-3].水质恶化会破坏水体生态平衡,威胁区域水生态环境,进而引发一系列水生态环境问题[4-5],合理管理和保护水生态环境已是社会关注的焦点问题之一.水质评价是保障人类饮用水安全、维护水生态系统平衡、支撑经济可持续发展的重要手段[6],它不仅是对水体健康状况的直接反映,更是衡量水生态系统稳定性和可持续性的重要标尺[7].因此,加强水质评价工作,对于水生态环境治理工作的实施具有直接且深远的影响[1,8].
目前典型的水质评价方法有单因子评价法、模糊综合评价法、主成分分析、综合水质标识指数法等[3,9-10],这些方法都存在各自的优点与不足.例如,单因子评价法较为简便易于操作,但夸大了最严重污染指标的影响,容易忽略其他指标[11].模糊综合评价具有综合能力强的优点,但存在指标权重主观性强、效率较差的问题[12].主成分分析通过降维保留原始数据的特征[13],但标准化处理可能会掩盖相似指标差异,导致结果过于乐观[14].而综合水质标识指数法可以直观地反映水质等级是否符合功能区标准,对水质情况进行合理的定性与定量评价,得到了广泛的应用[15-17].但是,传统的综合水质标识指数法尚未考虑各项水质指标所反映信息量的差异性和权重影响,不能突出超标参数的影响[18],而水质指标的权重往往会直接影响评价结果,因此,对权重的研究具有重要的意义.博弈论作为解决两个或两个以上参与者之间冲突的有效方法,已广泛应用于各个领域[19],博弈论能优化主客观权重分配,实现纳什均衡[20],利用博弈论确定组合权重,改进综合水质标识指数模型,理论上可提升评估结果的可靠性.此外,不同时期的气象要素和人为活动干扰等对地表水水质的影响程度不同[21],因此有必要考虑各水质指标的权重比例在不同水文时期的变化,但大多数研究尚未分阶段考虑各水质指标权重的变化,仅确定了指标的统一权重,各水质指标对水质评价结果的阶段性权重有待进一步研究.鉴于此,本研究对传统的综合水质标识指数法加以改进,利用博弈论分别引入统一权重和阶段性权重,综合考虑各项水质指标所反映的信息量,从而更加全面、真实的反映水质状况,为水环境治理和保护提供有力支持.
邛海是四川省第二大湖泊,作为西昌乃至全凉山州人民的“母亲湖”,既调节西昌区域气候,又是城市重要饮用水水源地,在区域生态健康与可持续发展中扮演着重要角色[22],由于历史上邛海水质相对较好,以往针对邛海的研究较少引入统一权重和阶段性权重评价其水质在时空上的变化.因此,本研究以邛海为例,立足于邛海生态保护和水质评价的现实需求,综合考虑主客观权重对水质的影响,改进传统的综合水质标识指数模型(CWQI),在水质评价中创新性利用博弈论分别引入统一权重和阶段性权重,建立基于博弈论的改进型综合水质识别指标模型(ICWQIG)和基于阶段性权重的综合水质识别指标模型(ICWQIP),揭示邛海水质状况及时空分布特征,为邛海水生态环境精细化管理和其他类似水体的水质评价提供科学参考.
邛海位于四川省凉山彝族自治州西昌市境内,地理位置27°47′~27°52′N,102°16′~102°21′E,属于长江流域雅砻江水系,流域地处我国西南亚热带高原山区,四季分明、干湿季明显,年平均气温较温和,降雨主要集中在夏秋(5~10月)季,占年降雨总量的90%以上,水位变幅较小[23].邛海总体呈蜗牛状,水位1509m,南北长11.5km,东西最大宽5.5km,平均宽度2.7km,集水面积达307.67km2,湖体面积31km2,湖水平均深14m,最深处34m.邛海是西昌三分之二城区(约12万人口)生活用水的主要水源地,其周边也是西昌最适宜农业发展的地区之一,水田高度集中[24].目前,西昌市环境监测站在邛海湖区共计布设有11个水质监测断面.其中4个水质断面为例行监测断面,分别为QH2(邛海宾馆)、QH3(二水厂取水口)、QH4(湖心)和QH5(青龙寺).7个断面为生态基线水质调查断面,包括QH9(小渔村)、QH10(高枧湾)、QH11(月亮湾),以及4个主要河流入湖口影响区断面(QH6、QH7、QH8、QH1)):官坝河、鹅掌河、小青河、海河口[25].监测断面分布见图1.
水质数据来源于凉山州西昌市环境监测站对邛海的日常监测数据,分别选取2020~2023年不同水期(5~10月为丰水期,11月~次年4月为枯水期)11个样点的水质监测数据.从监测结果中选取氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和溶解氧(DO)7个具有代表性的水质参数作为本研究的水质评价体系.依据《中国地表水环境质量国家标准》(GB3838-2002)[26],结合邛海污染程度较轻的水环境现状,不考虑劣Ⅴ类水标准,将水质划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类共5个等级.本研究利用Excel和IBM SPSS Statistics 26进行数据处理与分析,由R语言和Matlab R2022计算层次分析法权重和组合权重,并通过Origin 2018和ArcGIS 10.2实现数据可视化.
该方法应用较为广泛,具体计算过程参考文献[27].根据《中国地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)[26],综合水质标识指数的分类标准如下(表1),a1a2a1表示综合水质类别,a2为综合水质在a1类水质变化区间内所处的位置,从而实现在同类水中进行水质优劣比较.
为提高CWQI模型的可靠性和准确性,在CWQI模型中引入权重计算,使水质指标Iwq更有效地反映实际水质.a1a2由单因子水质标识指数乘以权重计算.该模型采用组合权重的方法,客观权重与主观权重相结合,避免了单一权重的不足,提高了模型的准确性.新a1a2的计算方法如式(1)所示:
Wi为水质参数i的组合权重,组合权重的计算如下:
分别采用熵权系数法[28]和层次分析法(AHP)[29-31]计算客观权重和主观权重,基于博弈理论的组合赋权法以纳什均衡为目标,协调主观与客观权重之间的冲突,是一个相互比较、相互协调的过程,该方法使水质参数的权重更加合理,解决评价结果过于主观或客观的问题,使其更符合实际情况[32],具体赋权步骤如下:
基于博弈组合赋权的思想,优化的对策模型为,其中wjwi分别为不同方法的权重,i=1,2,……ls为一种可能的组合权重,ssk离差最小时对应的线性方程组形式为:
对组合系数进行归一化处理:ak为线性组合系数,最后的组合权重为:
得到各项指标在不同等级的权重矩阵W.
为了进一步优化ICWQIG模型,提高评估的可靠性和准确性,本研究对模型权重的计算进行了优化.考虑到不同时期水质参数权重比例的影响,以及主观权重与人为因素相关的比例,对每个时期的客观权重进行优化.阶段性权重计算步骤与1.3.2节的组合权重类似,具体如下:
(1)首先,对k期水质参数ij类水质rijk进行归一化,yijk表示k期水质参数的归一化值,其中k =1,2,…,n表示周期(如果周期为月,则k = 1,2,…,12分别表示1月,2月,…,12月).
(2)然后计算k周期和j类水质等级的熵值Ejk
式中:pijk表示系统在k时期所处的某种状态的概率.
(3)最后计算权重系数,第i个指标的权重wi为:
式中:dik=1−Eikdik表示k时期指标的信息效用值,wikk时期每个指标的权重,新a1a2的计算步骤与式(1)一致,a3a4的计算方法和上述相同,k时期单因子水质标识指数的计算与1.3.1节方法相同.
(4)水质指数的计算
本研究通过上述步骤以博弈论将熵权法权重与层次分析法的权重组合,得到最终组合权值Wi;将Wi代公式(1),计算出a1a2;结合a1a2a3a4,得到水质指数Iwq
式中:a3是参与评价的水质指标中劣于水环境功能区目标的单项指标数目,a4为综合水质等级与水环境功能区等级的比较结果,是综合水质的污染程度[10,33].
通过博弈论将分阶段的熵权法与层次分析法相结合,用分阶段动态权重代替不变的权重,避免了计算熵权法权重时的小差别问题[34],更有利于不同时期数据的比较.
对2020~2023年邛海各断面水质监测数据进行描述性统计分析,结果如表2所示.变异系数(CV)范围为15.93%~74.95%,不同时期、不同采样点的总体水质数据差异显著,分异程度较高.根据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)[26],化学需氧量(CODCr)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和氨氮(NH3-N)的平均浓度均处于Ⅰ类水质标准.溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的浓度虽有一定的波动,但整体水平都达到Ⅱ类水质标准.其中总氮(TN)的平均浓度为0.426mg/L,有劣于Ⅱ类水质标准的风险,总磷(TP)的平均浓度(0.030mg/L)属于Ⅲ类水,劣于当地水环境功能区目标.
根据2020~2023年邛海水质监测数据,绘制了7个水质参数的时间变化情况(图2).如图2(a)所示,NH3-N的浓度均达到Ⅱ类水标准,但2023年2月NH3-N平均浓度明显高于其他时段,达到0.23mg/L,其他时期的平均值均低于0.2mg/L,2021年8月的平均值最低,仅为0.07mg/L.TN的平均浓度也在2023年2月达到最大值,为0.60mg/L(Ⅲ类).由图2(c)可以看出,TP的浓度在大部分时间段均超标,尤其在2023年2月,平均浓度达到0.053mg/L(Ⅲ类),已经严重超标.在图2(d)和图(e)中,部分水样的CODCr浓度劣于Ⅱ类标准,CODMn的浓度均优于Ⅱ类水,从图2(f)可以看出2020年1月、2022年11月、2023年2月、8月、11月部分水样BOD5浓度劣于Ⅱ类水质标准.图2(g)中DO除2021年11月的最低平均浓度(5.82mg/L)和2023年2月的最高平均浓度(9.91mg/L)外,其余各月的平均浓度均在6~8mg/L间,最低值劣于Ⅱ类标准.总体而言,除NH3-N、CODMn能稳定达标外,其余水质参数都不能稳定达到Ⅱ类水质标准,以TP最为突出,表明TP为影响邛海水质的主要污染物.7个水质参数中除CODMn外,其余指标浓度均在2023年2月出现高值,显著大于其他月份.
NH3-N浓度总体较低,高值出现在湖西北岸和东北岸,浓度为0.138~0.172mg/L,东南部湖区浓度为0.111~0.128mg/L(图3(a));北岸TN浓度较高,最大值达到0.588mg/L,南部湖区浓度较低,为0.379~0.406mg/L(图3(b));TP在西北部湖区分布较高,浓度最高达0.073mg/L,在东南部湖区分布较低,为0.018~0.020mg/L(图3(c));在西北岸和东岸CODCr浓度较高,为11.83~12.56mg/L,沿湖东西两岸向湖中心递减,最低浓度为11.39mg/L(图3(d));CODMn空间分布与TP相似,在西北部湖区浓度较高,达2.54~3.01mg/L,最低浓度出现在东南湖区,为2.08mg/L(图3(e));BOD5和DO的空间分布都呈现从西北向东南递减的趋势,最高浓度分别达2.87和7.23mg/L(图3(f)和图3(g)).
以2020~2023年邛海水质数据为基础,采用层次分析法和熵权法确定主观权重和客观权重,并通过博弈论确定组合权重(表3).ICWQIP模型的阶段性(本研究以月为单位)参数权重如表4所示.在表3中,采用博弈论组合权重与AHP权重之间变化关系一致.例如,熵权法权重最大值为DO,最小值为TN,而层次分析法计算的权重与博弈论组合权重结果的最大值都为TP,最小值都为NH3-N.在表4中,经过阶段性计算后,阶段性权重值随时间变化发生了动态波动,例如,DO的权重值范围为0.083~0.207,TP的权重值范围为0.202~0.337,7个参数的阶段性权重值在每个阶段都是TP最大,突出其在水质评价中的重要性,并且ICWQIG模型计算的各参数组合权重值都在ICWQIP模型的权重范围内.
为了比较不同权重对模型的影响,在CWQI不考虑权重的情况下,本文将ICWQIG和ICWQIP使用的组合权重绘制在一张图中(图4).ICWQIP和ICWQIG的各参数权重变化趋势一致,且ICWQIG的各水质参数的组合权重均在ICWQIP的最大值范围内,其中TP的权重最大,说明TP为影响邛海水质状况的主要因子.
由CWQI、ICWQIG、ICWQIP三种模型计算得出11个采样点在各时期的Iwq值,如表5所示,可以看出Iwq最大值分别为2.820、3.221和3.421,Iwq的最小值分别为1.200、1.100和1.200,Iwq的平均值分别为1.644、1.752和1.770.ICWQIP的变异系数为19.93%,比CWQI的17.95%高1.98%.ICWQIG的变异系数为23.52%,比ICWQIP高3.59%,这表明ICWQIG和ICWQIP的空间差异比CWQI更显著,在空间上更能明确识别出邛海污染风险水域.
3种方法在不同时期、不同采样点的Iwq值如图5所示.由表5图5(a)可以看出,CWQI计算的Iwq均值均低于ICWQIG和ICWQIP计算的平均值.CWQI计算的Iwq最小值和最大值都出现在2023年8月;ICWQIG计算的Iwq最小值为2020年1月的1.100,最大值为2023年8月的3.221;ICWQIP计算得出,Iwq最小值为2020年8月的1.200,2023年8月出现最大值为3.421.
图5(b)可以看出,CWQI、ICWQIG和ICWQIP计算的Iwq值在采样点QH1和QH10显著高于其他点位,最大值均出现在采样点QH1,分别为2.820、3.221和3.421.CWQI计算的最小Iwq值为1.200,出现在采样点QH3和QH7;ICWQIG计算的最小Iwq值为1.100,出现在采样点QH3和QH4;ICWQIP计算的最小Iwq也为1.200,出现在采样点QH11.
由2.3.1可知,三种模型得到的评价结果有所差异.利用CWQI、ICWQIG和ICWQIP对2020~2023年邛海水质等级进行评价,结果如图6所示.图6(a)中CWQI的评价结果均达到Ⅱ类及以上,其中保持Ⅰ类水质的水样占85.31%,Ⅱ类水质占14.69%.在图6(b)中,11个采样点监测的水样中,Ⅰ类水样占76.22%,Ⅱ类水样占23.08%,ICWQIG结果显示,2023年8月采样点QH1(海河口)有1个Ⅲ类水样,占0.70%,该水样为CWQI的Ⅱ类水样.在图6(c)中,同样是76.22%的水样为Ⅰ类,23.08%为Ⅱ类,Ⅲ类水样占0.70%,但Ⅱ类水样与ICWQIG的Ⅱ类水样分布有所差异,ICWQIP结果也显示在QH1(海河口)采样点的2023年8月水样为Ⅲ类.从图6可以看出,ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型的评价结果不仅保留了CWQI模型的Ⅱ类水样,还识别出了更多的Ⅱ类水样,如QH1在2020年8月、2021年11月、2022年5月,QH10在2022年5月在CWQI模型的评价结果中都为Ⅰ类水但在改进的两个模型结果中都为Ⅱ类水,且2023年8月QH1在ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型均为Ⅲ类水但在CWQI模型中为Ⅱ类.
水质等级评价结果显示,2020~2023年邛海水质总体都达到饮用水源水质标准,其中2023年虽然整体水质达标,但西北部湖区的海河口(QH1)在8月水质为Ⅲ类,劣于当地水功能标准,在2月水质也有超标的风险.
研究表明,降水、降水量及时空分布是流域面源污染的主要影响因素[35-37].邛海流域5~10月为丰水期,在这期间降水量集中,占年总降水量的90%以上[38],尤其在2023年8月降水量较高,为320.6mm,枯水期(11月~次年4月)降水量较少,以2023年2月最少,仅为2.8mm(图7).从图2图7可以发现,水质参数(NH3-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5、DO)浓度最高的时期都出现在降水量最低的2023年2月,且在同一年内,同一参数在枯水期的浓度大多要高于丰水期,结果与时瑶等在邛海分析氮、磷浓度的结果类似[25].降水产生的地表径流会携带一定的污染物进入水体,但同时充沛的降水也会稀释水体的原有污染物[39],此外,通过降水的冲刷和稀释,可以加速水体污染物的分解和降解过程,提高水体的净化能力[40].这表明邛海污染物浓度的时间变化可能受到了降水稀释作用的驱动,丰水期受降水影响,导致入湖流量增大,邛海水体污染物浓度受到这种稀释效应而降低.在本研究中,邛海水质在2023年劣于2020~2022年,出现劣化的原因除降水影响外,可能涉及多个方面.如环湖而建的截污管道老化,出现破损、渗漏等问题,导致生活污水直接排入湖水中,另外由于疫情防控政策的放宽与调整,2023年各景区游客骤然增加[41],也会对水质产生一定的不利影响.
图3可见,除CODCr外的水质参数空间分布大致都呈现出北部湖区劣于南部湖区的特征,尤其以西北部湖区污染状况更为突出.根据资料记载[42],邛海流域以农业种植为主,其北岸分布大量水田和葡萄园.从冉蛟等[43]的研究可知,邛海的氮、磷等污染物与周边水田、农村居民用地面积呈正相关,因此,北岸会产生较多的农业污水和生活污水,随着北部河流水系(如官坝河)排入邛海,对邛海北部的水质产生不利影响.从流域土地利用和土地覆盖特征来看,西北部陆域为干沟河流域和湖滨平坝,属于西昌市城市发展区,人为活动频繁[44],Pirnia等[45]研究结果表明,人类活动是影响水体水质状况的主要因素之一.从局部水域环境特征来看,邛海水体深度从QH9(小渔村)和QH2(邛海宾馆)断面向北迅速变浅,西北部水域面积小、水道狭窄,难以与东部QH4(湖心)、QH5(青龙寺)以及QH6(官坝河入湖口影响区)等开阔水域相比较.水体交换能力有限,西北部水域自净能力较差[46-47],易引起局部水环境污染[48].因此导致邛海水质的空间分布总体呈“南好北劣”的特征.
计算2020~2023年各年每个采样点的Iwq值,绘制邛海ArcGIS空间插值图.CWQI、ICWQIG、ICWQIP在11个采样点计算的值如图8所示,其中Iwq值在色域的取值范围为1.0~2.5.
三种模型的结果(图8)也同样表明,西北部湖区污染较东南部严重,图中西北部水体的海河口(QH1)和高枧湾(QH10)点位的水质始终处于轻度或中度污染,这与前人对邛海水质分析的研究结果一致[25,43,48].此外,图8还反映出在2023年水体Iwq值大于其他年份,CWQI(图8(d))的空间分布图依然呈现西北部湖区大于东南部,但在ICWQIG和ICWQIP(图8(h)和图8(l))的空间分布图中,除了西北部湖区外,东北部湖区也出现了污染,并且ICWQIP分布中东北部湖区比ICWQIG的的颜色更深、范围更广.由2.1和2.2节可知,TP为邛海的主要污染物,经ICWQIG和ICWQIP计算的权重也为TP的占比最大,对Iwq值的大小起主导作用,继而影响水质评价的最终结果.在2.3.2的水质评价结果中,CWQI模型评价所有断面均达到Ⅱ类水,改进后的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型在2023年2月于海河口(QH1)出现了Ⅲ类水.改进后的两个模型评价过程都考虑了TP严重超标的因素[49],TP超标的原因是多方面的.如邛海北岸的大面积农田种植区使用的化肥和农药等化学物质,在雨水冲刷和地表径流的作用下携带大量的氮、磷等营养物质进入邛海[50],从而增加邛海的TP含量;同时,北部湖区人口密集,生活污水排放较为集中,这些污水中含有大量的含磷物质[51],也是邛海TP的重要来源之一;此外,在枯水期或受到大风浪等自然因素的影响下[52],邛海湖底的底泥会受到扰动,导致底泥中的磷等营养物质重新释放到水体中[53],从而增加水体的TP含量.而东北部陆域为官坝河流域,其农业生产发达,易发生水土流失,农业面源污染流失易带来氮、磷污染[54].因此,改进后的ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型于2023年在东北部湖区出现了程度较轻的污染(图8(h)和图8(l)),改进后的模型比传统的CWQI模型更加真实,评价结果更符合研究区域的实际水质情况.总体而言,CWQI方法计算的水质指数过于乐观,难以区分水样的位置和污染程度,如图8(a-d).图6图8也都充分地说明了ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型可以识别出更多的污染风险区域与污染程度较严重的水体,这是CWQI模型不能实现的,因此ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型具有更高的合理性和准确性.
总体来说,CWQI结果过于乐观,认为没有Ⅲ类水,与当地环境监测站分析的实际水质存在偏差.在重点污染水样的观测中,ICWQIG和ICWQIP的结果更令人满意和合理.Ding等[3]也采用改进的综合水质标识指数模型评价了2020年太湖的水质状况,结果表明与CWQI相比,ICWQIP和ICWQIG具有更高的准确性,可以得到更合理的结果.因此ICWQIG和ICWQIP的合理性和准确性均优于CWQI,不仅保留了代表性的污染水域,还可以从空间插值图中看到潜在的污染风险水域.ICWQIP采用阶段性权重代替统一权重,可以更好地分析不同时期的水质和空间差异性,得到更准确合理的结果.因此模型的污染等级识别能力由高到低依次为:ICWQIP、ICWQIG、CWQI.
4.1 邛海整体水质评价情况较好,2020~2023年邛海水质总体处于Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类之间,且TP为影响邛海水质状况的主要因子.各水质参数时空差异性显著,从时间来看,2023年水质劣于2020~2022年;从空间来看,西北部湖区水质较差,其中QH1(海河口)点位在2023年8月的水质评价结果属于Ⅲ类,南部湖区水质较好,总体呈“南好北劣”的趋势.
4.2 通过ICWQIG和ICWQIP计算得出的Iwq均值分别为1.752和1.770,表明邛海综合水质处于可饮用状态.评价结果显示,ICWQIG和ICWQIP的Ⅰ类水样都占76.22%,Ⅱ类水质占23.08%,Ⅲ类水质为0.70%.
4.3 改进后的模型都考虑了TP严重超标的因素,评价结果更符合研究区域的实质水质情况.ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型可以识别出更多的污染风险区域与污染程度较严重的水体,因此ICWQIG和ICWQIP模型具有更高的合理性和准确性.ICWQIP采用阶段性权重代替统一权重,可以更好地分析不同时期的水质和空间差异性,得到更准确合理的结果.模型的污染等级识别能力由高到低依次为:ICWQIP、ICWQIG、CWQI.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0106400)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0807204)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42307106)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2240224)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2444221)
  • 江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金项目(BK20220042)
  • 江西省科技计划项目(20224BAB213035)
  • 江西省科技计划项目(20223BBG74003)
  • 江西省科技计划项目(20232BAB213053)
  • 江西省科技计划项目(20213AAG01012)
  • 江西省科技计划项目(20222BCD46002)
  • 长春市科技发展计划项目(23SH03)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
基金
国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0106400)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0807204)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42307106)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2240224)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2444221)
江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金项目(BK20220042)
江西省科技计划项目(20224BAB213035)
江西省科技计划项目(20223BBG74003)
江西省科技计划项目(20232BAB213053)
江西省科技计划项目(20213AAG01012)
江西省科技计划项目(20222BCD46002)
长春市科技发展计划项目(23SH03)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,鄱阳湖湖泊湿地综合研究站,江西 九江 332899
    4.江西省鄱阳湖流域生态水利技术创新中心,江西 南昌 330029
    5.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    6.邛海国家湿地公园保护中心,四川 西昌 615050
    7.西昌市环境监测站,四川 西昌 615099

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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