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This study creates four scenarios for the employment of carbon emission reduction policy tools, depending on whether the two emission reduction policies of carbon trading and carbon tax are engaged. During this process, evolutionary game theory is applied. The stability analysis of the game system has provided a thorough explanation of the influence mechanism and action mechanism of the combination of carbon emission reduction policies on enterprise carbon emission reduction. On this premise, we conduct sensitivity analysis to discover the primary sensitivity elements that influence the game system's path. In the empirical analysis section, we take the case of national carbon trading market construction as the empirical object, simulate the evolution trajectory of the main body of carbon trading and mixed carbon policy use scenario game, deeply analyze the influence degree of key factors on the system, and put forward the dynamic increasing tax rate and dynamic reward and punishment strategy, optimize the carbon emission reduction efficiency improvement strategy of mixed carb. The study found that: when compared to no carbon trading without carbon tax, carbon trading without carbon tax, and no carbon trading with carbon tax, the mixed carbon policy use scenario has the highest carbon emission reduction efficiency. Second, the current construction of China's carbon trading market need further strengthening. The government and businesses have not achieved the optimal state(supervision, carbon emission reduction). The cost and penalty elements have a clear impact on the game system, however the direction of subsidy factors is unknown. Third, dynamic incentive and punishment schemes are combined with dynamic incremental tax rates in the mixed carbon policy scenario. The system spirals upward and reaches a stable equilibrium position(carbon emission reduction, supervision), where the optimal reward and punishment scheme is dynamic subsidy-dynamic punishment.

, correspAuthors=Xia YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xia YANG, Gang HE, Shi-yu ZHANG, Huai-yin JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116658190840544, articleId=1241116643292672015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=碳减排政策组合使用效能差异及提升策略, columnId=1234106419604157142, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境影响评价与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用演化博弈理论,根据碳交易碳税是否参与,设计四种碳减排政策工具使用情景.基于稳定性分析,阐释碳减排政策组合使用对企业碳减排的影响机理和作用机制,通过敏感性分析厘清博弈系统主要敏感性因素及影响方向.以全国碳交易市场建设案例为实证对象,仿真碳交易和混合碳政策使用情景博弈主体演化轨迹,识别关键因素对系统的影响程度,并提出动态递增税率和动态奖惩策略优化混合碳政策使用情景策略.研究发现:相较无碳交易无碳税、有碳交易无碳税、无碳交易有碳税情景,混合碳政策使用情景碳减排效能最佳;当前我国碳交易市场建设仍有待于加强,政企双方未达到(监管,碳减排)最优状态,成本和惩罚因素对博弈系统影响明显,补贴因素作用方向不确定;混合碳政策情景融入动态递增税率和动态奖惩策略,系统呈螺旋式上升,获得(监管,碳减排)稳定均衡点,其中动态补贴-动态惩罚为最佳奖惩策略.

, correspAuthors=杨霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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杨霞(1988-),女,安徽芜湖人,副教授,安徽理工大学博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理、演化博弈研究.发表论文10余篇..

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杨霞(1988-),女,安徽芜湖人,副教授,安徽理工大学博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理、演化博弈研究.发表论文10余篇..

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杨霞(1988-),女,安徽芜湖人,副教授,安徽理工大学博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理、演化博弈研究.发表论文10余篇..

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663584714969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=案例初始数值及改进策略仿真, figureFileSmall=KLZkVQgt/YdGxqSUE2ShDA==, figureFileBig=2aJHTNteXFmM3eV7ZEzPcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663723127015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The impact of carbon tax rates on the evolution trajectory of scenario IV system, figureFileSmall=KoPXs7t0YbiaMtwLHZbTGw==, figureFileBig=14xNdZtMQaNXWgEs3vMt4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663827984623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=图4, caption=碳税税率对情景Ⅳ系统演化轨迹的影响, figureFileSmall=KoPXs7t0YbiaMtwLHZbTGw==, figureFileBig=14xNdZtMQaNXWgEs3vMt4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664008339708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of evolution paths of dynamic reward and punishment plans, figureFileSmall=fb6Lz87lFI44Y5cf1kpTCA==, figureFileBig=IzXVyrh8qccZOwA+rzdQ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664125780230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=图5, caption=动态奖惩方案演化路径对比, figureFileSmall=fb6Lz87lFI44Y5cf1kpTCA==, figureFileBig=IzXVyrh8qccZOwA+rzdQ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664226443539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数定义参数定义
G1(G2)企业碳减排(不减排)时政府获得的收益,G1>G2P碳市场碳交易价格
R1(R2)企业碳减排(不减排)时自身获得的收益,R1>R2I企业因碳减排进行碳盈余交易产生的收入
C政府付出的各类人力、执法等监管成本W企业碳减排在碳市场中购买碳配额付出的成本
C1企业碳减排时付出的减排成本V企业不减排碳排放超额使政府受到的环境损失
T政府核定分配给企业的碳配额T1<T<T2D1公众对企业不减排产生的不满和信誉损失
T1(T2)企业碳减排(不减排)时的碳排放量,T1<T2D2公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失
S政府对企业碳减排发放的碳补贴U政府对企业超额排放的碳排放量征收碳税
F政府对企业不减排、违规减排给予的惩罚µ碳税税率
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664335495452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数定义参数定义
G1(G2)企业碳减排(不减排)时政府获得的收益,G1>G2P碳市场碳交易价格
R1(R2)企业碳减排(不减排)时自身获得的收益,R1>R2I企业因碳减排进行碳盈余交易产生的收入
C政府付出的各类人力、执法等监管成本W企业碳减排在碳市场中购买碳配额付出的成本
C1企业碳减排时付出的减排成本V企业不减排碳排放超额使政府受到的环境损失
T政府核定分配给企业的碳配额T1<T<T2D1公众对企业不减排产生的不满和信誉损失
T1(T2)企业碳减排(不减排)时的碳排放量,T1<T2D2公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失
S政府对企业碳减排发放的碳补贴U政府对企业超额排放的碳排放量征收碳税
F政府对企业不减排、违规减排给予的惩罚µ碳税税率
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664436158758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evolutionary game payoff matrix corresponding to different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策情景设计博弈主体企业
行为策略碳减排y不减排1-y
Ⅰ无碳交易无碳税政府监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+SG2+F-C-VR2-F-D1
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1G2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅱ有碳交易无碳税监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+S+IG2-CR2-W-F
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1+IG2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅲ无碳交易有碳税监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+SG2+F+U-CR2-F-G
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1G2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅳ混合碳政策使用监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+S+IG2+F+U-CR2-F-U-W
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1+IG2-V-D2R2-D1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664545210672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同情景对应的演化博弈收益支付矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策情景设计博弈主体企业
行为策略碳减排y不减排1-y
Ⅰ无碳交易无碳税政府监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+SG2+F-C-VR2-F-D1
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1G2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅱ有碳交易无碳税监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+S+IG2-CR2-W-F
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1+IG2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅲ无碳交易有碳税监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+SG2+F+U-CR2-F-G
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1G2-V-D2R2-D1
Ⅳ混合碳政策使用监管xG1-C-SR1-C1+S+IG2+F+U-CR2-F-U-W
不监管1-xG1-D2R1-C1+IG2-V-D2R2-D1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664696205627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of system stability analysis in different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景均衡点detJ符号trJ符号稳定性稳定条件
Ⅰ无碳交易无碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+F)(-F)-C+D2ESS-C+D2+F<0且-C+D2<0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)F不定-C+D2-S+F不定鞍点/
(1,0)(C-D2-F)S不定C-D2-F+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x*y*)(-C+D2+F) (C-D2+S)FS/(F+S)200中心点-C+D2+F<0且-C+D2<0
Ⅱ有碳交易无碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+V)(D1-F-W)-C+D2+V+D1-F-WESS-C+D2+V<0且D1-F-W <0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(-D1+F+W)-C+D2-S-D1+F+WESS-C+D2-S<0且-D1+F+W <0
(1,0)(C-D2-V)S不定C-D2-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x**y**)S(C-D2+S) (C-D2-V)(D1-W)/(S+V) (-D1+S+W)不定00鞍点/
Ⅲ无碳交易有碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+F+U+V)(D1-F-U)-C+D2+V+D1ESS-C+D2+F+U+V<0且D1-F-U <0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(F+U-D1)-C+D2-S+F+U-D1ESS-C+D2-S<0且F+U-D1<0
(1,0)(C-D2-F-U-V)S不定C-D2-F-U-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x***y***)S(D1-F-U) (C-D2+S) (-C+D2+F+U+V)(D1-S-W)/ (-D1+F+U+S)2(F+U+S+V)不定00鞍点/
Ⅳ混合碳政策使用(0,0)(-C+D2+F+U+V)(-F-U-W+D1)-C+D2+V-W+D1ESS-C+D2+F+U+V<0且-F-U-W+D1<0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(F+U+W-D1)-C+D2-S+F+U-W-D1ESS-C+D2-S<0且F+U+W-D1<0
(1,0)(C-D2-F-U-V)S不定C-D2-F-U-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x****y****)S(C-D2+S) (-C+D2+F+U+V) (F+U+W-D1)/(-D1+F+U+S+W)(F+U+S+V)00中心点-C+D2+F+U+V<0且-F-U-W+D1<0/-C+D2-S<0且F+U+W-D1<0
), ArticleFig(id=1241116664897532240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同情景系统稳定性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景均衡点detJ符号trJ符号稳定性稳定条件
Ⅰ无碳交易无碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+F)(-F)-C+D2ESS-C+D2+F<0且-C+D2<0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)F不定-C+D2-S+F不定鞍点/
(1,0)(C-D2-F)S不定C-D2-F+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x*y*)(-C+D2+F) (C-D2+S)FS/(F+S)200中心点-C+D2+F<0且-C+D2<0
Ⅱ有碳交易无碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+V)(D1-F-W)-C+D2+V+D1-F-WESS-C+D2+V<0且D1-F-W <0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(-D1+F+W)-C+D2-S-D1+F+WESS-C+D2-S<0且-D1+F+W <0
(1,0)(C-D2-V)S不定C-D2-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x**y**)S(C-D2+S) (C-D2-V)(D1-W)/(S+V) (-D1+S+W)不定00鞍点/
Ⅲ无碳交易有碳税(0,0)(-C+D2+F+U+V)(D1-F-U)-C+D2+V+D1ESS-C+D2+F+U+V<0且D1-F-U <0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(F+U-D1)-C+D2-S+F+U-D1ESS-C+D2-S<0且F+U-D1<0
(1,0)(C-D2-F-U-V)S不定C-D2-F-U-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x***y***)S(D1-F-U) (C-D2+S) (-C+D2+F+U+V)(D1-S-W)/ (-D1+F+U+S)2(F+U+S+V)不定00鞍点/
Ⅳ混合碳政策使用(0,0)(-C+D2+F+U+V)(-F-U-W+D1)-C+D2+V-W+D1ESS-C+D2+F+U+V<0且-F-U-W+D1<0
(0,1)(-C+D2-S)(F+U+W-D1)-C+D2-S+F+U-W-D1ESS-C+D2-S<0且F+U+W-D1<0
(1,0)(C-D2-F-U-V)S不定C-D2-F-U-V+S不定鞍点/
(1,1)(C-D2+S)(-S)C-D2鞍点/
(x****y****)S(C-D2+S) (-C+D2+F+U+V) (F+U+W-D1)/(-D1+F+U+S+W)(F+U+S+V)00中心点-C+D2+F+U+V<0且-F-U-W+D1<0/-C+D2-S<0且F+U+W-D1<0
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665153384809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博弈情景函数单调性参数变化相位面积变化及演化稳定策略
情景ⅡS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂V<0U
S’/∂F<0F
S'/∂W<0W
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
情景ⅢS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂U<0U
S’/∂V<0V
S’/∂F<0F
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
情景ⅣS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂U<0U
S’/∂V<0V
S’/∂F<0F
S'/∂W<0W
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665291796852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型参数敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博弈情景函数单调性参数变化相位面积变化及演化稳定策略
情景ⅡS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂V<0U
S’/∂F<0F
S'/∂W<0W
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
情景ⅢS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂U<0U
S’/∂V<0V
S’/∂F<0F
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
情景ⅣS’/∂C>0CS’↑,(监管,碳减排)
S’/∂D1>0D1
S’/∂D2<0D2
S’/∂U<0U
S’/∂V<0V
S’/∂F<0F
S'/∂W<0W
S’/∂S?S?S’相位面积变化无法判断,策略不定
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665438597506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Source and explanation of simulation data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数定义金额数据来源
C政府付出的各类人力、执法等监管成本1434.0164亿元各省市2023年统计年鉴及2023年财政预算执行情况(手动整理)
C1企业碳减排时付出的成本1564.3815亿元方国昌等[20],C:C1=11:12、D1:C1=1:3、D2:C1=1:6
D1公众对企业不减排产生的不满和信誉损失478.00546亿元
D2公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失239.00273亿元
T政府核定分配给企业的碳配额51.04亿t中华人民共和国生态环境部发布《全国碳市场发展报告(2024)》全国碳排放权交易市场2022年配额发放量
T1企业碳减排时的碳排放量47.58亿t王育宝等[31],2022年中国电力行业二氧化碳排放总量为47.58亿t
T2企业不减排时的碳排放量52.388亿t魏宁等[32]T2=(1+10%)T1
S政府对企业碳减排发放的碳补贴1.5亿元碳排放交易网,截止2022年4月全国已出台碳中和补贴累计金额超1.38亿元,全年保守估计1.5亿元核算
F政府对企业不减排、违规减排给予的惩罚74.5444亿元初始惩罚按照1倍倍率计算
P碳市场年均碳交易价格55.3元/t中国证券网,全国碳市场2022年年度成交均价
W企业为实现碳减排目标在碳市场购买碳配额付出的成本28.14亿元中国证券网,2022年全国碳市场碳排放配额总成交额
V企业不减排碳排放超额使政府受到的环境损失469.31445亿元方婷[33]V=30%×C1
U对企业超额排放的碳排放量征收碳税13.48亿元初始碳税税率按照10元/t计算
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665556038030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116643292672015, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

仿真数据来源及说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数定义金额数据来源
C政府付出的各类人力、执法等监管成本1434.0164亿元各省市2023年统计年鉴及2023年财政预算执行情况(手动整理)
C1企业碳减排时付出的成本1564.3815亿元方国昌等[20],C:C1=11:12、D1:C1=1:3、D2:C1=1:6
D1公众对企业不减排产生的不满和信誉损失478.00546亿元
D2公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失239.00273亿元
T政府核定分配给企业的碳配额51.04亿t中华人民共和国生态环境部发布《全国碳市场发展报告(2024)》全国碳排放权交易市场2022年配额发放量
T1企业碳减排时的碳排放量47.58亿t王育宝等[31],2022年中国电力行业二氧化碳排放总量为47.58亿t
T2企业不减排时的碳排放量52.388亿t魏宁等[32]T2=(1+10%)T1
S政府对企业碳减排发放的碳补贴1.5亿元碳排放交易网,截止2022年4月全国已出台碳中和补贴累计金额超1.38亿元,全年保守估计1.5亿元核算
F政府对企业不减排、违规减排给予的惩罚74.5444亿元初始惩罚按照1倍倍率计算
P碳市场年均碳交易价格55.3元/t中国证券网,全国碳市场2022年年度成交均价
W企业为实现碳减排目标在碳市场购买碳配额付出的成本28.14亿元中国证券网,2022年全国碳市场碳排放配额总成交额
V企业不减排碳排放超额使政府受到的环境损失469.31445亿元方婷[33]V=30%×C1
U对企业超额排放的碳排放量征收碳税13.48亿元初始碳税税率按照10元/t计算
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碳减排政策组合使用效能差异及提升策略
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杨霞 1, 2, * , 何刚 1 , 张世玉 1 , 蒋怀印 1
中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025,45(3): 1699-1712
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中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025, 45(3): 1699-1712
碳减排政策组合使用效能差异及提升策略
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杨霞1, 2, * , 何刚1, 张世玉1, 蒋怀印1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽理工大学经济与管理学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2.淮南师范学院经济与管理学院,安徽 淮南 232038
  • 杨霞(1988-),女,安徽芜湖人,副教授,安徽理工大学博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理、演化博弈研究.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Research on the efficiency difference and promotion strategy of combining carbon emission reduction policies
Xia YANG1, 2, * , Gang HE1, Shi-yu ZHANG1, Huai-yin JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Economics and Management, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2.School of Economics and Management, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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采用演化博弈理论,根据碳交易碳税是否参与,设计四种碳减排政策工具使用情景.基于稳定性分析,阐释碳减排政策组合使用对企业碳减排的影响机理和作用机制,通过敏感性分析厘清博弈系统主要敏感性因素及影响方向.以全国碳交易市场建设案例为实证对象,仿真碳交易和混合碳政策使用情景博弈主体演化轨迹,识别关键因素对系统的影响程度,并提出动态递增税率和动态奖惩策略优化混合碳政策使用情景策略.研究发现:相较无碳交易无碳税、有碳交易无碳税、无碳交易有碳税情景,混合碳政策使用情景碳减排效能最佳;当前我国碳交易市场建设仍有待于加强,政企双方未达到(监管,碳减排)最优状态,成本和惩罚因素对博弈系统影响明显,补贴因素作用方向不确定;混合碳政策情景融入动态递增税率和动态奖惩策略,系统呈螺旋式上升,获得(监管,碳减排)稳定均衡点,其中动态补贴-动态惩罚为最佳奖惩策略.

碳减排  /  政策组合  /  演化博弈  /  效能差异  /  动态奖惩

This study creates four scenarios for the employment of carbon emission reduction policy tools, depending on whether the two emission reduction policies of carbon trading and carbon tax are engaged. During this process, evolutionary game theory is applied. The stability analysis of the game system has provided a thorough explanation of the influence mechanism and action mechanism of the combination of carbon emission reduction policies on enterprise carbon emission reduction. On this premise, we conduct sensitivity analysis to discover the primary sensitivity elements that influence the game system's path. In the empirical analysis section, we take the case of national carbon trading market construction as the empirical object, simulate the evolution trajectory of the main body of carbon trading and mixed carbon policy use scenario game, deeply analyze the influence degree of key factors on the system, and put forward the dynamic increasing tax rate and dynamic reward and punishment strategy, optimize the carbon emission reduction efficiency improvement strategy of mixed carb. The study found that: when compared to no carbon trading without carbon tax, carbon trading without carbon tax, and no carbon trading with carbon tax, the mixed carbon policy use scenario has the highest carbon emission reduction efficiency. Second, the current construction of China's carbon trading market need further strengthening. The government and businesses have not achieved the optimal state(supervision, carbon emission reduction). The cost and penalty elements have a clear impact on the game system, however the direction of subsidy factors is unknown. Third, dynamic incentive and punishment schemes are combined with dynamic incremental tax rates in the mixed carbon policy scenario. The system spirals upward and reaches a stable equilibrium position(carbon emission reduction, supervision), where the optimal reward and punishment scheme is dynamic subsidy-dynamic punishment.

carbon emission reduction  /  policy combination  /  evolutionary game theory  /  efficiency difference  /  dynamic rewards and punishments
杨霞, 何刚, 张世玉, 蒋怀印. 碳减排政策组合使用效能差异及提升策略. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1699 -1712 .
Xia YANG, Gang HE, Shi-yu ZHANG, Huai-yin JIANG. Research on the efficiency difference and promotion strategy of combining carbon emission reduction policies[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1699 -1712 .
我国人口占全球18%,二氧化碳排放量占全球28%[1],作为世界重要的碳排放主体,我国一直以来高度重视碳减排工作.2020年习近平总书记提出“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)的承诺后,政府积极出台各类政策,各行业也致力探索各类低碳、零碳甚至负碳技术.2022年党的二十大报告再次提出“协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长,推进生态优先、节约集约、绿色低碳发展”的具体要求.企业碳减排任务繁重,需要多种环境规制手段推动落实,政策工具的作用不容忽视.2013年我国启动碳交易试点工作,2021年7月以电力行业为代表的全国碳交易市场正式运行,逐渐发挥作用,但碳税征税方式选择、碳税设定调整、碳税与碳交易如何协同等问题尚在论证阶段,致使碳税开征悬而未决.“双碳”发展背景下,碳交易、碳税、碳补贴、碳惩罚等碳减排政策,组合使用会对企业碳减排产生怎样的影响?其影响机理、作用路径和减排效果如何?政府应该采取何种监管策略?解决上述问题对推动社会经济和生态环境高质量发展具有重要意义.
当前国际社会已形成以碳税和碳交易为代表的主流碳减排政策,二者都是政府通过市场的干预,使碳排放导致的环境外部性内生化,引导企业根据自身利益自发减排.上述政策主要历经三阶段发展:第一阶段侧重碳交易和碳税单一政策优劣辨析、适用情景论证、作用效果对比及减排效率评价.部分学者认为碳税对遏制碳排放促进碳减排[2]的作用不言而喻,但对经济冲击研究结果莫衷一是.早在1995年Goto就提出碳税是减少二氧化碳排放最经济有效的政策工具之一,同时亦可能会在工业部门或企业间造成广泛的经济负担[3],给消费者带来成本负担[4],但长期看碳税的效果强于碳排放交易体系[5],有利于促进环境质量改善[6].碳交易对单位零售价格、销量、销售利润和消费者剩余产生积极影响[7],碳交易价格和市场规模能够推动自主创新、减少技术改造投入[8].然而不同产业部门碳排放效率、配额及边际减排成本均呈现异质性[9].因此,单一碳交易或碳税政策均无法实现我国到2030年碳排放强度降低60%~ 65%的减排目标[10].碳减排政策:碳税、碳交易还是两者兼之?[11]成为第二阶段学术界争论的焦点.不同行业实施差异化行业碳税方案[12],调控碳交易价格与碳税率,引导企业绿色转型[13],将碳税与清洁发电技术进步相结合[14],实施碳税退税增加公众对碳定价的支持[15]等策略相继被提出.第三阶段,从比较选择融合互补角度,聚焦组合使用碳减排政策优势、使用情景、策略选择和决策优化问题等微观研究.博弈论作为策略选择研究较为成熟的方法,得到诸多学者的青睐.立足企业异质性、社会对环境的支付意愿[16],研究混合碳政策和CEA对低碳运营环境下上下游企业的联合减排决策、低碳商誉、利润和协调的影响[17].利用演化博弈模型,构建中央政府-地方政府-企业-环境NGO多主体共同参与的企业减排治理模式[18]等成为研究热点.
近年来,碳减排政策组合使用的推出机制、减排效果及对企业碳减排决策的影响研究刚刚兴起,仍有较多需要攻克的课题.一是碳交易碳税政策融合研究不够充分,组合使用碳政策对经济增长的影响,尤其是碳税对经济增长的冲击效应、碳交易对行业和企业碳减排的异质性效应,以及上述政策对企业碳减排的影响及监管策略调整研究均较为缺乏.二是碳交易碳税等主流碳减政策工具,如何与碳补贴、碳惩罚等手段联合发力,实现政策工具的有效组合驱动企业碳减排值得深思,其作用机制和影响因素是什么?这些理论和实践问题均亟待探索.
由此,本文首先运用演化博弈理论,构建多情景政企碳减排演化博弈理论模型,借助稳定性和敏感性分析,理论推演不同的碳减排政策组合对企业碳减排的影响机理和作用机制,为提升企业碳减排效能提供学理支撑.其次,通过仿真我国碳交易市场建设案例中政府监管成本、碳配额购买成本、碳税税率等重要参数,对博弈系统的影响,识别当前该案例未达到政企双方最优演化稳态的原因.并结合不同碳政策组合使用情景政企双方演化轨迹,比较减排效果差异,进而为提升企业碳减排效能、优化政府监管提供决策参考.
非信息对称条件下,政府与企业碳减排演化博弈系统包含政府与企业两个有限理性群体.政府行为策略集a={监管,不监管},企业行为策略集b={碳减排,不减排}.选择“监管”和“碳减排”策略的概率分别为xy,选择“不监管”和“不减排”策略的概率为1-x和1-yx,y∈[0,1],且双方的策略选择随时间逐渐演化稳定于最优策略.政企双方依据是否碳减排是否监管的策略,采取各自的行为决策,产生相应的收益和成本.主要假设如下:
假设1 企业碳减排成本包括购买节能设备、技术改造、参加碳排放交易等产生的相关费用.实施碳减排(不减排)策略时,企业获得收益分别为R1(R2),碳排放量分别为T1(T2),碳减排付出减排成本C1.
假设2 政府采取碳补贴、碳惩罚、碳交易、碳税等政策工具监管企业的碳减排行为.企业实施碳减排(不减排)策略时,政府获得的收益分别为G1(G2),付出的人力、执法和碳税征收等监管成本C,因企业不减排造成超额碳排放产生环境损失V.
碳补贴:政府对企业采取新能源、新材料、新技术等碳减排行为给予一定的碳补贴S,以正向激励企业低碳创新和技术改造.
碳惩罚:政府对企业未清缴或未足额清缴碳排放配额,以及不减排虚报谎报实际碳排放量,逃避碳税被查处给予的惩罚F(简称政府对企业不减排、违规减排给予的惩罚).针对企业超出规定碳配额的碳排放量按照市场均价乘以惩罚倍率的方式予以惩罚.惩罚倍率为ff≥1,碳惩罚为F=f ⋅ (T2-T) ⋅P.
碳交易:企业获得政府核定的碳排放配额T.企业碳减排的实际碳排放量低于T,可在碳市场上以价格P出售盈余碳排放量,获得碳交易收入I,反之不减排实际碳排放量超过T,为实现足额履约避免碳惩罚付出碳排放量购买成本W.
碳税:采用超额碳排放量征税方式,即对企业超过政府核定的碳排放量部分征收碳税U,碳税税率为µ,企业需缴纳的碳税U=μ ⋅ (T2-T).
假设3 公众对政府和企业进行监督,当企业不减排、政府不监管时,对其产生的不满和信誉损失,分别记为D1D2D2>D1.据此形成表1模型参数.
翁智雄等提出高税率应用于能耗大、排放大行业,中低税率应用于能耗与排放相对较小的行业[12].高旭阔等[19]、方国昌等[20]学者提出碳惩罚和碳补贴的计算,根据不减排的概率与惩罚力度相乘,不够科学,应该跟碳交易市场紧密相结合.李晨光等根据动态CGE模拟结果,提出将最优的碳税和碳交易单一政策进行组合,并且使用补贴政策作为辅助政策[21].据此,分情景建立演化博弈模型.
情景Ⅰ:无碳交易无碳税情景.碳交易和碳税制度均未介入,政府对企业仅存在碳惩罚和碳补贴两种规制手段.
情景Ⅱ:有碳交易无碳税情景.针对已建立碳交易的地区和大型碳排放企业,碳交易未介入时,碳惩罚和碳补贴起作用,介入后碳惩罚被碳交易替代.采取碳减排的企业可获得政府给予的碳补贴,还可将盈余的碳配额量买卖给其他企业获得碳交易收入.不减排的企业出现碳配额不足时,通过碳市场的碳配额交易,可以规避碳惩罚.
情景Ⅲ:无碳交易有碳税情景.针对未建立碳市场的地区和企业、已建立碳市场但未参与碳交易地区的小型碳排放企业,如果不减排出现碳排放超额时,可选择缴纳碳税的方式完成履约,但如果谎报瞒报真实碳排放量逃税漏税政府查处会给予碳惩罚.碳税未介入时,碳惩罚和碳补贴起作用,介入后,碳惩罚与碳税并存.
情景Ⅳ:混合碳政策使用情景.市场上同时采用碳交易和碳税两种碳减排政策,简称混合碳政策使用情景.考虑碳交易制度对于企业碳排放量规模有一定要求和限制.针对政府管辖范围内同一个地区的所有企业,采用混合碳政策时,企业在一个履约期内结合自身规模和发展阶段实际,自主选择碳税和碳交易政策,政府对已缴纳碳税的企业,从碳市场中购买的排放量实行免税政策.企业碳减排时可获得碳交易收入,企业不减排时,既可通过付出碳交易成本方式,获得多余碳配额规避碳惩罚,也可对超出规定额度的企业实际碳排放量缴纳碳税.但若因虚报瞒报碳排放量逃税漏税被政府查处则将给予碳惩罚.上述情景,政府和企业演化博弈的收益支付矩阵如表2所示.
根据表2构造二者复制动态方程,以情景Ⅰ为例,阐释构造过程:
设政府采取“监管”和“不监管”策略的期望收益分别为Ea1Ea2,平均期望收益为,则有:
政府策略选择的复制动态方程为:
设企业采取“碳减排”策略的期望收益为Eb1,采取“不减排”策略的期望收益为Eb2,平均期望收益为,则有:
企业策略选择的复制动态方程为:
政府与企业组成二维动力系统,当二者不同策略的期望相等时,系统维持稳定状态,出现均衡点.令F(x)=dx/dt=0,F(y)=dy/dt=0,得出系统如下均衡点(0,0)、(0,1)、(1,0)、(1,1)和(x*y*),其中x*y*表达式如下:
F(x)和F(y)求偏导构建雅克比矩阵J.
其中
分别求解后得:
同理,情景Ⅱ博弈双方主体复制动态方程为:
情景Ⅱ均衡点为:
情景Ⅲ博弈双方主体复制动态方程为:
情景Ⅲ均衡点为:
情景Ⅳ博弈双方主体复制动态方程为:
情景Ⅳ均衡点为:
当前我国碳减排任务目标的实现,主要依靠政府监管、市场交易和公众参与三种手段.从我国减排治污实际看,与公众参与监督力度相比,公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失小于我国政府投入碳减排监管成本,即D2<C;公众对企业不减排产生的不满和信誉损失小于企业购买碳配额的成本,即D1<W.
系统均衡点不一定是系统的演化稳定策略(ESS),需结合不同情况分析其稳定性.参考Weibull JW提出的演化博弈均衡点稳定性判断方法[22].当detJ>0且trJ<0时,系统存在演化稳定策略点ESS;当detJ>0或detJ<0,且trJ=0时,系统存在中心点[23],中心点为系统稳定的均衡点,但不是渐近稳定,系统演化路径是绕着中心点的闭轨线环[19].其他情形,该点为鞍点也称为不稳定点.据此形成表3不同情景系统稳定性分析结果.
表3所示,对比四种情景,情景I存在1种系统演化稳定策略ESS,情景Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ存在两种情形ESS.从系统稳定性整体角度,后三种情景优于第一种情景.观测表3中情景Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ下均衡点(x,y)的性质,情景Ⅱ~Ⅲ均衡点(x,y)均为鞍点,情景Ⅳ则为中心点.根据演化博弈理论,鞍点是一个非完全稳定的稳定状态,在此状态下,其稳定性是脆弱的,微小的扰动可能导致系统状态发生显著变化.中心点通常表示一个稳定的均衡点或平衡点,在此状态下系统具有更强的稳定性,即使存在微小的扰动,系统也会自动回复到该状态.可见,鞍点表示一个脆弱的稳定状态,中心点代表一个稳定的均衡状态.同时,参考相关学者对系统均衡点演化轨迹对比的研究思路[24],通过比较情景Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ均衡点(x,y)数值大小和位置,从理论层面进一步对比不同情景方案的优劣.
情景Ⅲ和情景Ⅱ均衡点位置比较:
无法判断正负性;
情景Ⅳ和情景Ⅲ均衡点位置比较:
无法判断正负性;
情景Ⅳ和情景Ⅱ均衡点位置比较:
对比上述三种情景均衡点(x,y)数值大小,发现情景Ⅳ均衡点包含xy两方博弈主体演化稳定的位置,均要优于情景Ⅱ和Ⅲ.为便于理解,对上述分析以图示方式归纳总结,详见图1,其中D点、E点分别为情景Ⅱ和Ⅲ的均衡点,并且均为鞍点,博弈系统均向O(0,0)和B(0,1)两点收敛,获得演化稳定策略.其中,D点x**在图中可左右移动但y**数值始终小于y***(以图1中B’C’为分界线).F点为情景Ⅳ的中心点,该点位置最高,最趋近C(1,1)位置.综上,第四种混合碳政策使用情景对博弈双方减排效果最佳.
参考王江等[25]提出的方法,通过求解博弈系统相位图面积S’公式中各参数的偏导数,判断函数单调性,厘清各参数的敏感性变化以及对系统稳定性的影响.
式(17)中的x*和y*分别对应各情形中的均衡点(x*,y*).经计算,得出表4各参数变化对相位面积的变化以及系统稳定策略.
Kahneman等[26]针对不确定情况决策者的判断和行为形成前景理论.该理论指出人们拥有“心理账户”和“风险规避”,通常不是从财富的角度考虑问题,而是从输赢的角度考虑,相较于收益厌恶损失、对损失更加敏感.政企碳减排进程中,公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失D2、企业不减排产生的环境恶化损失V、企业在碳市场中购买碳配额的成本W、对企业超额排放征收的碳税U、政府对企业不减排或违规减排给予的惩罚F,作为系统负向影响因素,政企双方均厌恶损失,相较于政府获得公众的赞誉好评、企业获得政府发放的碳减排补贴S,他们更加青睐减少外部损失.因此,其数值越低,双方越倾向采取(监管,碳减排)的策略.
随着政府监管成本C和公众对企业不减排产生不满损失D1数值提高,系统逐渐演化至(监管,碳减排)的稳定情形,说明上述因素对政企双方均具有明显的约束作用,是系统正向影响因素.有趣的现象是为什么公众对政府不监管产生的不满和声誉损失D2是系统的负向因素,公众对企业不减排的不满和声誉损失D1则是系统的正向因素?原因可能是:当前双碳任务目标实现进程中,我国尽管致力推动控制型、市场型和自愿型政策工具多管齐下协同发力,但社会公众力量的参与监督,其对象仍以碳减排主体企业为主,仍停留在对企业碳减排行为落实和效果实施层面等.加之,政府不断出台鼓励社会公众参与碳减排环境治理的各类有奖举报相关政策.因此,相较于公众对政府不监管,公众会对企业不减排产生更强的监督和更高的减排关注[27].
值得注意的是,三种不同情形下,政府对企业碳减排发放的碳补贴S作为重要的变动参数,其正负性均无法判断.这一方面是与前文表3系统实现稳定的稳定性条件有关,只有在处于稳定性分析中阈值变化范围内,才能明确判断偏导后结果的正负性.另一方面可发现,补贴作为政府刺激企业碳减排的外部刺激手段,须在政府监管成本C和公众对政府不监管产生的声誉损失评价D2等因素传导作用下,才能切实发挥外在激励手段提升企业参与碳减排的内生动力作用.还可能与我国当前碳减排制度建设现状相关,我国碳交易市场正经历“从总量管控、配额分配到惩罚机制”的历程,自2024年5月1日起我国正式施行《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》.相较于2020年12月生态环境部公布的《碳排放权交易管理办法(试行)》5条“罚则”,该《条例》对于重点排放单位、技术服务机构的监督和处罚力度加大,出台11条“罚则”,更加强化监督检查和处罚力度.碳补贴、碳普惠、碳金融、碳管理等手段激励效果不足,为此史学瀛等学者提出的激励政策与加罚措施相互配合,正反向惩处相结合的观点[28].在中央-地方政府强政治势能的推动作用下,政府对企业不减排、违规减排的碳惩罚F成为企业碳减排的“紧箍咒”,碳补贴作用有待进一步激发.
2011年,中国正式宣布开展碳排放交易试点工作,随后2013年起全国8个城市陆续开启碳交易试点.历经10a探索,2021年全国碳排放权交易市场正式上线运行,以纳入全国碳市场配额管理的2257家发电行业为研究对象.2024年全国碳市场即将扩容,水泥、钢铁、电解铝有望首批纳入扩围.在此背景下,基于第二和第三部分理论阐释和数理计算,采取案例数值模拟仿真方式,结合我国实际重点分析情景Ⅱ有碳交易无碳税、情景Ⅳ混合碳政策使用政策情景,观测博弈系统双方主体演化轨迹,据此提出碳减排效能提升策略.行业扩围后新增的碳排放权交易行业,数据披露较为完整的情况下,亦可采用上述理论模型和案例仿真分析框架.
数据主要来源中华人民共和国生态环境部《全国碳市场发展报告(2024)》《中国各省市统计年鉴》、碳排放交易网、中国证券网、各省市财政局2023年财政预算执行情况等政务网站.经过手工整理和参考相关学者文献,形成仿真数据来源及说明,详见表5.
当前各试点市场对未履约企业的处罚力度略有差异.根据《北京碳排放权交易行政处罚自由裁量权参考执行标准试行》和《<深圳市碳排放权交易管理暂行办法>行政处罚自由裁量权实施标准》,对预期没有履约控制排放责任,相关部门按违规碳排放量(即超出其配额许可排放总量部分)市场均价的3~5倍予以惩罚.天津要求限期改正和3a不得享受优惠政策,上海处5~10万惩罚,重庆处清缴期届满前一个月配额均价3倍惩罚,湖北处15万以内按市场均价1~3倍惩罚,广东要求下年双倍扣除并惩罚4万,深圳要求下年扣除并按市场均价3倍惩罚.采用共性惩罚方式,设置碳惩罚中惩罚倍率f∈(0,5).表5F数值测算时,初始惩罚按1倍倍率计算.
本文采用碳排放指标超额征税方式,对企业不减排超额排放的碳排放量征收碳税,U=µ*(T2-T),µ为碳税税率.我国《环境保护税法(送审稿)》中曾将碳税税率设定为10~100元/t的区间,周迪等[29]、陆春华等[30]也在研究中将固定税率设置为10~100元/t.因此,初始碳税税率按照10元/t计算.
为观测案例中重要参数对系统的影响程度,对标情景Ⅱ,使用MATLAB软件创建该情景的复制动态方程函数,结合表4选取政府监管成本、企业碳配额购买成本和政府发放企业碳减排补贴3个重要敏感性因素,将表5我国碳交易市场2023年相关数据代入依次仿真.仿真过程中相关参数均取整,仿真图形中G代表政府,E代表企业.
设置不同的政府监管成本C数值,按照取整要求,依次设置政府监管成本C为1434亿元、1000亿元和434亿元.由图2(a)可见,随着政府监管成本增加,政府逐渐趋于不监管态势,说明政府G难以承受过高的监管成本.同时,政府监管力度越强,企业E演化至1碳减排的速率越快.说明政府监管力度与企业碳减排行为成正相关.值得注意的是,对比企业对应的三条曲线速率演化态势,政府监管成本提升带来的企业边际碳减排提升效应逐渐放缓.许文博等学者发现随着中央政府督查力度的增大,其成本效率逐渐降低,成本的边际效益逐渐递减,建议中央政府根据自身追求的目标选择适宜的督查力度,以促进系统整体长远的发展[34].因此,政府监管成本应该控制在政府可承受范围内,实现动态调控.
企业碳配额购买成本W初始数值为28亿元,以5倍和2倍递增速率依次设定140亿元和280亿元仿真.图2(b)表明随着企业碳配额购买成本提高,企业演化至碳减排1的速率逐渐提升.成本作为企业碳减排关注的重要负向变量,对碳交易市场上购买碳配额成本敏感又直接.企业作为理性的经济人,在采取碳减排措施还是购买碳配额成本之间会不停判断比较,影响自身减排决策行为.如果企业实际碳排放量,超过政府核定的碳排放配额T,为实现足额履约避免碳惩罚,需要付出碳排放量购买成本W.而企业碳配额在我国获取方式主要为无偿分配和有偿分配,因此政府一方面应当高度重视碳市场建设碳配额的发放,积极探索免费分配、竞价拍卖等多种碳配额购买方式,另一方面着力调动碳交易二级市场的积极性和活力,提高企业碳配额单位购买成本,进而形成外驱压力,促使企业转变观念,变不减排为碳减排.
依次将碳减排补贴S设置1.5亿元、15亿元和30亿元3种方案,如图2(c)所示,单一调控碳减排补贴数值金额,企业E碳减排效能提升并不明显.从理论研究看,范庆泉等学者发现由于清洁生产补贴扭曲了清洁部门各类生产要素的最优配置,容易引发部门主体出现收入分配失衡问题[35].孙嘉轶等[36]也提出只有当政府单位碳补贴达到一定阈值时,才可实现闭环供应链协调.对照表5案例仿真数据,可见碳补贴S初始数值相较于政府监管成本和企业碳减排成本投入微乎其微.从政策实践层面看,2024年国务院颁布《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》,以“罚款”为关键词检索,出现7条条款18次,以“改正”或“责令改正”为关键词检索,出现6条条款11次,以“补贴”或“奖励”为关键词检索,无检索结果.由此可见当前我国碳交易市场建设过程中,政府层面更倾向采用罚款改正等惩罚手段,补贴奖励等激励类手段使用频率和强度均较低.因此,博弈系统中该因素的敏感性极低,这也验证了敏感性分析部分情景Ⅱ系统相位图对碳补贴S求偏导正负性不定,系统演化策略不明确的原因.碳减排补贴如何联动博弈系统其他影响因素发力,将在4.2.4和4.3.2节进一步提出优化策略.
表5案例初始数据代入情景Ⅱ复制动态方程,形成图3(a),可见当前我国碳交易市场达到(0,1)系统均衡.其原因可能在于,当前全国正致力建设全国性质的碳交易市场,建设初期政府出台较多的政策法规,呈现高压的碳减排态势,企业在此种情况下,积极转型采取碳减排行动.博弈后期,随着企业碳减排成本下降、碳减排技术提升和碳减排效能凸显,政府高压监管力度将趋于下降,逐渐让位于市场的环境规制手段.
分析前文表3所示情景Ⅱ(1,1)点对应的detJ和trJ,可知要想推动政企双方从当前(0,1)次优稳定状态演化至(1,1)最优演化稳定策略,即detJ>0且trJ<0,则必须达到C-D2+S<0且C-D2<0的碳减排效能优化策略,必须调节政企碳减排影响因素内部投入比例结构,尤其是注重调节双方成本投入结构.可通过以下途径实现:一是中央政府适度让位,降低政府监管成本C,逐渐发挥碳交易市场作用,减少政府命令型环境规制手段的作用、弱化政治势能.二是提高公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失数值,设置举报奖励、畅通举报途径等方式,实现群众、媒体、环境保护组织等多主体监管,发挥社会公众参与型环境规制关注和促进碳减排的作用;三是结合前文仿真,碳减排补贴金额,既不能过低否则在博弈系统中占比过低将会出现结构失衡,也要保证实现(1,1)均衡点对应的稳定条件S<D2-C,这意味着政府需要审时度势动态调控碳补贴投入.据此,按照此策略优化上述三个参数,形成图3(b),此时政府企业博弈双方已达到(监管,碳减排)的状态.
为判断双方策略演化关系和改变过程,观测混合碳政策对企业碳减排的影响,根据混合碳政策组合使用4种情景复制动态方程,运用MATLAB软件进行数值模拟仿真.
征收动态碳税,分行业分阶段灵活设置不同税率的碳税,有利于经济增长与减污降碳目标的平稳实现.当前我国已形成多税共治局面,鉴于碳税开征会对经济增长、企业成本等多维度产生冲击,开征初期宜采用较低的税率切入,后期逐渐采取动态递增税率,按总值碳排放量即企业直接碳排放量计税的方式,依次设定碳税税率为10元/t、40元/t、70元/t和100元/t仿真.对照表3混合碳政策使用情景演化稳定策略ESS对应的稳定性条件,优化部分参数数值.如图4所示,随着碳税税率提高,碳税收入U提高,系统始终围绕中心点闭环旋转,且均衡点位置逐渐从(0,1)向(1,1)方向偏移.说明与前3种政策情景相比,混合碳政策使用情景,博弈系统已实现从鞍点不稳定的演化状态,改变至围绕中心点较为稳定地闭环旋转.同时也反映随着碳税税率的提高,一定程度上可以刺激企业采取碳减排行为,利于博弈双方逐渐演化达到(监管,碳减排)的最优稳态.
由前文敏感性分析论述可知,在第Ⅱ~Ⅳ情景中政府给予企业碳减排发放的碳补贴S对系统的影响策略均不能确定,同时不同情景系统均未实现(1,1)最优均衡,即使是在碳减排效能最优的使用混合碳政策使用情景,其均衡点(xy)仍是中心点,未达到绝对稳定.为此,参考相关学者做法[37],设计动态奖惩策略优化混合碳政策使用情景方案,对比分析动态补贴-静态惩罚、静态补贴-动态惩罚、动态补贴-动态惩罚三种策略.
假设政府给予企业碳减排补贴金额与企业采取碳减排策略比例y成正比.动态补贴-静态惩罚策略,动态补贴由原来的固定常数S(假设这是最高补贴额)变为线性函数m(y)=yS,静态惩罚不变仍为F.静态补贴-动态惩罚策略,静态补贴为S,动态惩罚由原来的固定常数F(假设这是惩罚额)变为线性函数f(y)=(1−y)F. 动态补贴-动态惩罚策略,动态补贴变为m(y)=yS,动态惩罚变为f(y)=(1−y)F. 依次用上述数值代入公式(16)替换静态奖励和静态惩罚部分数值,形成新的复制动态方程(18)~(20).
使用4.3.1节优化后的参数,依次使用公式(18)~(20)进行仿真.观测图5发现:(a)动态补贴-静态惩罚策略和(c)动态补贴-动态惩罚策略演化路径呈螺旋式演化,(a)策略系统均衡点位置高于(c)策略,黑色为系统稳定点.(b)静态补贴-动态惩罚策略演化路径则为中心点式旋转.图5(d)xy初始概率均为0.5时3种策略同步仿真结果,清晰呈现3种策略演化轨迹差异,与动态补贴-静态惩罚策略相比,动态补贴-动态惩罚策略博弈双方螺旋式演化趋势范围最大,企业趋于碳减排的概率(即y为1)最高.对比图5,情景Ⅳ融入动态奖惩策略后有效地实现了系统稳定,且动态补贴-动态惩罚策略效果最佳.
根据上述理论推演,数理计算和仿真分析,提出如下政策建议:
当前我国碳交易市场建设刚刚起步,政府监管成本整体偏高,会使政府公共支出结构失调,最终会消退为不监管.政府可通过优化政府监管方式等手段,提高监管成本投入使用效率.政府碳减排补贴手段,相较于惩罚手段,补贴数值占比较小,尚未成为企业考虑的主要敏感性因素.而且,公众对政府不监管产生的不满和信誉损失数值偏低,尚未充分发挥作用.作为政企双方实现(监管,碳减排)演化稳定均衡点的重要因素,政府有必要对其投入金额、结构等加以重视并合理调整,使监管成本控制在政府承受范围内.
通过仿真发现企业碳配额购买成本提高,有助于促进企业采取碳减排策略.当前我国碳交易市场二级市场不够成熟活跃,碳交易规模和价格均有待于提升.政府应多措并举,关注碳配额发放、碳配额购买成本、碳交易价格等重要因素,稳步推进碳配额免费无偿分配与有偿分配、竞价拍卖等方式实施情景和比例,加大碳交易二级市场建设力度,从外部角度驱动企业提高碳减排力度.同时,从政策工具使用视角,在考虑减排主体异质性的基础上,进一步加强碳交易与碳税两种减排政策工具的混合使用,以全面提升政企双方碳减排效能.
政企碳减排博弈系统中,补贴和惩罚手段组合使用有助于提升减排效能.尤其是在市场优化资源配置作用不明显的碳交易市场建设初期,政府需要积极探索多种激励手段,强化企业碳减排的积极性,增加企业对碳减排补贴的敏感度.视博弈主体减排现状,采取动态奖惩策略,如:加大中央财政转移支付支持力度,对减排效果显著的企业给予税收抵免、津贴、拨款等奖励;对未履约或履约效能低下的企业给予一定力度的处罚,倒逼企业实施碳减排行为.
5.1 通过理论分析四种碳政策使用情景稳定性,比较不同碳减排政策组合使用效能差异,混合碳政策使用情景碳减排效能优于单一碳政策,不仅可获得(不监管,碳减排)演化稳定点,而且可达到中心点相对稳定的系统均衡.同时,案例仿真发现当前全国碳交易市场内部主要影响因素成本投入和组合比例有待优化,最终将演化至(不监管,碳减排)均衡状态.
5.2 通过数理计算各情景博弈系统主要影响因素敏感性,政府监管成本、公众对企业不减排产生不满损失均是系统正向影响因素.企业不减排或违法减排受到的碳惩罚、碳配额购买成本、碳税、企业不减排或违法减排产生的环境损失等均是系统的负向因素,其中政府监管成本提高有助于推动企业碳减排但增效逐渐减弱.企业碳减排政府给予的碳补贴其作用方向不确定,与惩罚手段相比,企业对政府补贴表现出较低的敏感性.
5.3 通过融入动态递增税率和动态奖惩策略改进混合碳政策使用情景,可起到较好的减排作用,实现系统螺旋式上升的稳定状态.碳税税率采取动态递增方式,可有效推动均衡点位置逐渐从(0,1)向(1,1)方向偏移.从碳减排奖励和不减排惩罚两个维度,验证得出四种策略方案中以动态奖励-动态惩罚策略为最佳方案,动态奖励-静态惩罚策略效能次之.
研究局限与不足:全国统一碳市场建设框架下,碳减排行业和企业均存在异质性,但囿于碳交易相关数据获取困难,且考虑到研究方法的兼容性问题,未就碳交易政策对行业企业异质性以及实施效果进行深度分析.碳税政策在短期内尚未落地实施,在保证减污降碳和经济稳定增长双重目标顺利实现的前提下,减少混合碳减排政策工具组合使用对经济的冲击仍是关键科学问题.同时,不同地区、规模和类型的企业以及相同规模和类型的企业,碳排放量、排放污染物种类等均存在较大差异,今后可从更加微观的角度,研究碳税返还比例、行业差异化碳税以及结构性减税政策对企业的影响等问题.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72271005)
  • 教育部人文社科规划基金资助项目(22YJAZH025)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-11
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(72271005)
教育部人文社科规划基金资助项目(22YJAZH025)
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    1.安徽理工大学经济与管理学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    2.淮南师范学院经济与管理学院,安徽 淮南 232038

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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