Article(id=1241116642621575489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834866433, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834866433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834866433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834866433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1483, endPage=1495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116643745648975, articleId=1241116642621575489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Study of hydro-chemical characteristics and influencing factors of the tropic status in typical karst reservoirs, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The hydro-chemical characteristics and trophic status of reservoirs are shaped by a combination of natural conditions and anthropogenic effects within the watershed. This study focuses on Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK)to analyzes the main ions characteristics and spatial variations of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)nutrients in their water bodies, we identify the primary sources of these ions and interprets the nutrient status of these karst reservoirs, along with the influencing factors. The results show that: The water chemistry of the karst reservoirs is governed by rock weathering, resulting in HCO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3-Ca types for XW and DJK respectively; Both reservoirs exhibit high anthropogenic inputs of SO42-and NO3-; In both reservoirs, nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)predominant exist in dissolved forms. While no carbon-limitation was observed,N-limitation is evident in XW and P-limitation in DJK, leading to a mesotrophic status in both reservoirs; The stoichiometric ratio of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)are the primary factors influencing the comprehensive trophic level index(TLI)of the reservoirs. This is attributed to the karst hydrochemical background and high weathering rates; Under different N and P limiting conditions, the trophic status is affected by various factors, with the C to P ratio-sensitive to rock weathering, climate change, and anthropogenic inputs-emerging as a key determinant of water quality; To optimize the evaluation indices for assessing the trophic state and managing water quality in karst reservoirs under diverse hydrological conditions and functional roles, it is essential to analyze the effects of water chemical characteristics and stoichiometric ratios of biogenic elements on trophic status based on the analysis of nutrient limitations in water bodies.

, correspAuthors=Man-chun KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen-le FU, Man-chun KANG, Jiang-huai MENG, Jia LIU, liu LIU, Liang-hong LONG, Shang-bin XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116655649084325, articleId=1241116642621575489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型喀斯特水库水化学特征及水体营养状态影响因素研究, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水库的水化学特征及营养状态是流域自然条件和人为作用的综合体现,本研究以小湾水库(XW)及丹江口水库(DJK)为研究对象,分析了喀斯特水库水体主要离子变化特征以及氮(N)、磷(P)营养盐的空间变化,解析了水体主要离子来源并分析了水库水体营养状态及其影响因素.结果表明:两水库水化学类型分别为HCO3·SO4-Ca型及HCO3-Ca型,均受岩石风化作用控制,且均具有较高水平的人为输入SO42-、NO3-;水库水体氮、磷主要以溶解态为主,水体无碳限制,但XW受氮限制,DJK受磷限制,水体营养状态均呈中营养水平;受喀斯特地区水化学背景及高风化速率的影响,C、N、P化学计量比为水体综合营养状态指数(TLI)的主要影响因素;水体在不同N、P限制条件下其营养状态的影响因子有所不同,而易受岩石风化、气候变化、人为输入等影响的C:P的值是控制水库水质的关键因素;基于水体氮、磷营养限制条件分析水化学特征、生源要素化学计量比等的影响,优化水体营养状态评价指标,为不同水文条件及功能作用下的喀斯特水库水体营养状态评价、水质管理提供依据.

, correspAuthors=康满春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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付陈乐(2001-),男,江西抚州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事淡水生态碳循环研究..

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付陈乐(2001-),男,江西抚州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事淡水生态碳循环研究..

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付陈乐(2001-),男,江西抚州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事淡水生态碳循环研究..

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of sampling points in Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK), figureFileSmall=IixhGEr0Vy/HaGMX9m3RRw==, figureFileBig=h0TaMXFf5qRXTFkCBUobhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663374991911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小湾水库(XW)和丹江口水库(DJK)采样点空间分布, figureFileSmall=IixhGEr0Vy/HaGMX9m3RRw==, figureFileBig=h0TaMXFf5qRXTFkCBUobhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663702147659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparative vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids(TDS), pH, chlorophyll-a, and water temperature in Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK), figureFileSmall=D86tLRsaqHcjW4jpmQIMgw==, figureFileBig=KEhvPmbaU4U1Dg51kCAy/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663832171101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小湾水库(XW)和丹江口水库(DJK)的溶解氧、总溶解性固体、pH值、叶绿素-a及温度垂向分布, figureFileSmall=D86tLRsaqHcjW4jpmQIMgw==, figureFileBig=KEhvPmbaU4U1Dg51kCAy/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116663953805935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a)Gibbs diagram and(b)Piper diagram showing the distributions of dissolved cation and anion on an equivalent concentration(mg/L)in the Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK), figureFileSmall=7eqdp1AJoVoLjUWD19xAZg==, figureFileBig=ZTxiMIVimUbUSvxY9YgOyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664025109113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小湾水库(XW)和丹江口水库(DJK)的(a)水化学吉布斯Gibbs图及(b)阴、阳离子Piper图, figureFileSmall=7eqdp1AJoVoLjUWD19xAZg==, figureFileBig=ZTxiMIVimUbUSvxY9YgOyA==, tableContent=null), 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phosphorus species(TP, DTP, DP)in the water bodies of Xiaowan reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou reservoir(DJK), figureFileSmall=cvvSAaDbDYoDSBMrlFfD7Q==, figureFileBig=+LAhL6YZibUKnDEXo75nBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664503259829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小湾水库和丹江口水库不同形态氮(TN、DTN、NO3--N、NH4+-N)、磷(TP、DTP、DP)营养元素空间变化

图中N元素对应左纵轴,P元素对应右纵轴,图a、b对应小湾水库表、底层水体,c、d、e对应丹江口水库表、中、底层水体

, figureFileSmall=cvvSAaDbDYoDSBMrlFfD7Q==, figureFileBig=+LAhL6YZibUKnDEXo75nBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664612311750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a)Responses of(a)C:N, and(b)the comprehensive trophic level index(TLI)to N:P in water samples collected from the surface, middle and bottom layers of the water column in Xiaowan reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou reservoir(DJK), figureFileSmall=YWWR0avT3zZNpVh2+zk5xw==, figureFileBig=vfGQJM7ZYMFKG9oAl09Zew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116664754918103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小湾水库(XW)和丹江口水库(DJK)各断面上表、中、底层水体(a)C:N与(b)TLI与N:P的响应关系

TLI>70:重度富营养;60<TLI≤70:中度富营养;50<TLI≤60:轻度富营养;30<TLI≤50:中营养; 0<TLI≤30:贫营养;N:P<10:氮限制,N:P>20:磷限制;10<N:P<20:共同限制

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Hydrological, geological and functional characteristics of Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水库特征小湾水库丹江口水库来源
水文特征正常蓄水位(m)1240170[293135-36]
流域面积(km2)11300095200
总库容(亿m3)151.0290.5
年均径流量(m3/s)12101185
年均降雨量(mm)770~1330700~1200
年均气温(℃)14.3~19.015.0~16.0
平均水深(m)8020
水域面积(km2)3801050
水温垂向分层(m)表层:0~8表层:0~2[33]
中层:8~20中层:2~4
底层:20~100底层:4~25
功能以发电为主要功能以水源地功能使用[27-28]
调节方式不完全多年调节多年调节
滞留时间(d)远大于55
岩石类型云母片岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、变质砂岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩等变质中酸性火山岩、岩浆岩、碳酸盐岩、白云岩、石英岩等[2736]
), ArticleFig(id=1241116665765745491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642621575489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小湾水库(XW)和丹江口水库(DJK)的水文、地质和功能特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水库特征小湾水库丹江口水库来源
水文特征正常蓄水位(m)1240170[293135-36]
流域面积(km2)11300095200
总库容(亿m3)151.0290.5
年均径流量(m3/s)12101185
年均降雨量(mm)770~1330700~1200
年均气温(℃)14.3~19.015.0~16.0
平均水深(m)8020
水域面积(km2)3801050
水温垂向分层(m)表层:0~8表层:0~2[33]
中层:8~20中层:2~4
底层:20~100底层:4~25
功能以发电为主要功能以水源地功能使用[27-28]
调节方式不完全多年调节多年调节
滞留时间(d)远大于55
岩石类型云母片岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、变质砂岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩等变质中酸性火山岩、岩浆岩、碳酸盐岩、白云岩、石英岩等[2736]
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典型喀斯特水库水化学特征及水体营养状态影响因素研究
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付陈乐 1, 2 , 康满春 1, 2, * , 孟江槐 1, 2 , 刘佳 1, 2 , 刘流 3 , 龙良红 1, 2 , 肖尚斌 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1483-1495
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1483-1495
典型喀斯特水库水化学特征及水体营养状态影响因素研究
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付陈乐1, 2 , 康满春1, 2, * , 孟江槐1, 2, 刘佳1, 2, 刘流3, 龙良红1, 2, 肖尚斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.三峡大学,三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡库区生态环境教育部工程研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3.云南师范大学地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500
  • 付陈乐(2001-),男,江西抚州人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事淡水生态碳循环研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Study of hydro-chemical characteristics and influencing factors of the tropic status in typical karst reservoirs
Chen-le FU1, 2 , Man-chun KANG1, 2, * , Jiang-huai MENG1, 2, Jia LIU1, 2, liu LIU3, Liang-hong LONG1, 2, Shang-bin XIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3.Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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水库的水化学特征及营养状态是流域自然条件和人为作用的综合体现,本研究以小湾水库(XW)及丹江口水库(DJK)为研究对象,分析了喀斯特水库水体主要离子变化特征以及氮(N)、磷(P)营养盐的空间变化,解析了水体主要离子来源并分析了水库水体营养状态及其影响因素.结果表明:两水库水化学类型分别为HCO3·SO4-Ca型及HCO3-Ca型,均受岩石风化作用控制,且均具有较高水平的人为输入SO42-、NO3-;水库水体氮、磷主要以溶解态为主,水体无碳限制,但XW受氮限制,DJK受磷限制,水体营养状态均呈中营养水平;受喀斯特地区水化学背景及高风化速率的影响,C、N、P化学计量比为水体综合营养状态指数(TLI)的主要影响因素;水体在不同N、P限制条件下其营养状态的影响因子有所不同,而易受岩石风化、气候变化、人为输入等影响的C:P的值是控制水库水质的关键因素;基于水体氮、磷营养限制条件分析水化学特征、生源要素化学计量比等的影响,优化水体营养状态评价指标,为不同水文条件及功能作用下的喀斯特水库水体营养状态评价、水质管理提供依据.

喀斯特水库  /  水化学特征  /  离子来源  /  营养状态

The hydro-chemical characteristics and trophic status of reservoirs are shaped by a combination of natural conditions and anthropogenic effects within the watershed. This study focuses on Xiaowan Reservoir(XW)and Danjiangkou Reservoir(DJK)to analyzes the main ions characteristics and spatial variations of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)nutrients in their water bodies, we identify the primary sources of these ions and interprets the nutrient status of these karst reservoirs, along with the influencing factors. The results show that: The water chemistry of the karst reservoirs is governed by rock weathering, resulting in HCO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3-Ca types for XW and DJK respectively; Both reservoirs exhibit high anthropogenic inputs of SO42-and NO3-; In both reservoirs, nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)predominant exist in dissolved forms. While no carbon-limitation was observed,N-limitation is evident in XW and P-limitation in DJK, leading to a mesotrophic status in both reservoirs; The stoichiometric ratio of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P)are the primary factors influencing the comprehensive trophic level index(TLI)of the reservoirs. This is attributed to the karst hydrochemical background and high weathering rates; Under different N and P limiting conditions, the trophic status is affected by various factors, with the C to P ratio-sensitive to rock weathering, climate change, and anthropogenic inputs-emerging as a key determinant of water quality; To optimize the evaluation indices for assessing the trophic state and managing water quality in karst reservoirs under diverse hydrological conditions and functional roles, it is essential to analyze the effects of water chemical characteristics and stoichiometric ratios of biogenic elements on trophic status based on the analysis of nutrient limitations in water bodies.

karst reservoirs  /  hydro-chemical characteristics  /  ion source  /  trophic status
付陈乐, 康满春, 孟江槐, 刘佳, 刘流, 龙良红, 肖尚斌. 典型喀斯特水库水化学特征及水体营养状态影响因素研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1483 -1495 .
Chen-le FU, Man-chun KANG, Jiang-huai MENG, Jia LIU, liu LIU, Liang-hong LONG, Shang-bin XIAO. Study of hydro-chemical characteristics and influencing factors of the tropic status in typical karst reservoirs[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1483 -1495 .
湖、库水环境化学是流域蒸发、化学风化、大气沉降以及人类活动等共同作用的综合体现[1],水环境化学特征反映流域内风化岩石类型及离子来源等信息[2],也体现了人类活动的影响,如农业点、面源污染改变营养盐浓度并经由径流汇入水体导致富营养化、水华爆发等[3].碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)不仅是生物体生长和代谢的必需元素,也参与水生生态系统的营养循环和平衡维持[4];其中,N、P是水体初级生产力的重要生源要素,也是水体影响富营养化的关键因子[5],N、P赋存形态、含量都影响着水中浮游植物的繁殖生长[6],如我国湖泊及水库水体富营养化分布特征与N、P的空间分布趋势存在密切关系[7];而C既是生源要素,也通过影响其他元素的形态进而影响浮游植物生消[8],如喀斯特地区风化产生的溶解性无机碳通过碳酸盐泵的作用产生碳酸钙并促进水中磷的共沉淀[9],在以碳酸盐岩风化为的流域,浮游植物可以通过碳酸酐酶的作用将水体富含的HCO3-转化为CO2进而吸收利用[10].当前,筑坝拦截加剧了河流的碎片化,河流水动力条件发生明显改变,各类生源要素在水库水体中不断累积进而改变水体营养状态;此外,气候变化导致的强烈的岩石风化也影响流域生态环境的变化[11-12].
水库因其功能差异而具有不同的调度运行规律,进而影响着各自的水环境特征.水电开发是人类对河流最显著的干扰之一[13],其所形成的水库具有人工调节水位和底层泄水等特点,这些人为调控也影响着水体生源要素的地球化学过程[14].在地处峡谷、水力停留时间长且较深的水库中,水体较大的垂直温差易发生水温分层,这使得水体垂直混合能力降低[15],进而导致显著的水化学分层,形成库区水体营养盐含量相对较高的现象[16],为水体中藻类的生长、水体的富营养化如水华爆发提供营养条件[17];相比之下,水源地水库受自然和人为因素的影响更容易通过频繁的水层掺混影响到整个水深剖面[18],且水源地水库具有水体交换周期短,水质达标率较高等特点[19],另外,此类水库周边更密集的人类活动也强烈影响水体营养元素的迁移转化过程[20]和水生态环境.此外,喀斯特地区水库具有高HCO3-和Ca2+浓度的水化学特征为真核藻类(蓝藻等)提供了更高的竞争优势[21],同时影响藻类类型和生长及水体营养状态的C、N、P各类生源要素的含量及化学计量比也不同于其他类型的水库[22-23],从而更容易出现因土地利用不当而导致的水环境问题,因而在该背景下的水库管理方法及生态评价体系值得更深层次的研究.目前,对于水体水化学的研究多集中于水化学特征及来源解析[24],亦或是关注其时空变化及影响因素[25],而评价水体营养状态时多选取经验型营养状态指数法[26],鲜有基于水库水化学指标及特征作为水体营养的影响因子,并结合传统的水质指标和对应生源要素的化学计量比,对水体营养状态影响因素评价的针对性研究.
小湾水库是澜沧江中下游梯级水电水库中的“龙头”水库,所在地区喀斯特高山-峡谷地貌常伴有陡峭的崖壁及因水流侵蚀形成的峡谷,流域内地形变化剧烈并拥有更为发达的地下水系统[27];丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程的水源地,地处丘陵-平原的喀斯特区域,较低的地势及平坦的地形导致其水体流动速度减慢,整个水体易受流域风化及面源污染影响[28].本研究以受不同程度自然条件和人为因素影响下的喀斯特水库——小湾水库和丹江口水库为研究对象,通过正演模型和水化学通量法计算不同来源对水库溶质的贡献及岩石风化速率,解析不同环境背景下水库水体的主要离子来源及水化学特征,分析水体水化学、营养因素等对水体营养状态的影响,同时补充选用不同于传统营养状态评价的水体水化学指标及生源要素的化学计量比作为评价因子,并区分不同营养限制类型条件下主要影响因素的差异,以期为不同水文条件及功能作用下喀斯特水库的水环境管理和水体富营养化预防提供依据.
小湾水库(XW)属于澜沧江流域,位于云南临沧市与大理白族自治州和保山市交界,库区地处亚热带季风气候区,海拔987~2804m,日照充足,太阳辐射强度大,辐射量5000~6000MJ/m2,干湿分明,雨季为5~10月,流域内河道蜿蜒曲折且流速较快,土地利用类型多为林地,水源输入以澜沧江干、支流为主,春季及雨季有冰雪消融和降雨补充[29-30].丹江口水库(DJK)位于鄂豫交界处,是长江支流典型的水源地水库,属亚热带温暖半湿润季风气候,海拔250~500m,太阳辐射量4400~4700MJ/(m2),降雨集中在5~10月且多暴雨,水库补给多依赖于流经农耕区的上游来水及降雨[31-32].本研究水样采集时间为2023年8~9月,各断面水样根据水库热分层情况进行分层采集[33];小湾点位自主库区上游向坝前并结合河段流向及流速变化均匀分布,丹江口因水源补给为上游来水,库区水化学特征及营养状态与地理位置相近的补给河流具有相似性[34],点位均匀分布于代表性支流,具体采样点分布和水库基本特征见图1表1.
通过量水器采取表层水,丹江口水库深层水使用水泵在相应深度抽取,在小湾水库则采集柱状沉积物上覆水作为底层水,采集水样时用对应水层的水样润洗500mL的聚乙烯瓶2~3次,密封后放入4℃恒温冷藏柜保存.现场同步使用多参数水质检测仪(YSI-EXO,USA)原位测定采样点的温度(T)、水深、pH值、溶解氧(DO)等水体理化参数.
水样送回实验室进行阴、阳离子检验,通过取适量水样于50mL锥形瓶中,滴加2~3滴酚酞溶液,若溶液显红色,用0.025mol/L的盐酸溶液滴定至红色消失,记录消耗盐酸溶液体积;随后滴加2滴甲基橙溶液,继续用同浓度的盐酸溶液滴定至溶液由黄色突变为橙色,记录消耗盐酸溶液体积,根据酸碱滴定法的公式最终计算获得HCO3-浓度,水体样品过0.22µm筛后稀释送入离子色谱仪(盛瀚CIC-D160型,中国)分析测定阳离子(Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)和阴离子(Cl-、SO42-、NO3-)浓度.并通过溶解组分总和减去1/2HCO3-的计算方法得到总溶解性固体(TDS)含量.使用紫外分光光度计(A360)检测营养盐浓度:总氮(TN)、溶解性总氮(DTN)(碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法),硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)(紫外分光光度法),氨氮(NH4+-N)(纳氏试剂紫外分光光度法),总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)(钼酸铵分光光度法)及正磷酸盐(DP)(分光光度法).
采用正演模型[37]量化岩石风化、大气降水和人为输入等对水库水体溶质的贡献.离子来源分析采用正演法,质量平衡方程见公式(1):
式中:CXres表示库水中溶质物质的量浓度;CXatmCXevaCXcarCXsilCXanth分别表示由大气输入、蒸发盐岩贡献、碳酸盐岩贡献、硅酸盐岩贡献和人为输入的溶质的物质的量浓度.
利用水化学通量XcarXevaXsil来估算流域岩石风化速率[38],计算时需要先扣除由大气降水输入和人类活动影响的贡献的部分扣除[37],计算公式如下:
式中:CDRQC、CDRQS、CDRQE、CDRQSJ分布表示流域内碳酸盐、硅酸盐、蒸发岩及总风化速率,t/(km2·a);Q为多年平均径流量,m3/a;A为流域面积,km2.
采用综合营养状态指数法对两个水库的营养化状态进行评价,并对水体富营养程度进行分级[39],其计算公式为:
式中:TLI(∑)为综合营养状态指数;TLI(i)为第i种参数的营养状态指数;Wi为第i种参数的营养状态指数的相关权重,其计算式为:
式中:ri为第i个参数与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的相关系数,m为选出的主要参数数目.各种营养状态指数的计算式为:
本研究选择两个水库的氮、磷营养盐状况及Chl-a作为评价因子采用综合营养状态指数法进行评价,通过计算最终获得库区不同点位的综合营养状态指数,同一营养状态下,指数越大营养程度越高.该方法是以Chl-a作为基准,根据其他参数与其之间的相关系数得出营养状态指数的相关权重.水体氮、磷限制的判定标准:N:P(TN:TP)<10:氮营养限制,N:P>20:磷营养限制[40].
数据整理及计算处理部分均使用EXCEL 2013,水库基本理化性质及主要阴阳离子,氮、磷营养盐浓度等数据的统计检验分析在SPSS 20中完成,使用ArcGis10.8.1绘制采样点分布图,采用Origin 2018绘制Piper三线图、Gibbs图等,并进行Pearson相关性分析,同时绘制各影响因素的主成分分析图和相关性热图.
图2所示,小湾水库在垂向上比丹江口水库具有更明显的分层现象,其中小湾水库各断面理化性质表现为:T的变化范围为18.9~27.9℃,混合层(0~5m)的温度在26~28℃,滞温层(>20m)平均温度约19℃,而温跃层(5~20m)T变化幅度达7~8℃;DO浓度变化范围为1.6~11.2mg/L,最低值出现在分层处;TDS变化范围为95.0~235.0mg/L,呈现随水深递增的趋势;pH值表现为表层高中、下层低,变化范围为7.3~8.9,水体呈弱碱性;Chl-a在水体中层变化幅度大,但基本呈现表、底低中层高的现象,平均值为2.6µg/L.相比之下,丹江口水库各断面上水体理化性质变化趋势相似,T的变化范围为21.0~33.2℃,表层水水温较高但向深层逐渐降低;DO、TDS、pH值则具有较为显著的空间差异,水体DO浓度变化范围为0.3~11.7mg/L,在垂向上表现为表层>中层>底层;TDS含量变化范围为106.0~167.0mg/L,自上游向下游逐渐上升;水体pH值自上游向下游明显降低(7.1~10.5),且在垂向水柱中表现出随深度增加而降低的趋势;各采样断面底层Chl-a浓度均存在剧烈变化(0.5~35.8µg/L).
通过Na+/(Na++Ca2+)、Cl-/(Cl-+HCO3-)的比值可以将控制天然水体水化学组成的因素区分为大气降水、岩石风化和蒸发结晶三类.由图3(a)可见,两个水库流域内的所有采样点都落在岩石风化控制区域,说明两个水库库水阴、阳离子的主要控制类型为岩石风化.而在水库主要离子Piper图(图3(b))中,水库水体中阴离子在三角图中均靠近HCO3-轴,阳离子靠近Ca2+轴,表明两个水库的优势阴、阳离子为HCO3-、Ca2+.此外,根据水库优势离子含量:HCO3- (XW:115.33、DJK:87.54mg/L),Ca2+(XW:24.89、DJK:21.44mg/L)及离子含量占比情况:XW:Ca2+(46%)、HCO3- (51%)、SO42- (39%),DJK:Ca2+(56%)、HCO3-(61%)、SO42-(27%))分析,两水库均表现出明显的喀斯特水库水化学特征.
各主要离子在水库不同断面的空间变化如图4所示.其中,小湾水库底层水Ca2+浓度(32.85mg/L)约是表层水(16.94mg/L)的两倍,HCO3-、SO42-浓度在垂向上均呈现随水深增加而上升的趋势(P<0.05,表:101.03,67.31mg/L;底:129.63,110.43mg/L);而丹江口水库表、中、底层水体的Ca2+、HCO3-浓度并无显著差异(P>0.05),但底层SO42-浓度与表、中层存在差异.
水库水体氮、磷营养空间变化如图5所示,其中,小湾水体TN、TP浓度变化范围分别为0.394~1.112,0.032~0.440mg/L,其表层水体TN、NO3--N浓度均低于底层水体,但NH4+-N含量则相反;水体氮以溶解态为主(77.42%),其主要由NO3--N(40.61%)和NH4+-N(40.19%)组成,而水体磷多为颗粒态(60.08%),其中正磷酸盐(DP)水平较低(19.63%);相比之下,丹江口不同水深TN、TP浓度变化范围(图5(c)~图5(e))分别为0.570~1.895,0.008~0.069mg/L,垂向上,各形态N浓度随水深变化无显著变化(P>0.05),但表层的DTN浓度则从上游至下游表现出上升趋势;各点位水体中溶解态氮占78.45%,其中NO3--N(59.76%)和NH4+-N(34.08%)则分别高于和低于小湾水库;磷元素也是以溶解态为主(82.17%),其中DP含量高(50.52%);丹江口水库P元素各形态浓度大致表现为向下游减少的趋势但各点位在垂向上没有较大差异.
根据N:P比值评价水库的营养限制类型,小湾水库N:P均值为3,属于氮营养限制类型,C:N、C:P的均值分别为115及345丹江口水库N:P均值为27,属于磷营养限制类型,C:N、C:P均值分别为46及1243 (图6(a));通过综合营养状态指数法对水库水体进行富营养状况评价,小湾水库和丹江口水库水体营养状态处于中营养水平(XW:40.30,DJK:45.04),但丹江口水库表、中层存在局部轻度富营养(图6(b)).
根据小湾水库和丹江口水库的水化学离子特征,两个流域内均存在部分蒸发岩(主要为石膏),故只考虑石膏溶解作用所产生的Na+、Cl-、Ca2+、SO42-对水库的贡献;因碳酸盐岩中的Na+和K+含量较少,故不考虑该部分的贡献;通常认为,Na+和K+来自于钠、钾长石等硅酸盐岩风化溶解产生,Ca2+和Mg2+来自于钙、镁硅酸盐岩风化溶解,NO3-仅来源于人为输入,而SO42-则来源于含硫化肥的施用和化石燃料燃烧等人为输入及蒸发岩风化.基于上述前提,根据Noh等[41]、Sun等[42]研究澜沧江和长江流域内硅酸盐及蒸发岩风化端元的数据,假设蒸发岩端元值为进行大气输入校正后的区域最小值[43],Cl-大气输送浓度来源于流域降雨数据,最终通过海盐校正法[44]得到其他离子含量,具体如下:
各离子质量守恒方程可简化如下:
根据(11)~(17),小湾水库水体溶质受自然因素影响的比例为64.5%,其中碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩的贡献值分别为37.89%、21.67%;受人为因素影响的SO42-、NO3-浓度(AnthSO42-、AnthNO3-)分别为1.727,0.056mmol/L;而丹江口水库水体溶质受人类活动影响的比例为35.9%,人类活动贡献的SO42-、NO3-分别为0.768,0.071mmol/L,且自然因素作用下碳酸盐岩的贡献值也最高(46.72%).由于端元贡献值与不同流域的岩性分布、人类活动影响程度等密切相关[45],本研究中,碳酸盐岩广泛分布于两个流域内,且小湾水库还存在丰富的蒸发岩[46]且易受其高太阳辐射的环境作用蒸发进入水体.进一步通过水化学通量[38]计算流域岩石风化速率,小湾水库的岩石风化速率(CDRQSJ)为83.489t/ (km2·a)(其中碳酸盐岩64.078t/(km2·a)、蒸发岩14.733t/(km2·a)、硅酸盐岩4.678t/(km2·a)),丹江口水库的岩石风化速率为68.046t/(km2·a)(其中碳酸盐岩58.374t/(km2·a)、蒸发岩5.581t/(km2·a)、硅酸盐岩4.091t/(km2·a)).
两个水库分层水样中Cl-/(Na++K+)比值整体偏向Na++K+一侧(图7(a)),说明水体Na+、K+不足以平衡Cl-,Cl-并非全部来源于蒸发岩溶解,可能有部分源自硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解;相较之下,丹江口水库浓度比值更靠近岩盐溶解线(1:1),则说明丹江口的硅酸盐矿物相对更少.水样中Ca2+与HCO3-比值点(图7(b))落在1:1线和1:2线(方解石溶解线)之间,且呈显著正相关关系(r=0.90、0.89,P<0.01),Ca2++Mg2+与HCO3-比值点(图7(c))大部分落在岩盐溶解线Ca2++Mg2+一侧,说明小湾水库和丹江口水库所在区域均存在碳酸盐岩风化的情况,Ca2+和HCO3-具有共同来源,但碳酸钙岩并不是HCO3-的全部来源[47],HCO3-不足以平衡Ca2+、Mg2+,推断其源于方解石的溶解而不是白云石[48-49],同时存在其他如硅酸盐岩矿物等的风化.此外,图7(d)中各点均落在靠近1:1线和1:2线之间,且Mg2+与SO42-有显著的正相关关系(r=0.98、0.80,P<0.01),表明两个流域内均存在石膏的溶解,而且岩石的风化过程不仅仅是由硫酸和碳酸共同控制,还存着不少部分由硅酸控制[50].除此之外,两个水库的平均水深、补给来源、蓄水及换水时间不尽相同,一方面,以上游来水为水源的水库其库区水化学特征大都与补给来源相似[34],但同时,水体滞留时间越长的水库其水化学特征被改变的可能越大[51],因此,在不同的蓄水周期及周边环境的影响下,丹江口水库的水化学特征会更快响应流域内的人类活动,而小湾水库在长期蓄水及深水条件下,其水化学特征会因为水体分层而具有垂向差异性.
本研究中,小湾水库和丹江口水库的N、P元素均超过富营养化的国际标准(TN:0.2mg/L,TP:0.02mg/L[40]),小湾水库水体C:N:P=345:3:1,丹江口水库C:N:P=1243:27:1,小湾水库具有高C:N和低C:P,水华爆发作为富营养水体的典型特征,藻类的类型和生长取决于水体C、N、P等各生源要素的含量及化学计量比[22];且化学计量比含量更能影响水体的营养状态[23],通常,藻类体内C、N、P元素比例相对固定,蓝藻中C:N:P=160:23:1,绿藻中C:N:P=375:23:1[8].同时,两个水库因位于喀斯特地区而具有丰富的无机碳源,均未形成碳限制,水体中C:N、C:P均远远高于藻类生长所需的比例;其中小湾水库高C:N有利于绿藻等对碳需求高的藻类生长并通过生物固碳形成碳汇[8],丹江口水库则因高C:P更有利于对磷需求较低的蓝藻的快速增殖[52],进而导致水质恶化并释放大量温室气体而成为碳源[53].
为进一步评价水体营养状态,本研究对两个水库水化学因子分别进行主成分分析(图8),主成分分别解释了两个水库水体营养状态73.6%、86.8%的变化.小湾水库营养状态48.4%的方差变异来自于主成分1(PC1,图8(a)),C、N、P化学计量比及Ca2+、HCO3-、CDRQSJ、AnthNO3-与AnthSO42-是该成分内较强的正荷载,表明小湾流域内自然风化强烈且营养状态主要受营养元素化学计量比控制,同时人为输入的对水体溶质的影响较为突出;主成分2(PC2)则解释了25.2%的方差变异,DO、TDS、Chl-a、分别贡献0.384、0.386、0.433、0.369的正荷载,他们的空间变异性导致该水库营养状态的空间变异性[54].在丹江口水库中,PC1解释了其水体营养变化的70.8%(图8(b)),其中C、N、P化学计量比及Ca2+、HCO3-等是主要的正荷载;PC2则解释了16%的变量信息,其中N:P和C:P为主要载荷,说明丹江口水库水体营养状态主要受到C、N、P化学计量比的控制,而其作为平原水源地水库,必须控制N、P等营养的人为输入才能调节水质.此外,高风化速率通常会导致更多的岩石及矿物发生风化,并使得土壤和沉积物中的磷更易被冲刷和输送到水体之中,但喀斯特地区的岩性类型以碳酸盐岩为主,其含磷量相对较低且多为与钙素结合的稳定态磷酸盐[55],在长时间的风化过程中,TP及DP含量相对降低,进而导致两水库的CDRQSJ与二者呈现负相关.
两个水库所在的喀斯特地区的气候条件影响着水库水化学的背景特征,水体中的Ca2+、HCO3-等离子与T呈显著负相关(P<0.01;图9),喀斯特水体的高pH值[56]与Ca2+等离子呈负相关,T和pH值则共同影响着Chl-a,这些因子则共同影响水体的TLI(图9).为厘清不同营养限制类型下水库营养状态的影响因子,本研究以N:P比值作为区分条件进行了偏相关分析(图9).在N限制条件下,TLI与DO、pH值、C:P均呈显著负相关(r<-0.90,P<0.05;图9(a)),与Ca2+、HCO3-、NH4+-N浓度呈负相关但不显著;其中,NH4+-N作为易吸收的N营养元素[57]可缓解水体的N限制,NH4+-N浓度上升能促进浮游植物的增殖并消耗水体中的其他生源要素并降低TLI;同时DO、pH值还显著影响着C:P(r>0.97,P<0.01),主要是由于在碱性条件或高DO的水体中,上覆水中含P的物质会向沉积物迁移进而吸附或沉淀于底泥之中[58],水体中C:P上升而TLI也因此下降(r=-0.95,P<0.05).相比之下,在P限制条件下,TLI仅与C:P呈显著负相关(P<0.05,图9(b)),喀斯特地区较高的风化程度提供了大量的无机碳,TP及DP含量相对不足(与TP、DP的相关性r<-0.72,P<0.05),C:P上升促使水体TLI下降;相比于N限制,P限制条件下的适宜的DO和pH值会促进藻类对有机磷进行吸收[59],从而导致其对Chl-a的影响更为显著(P<0.01);在N-P共同限制条件下(图9(c)),TLI与水体TN、TP、Chl-a均无显著的相关关系(P>0.05),水体C:N则主要受岩石风化速率和人为输入营养影响,而C:P同时还与T、pH值、Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-等水化学因子相关;由此可见,相比于已有的水体营养状态评价方法及其主要影响指标[26],不同水文条件及功能作用下的喀斯特水库水体营养状态影响因素各异且C:P是关键指标.综上,对于喀斯特水库水体的营养状态评价,应考虑岩石风化、气候变化、人为输入等对水化学因子、生源要素间化学计量比的影响,进而根据水体氮、磷营养限制条件分析水体营养主要影响因素,尤其要考虑各生源要素间化学计量比的影响,优化水体营养状态评价指标,从而为有效评价喀斯特水库水体营养状态和水质管理提供依据.
4.1 小湾水库及丹江口水库水化学类型分别为HCO3·SO4-Ca型及HCO3-Ca型,均受岩石风化作用控制;前者岩石风化以碳酸盐岩为主且风化速率达83.489t/(km2·a),后者岩石风化主要有碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风为主,风化速率约为68.046t/(km2·a).
4.2 小湾水库中N、P营养分别以溶解态氮(77.42%)和颗粒态磷(60.08%)为主,丹江口水库则都以溶解态为主(占比分别为78.45、82.17%);两个水库均不存在C限制,但分别存在N限制、P限制;综合营养指数TLI分别为40.30和45.04,均呈中度营养水平.
4.3 喀斯特地区水库水体的营养水平受其水化学背景及高风化速率的影响,C、N、P化学计量比是水体TLI的主要影响因素;水体存在不同N、P限制时营养状态的影响因子则有所不同,但提高易受岩石风化、气候变化、人为输入等影响的C:P均为改善水库水质的关键手段.
4.4 不同水文条件及功能作用下的喀斯特水库水体营养状态评价,应基于水体氮、磷营养限制条件,综合分析水化学特征、生源要素化学计量比等的影响,优化水体营养状态评价指标,为喀斯特水库水体营养状态评价、管理提供依据.
  • 三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站(三峡大学)开放基金(2024YWZ05)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979148)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51809149)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(2022CFD032)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
基金
三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站(三峡大学)开放基金(2024YWZ05)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979148)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51809149)
湖北省自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(2022CFD032)
作者信息
    1.三峡大学,三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡库区生态环境教育部工程研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3.云南师范大学地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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