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Article(id=1241116642449616898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773834866392, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773834866392, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773834866392, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773834866392, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241116641321350143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1185', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773834866123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881366030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241311676130193620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241116641321350143, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1765, endPage=1776, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241116642713858055, articleId=1241116642449616898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Hydraulic experiments and numerical simulation of microplastics migration in aquatic environments, columnId=1240689620866887794, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Emerging Contaminants, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The migration behavior of microplastics in aquatic environments is governed by complex interactions among hydraulic, physical, and material-specific factors. This study integrates hydraulic experiments and force analysis to identify the critical hydraulic parameter thresholds influencing state transitions of different microplastic types in freshwater systems. A Lagrangian particle tracking method is then employed to develop a migration model grounded in well-defined physical principles. This model simulates microplastic trajectories, predicting their ultimate movement states and environmental fate. The model is validated using field data from the urban section of the Jialu River in Zhengzhou, China. Results indicate that 66.79% of microplastics in this section have particle sizes smaller than 0.5mm, with fragmented（31.1%）and fibrous（29.2%）shapes being predominant. Polypropylene（PP）migrates as floating debris with the highest velocity, while polystyrene（PS）and polyamide（PA）particles smaller than 0.5mm migrate as suspended load. In contrast, polyethylene terephthalate（PET）and PA particles larger than 0.5mm migrate as bedload or remain stationary on the riverbed. Under flow rates of 14m3/s and 20m3/s, retention rates of microplastics over 36hours were 43.79%and 47.85%, respectively, with PA and PET constituting the major retained microplastic types. These findings provide valuable insights into the hydrodynamic behavior and environmental fate of microplastics, offering guidance for pollution management in freshwater systems.

, correspAuthors=Ming DOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-xuan LI, Ming DOU, Gui-qiu LI, Zhen WANG, Yu-ze ZHOU, Ao-qi XING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241116650062278876, articleId=1241116642449616898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=水体中微塑料迁移行为的水力学实验与数值模拟, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解微塑料在水体中的迁移行为，基于水力学实验和受力分析方法识别不同类型微塑料在水体中运动状态变化的水力学参数阈值，进而结合拉格朗日粒子追踪方法建立具有明确物理机制的微塑料迁移模型，对微塑料的迁移运动轨迹进行模拟，预测微塑料的最终运动状态以及归趋，并结合贾鲁河郑州市区段实测数据对模型进行验证.结果表明：贾鲁河郑州市区段中粒径在0.5mm以下的微塑料占比为66.79%，主要的形状是碎片状(31.1%)与纤维状(29.2%). PP作为漂移质迁移，且迁移速率最快; PS与粒径小于0.5mm的PA作为悬移质迁移;PET与粒径大于0.5mm的PA作为推移质进行推移运动或静止在水底.在流量为14m3/s与20m3/s的两种工况下，微塑料在36h内的滞留率为43.79%与47.85%，其中颗粒占比最大，PA与PET为主要的滞留微塑料种类.

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* 责任作者，教授，
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李煜瑄(2000-)，男，河南新乡人，郑州大学硕士研究生，主要从事水环境模型研究..

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李煜瑄(2000-)，男，河南新乡人，郑州大学硕士研究生，主要从事水环境模型研究..

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李煜瑄(2000-)，男，河南新乡人，郑州大学硕士研究生，主要从事水环境模型研究..

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Water Resources Protection，2020，36(4):40-46., articleTitle=Water quality evaluation and pollution source analysis of the Zhengzhou section of the Jialu River, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116668554965550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=63, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=35, authorNames=谢志伟, 雒天峰, 李翔, journalName=人民黄河, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢志伟，雒天峰，李翔. 梯形渠道流速分布规律及测流技术研究 [J]. 人民黄河，2008，(1):63-64., articleTitle=梯形渠道流速分布规律及测流技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241116668676600378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=63, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Xie Zhiwei, Luo Tianfeng, Li Xiang, journalName=People 's Yellow River, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Zhiwei，Luo Tianfeng，Li Xiang. 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Marine Pollution Bulletin，2021，171:112698., articleTitle=Comprehensive assessment of factors influencing Nile red staining: Eliciting solutions for efficient microplastics analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241116660606758953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, awardId=221100320200, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省重大科技专项(221100320200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116660724199483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, awardId=242300421224, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省自然科学基金(242300421224), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241116660820668480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, awardId=222102320211, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关计划(222102320211), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241116650498486517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, 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companyId=1241116650674647301, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241116650695618824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, companyId=1241116650674647301, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.郑州大学水利与交通学院，河南 郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241116656068522618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Conceptual diagram of stress analysis and migration mechanism of microplastics, figureFileSmall=zuwpkcgsvxci0cAnnPuJMw==, figureFileBig=I52ZpdwffYurqdkQXSrBbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116656198546061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水体中微塑料受力分析与运动原理示意, figureFileSmall=zuwpkcgsvxci0cAnnPuJMw==, figureFileBig=I52ZpdwffYurqdkQXSrBbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116656517313217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental design of water tank, figureFileSmall=jCW1UBv3g0+/2Rl17S9hPA==, figureFileBig=d81r+yZwWmmfVRBbUyXY+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116656647336659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水槽实验设计示意, figureFileSmall=jCW1UBv3g0+/2Rl17S9hPA==, figureFileBig=d81r+yZwWmmfVRBbUyXY+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116658329252596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the model, figureFileSmall=N/RgcHEOYfQuBoHA1F48Xg==, figureFileBig=5f3orO6FlNa7NTYd1ECH9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116658434110212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图3, caption=模型原理示意, figureFileSmall=N/RgcHEOYfQuBoHA1F48Xg==, figureFileBig=5f3orO6FlNa7NTYd1ECH9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116658559939349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Section distribution of Jialu River in Zhengzhou and sampling points, figureFileSmall=hHa59eJDyTg6SL9MYpBhxA==, figureFileBig=wex3VRwOdxsgXBiZREgBOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116658799014694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图4, caption=贾鲁河郑州市区段以及采样点断面分布示意, figureFileSmall=hHa59eJDyTg6SL9MYpBhxA==, figureFileBig=wex3VRwOdxsgXBiZREgBOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116658887095094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig 5, caption=Partial results of the hydromechanical experiment, figureFileSmall=x9Ys55ZLo/Ezsai9qQrOJQ==, figureFileBig=oB0dbjz6WM3bHvni0bkFNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659008729928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水力学实验部分结果

a：临界再悬浮流速与临界悬移流速模拟实测拟合图;b：临界启动流速模拟实测拟合图;c：悬移速率;d漂移速率

, figureFileSmall=x9Ys55ZLo/Ezsai9qQrOJQ==, figureFileBig=oB0dbjz6WM3bHvni0bkFNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659121976155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison between measured data and simulated results of microplastics concentration, figureFileSmall=9VHz51Gph31I8DU7uUtKRA==, figureFileBig=u+ETZg1auaSa+dhZyDBFLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659218445164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图6, caption=微塑料浓度实测数据与模拟结果对比

a：实测值;b：模拟值Q=14m3/s; c：模拟值Q=20m3/s

, figureFileSmall=9VHz51Gph31I8DU7uUtKRA==, figureFileBig=u+ETZg1auaSa+dhZyDBFLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659306525559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microplastic movement trajectory diagram, figureFileSmall=O7BudzsKkUHBp7F0ElVgng==, figureFileBig=jHX0HcIf8RPUVq6tNN2Kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659419771781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微塑料运动轨迹

图中，面积图表示微塑料的运动范围;折线表示微塑料运动轨迹的中位数路径

, figureFileSmall=O7BudzsKkUHBp7F0ElVgng==, figureFileBig=jHX0HcIf8RPUVq6tNN2Kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659516240788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics, figureFileSmall=BI0fb5Pa7OT+5M090THi6w==, figureFileBig=A0E9812tmboQ4FXDuENWyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659612709793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=图8, caption=微塑料时空分布

a：模拟工况为Q=14m3/s; b：模拟工况为Q=20m3/s.

, figureFileSmall=BI0fb5Pa7OT+5M090THi6w==, figureFileBig=A0E9812tmboQ4FXDuENWyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116659688207273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hydrodynamic experimental design conditions of microplastics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料密度(kg/m3)形状粒径(mm)水槽流速(m/s)运动状态投放数量(个)
PP900颗粒、碎片1.101~3.5340.167~0.550漂移180
PS1050颗粒、碎片1.105~3.9590.036~0.420悬移300
PA1140颗粒、碎片、纤维0.405~4.9960.062~0.910悬移或推移680
PET1390颗粒、碎片0.843~2.6210.085~0.910推移400
PVC1390颗粒、碎片0.804~1.9890.102~0.910推移420
), ArticleFig(id=1241116659784676276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微塑料水力学实验设计工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料密度(kg/m3)形状粒径(mm)水槽流速(m/s)运动状态投放数量(个)
PP900颗粒、碎片1.101~3.5340.167~0.550漂移180
PS1050颗粒、碎片1.105~3.9590.036~0.420悬移300
PA1140颗粒、碎片、纤维0.405~4.9960.062~0.910悬移或推移680
PET1390颗粒、碎片0.843~2.6210.085~0.910推移400
PVC1390颗粒、碎片0.804~1.9890.102~0.910推移420
), ArticleFig(id=1241116659897922498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Values of migration coefficient and critical velocity（measured）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类水平迁移系数(k1或k2)临界悬移速率(m/s)临界启动流速(m/s)
非纤维状纤维状非纤维状纤维状颗粒碎片
PP0.91
PS0.860.2510.0590.065
PA0.840.940.6490.4300.0900.105
PET0.840.7050.1430.188
PVC0.850.7100.1380.190
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660002780114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

迁移系数与临界流速（实测）取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类水平迁移系数(k1或k2)临界悬移速率(m/s)临界启动流速(m/s)
非纤维状纤维状非纤维状纤维状颗粒碎片
PP0.91
PS0.860.2510.0590.065
PA0.840.940.6490.4300.0900.105
PET0.840.7050.1430.188
PVC0.850.7100.1380.190
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660095054813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Values of hydrodynamic formulas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公式符号计算取值单位注释
C1/6无量纲谢才系数
B30m河宽
g9.8m/s2重力加速度
k0.4无量纲卡门常数
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660195718123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水动力公式取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公式符号计算取值单位注释
C1/6无量纲谢才系数
B30m河宽
g9.8m/s2重力加速度
k0.4无量纲卡门常数
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660313158654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distribution of sampling points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点编号采样点概况经度纬度
1西流湖桥113°59′17.57″E34°81′32.07″N
2污水河交汇口下游113°59′25.94″E34°81′48.10″N
3固城村村口桥113°62′92.10″E34°85′22.16″N
4京水花园附近贾鲁河桥113°68′55.72″E34°85′83.97″N
5国电煤电公司附近桥梁113°69′94.17″E34°86′55.78″N
6沿020乡道到迎宾东路跨贾鲁河桥113°70′35.45″E34°86′75.85″N
7贾鲁河上渔垂钓园113°73′40.65″E34°86′71.21″N
8东四环贾鲁河桥下113°81′06.46″E34°81′49.74″N
9大吴村退役军人服务站113°83′62.66″E34°80′99.55″N
), ArticleFig(id=1241116660434792465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642449616898, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

采样点分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点编号采样点概况经度纬度
1西流湖桥113°59′17.57″E34°81′32.07″N
2污水河交汇口下游113°59′25.94″E34°81′48.10″N
3固城村村口桥113°62′92.10″E34°85′22.16″N
4京水花园附近贾鲁河桥113°68′55.72″E34°85′83.97″N
5国电煤电公司附近桥梁113°69′94.17″E34°86′55.78″N
6沿020乡道到迎宾东路跨贾鲁河桥113°70′35.45″E34°86′75.85″N
7贾鲁河上渔垂钓园113°73′40.65″E34°86′71.21″N
8东四环贾鲁河桥下113°81′06.46″E34°81′49.74″N
9大吴村退役军人服务站113°83′62.66″E34°80′99.55″N
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水体中微塑料迁移行为的水力学实验与数值模拟
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李煜瑄 1 , 窦明 1, 2, * , 李桂秋 2 , 王振 2 , 周雨泽 2 , 邢澳琪 1
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(3): 1765-1776
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(3): 1765-1776
水体中微塑料迁移行为的水力学实验与数值模拟
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李煜瑄1 , 窦明1, 2, * , 李桂秋2, 王振2, 周雨泽2, 邢澳琪1
作者信息
  • 1.郑州大学生态与环境学院，河南 郑州 450001
  • 2.郑州大学水利与交通学院，河南 郑州 450001

    • 李煜瑄(2000-)，男，河南新乡人，郑州大学硕士研究生，主要从事水环境模型研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者，教授，
Hydraulic experiments and numerical simulation of microplastics migration in aquatic environments
Yu-xuan LI1 , Ming DOU1, 2, * , Gui-qiu LI2, Zhen WANG2, Yu-ze ZHOU2, Ao-qi XING1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2.College of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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摘要
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为了解微塑料在水体中的迁移行为，基于水力学实验和受力分析方法识别不同类型微塑料在水体中运动状态变化的水力学参数阈值，进而结合拉格朗日粒子追踪方法建立具有明确物理机制的微塑料迁移模型，对微塑料的迁移运动轨迹进行模拟，预测微塑料的最终运动状态以及归趋，并结合贾鲁河郑州市区段实测数据对模型进行验证.结果表明：贾鲁河郑州市区段中粒径在0.5mm以下的微塑料占比为66.79%，主要的形状是碎片状(31.1%)与纤维状(29.2%). PP作为漂移质迁移，且迁移速率最快; PS与粒径小于0.5mm的PA作为悬移质迁移;PET与粒径大于0.5mm的PA作为推移质进行推移运动或静止在水底.在流量为14m3/s与20m3/s的两种工况下，微塑料在36h内的滞留率为43.79%与47.85%，其中颗粒占比最大，PA与PET为主要的滞留微塑料种类.

微塑料  /  水力学实验  /  迁移模型  /  粒子追踪法  /  贾鲁河

The migration behavior of microplastics in aquatic environments is governed by complex interactions among hydraulic, physical, and material-specific factors. This study integrates hydraulic experiments and force analysis to identify the critical hydraulic parameter thresholds influencing state transitions of different microplastic types in freshwater systems. A Lagrangian particle tracking method is then employed to develop a migration model grounded in well-defined physical principles. This model simulates microplastic trajectories, predicting their ultimate movement states and environmental fate. The model is validated using field data from the urban section of the Jialu River in Zhengzhou, China. Results indicate that 66.79% of microplastics in this section have particle sizes smaller than 0.5mm, with fragmented（31.1%）and fibrous（29.2%）shapes being predominant. Polypropylene（PP）migrates as floating debris with the highest velocity, while polystyrene（PS）and polyamide（PA）particles smaller than 0.5mm migrate as suspended load. In contrast, polyethylene terephthalate（PET）and PA particles larger than 0.5mm migrate as bedload or remain stationary on the riverbed. Under flow rates of 14m3/s and 20m3/s, retention rates of microplastics over 36hours were 43.79%and 47.85%, respectively, with PA and PET constituting the major retained microplastic types. These findings provide valuable insights into the hydrodynamic behavior and environmental fate of microplastics, offering guidance for pollution management in freshwater systems.

microplastics  /  hydraulic experiment  /  migration model  /  particle tracking method  /  Jialu River
李煜瑄, 窦明, 李桂秋, 王振, 周雨泽, 邢澳琪. 水体中微塑料迁移行为的水力学实验与数值模拟. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1765 -1776 .
Yu-xuan LI, Ming DOU, Gui-qiu LI, Zhen WANG, Yu-ze ZHOU, Ao-qi XING. Hydraulic experiments and numerical simulation of microplastics migration in aquatic environments[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1765 -1776 .
正文
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微塑料近年来广受全球学术界关注[1]，微塑料在水体中的迁移行为受多方面因素的影响，尤其在陆地淡水环境中微塑料的迁移机理较海洋环境更为复杂.研究发现，微塑料在水体中的分布极为广泛，其迁移与其形状、大小、密度与水环境条件密切相关[2].相较于淡水环境，海洋中的微塑料更多地是通过洋流与气温等因素主导其迁移运动[3].由于海洋相较于内陆淡水环境更为广阔与深邃，因此对微塑料在垂直分布及沉积物再悬浮等方面的研究也广受关注[4].而陆地淡水环境中的微塑料的迁移过程受到的影响因素更多，影响其迁移的因素包括淡水环境中水文条件、季节与地理因素[5]等.
众多研究人员已观察到，在外部条件变化时，微塑料的运动状态也会随之改变，并试图确定这些变化的具体临界条件.在海洋环境中，当海水流速增加时，作用于微塑料上的总力会超过某一阈值，导致微塑料无法保持稳定状态，从而使得原本沉积在海底的微塑料转变为再次悬浮的状态[6-7].在淡水环境中，河流单向高流速的特点会使其中的微塑料更容易发生沉降与再悬浮现象，而湖泊、池塘与湿地等流速较慢的淡水水体会促进微塑料的垂向分层与沉降[8].在研究自然环境中微塑料的迁移规律之余，水力学实验的相关研究也发现微塑料在淡水中的沉降和上升速度受到其形状、大小和密度的影响，这些因素显著影响了微塑料的传输特性[9].另外，通过人工河道模拟河流系统中的再悬浮现象可以揭示不同类型的微塑料在扰动沉积物中的垂直分布特征，即低密度微塑料多位于水柱及沉积物表层，而高密度微塑料则更易被埋入沉积物深处[10].近年来，利用数学模型来模拟水体中微塑料的迁移路径，已成为揭示其来源、分布及最终去向的重要工具[11].水环境中的微塑料迁移模拟研究发现连续时间随机行走(CTRW)模型、伯努利模型和空间马尔可夫模型能有效预测聚乙烯(PE)微塑料粒子的传输过程，尤其在突破曲线预测方面表现出色[12].三维水动力学模型能够有效地模拟不同密度和形状的微塑料在河流沉积物中的分散和运输，研究发现高密度微塑料更易于在沉积物中累积，而低密度微塑料则表现出更高的流动性[13].此外，微塑料的水力学模型还可用于分析交通相关的微塑料通过雨水排放进入河流后的命运，指出高密度和大尺寸的微塑料更易于在河流中沉积，而密度接近淡水的小尺寸微塑料则容易到达海洋环境中[14].微塑料在淡水环境中的运动轨迹和驱动因素与海洋环境差异较大(如水流形态更复杂、微塑料运动状态转换也更频繁)，而且淡水环境与人类的生存和发展休戚相关，更应作为微塑料污染防控的重点.
目前，针对微塑料迁移的研究主要依赖于对微塑料分布状态的实地考察，或是借助数学模型进行模拟预测微塑料的浓度分布.然而，受限于现有的观测技术和模型设定，这些研究方法较为单一，往往未能全面考虑微塑料粒子运动模式的多样性和特性差异.此外，微塑料成分极为复杂，不同类型微塑料在物理及化学性质上表现出显著区别，这直接影响了它们在水环境中迁移与转化的具体规律.微塑料在水环境中的迁移行为受多种水力学因素影响，包括流速、湍流强度及颗粒物沉降速率等，近年来的研究逐渐揭示了这些因素对微塑料分布模式的影响机制，但针对不同水体条件下微塑料具体迁移路径和归宿的量化研究仍显不足.因此，采用单一研究方法难以准确反映微塑料真实的迁移过程，也无法深入解析其背后的迁移机制.为此，本文结合水力学实验和数学模型等手段针对不同粒子的微塑料示踪与研究，探究不同类型微塑料进入水体后的迁移机制，解析其在河流中的运动轨迹，其研究工作对于揭示微塑料在淡水环境中的迁移规律具有一定的理论指导意义.
1　水体中微塑料运动原理与实验验证
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1.1　微塑料在水体中的运动原理解析
微塑料在自然水体中的运动转化是一个复杂的过程，主要包括迁移输送、沉积、破碎分解[15]、降解[16]、吸附黏着[17]和生物摄入等.由于微塑料化学性质比较稳定，因此本研究将其在水体中的运动方式视为一个物理迁移过程而不考虑微塑料老化破碎、生物摄入降解、吸附黏附等作用机制.微塑料的迁移过程又可分为水平运动与垂直运动两个环节.水平方向的运动状态包括漂移、悬移、推移等，垂直方向上的运动状态包括沉降、再悬浮等过程.参照泥沙工程学原理[18]与不同类型微塑料在水体中的受力情况与运动方式，本研究将水体中微塑料的存在状态分为漂移质、悬移质与推移质三类.漂移质与悬移质微塑料在水平方向上受力为水流拖曳力(Fx)与水体阻力(Ff)[19]，在垂直方向上为重力(G)与上举力与浮力的合力(Fy)[16]，二者在水中受力平衡，会随着水流进行迁移，而当在垂向上受力不平衡时，漂移质会沉降转化悬移质，悬移质会沉降至水体底部转化为推移质.除了上述所受合力以外，推移质微塑料在水体底部运动时还会受到离心力(FC)与切应力(Fa)的影响[20].微塑料在水体中的受力分析与运动原理如图1所示.
1.2　基于水力学实验的微塑料运动特征研究
微塑料的运动特征研究主要通过水力学实验观察不同类型微塑料在水体中的运动状态，研究微塑料迁移速率与水体流速的内在关系，确定微塑料沉降速率、临界启动流速、临界再悬浮流速等关键参数.本研究选取不同粒径和形状的聚丙烯(PP)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)与聚氯乙烯(PVC)五种塑料作为实验对象，基于购置的原始塑料样品，使用上海净信液氮冷冻研磨机(JXFSTPRP-II-02)将塑料样品进行液氮冷冻后研磨为粒径小于5mm的不规则微塑料，共计11种样品.
实验在封闭自循环水槽中进行，根据实验所用水槽绘制水槽实验设计如图2所示.实验水槽整体为透明玻璃材质、矩形断面，河床采用光滑平面、亚克力板、人造草皮等不同材质构成的床面，形成近似均匀流条件，且实验过程中采用便携式流速仪测试流速.实验过程中，水槽流速设置的依据源于贾鲁河实地现场测量的流速范围来设置水力学实验中水槽流速范围，水槽流速调节范围为0.030~0.910m/s，水深调节范围为0.065~0.6m.微塑料设计工况如表1所示.
水力学实验主要观测并记录微塑料不同形态的微塑料的运动参数，分两种情况来统计：一是在水流稳定条件下时，微塑料处于稳定迁移状态下的运动速率，如漂移速率、悬移速率、推移速率与沉降速率；二是在水流条件变化导致微塑料运动状态发生改变时的临界条件改变的相关参数阈值，如临界悬移流速、临界启动流速与临界再悬浮流速.其中，临界悬移流速指微塑料在进入水体后由沉降状态转变为悬移状态的临界流速，在流速增大的条件下微塑料的垂直位移不再发生变化时的瞬时流速即为临界悬移流速；临界启动流速指微塑料在水体底部由静止转化为滚动状态的瞬时流速；临界再悬浮流速则是在水体底部推移的微塑料粒子从水体底部离开转化为悬浮状态的瞬时流速.因此，实验将两个投放点分别设置在水面与水底.在以最小流速投放单个微塑料粒子后缓慢增加水槽流速，记录每个微塑料粒子的运动方式发生临界变化时的瞬时流速与不同运动状态下微塑料的迁移速率.
本研究通过Matlab 2023和SPSS 28.0软件对测量的实验数据进行统计分析，采用非线性回归的方法，控制其残差的绝对值最小，从而得到微塑料的临界流速与其影响因子之间的关系式；采用Origin 2022、Microsoft Excel以及ArcGIS 10.8等软件工具，对相关数据进行分析，并绘制了相应的图表.
2　不同运动状态的微塑料迁移模型构建
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鉴于微塑料在水体中的多态运动特性，本研究在构建微塑料迁移模型时，将其迁移过程视为水平与垂直方向上复合运动的结果.从受力分析的角度出发，探讨了微塑料在水环境内因外力作用而引发的运动状态转换，并通过水力学实验精确获取了微塑料在各种运动状态下的特征参数，从而推导出相应的水力学公式.该模型中的公式综合考虑了微塑料的密度、粒径及形态等属性，强调了微塑料个体间的差异性，旨在建立一个更加精准的微塑料迁移模型，原理如图3所示.
2.1　河道垂向分层水动力学模型
根据实地调查及文献资料，郑州市区段的贾鲁河河道可视为人工固化的梯形断面河道且河道顺直，水流运动较为均匀.因此，在计算水动力模块时进行了简化处理.水动力模型基于圣维南方程组建立，模型包含了质量守恒方程与动量平衡方程[21].
在垂直方向上，处于不同运动状态的微塑料分布于不同的位置，并且随着深度的变化，水流速度亦有差异.针对不同深度的流速，应采取分层的方法进行处理：通过河流一维水动力模型求出的不同深度z时的流速u(z)：
式中：u(z)为深度为z时该点的流速，m/s；u0为断面平均流速，m/s；u*为摩阻流速，m/s；z为水面至微塑料所在位置的距离；h为水深；k为卡门常数.
2.2　基于粒子追踪法的不同类型微塑料运动物理机制模型
Lagrange粒子追踪法是研究水环境中固体物质迁移的一种有效方法.将微塑料粒子的视为单一的运动粒子，其运动方式包含水平运动与垂直运动的综合结果，建立如下Lagrange粒子追踪模型：
式中：x为粒子坐标；U为水流中的粒子迁移速度；U′为湍流效应引起的随机速度；t为时间信息；xt+1、xt分别为t+1、t时刻粒子在水平方向的坐标；Δt为时间步长.
同时，模型中还加入了随机运动的衡量公式，构建下列粒子位移方程：
式中：V为微塑料粒子的水平速度矢量，m/s；R为由独立且具有零均值和单位方差的随机分量所构成的矢量，代表随机运动(Rx为沿x方向的分量，其范围设置为[-1，1]；Rz为沿z方向的分量)；Zt+1、Zt分别为t+1、t时刻粒子垂向坐标；v为微塑料的沉降速率，m/s；DH为水平紊动扩散系数；Dv为垂向紊动扩散系数；其他符号意义同前.
(1)水平运动方程
在水平运动方面，漂移质的运动考虑水流拖曳力与风曳力作为驱动力，忽略降解、风化、吸附与粒子聚集等过程，由此得到微塑料漂移速度计算公式如下：
式中：Vf为漂移速率，m/s；u0为水流表面流速，m/s；uw为水面上的风速；cw为风漂移系数；θ为风向与水流方向的夹角；k1为漂移系数.
悬移质微塑料的主要驱动力来自于水流的拖曳力.根据水力学实验可知，悬移质微塑料的水平运动速率与水流速度呈正相关关系：
式中：Vm为悬移质粒子迁移速率，m/s；k2为悬移系数；其他符号意义同前.
天然河道底部推移质颗粒一般是以滚动、滑动、跳跃等形式进行运动，如泥沙、卵石等.河道底部的微塑料的运动状态与河流底部的流速有关.对于推移质水平方向速率公式的拟合借鉴了沙莫夫泥沙推移速率的计算公式[18]：
式中：Vp为推移速率，m/s；h为水深，m；us为临界起动流速，m/s；ds为等效粒子粒径，m；a、b和c分别为微塑料颗粒的三个轴线长度，m；其他符号意义同前.
依据水力学实验的结果及受力分析，推导出了微塑料颗粒的临界启动流速与临界再悬浮流速的计算公式：
式中：us为临界启动流速，m/s；ur为临界再悬浮流速，m/s；CSF为形状因子[22]；ρs为微塑料密度，kg/m3；ρ0为水的密度，kg/m3；g为重力加速度，m2/s；其他符号意义同前.
(2)垂直运动方程
在垂直方向上，微塑料的垂向运动主要考虑垂向作用力对于微塑料的作用，即重力、浮力、上举力以及垂向紊动力的影响，根据受力分析结果判定微塑料在水体中的运动状态，再选取不同水平运动计算公式.漂移质的重力小于浮力与上举力的合力，所以假设垂向位移只受紊动作用的影响.悬移质微塑料在垂直方向上受力变化较大，这与微塑料本身粒径、形状与密度有关，根据沉降实验结果拟合出微塑料沉降速率公式[23-24]：
式中：vm为悬移质微塑料沉降速率，m/s；ts为沉降时间，s；其他符号意义同前.
推移质在从进入水体到沉入水底的过程与悬移质相同.当推移质沉入水底后，垂向位置计算取决于水体底层流速与临界启动流速和临界再悬浮流速的大小关系，基于上述描述推导出推移质微塑料的底部流速速率公式：
式中：vp为推移质微塑料沉降速率，m/s；u为水体底层流速，m/s；其他符号意义同前.
不同密度的微塑料在不同位置的紊动程度不同.根据水力学实验观察结果设漂移质粒子Rz的范围设置为[-0.5，0.5]，悬移质粒子Rz的范围设置为[-1，1]，推移质粒子Rz的范围设置为[-0.1，0.1].
2.3　粒子追踪模型中微塑料运动状态变化的判定及阈值的确定
微塑料在进入水体后，其运动状态由于密度差异会呈现出漂移、悬移、推移以及静止四种不同的运动状态.当外界水流条件发生变化达到临界流速时，水体中沉降的悬移质会变为悬移状态；静止在水体底部的微塑料会开始进行滚动、滑动等推移运动；推移质则会出现在悬浮现象.对于不同微塑料在不同运动状态的系数不同，其实测临界流速也随着微塑料种类的不同有所差异，基于水槽实验结果得到不同微塑料的迁移系数与临界阈值如表2所示.
3　研究区及模拟条件
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3.1　研究区概况
贾鲁河属于淮河水系，为淮河支流沙颍河的支流，全长137km，年均径流量2.99亿m3.贾鲁河郑州市区段全长约30.4km，先后接纳了郑州市双桥(65万t/d)、五龙口(20万t/d)、马头岗(60万t/d)等污水处理厂的城市生活污水，成为郑州市的主要纳污河流，并兼顾城市景观功能[25].贾鲁河流域属于温带季风性气候，相对于汛期洪水输送的面源微塑料而言，通过排污口输送的点源微塑料成为贾鲁河郑州市区段的主要来源，而污水处理厂是城市纳污河流重要的微塑料点排放源.因此，本研究重点探究在非汛期微塑料通过污水处理厂排污口排放后在贾鲁河河道内的迁移过程及其时空分布特征.
根据研究区的实地调查情况设五龙口污水处理厂排污口断面为初始断面，位于113°59′17.57″E，34°81′32.07″N，末断面位于113°83′62.66″E，34°80′99.55″N.研究区每500m划分一个断面，共60个断面.根据实地调查与相关资料，水动力参数取值如表3所示.
贾鲁河郑州市区段内存在多座污水处理厂，选择五龙口污水处理厂与马头岗污水处理厂污水排口作为典型微塑料点源.实地采样时间为2023年4月，采样点(1~9)布设与基本概况如图4与表4所示.同时，在马头岗污水处理厂(W)污水排口进行取样，共计十个采样点.各采样点使用FlowTracker手持式ADV流速流量测量仪检测河流流速.由于地形和仪器等客观原因，挑选采样点附近靠近河流中心的位置的观景台进行测量对测量值进行矫正[26].水样样品微塑料的纯化和提取主要包括有机质消解、尼罗红染色[27]和微孔抽滤.完成上述操作后利用显微镜拍摄结果结合ImageJ软件统计微塑料的数量、大小和形状.
3.2　输入条件设定
模拟情景的设置基于当地的水动力与风力条件，模拟点源(污水处理厂尾水排放)微塑料排放进入贾鲁河的迁移运动.根据贾鲁河中牟站1982~2012年历年流量数据、郑州台站1981~2010年累年地面风速风向观测结果、实地采样时间与实测数据，选择14m3/s和20m3/s两种流量作为模拟流量条件；风速选择实地采样时间当月多年平均风速3.2m/s，风向夹角为293°，流向夹角为23°，顺流风向作为典型风速.共计两种模拟工况.
根据实地采样分析结果，选取PP、PS、PA和PET共4种微塑料作为数值模拟对象.将微塑料颗粒分成四种有效粒径范围，分别为：0.005~0.5mm、0.5~1mm、1~2mm与2~5mm.不同形状的微塑料用CSF的取值区分，设颗粒和碎片(纤维和薄膜)两种形状，颗粒或柱状微塑料的CSF∈(0.8，1.2)，碎片或纤维微塑料的CSF∈(0，0.3).参考五龙口污水处理厂排放口的微塑料排放比例(PP：PS：PA：PET=90：105：110：140)来设计微塑料粒子的组成结果，排放断面共投入16000个粒子，模拟时长为36h.
4　结果与讨论
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4.1　微塑料运动参数识别与实验结果
本研究对临界启动流速(图5a)、临界再悬浮流速与临界悬移流速(图5b)的实测值与公式拟合计算出的模拟值进行比较，拟合对比发现二者的拟合直线斜率分别为0.9964与0.98，说明拟合效果较好.同时实验拟合了悬移系数(图5c)与漂移系数(图5d)，具体取值如表2所示.同时根据实测流速对模型进行校准验证，所有的采样点流速绝对误差在0.011~0.063.根据相关性分析，实测值与模拟值的莫纳什相关系数为0.88，可以看出模型拟合结果较好，基本可以反应微塑料在河流中运移的实际情况.
根据对野外采样样品的检测结果可知(图6)，贾鲁河郑州市区段的微塑料浓度在3.1~7.7n/L(图6a).其中，采样点9的微塑料丰度最高(7.7n/L)，采样点1的微塑料丰度最低(3.1n/L).总体来看，微塑料的丰度由贾鲁河郑州区段上游至下游，呈现出递增的趋势.微塑料以小粒径(ds<0.5mm)为主，占总浓度的66.79%；水样中微塑料形状占比分别为碎片状(31.1%)、纤维状(29.2%)、薄膜状(25.5%)、颗粒状(14.2%)，即存在最多的微塑料形状是碎片状.马头岗污水处理厂排污口(W)采样结果没有发现颗粒状的颗粒，纤维状的微塑料占比最大，这可能导致采样点5和采样点6的纤维浓度变高而颗粒浓度变化较小.
模型模拟以采样点2和采样点6作为污水处理厂排污口下游初始断面(图6b~图6c).模拟结果显示，从污水处理厂排污口下游开始，微塑料浓度在一定范围内逐渐降低.因调查时为旱季，面源污染影响较小，第二断面后点源污染变化不大.然而，采样点5和9的微塑料浓度增加且颗粒增多，可能有其他点源或面源输入.尽管初始断面颗粒物比例减少，且未发现点源直接输出微塑料，表明贾鲁河中微塑料可能有其他来源.流速增加使部分推移质微塑料转为悬浮状态.流速较缓时，点源微塑料占初始断面浓度的76.08%，流速加快后升至88.20%.末断面微塑料形状占比分别为：碎片35.9%、纤维20.3%、薄膜32.8%、颗粒1.4%，表明颗粒较难迁移.粒径小于0.5mm的微塑料占75%，说明小粒径微塑料更易随水流迁移.支流汇入和生活污水等因素影响下，贾鲁河郑州段两个污水处理厂排污口在末断面微塑料污染浓度占比分别为44.58%和44.93%.
4.2　微塑料在水体中运动特征分析
根据模型计算和水力学实验结果拟合了碎片与颗粒状的微塑料运动轨迹特征可知(图6)，PP由于密度小于水，无论形状和粒径如何，都漂浮在水体表面移动.相比之下，PS、PA和PET的密度大于水，因此这些材料的微塑料会沉入水体.模拟结果表明，粒径小于1mm的PS粒子会悬浮在水体上层，而粒径大于1mm的PS粒子则在水体下层进行悬移运动，一些大粒径的PS粒子甚至会在水体底部滚动.PA微塑料的运动状态分为悬移和推移两种：粒径小于0.5mm的粒子在水中悬移但有缓慢下沉的趋势；粒径0.5~2mm的粒子沉入水底后推移；粒径大于2mm的粒子进入水体后直接沉入底部不再移动.此外，随着流量的增加，粒径0.5~2mm的微塑料粒子推移的距离也会增加.对于密度较大的PET微塑料，无论形状和粒径如何，一旦进入水体就会沉入底部并停止移动.从面积图上看，PS和PA微塑料可以出现在水体的不同位置，不同粒径的粒子显示出较大的位置分布和运动状态差异.而PP主要集中在水体表层，大部分PET微塑料则在进入水体后的13km内停留在底部，不再移动.
水力学实验与模型模拟结果类似，显示密度小于水的PP通常会浮在水面上随水流迁移.不过，模型中加入了水体紊动系数，考虑到研究区域的水体紊动程度高于常规水力学实验条件，因此PP颗粒的实际迁移轨迹在水面以下0.5m范围内波动.密度略大于水的PS主要以悬移质的形式在水中迁移，粒径小于2mm的PS粒子相比大于2mm的粒子，迁移位置更高.在大流量条件下，PS粒子的悬浮位置比小流量时稍高，这是因为流速增加导致的上举拖曳力增强，缩短了重力与浮力合力平衡的时间，减少了沉降时间和距离.此外，粒径较大的PS粒子更多地沉入水底进行推移运动，且这些粒子中颗粒状的数量多于碎片状，因为碎片状粒子更容易受上举力影响而改变运动状态.水力学实验进一步证实了沉降速度与颗粒的形状因子(CSF)成正比，同时指出流速增加会延缓大粒径粒子沉入水底的速度.
推移质的运动分为两种情形：粒径0.5~2mm的PA微塑料会在水底通过滚动或跳跃的方式移动，小粒径粒子的推移速度更快，且颗粒的推移速率明显高于其他形状的微塑料.然而，当粒径超过2mm时，PA与PET微塑料会因水底流速未达启动流速而沉底不动，这与水力学实验结果一致.实验还表明，同种微塑料中，碎片的平均迁移距离比颗粒更远，且粒径越小，水平方向上的平均迁移距离越长，这与模拟数据相吻合.所有微塑料的运动模式在水动力学实验中观察到的结果与模拟结果相似.此外，实验还记录了微塑料在达到静止前的随机运动，例如自转或翻滚，其中颗粒的随机运动频率较低，而纤维则表现出更快的迁移速率和更高的随机运动频率.因此，虽然碎片、颗粒与薄膜的水力学实验结果与模拟的相关性较强，但微塑料的形状对其迁移速率的影响与其运动状态紧密相关.对于漂移质和推移质，密度的影响大于形状，而对于悬移质，其运动状态则是密度与形状共同作用的结果.
4.3　微塑料运动轨迹模拟预测
模拟拟合自五龙口污水处理厂下游断面释放微塑料粒子在第8h、16h和24h的微塑料分布如图7所示.在流量分别为14m3/s和20m3/s的情况下，微塑料36h后的滞留率分别为43.79%和47.85%，其中颗粒形态的微塑料占比最高(50.04%)，随后是纤维(18.73%)、碎片(16.66%)和薄膜(14.57%).微塑料的形状、密度和粒径是影响滞留率的关键因素.密度较高的大颗粒微塑料更倾向于滞留在点源下游的河床底部：所有PET微塑料均滞留在排放断面下游13km范围内，而粒径大于2mm的PA微塑料也在水体底部保持静止. 19.5%的PS微塑料作为推移质滞留在河道中并在底部移动，这些PS微塑料均为大粒径(ds>2mm)，而PA微塑料中有54%滞留在河道中.非推移质的颗粒水平迁移距离短于非颗粒微塑料.然而，推移质颗粒由于形状和惯性的影响，其水平迁移距离较长. PP微塑料全部迁出了研究区域，无一滞留在区内河道中.
PP是迁移速率最快的微塑料，其迁移速率随流量增加而提高.在14m3/s的流量下，PP每8h迁移11(±1.424) km；而在20m3/s的流量下，每8h迁移14(±4.506) km. PS与PA微塑料分布于排口断面下游多个位置，其中迁移最快的跟随PP一起移动，而迁移最慢的颗粒在36h后会停留在排口下游1km内的河底. PP以漂移质状态随水流迁移并最终离开研究区域，部分粒径较小的PS与PA也能作为漂移质在水体表面迁移，但速度低于PP.悬移质在水体不同深度处的流速不同，流速是影响迁移速度的关键，流速分层导致悬移质分布广泛.相比之下，推移质的水平迁移速度较慢，包括所有PET以及部分粒径大于2mm的PS和粒径0.5~2mm的PA，这些微塑料在水体中进行推移运动.根据水力学实验结果，无论是哪种工况，水底流速均未能达到启动PET和粒径大于2mm的PA所需的临界流速，因此大部分此类微塑料主要沉积在初断面下游1km范围内，不再移动.
随着时间的推移，微塑料在河道中的分布范围逐渐扩大.低密度的微塑料由于迁移速度快，分布更广；而高密度的微塑料多数在点源下游保持静止.流量的变化不仅影响微塑料的迁移距离，还能促使原本静止的微塑料转变为推移状态.污水处理厂排放口释放的点源污染物中，微塑料主要表现为小粒径、低密度的纤维或碎片，这类微塑料对贾鲁河中微塑料浓度的贡献尤为显著.
5　结论
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5.1　微塑料在水体中的迁移行为受到其形状、大小、密度以及水动力条件的显著影响.密度小于水的PP作为漂移质迁移，且迁移速率最快；而密度大于水的PET和粒径大于0.5mm的PA则主要作为推移质在水底运动或静止.
5.2　小粒径的微塑料在水体中更易随水流迁移，而大粒径的微塑料更倾向于沉降在水底.不同形状的微塑料(如碎片状、纤维状、颗粒状)在水体中的迁移路径和速率也存在显著差异，碎片状和纤维状的微塑料的迁移距离更远.
5.3　在不同的流量条件下，微塑料的迁移行为有所不同.当流量增加时，部分推移质微塑料会转变为悬浮状态，从而影响微塑料的分布和滞留率.在流量分别为14m3/s和20m3/s时，微塑料36h后的滞留率分别为43.79%和47.85%，其中颗粒状的微塑料占比最高(50.04%)，随后是纤维(18.73%)、碎片(16.66%)和薄膜(14.57%).低密度的微塑料由于迁移速度快，分布更广；而高密度的微塑料多数在点源下游保持静止.
5.4　本研究从微塑料的运动原理出发，参考泥沙动力学结合水力学实验数据拟合微塑料迁移公式并构建微塑料粒子迁移模型，从原理上更贴近于现实微塑料粒子的迁移情况，且通过水力学实验拟合出的运动公式具有较好的通用性且能够有效模拟微塑料在水体中的运动轨迹.模型结果与贾鲁河郑州市区段的实际采样数据对比显示，拟合效果良好，能够准确预测微塑料的最终运动状态与其归趋.
基金
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  • 河南省重大科技专项(221100320200)
  • 河南省自然科学基金(242300421224)
  • 河南省科技攻关计划(222102320211)
文献
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间：2024-08-14
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-14
基金
河南省重大科技专项(221100320200)
河南省自然科学基金(242300421224)
河南省科技攻关计划(222102320211)
作者信息
    1.郑州大学生态与环境学院，河南 郑州 450001
    2.郑州大学水利与交通学院，河南 郑州 450001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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