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This research aims to analyze the influencing factors of aquifer recharge management in the Sanjiang Plain, China, by utilizing Geographic Information System(GIS)and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)to construct a suitability evaluation system for Agricultural Managed Aquifer Recharge(Ag-MAR). The results indicate that areas with deeper groundwater levels are more suitable for recharge, accounting for approximately 20.2% of the total study area, while the region's dense river network provides substantial surface water resources. Additionally, the optimal recharge period is identified as spanning from mid-October to early November. This study provides a scientific basis for groundwater management and presents specific recharge recommendations to address the issue of groundwater over-extraction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of both agricultural production and ecological systems. The findings underscore the importance of Ag-MAR in promoting sustainable groundwater management practices in agricultural regions.

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以三江平原为典型研究区,分析农业灌区含水层补给的优势及影响因素,选择地下水位埋藏深度、人工补给水源、包气带岩性、含水层特征、地形坡度、土地利用和土地覆盖作为主要影响要素,利用地理信息系统(GIS)和层次分析法(AHP)构建农业可管理的含水层补给(Ag-MAR)适宜评价体系.结果表明,三江平原适宜开展含水层补给的区域主要集中在东北部地下水位埋深较大的地区,而该地区密集的河网提供了充足的地表水资源.研究区的集中补给时间为10月中旬至11月初.该研究为地下水管理提供了科学依据,并提出了具体的补给建议,以解决地下水超采问题,确保农业生产和生态环境的可持续性.研究结果强调了Ag-MAR在促进农业地区可持续地下水管理实践方面的重要性,这一方法不仅适用于三江平原,也可推广至其他类似的农业灌区,丰富了水资源管理领域的理论研究.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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李姝蓉(2000-),女,陕西榆林人,吉林大学硕士研究生,主要从事地下水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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李姝蓉(2000-),女,陕西榆林人,吉林大学硕士研究生,主要从事地下水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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李姝蓉(2000-),女,陕西榆林人,吉林大学硕士研究生,主要从事地下水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The distribution of natural river channels, figureFileSmall=GE5MCRy19BGzkMj3PS3y7A==, figureFileBig=1j4W374d7Q/gdwrKqJCKsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660812272030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=CN, label=图11, caption=适宜区天然河道及汇水区域分布, figureFileSmall=GE5MCRy19BGzkMj3PS3y7A==, figureFileBig=1j4W374d7Q/gdwrKqJCKsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241116660950684079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Available surface water resources in the Sanjiang(108m3

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河流多年平均径流量河道基本功能需水量水资源可利用量
基流量冲砂量水生生物需水量
黑龙江干流10.192.040.924.083.16
浓江鸭绿河3.560.710.321.421.10
松花江69.1913.846.2327.6821.45
安邦河2.10.420.190.840.65
梧桐河13.592.721.225.444.21
嘟噜河4.580.920.411.831.42
乌苏里江干流13.632.731.235.454.23
挠力河32.476.492.9212.9910.07
别拉洪河4.470.890.401.791.39
倭肯河15.143.031.366.064.69
总计168.9233.7815.2067.5752.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241116661084901825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三江平原地表水资源可利用量(亿m3

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河流多年平均径流量河道基本功能需水量水资源可利用量
基流量冲砂量水生生物需水量
黑龙江干流10.192.040.924.083.16
浓江鸭绿河3.560.710.321.421.10
松花江69.1913.846.2327.6821.45
安邦河2.10.420.190.840.65
梧桐河13.592.721.225.444.21
嘟噜河4.580.920.411.831.42
乌苏里江干流13.632.731.235.454.23
挠力河32.476.492.9212.9910.07
别拉洪河4.470.890.401.791.39
倭肯河15.143.031.366.064.69
总计168.9233.7815.2067.5752.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241116661223313871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Index grading and value assignment

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指标分级赋值
地下水埋深(m)Ⅰ(15~22)10
Ⅱ(10~15)8
Ⅲ(7~10)5
Ⅳ(3~7)3
Ⅴ(<3)1
包气带岩性Ⅰ(砂土)10
Ⅱ(黏土层1~5m)9
Ⅲ(黏土层5~15m)6
Ⅳ(黏土层>15m)3
多年平均降雨量(mm)Ⅰ(>600)10
Ⅱ(570~600)8
Ⅲ(540~570)6
Ⅳ(480~540)5
Ⅴ(<480)3
含水层渗透性(m/d)Ⅰ(45~60)10
Ⅱ(30~45)8
Ⅲ(10~30)5
Ⅳ(5~15)3
Ⅴ(<5)1
地表坡度(°)Ⅰ(0~1)10
Ⅱ(1~3)8
Ⅲ(3~5)7
Ⅳ(5~10)3
土地利用和土地覆盖Ⅰ(未利用土地)10
Ⅱ(水田)9
Ⅲ(旱田)7
Ⅳ(林地)5
Ⅴ(草田)4
Ⅵ(水域)2
Ⅶ(城乡工况居民用地)1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662729069025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

指标分级赋分表

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指标分级赋值
地下水埋深(m)Ⅰ(15~22)10
Ⅱ(10~15)8
Ⅲ(7~10)5
Ⅳ(3~7)3
Ⅴ(<3)1
包气带岩性Ⅰ(砂土)10
Ⅱ(黏土层1~5m)9
Ⅲ(黏土层5~15m)6
Ⅳ(黏土层>15m)3
多年平均降雨量(mm)Ⅰ(>600)10
Ⅱ(570~600)8
Ⅲ(540~570)6
Ⅳ(480~540)5
Ⅴ(<480)3
含水层渗透性(m/d)Ⅰ(45~60)10
Ⅱ(30~45)8
Ⅲ(10~30)5
Ⅳ(5~15)3
Ⅴ(<5)1
地表坡度(°)Ⅰ(0~1)10
Ⅱ(1~3)8
Ⅲ(3~5)7
Ⅳ(5~10)3
土地利用和土地覆盖Ⅰ(未利用土地)10
Ⅱ(水田)9
Ⅲ(旱田)7
Ⅳ(林地)5
Ⅴ(草田)4
Ⅵ(水域)2
Ⅶ(城乡工况居民用地)1
), ArticleFig(id=1241116662951367152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation index discrimination matrix and calculated index weights

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指标地表坡度含水层渗透性包气带岩性土地利用补给水源地下水埋深权重值
坡度1.000.250.250.200.200.173.82%
含水层渗透性4.001.000.500.500.500.3310.50%
包气带岩性4.002.001.000.500.500.3313.08%
土地利用5.002.002.001.001.000.5020.07%
补给水源5.002.003.001.001.001.0022.57%
地下水埋深6.003.003.002.001.001.0029.97%
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663089779203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

评价指标判别矩阵及各指标权重计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标地表坡度含水层渗透性包气带岩性土地利用补给水源地下水埋深权重值
坡度1.000.250.250.200.200.173.82%
含水层渗透性4.001.000.500.500.500.3310.50%
包气带岩性4.002.001.000.500.500.3313.08%
土地利用5.002.002.001.001.000.5020.07%
补给水源5.002.003.001.001.001.0022.57%
地下水埋深6.003.003.002.001.001.0029.97%
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663249162778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Agricultural managed aquifer recharge zones in the Sanjiang Plain

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分区Ⅰ(8.9-9.5)Ⅱ(7.5-8.9)Ⅲ(5.0-7.5)Ⅳ(3.5-5.0)Ⅴ(2.8-3.5)
Ag-MAR潜力适宜较适宜中等适宜较不适宜不适宜
), ArticleFig(id=1241116663374991910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241116642193756477, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三江平原农业灌区含水层补给潜力分区

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分区Ⅰ(8.9-9.5)Ⅱ(7.5-8.9)Ⅲ(5.0-7.5)Ⅳ(3.5-5.0)Ⅴ(2.8-3.5)
Ag-MAR潜力适宜较适宜中等适宜较不适宜不适宜
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大面积农业灌溉区含水层补给管理适宜性评估——以三江平原为例
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李姝蓉 1, 2 , 杜新强 3, 4 , 冶雪艳 3, 4, * , 方永军 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(3): 1507-1516
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(3): 1507-1516
大面积农业灌溉区含水层补给管理适宜性评估——以三江平原为例
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李姝蓉1, 2 , 杜新强3, 4, 冶雪艳3, 4, * , 方永军1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.吉林大学新能源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
  • 3.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院,广东 珠海 519087
  • 4.粤港水安全联合保障实验室,广东 珠海 519087
  • 李姝蓉(2000-),女,陕西榆林人,吉林大学硕士研究生,主要从事地下水资源评价与管理方向研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Assessment of the suitability for agricultural managed aquifer recharge in large-scale irrigation areasA case study of the Sanjiang Plain.
Shu-rong LI1, 2 , Xin-qiang DU3, 4, Xue-yan YE3, 4, * , Yong-jun FANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
  • 3.Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519087, China
  • 4.Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Zhuhai 519087, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20
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以三江平原为典型研究区,分析农业灌区含水层补给的优势及影响因素,选择地下水位埋藏深度、人工补给水源、包气带岩性、含水层特征、地形坡度、土地利用和土地覆盖作为主要影响要素,利用地理信息系统(GIS)和层次分析法(AHP)构建农业可管理的含水层补给(Ag-MAR)适宜评价体系.结果表明,三江平原适宜开展含水层补给的区域主要集中在东北部地下水位埋深较大的地区,而该地区密集的河网提供了充足的地表水资源.研究区的集中补给时间为10月中旬至11月初.该研究为地下水管理提供了科学依据,并提出了具体的补给建议,以解决地下水超采问题,确保农业生产和生态环境的可持续性.研究结果强调了Ag-MAR在促进农业地区可持续地下水管理实践方面的重要性,这一方法不仅适用于三江平原,也可推广至其他类似的农业灌区,丰富了水资源管理领域的理论研究.

农业灌区  /  含水层补给管理  /  GIS-AHP决策模型  /  地下水超采

This research aims to analyze the influencing factors of aquifer recharge management in the Sanjiang Plain, China, by utilizing Geographic Information System(GIS)and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)to construct a suitability evaluation system for Agricultural Managed Aquifer Recharge(Ag-MAR). The results indicate that areas with deeper groundwater levels are more suitable for recharge, accounting for approximately 20.2% of the total study area, while the region's dense river network provides substantial surface water resources. Additionally, the optimal recharge period is identified as spanning from mid-October to early November. This study provides a scientific basis for groundwater management and presents specific recharge recommendations to address the issue of groundwater over-extraction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of both agricultural production and ecological systems. The findings underscore the importance of Ag-MAR in promoting sustainable groundwater management practices in agricultural regions.

agricultural irrigation area  /  managed aquifer recharge  /  GIS-AHP multi-criteria decision model  /  groundwater over-extraction
李姝蓉, 杜新强, 冶雪艳, 方永军. 大面积农业灌溉区含水层补给管理适宜性评估——以三江平原为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1507 -1516 .
Shu-rong LI, Xin-qiang DU, Xue-yan YE, Yong-jun FANG. Assessment of the suitability for agricultural managed aquifer recharge in large-scale irrigation areasA case study of the Sanjiang Plain.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1507 -1516 .
地下水占全球淡水供应的三分之一,世界上25%的人口和42%的农业依赖于地下水[1-2].在地下水开采总量中,农业灌溉用水占据70%的极高比重[3].因此,在全球的集约化农业分布区,地下水过度开采已成为一个十分普遍且难以解决的问题[4].因此,在大面积农业灌溉区寻求一种治理地下水超采的有效管控手段,保障地下水资源的可持续开发利用,对于确保全球粮食生产和生态环境安全至关重要.
农业可管理的含水层补给(Agricultural Managed Aquifer Recharge,Ag-MAR)是一种水资源管理的创新战略[5].这种方法通过将多余的地表水转移到休耕的农田来补充地下水,从而增加地下水储备并支持可持续农业发展,也称为地下水库(Groundwater Banking)[6]或农田洪水捕获(On-Farm Flood Flow Capture)[7].Ag-MAR利用现有的灌溉基础设施和农田作为地下水人工补给区,无需改造场地或建造额外的专门设施,非常适用于大规模的地下水补给.Ag-MAR可增加地下水储量并解决农业用水需求与地下水资源可持续性之间的平衡,同时产生多重效益,包括稳定的农业供水、防洪和减缓气候变化等[5].Ag-MAR的实践已经具有几十年的历史[8],但系统的研究则始于近10年,并主要集中在美国[9-10].随着全球农业对地下水需求的增加,Ag- MAR正表现出巨大的发展潜力.
影响Ag-MAR可行性的因素有很多,包括补给水源的可用性、地下水水质影响、法规限制、农业生产需求、含水层的储蓄能力、包气带特征、作物适宜性,以及社会和经济可行性等[5,11-12].O′Geen等[13]主要考虑了地表土壤的适宜性,提出“土壤适宜性指数”指标,评价内容包括深层渗透、根区停留时间、地形、土壤盐度、土壤表面条件等,利用该方法在加州确定了具有良好补给潜力的农业用地;Marwaha等[14]将土壤、土地利用和地表水输送与地下水模型和地下水粒子追踪技术相结合,确定了加州适合地下水补给的农田地块.然而,由于影响因素众多,目前尚没有通用的考虑各类地表条件和地下条件的Ag-MAR可行性评价指标体系和方法.基于具体区域的自然地理、水文地质、农田特征以及地下水开发利用程度等因素,因地制宜地构建指标体系开展Ag-MAR选址和规划仍然十分必要.
中国是全球最大的粮食消费和地下水利用国家之一,三大粮食初级生产基地分布在东北平原、华北平原和长江中下游地区[15].其中,东北地区的三江平原长期依赖地下水资源维持农业生产,地下水农田灌溉用水量占地下水总用水量的比例高达90%以上[16];近年随着粮食增产工程的推进实施,灌区面积进一步扩大,对水资源的开发利用强度明显增加[17],地下水超采风险显著升高,并引起了社会的广泛关注.
本研究旨在寻求一种有效管理和控制大规模农业灌溉区地下水超采的方法,以确保地下水资源的可持续开发和利用.本研究的意义在于为全球粮食生产和生态环境安全做出贡献.该领域的研究现状表明,农业可管理的含水层补给(Ag-MAR)是一种创新的水资源管理策略,但目前仍缺乏考虑各种地表和地下条件的通用可行性评价指标体系和方法.因此,本研究的创新性在于构建一套因地制宜的指标体系,用于Ag-MAR的选址和规划.论文通过分析农业灌区含水层补给管理的影响因素,利用地理信息系统和多准则决策方法构建适宜性评价体系,分析三江平原农业灌区的可行性,并提出最具补给潜力地区的补给方案.
与其他类型地下水人工补给方式相比,农业可管理的含水层补给具有如下独特优势:(1)Ag-MAR通过休耕农田补给,使得广泛的入渗面积得到有效利用,即使入渗能力低,补给量也非常可观[6,18];(2)可以实现对大量水资源的短时有效利用,因此包括雨水、洪水、水库弃水、积雪融水等无法在其他含水层人工补给中利用的多种地表水体,也可在Ag-MAR中得到利用[21-22];(3)农田已有的灌溉基础设施可以降低补给的难度和成本[5];(4)地表水通过渠道系统进入田间,有助于清除悬浮物质,减少维护问题[10];(5)该补给方式克服了土地用途变更的成本问题[23-24];(6)一些地区利用Ag-MAR补给地下水,提高地下水位的同时,也能够减少灌溉抽水成本,降低能源消耗[22-23].
Ag-MAR的实施需要考虑多方面的条件.其中:从水文地质的角度上,需要考虑地下水补给需求、足够的调蓄空间以及良好的渗透性;其次,从水源角度,补给水的可得性和现有运输水源的设施是决定性要素,可考虑水源包括雨水、循环水、淡化水、水库水和地表水[4,24],常见的水输送系统使用现有的运河、沟渠、溪流、道岔和管道[14,25];从土地利用角度,适合MAR的地区通常包括农田、未利用的土地或其他适合引水的土地,用作补给的田地种植作物需对长时间的洪水具备一定耐受性,避免作物减产的风险.最后,良好的社会经济和政策可促使农业灌区含水层补给可行且可持续.
本次系统梳理了近30年MAR研究文献共403篇,利用文献计量法筛选出使用频率较高的因子.分析结果表明,水源、土壤、坡度、土地利用及土地覆盖、含水层特征、地下水特征等关键词,出现占比均超过10%.其中:在水源因子中降水量、水系密度及与河流的距离出现次数最多(图1).因此,本次研究确定影响Ag-MAR的关键因素为地下水埋深、补给水源、包气带岩性、地表坡度、土地利用和土地覆盖、含水层渗透性与储水空间6个指标,作为本次评估Ag-MAR在该地区可行性的影响因素.
研究区位于黑龙江省东部,北起黑龙江,东至乌苏里江,西邻小兴安岭,南抵完达山脉,区内包含52个国有农场,总面积约4.38万km2(图2).属温带湿润、半湿润大陆性季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥.年均降水量为472.6~610.6mm,年内降水分配极不均匀,70%~80%的年降水量发生在6~9月,多年平均降水量总体上呈现东北部最高,东南部挠力河及七星河上游最低(图3);多年平均水面蒸发量在470.5~680.9mm(E601蒸发皿),蒸发主要集中在4~8月.
三江平原西部分布第四系孔隙潜水,东部分布第四系孔隙弱承压水,含水层为砂及砂砾石;底部广泛埋藏古近系孔隙-裂隙承压水,含水介质为砂岩、砂砾岩;第四系孔隙裂隙水呈条带状分布于平原周边的山前台地,含水层岩性为亚黏土或亚黏土夹砂,储水空间为柱状裂隙或孔隙.丘陵山区广泛分布有富水性不均一的基岩风化裂隙水、构造裂隙水.除沿研究区南部边界山前地带外,其余平原区含水层厚度在40~310m,表现为山前向低平原厚度逐渐增加.低山丘陵区和平原区地下水主要接受大气降水的补给,平原区还包括灌溉渠系入渗补给、田间入渗补给、河流入渗补给、山前侧向补给等;低平原地下水总体流向为西南流向东北;区内地层上覆有厚度不等的黏土层,部分地区地下水位埋藏较浅,地下水的主要排泄方式为潜水蒸发、人工开采及植物蒸腾,部分人类活动影响较强的区域地下水开发利用程度较高,人工开采已成为地下水主要的排泄途径之一.截止2017年,三江平原地下水供水量占总供水量的比重已增长至63.1%,其中地下水约占农田灌溉用水的95.5%,但仅占工业用水的2.0%、生活用水的1.6%[16].地下水的开采量超过含水层的补给量,地下水水位呈持续下降态势,以地下水位降深10m为标准,圈定漏斗中心区面积3400km2,该区地下水已无法通过“以丰补欠”实现多年调节平衡[26].
含水层储蓄能力与地下水流场分布和地下水位埋深有关,在进行人工补给时,必须要有足够厚度的地层来容纳补给水源,以避免在补给过程中或补给结束后引发次生灾害.由图4可知,三江平原地下水位埋深的总体趋势是由西南到东北渐增,埋深较大区域主要分布在研究区东北部分;与2010年相比,2020年地下水埋深大于10m范围有所减小,但建三江区域地下水埋深变大(最大埋深约22m),其中有占总面积16.4%的区域地下水埋深大于10m,另有12%区域的地下水位埋深在7~10m.根据区内2020年浅层地下水位统计资料,按地下水位埋深对人工补给适宜性进行划分,将其分为5个适宜性等级:埋深<3m(低适宜性)、3~7m(较低适宜性)、7~10m(中适宜性)、10~16m(较高适宜性)、>16m(高适宜性).如图4所示,目前研究区东北部有较大的地下空间(地下水位埋深>10m)来储存补给水源.
研究区内河网密布,主要河流有黑龙江、乌苏里江、松花江,其主要支流有8条,大部分区域与河流距离均小于6km.通过灌溉沟渠管道辅助,这些河流地表水可以作为地下水的人工补给来源.三江平原分布14个灌区工程,具备可靠水源,引水系统、输水系统、配水渠道系统以及排水沟道纵横交错、分布均匀[27].仅灌溉渠系长度就达到18000多公里.因此,在空闲农田通过地表漫流的方式引水是在三江平原实施Ag-MAR主要考虑的补给方式.
目前农业、工业和居民用水量为78.2亿m3,仅占全区水资源总量的27.5%,其中97%为开采地下水,地表水利用程度较低,地表径流量114×108m3,径流深105mm[28].取多年平均径流量20%作为河流最小生态环境需水量,水生生物保护需水量取多年平均径流量的40%,冲砂量为多年平均径流量的9%.参考章光新等[29](2018)计算结果并补充,得到主要河流及水量见表1.
区内黑龙江干流全年以Ⅳ类水质为主,支流河口全年以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水质为主.乌苏里江干流全年以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水质为主,支流河口全年以Ⅳ类为主,在枯水期水质相对较好[30].由此可见,天然河川径流可为含水层补给提供充足的水源条件.
包气带岩性对农业灌区的含水层补给管理起着重要的影响.三江平原近地表土层结构性质差异明显,包气带岩性呈“西砂、东黏”特点(图5).松花江一带,包气带以砂为主,透水性好,雨水和地表水可直接下渗到地下水,有利于地下水补给,东部黏土厚度1~20m,连续分布、透水性差,但大面积的Ag-MAR补给可以平衡效率不足的问题[31].
研究区北部和东北部边界以黑龙江和乌苏里江为边界,而南部和西部均为山脉环绕.该地区地势西南高、东北低,整体上呈现出低平地貌特征,除中部和边界地区极少部分地形凸起外,绝大部分地表高程在27~90m.地势由西南向东北缓倾斜,三江平原坡度均小于5°(图6).平坦的地形条件导致径流延迟和相对充足的入渗时间.
土地利用和土地覆盖在农业灌区的含水层补给管理中至关重要,因为它控制入渗、径流、蒸发和补给速率[32].研究区土地类型包括水田(32.2%)、旱田(37.9%)、林地(8.5%)、草地(1.6%)、水域(2.0%)、城乡工况居民用地(1.8%)、未利用土地(16.1%)(图7).区内水稻、玉米、大豆等一年生作物是主要种植作物,其中水稻是水密集型作物.水稻在插秧后10~30d或开花期60d时对洪涝条件具有耐受性,并可以连续淹水[33].大面积水田分布使三江平原具有广泛的补给区域,适合通过含水层补给管理提升水资源利用效率.
(1)含水层水文地质参数
三江平原含水层渗透系数在0.15~60m/d间,给水度为0.1~0.2(图8).在区内西部松花江流域,主要分布第四系孔隙潜水,含水层岩性为砂及砂砾石,局部为砂卵石,渗透性好.研究区东部分布第四系孔隙弱承压水,含水层岩性为粗砂及砂砾石,厚度为50~240m,上覆1~20m厚的亚粘土,含水层的渗透性较好.
(2)含水层储水空间及储量变化
本文通过计算调蓄库容初步分析浅层含水层的储水空间条件,库容计算公式为:
式中:V为地下水库的库容,m3µi为重力给水度,无量纲;△hi为现状埋深与正常调蓄水位埋深之差,m;Ai为含水层分布面积,m2.
地下水库正常调蓄水位埋深主要考虑避免水位过高而引起的土壤次生盐碱化问题[34],可按式(2)近似估算:
式中:hk为地下水临界埋藏深度,m;hp为土壤毛细水强烈上升高度,m;Δz为安全超高,m,在地下水矿化度低的地区可采用耕作层厚度,在地下水矿化度高的地区宜采用作物根系主要活动层厚度.
研究区给水度分布见图8,根据式(2)计算的正常调蓄水位埋深在0.67~3.94m(图9);结合2020年12月统测地下水位(图4(b))和给水度分区参数(图8(b)),按式(1)方法计算研究区在现状条件下的储水空间约287亿m3.
从整体上看,三江平原农业灌区可以通过含水层补给管理来增加地下水储量,治理地下水超采问题.本次采用多准则决策方法,在地理信息系统框架内集成各因素,完成适宜性评估,并确定最适合开展农业灌区含水层补给的区域.
指标的选取需要遵循系统性、科学性、代表性、独立性、可操作性、简明性的原则,综合区域特征以及指标选取原则,确定关键影响因素里地下水埋深、补给水源、土壤特性、地表坡度、土地利用和土地覆盖、含水层渗透性作为评价指标,构建GIS-AHP多指标决策模型进行三江平原农业灌区的含水层补给适宜性评价.
(1)补给水源:基于区内18个雨量站1980~2020年的实测数据得到降水强度范围为472.6~610.6mm,将降水强度分为6个等级:<480mm、480~540mm、540~570mm、570~600mm、>600mm(图3).
(2)地下水埋深:根据2020年12月的地下水位统测数据,将地下水埋深分为5个等级:>16m、10~16m、7~10m、3~10m、<3m(图4(b)),埋深越大,地下水补给潜力越大.
(3)包气带岩性:参考三江平原粘性图层厚度分区图和钻孔揭露包气带岩性数据资料,绘制区域包气带岩性分布图(图5),包括砂土、黏土层1~5m、黏土层5~15m、黏土层>15m四个等级.
(4)地表坡度:基于研究区高程数据,利用ArcGIS中的坡度计算功能得到研究区坡度分布图(图6),得到坡度范围为0~10°,将研究坡度划分为<1°、1~3°、3~5°、>5°四个等级.
(5)土地利用和土地覆盖:土地利用遥感监测栅格图由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源环境科学与数据中心下载.经处理后,将三江平原土地利用和土地覆盖划分为7类(图7表2),包括未利用土地、水田、林地、草地、旱田、水域和城乡工况居民用地.其中未利用的土地和农业地区具有巨大的推广潜力,因此被列为非常适合的类别;有森林和牧场的地区列为中等适宜[35];而水域和城乡居民用地被认为不适合MAR方法[33,36].
(6)含水层渗透性:研究区含水层渗透系数在0.15~60m/d,含水层渗透性分布如图8(a),将含水层渗透性分为:45~60、35~45、15~30、5~15、<5m/d 5个等级.
根据上述指标对补给适宜度的强弱进行分级并按1~10分赋分,分值越高越适宜地下水人工补给工程的开展,具体指标分级赋分表如表2,最低分为1,最高分为10,分值越高,越适宜补给.
本次研究对评价指标权重的计算采用层次分析法,利用地理信息系统的空间分析叠加各指标分区图,得到适宜性评价结果分布.层次分析法(AHP)可将一个复杂的多指标决策问题拆分为多个层次化目标,广泛应用于环境规划等众多领域[37],通过构造指标判别矩阵A来确定各指标权重,最后对矩阵进行合理性检验[38].
(1)根据所选择的影响指标间对各因素重要性程度,构造指标判定矩阵A,矩阵的元素aij表示i行对j列的重要性:
(2)各指标权重值的确定.
式中:A即判定矩阵;aij为矩阵元素;Mi为矩阵行元素乘积;ωi为指标权重.
(3)判别矩阵合理性检验.计算矩阵最大特征根:
式中:λmax为最大特征根;W为特征向量.
通过一致性指标CI对矩阵一致性校验,并根据平均随机性指标RI,判别指标一致性比率CR:
本次选取六个指标,构建了6×6的判别矩阵.根据区域条件特征和评价指标的特点,咨询专家,参考现有研究所赋予的权重的大小关系[33,39],构造了判别矩阵及计算权重占比,如表3所示.根据合理性检验结果,所构建矩阵的最大特征根为6.142,一致性指标CI为0.028,矩阵阶数为6,RI值为1.26,计算得出CR为0.023;当矩阵阶数大于2,且CR<0.1时,即可认为矩阵一致性满意.说明矩阵符合一致性要求,计算的权重值可用于评价.
利用地理信息系统的空间分析将图3~8中的6个影响因素栅格图层按计算的标准权重进行加权叠加,获得研究区范围内Ag-MAR适宜评价结果分布图,研究区评分值的范围为2.41~8.19,根据评分值按照自然断裂法分为五个等级(图10表4),分别为Ⅰ(8.9~9.5)、Ⅱ(7.5~8.9)、Ⅲ(5.0~7.5)、Ⅳ(3.5~5.0)、Ⅴ(2.8~3.5),从Ⅰ级到Ⅴ级,适宜性逐渐减弱,适宜和较适宜区均可作为Ag-MAR的首选区域,中等适宜区可作补充区域.分区结果表明,研究区Ag-MAR潜力空间分布不均,总体上自西南向东北适宜性渐高,适宜区和较适宜区集中分布于研究区东北部抚远市和同江市内,约占总区域的20.24%,总面积为8710.4km2.南部、西南部区域适宜程度均较低.中等潜力区域广泛分布,占比最大.适宜区集中在区域地下水位降落漏斗附近,地下水埋深是影响三江平原Ag-MAR的主要因素.
在GIS-AHP多指标决策方法中对于评价指标体系的构建和权重的确定并不存在唯一标准,利用该方法得到的适宜分区结果仍需要根据区域补给条件判断其合理性.
含水层储蓄条件是影响分区的主要原因,补给适宜区和较适宜区主要分布在地下水埋深和含水层渗透性大的区域,在适宜区,地下水埋深大于16m,可圈定漏斗中心区面积3400km2,含水层渗透性在35~45m/d;而不适宜和较不适宜分布在靠近山前的西部区域,含水层储蓄条件较差,地下水埋深小于3m,含水层渗透性小于30m/d.
从水源条件看,适宜区和较适宜区分布于全区降水最高的区域,区内主要支流为鸭绿河、浓江、别拉洪河,三江环绕;不适宜区和较不适宜区则靠近西南部山区,降水量较低,可用水资源少.从入渗条件来看,黏土层较厚的区域不适宜补给.在土地利用方面,适宜区和较适宜区的农田分布集中连片,水田占比高,涉及前哨农场和二道河农场,灌溉面积占三江平原灌溉总面积的54.2%,不适宜区和较不适宜区则林地和旱田分布较多.
适宜区和较适宜区集中分布于研究区东北部的建三江农垦区,本次以该垦区作为本次目标补给区域,综合水源、路径、时间、补给方式4个方面制定方案.方案设计中,补给水源选择水质良好且水量充足的水源,以确保农业用水的安全性和可持续性;补给路径利用天然河道和沟渠引水至农田中进行补给;补给时间根据农业灌区含水层补给管理机制合理考虑作物休耕期,并根据区域特征,考虑土壤冻结对补给时间的影响.
补给水源:目标区内包括鸭绿河、浓江、别拉洪河、七星河和外七星河,根据黑龙江省三江环境监测站,水体全年以Ⅲ类水质为主,枯水期以Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类水质为主,多年平均径流量总量约为8.03亿m3,除去河道基本功能需水量,水资源可利用量约2.49亿m3.
补给路径:以雨水自然选择的天然的河道、冲沟等作为运输水源路径,具有成本低廉且承载调节能力强的特点.利用地理信息系统,依据地形地势条件,通过对区域内水流累积量的分析,提取数字河网并分为4~1级、确定汇水区域.结合卫星影像图,将土地利用矢量化,并描绘出卫星图里鸭绿河3级河流下部分农田的沟渠分布(图11).
补给时间:由于Ag-MAR主要在作物休眠期利用大片空闲农田以补给水源,首先必须满足不影响当年作物和来年作物生长的要求.建三江垦区主要种植的作物水稻、小麦、大豆均属一年生作物,经调查,农田一般在五月初开始播种,于九月底至十月初开始收割,十月中收割完成,土地进入空闲期.其次,区域结冰期为11月下旬至次年4月中旬(约140d),期间土壤层冻结且河流无法提供补给水源.因此10月中至11月初的农田休耕期是三江农业灌区含水层补给的最佳时段.但由于可用时间较短,在做好灌溉用水协调以及不影响作物用水规律的前提下,也可考虑在农田灌溉期(4月末~9月末),在特定地点、通过专门设施对含水层进行补给.
补给方式:农业灌区实施的补给方式可分为地表入渗和井灌两种类型,其中地表入渗又进一步可以划分为田间入渗、渗滤池、渗滤沟三种类型,各补给技术适用于具有不同特征的场地[40],在三江平原大面积农业灌区,坡度小,地表入渗能力相对较低,因此,除大面积的漫流入渗外,还应充分利用数量众多的地下水开采井作为回灌井,开展井灌补给工作.
补给量估算:目标补给区域包含572万亩耕地,计划补给时间15d,土壤为粉质黏土,根据区内土样的垂直土柱入渗试验结果取稳定入渗率0.0008m/d,仅依靠地表漫灌方式便可使地下水获得补给水量约为29.9万m3;如果考虑人工渗渠以及利用地下水开采井回灌,则地下水可回补量将显著提高.另外,在4月下旬到9月份的农田灌溉期,如果在田间设置专门的引渗设施,在保障灌溉的前提下实施人工补给,将显著加强Ag-MAR的效果.
5.1 研究区三江平原总体上自西南向东北适宜性渐高,适宜区和较适宜区集中分布于建三江地区,约占总区域的20.24%,总面积为8710.4km2.
5.2 适宜补给区补给水源主要来自区内河流地表水,补给路径为天然河网和人工渠系,可通过地表漫流、沟渠入渗以及利用开采井回灌等方式实施地下水人工补给,理想补给时间为10月中至11月初;在做好灌溉用水与作物生长的统筹协调前提下,也可考虑在农灌期(4月末~9月末)以分散形式实施含水层补给.
三江平原Ag-MAR具体方案和补给潜力的准确确定,尚需结合多方面要素进一步研究.另外,Ag-MAR存在着化肥农药随补给水源下渗污染地下水的风险[41],也是推广应用中需要关注的重要问题.在全球范围内,地下水资源的可持续管理是一个亟待解决的问题.尤其是在应对地下水过度开采和水资源短缺的背景下.本研究结合了水文学、地理信息科学和农业科学,通过构建基于GIS-AHP的决策模型,为农业可管理的含水层补给提供了新的分析方法,为政策制定者和农业管理者提供了科学依据,有助于促进区域水资源与农业的协调可持续农业发展.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972247)
  • 黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(JD22B001)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972247)
黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(JD22B001)
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    1.吉林大学新能源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130021
    2.地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
    3.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院,广东 珠海 519087
    4.粤港水安全联合保障实验室,广东 珠海 519087

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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