Article(id=1241057235141448581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820702586, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820702586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820702586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820702586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2792, endPage=2805, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057235426661281, articleId=1241057235141448581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover and its driving forces in the Taihangshan-Yanshan Region, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Taihangshan-Yanshan region serves as a crucial ecological barrier for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Investigating the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation growth and their influencing factors holds significant importance for implementing ecological conservation and restoration decisions. The MOD13A2.061NDVI dataset was obtained through the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform, and the kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(kNDVI)was further calculated. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover was analyzed using the Theil-Sen Median method, coefficient of variation method, and Hurst index method. Subsequently, the optimal parameter geographical detector(OPGD)method was employed to identify the multivariate driving mechanisms behind its spatiotemporal differentiation. Results demonstrated that: From 2001 to 2020, the kNDVI in the study area showed a gradual increasing trend during spring, summer, and autumn, while exhibiting a decreasing trend in winter. The annual mean kNDVI displayed a spatial distribution pattern characterized by "higher values in northern and southern regions, lower in central areas", with significant spatial variability. The area with increased kNDVI(66.36%)was larger than that with decreased kNDVI(33.64%). Weak anti-persistence and weak positive persistence coexisted, collectively accounting for 99.26% of the total area. Approximately 80% of the region maintained kNDVI fluctuations at moderate or lower levels. OPGD analysis revealed that the primary drivers of kNDVI changes included evapotranspiration, land surface temperature, land use type, soil type, and vegetation type(all with q-values greater than 0.20). The interaction effects between land surface temperature and annual average temperature, and between land surface temperature and cumulative precipitation demonstrated particularly strong explanatory power, exceeding 0.50 and 0.47 respectively. Higher kNDVI values were observed when evapotranspiration ranged within(634mm, 814mm], land surface temperature fell within [5.2°C, 11.2°C], and urban population remained in(216000, 280000).

, correspAuthors=Jiao PANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min-li WANG, Hui-cong ZHANG, Li-yao DONG, Jia-rui LI, Jiao PANG, Feng YAN, Ling HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057245165834771, articleId=1241057235141448581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖时空异质性及其驱动力, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

太行山-燕山地区是京津冀重要的生态屏障区,探究其植被生长的时空格局和影响因素对生态保护修复等决策的实施具有重要意义.依托谷歌地球引擎(GEE)获取MOD13A2.061NDVI数据集并进一步计算核归一化指数(kNDVI),采用Theil-Sen Median法、变异系数法和Hurst指数法等方法分析太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖的时空异质性特征,进而采用参数最优地理探测器法(OPGD)厘清了其时空分异的多元驱动机制.结果表明:2001~2020年研究区kNDVI的变化春夏秋三季呈缓慢上升的趋势,而冬季具有下降趋势,kNDVI年均值空间分布上呈"北部和南部高,中部低"的特点,空间差异性较大;kNDVI增加区域(66.36%)大于减少区域(33.64%),弱反向持续性和弱正向持续性并存,两者区域面积占比高达99.26%,近80%的区域kNDVI波动性在中等及以下水平;OPGD结果显示,驱动太行山-燕山地区kNDVI变化的主要因子有蒸散发量、地表温度、土地利用类型、土壤类型和植被类型(q值均大于0.20),地表温度与年平均气温和地表温度与累计降水的交互作用解释力更是超过了0.50和0.47.蒸散发量在(634mm,814mm]区间、地表温度在[5.2,11.2]℃℃区间和城镇人口在(21.6万人,28万人)区间时,kNDVI表现更高.

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* 责任作者,讲师,
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王敏丽(2002-),女,河北农业大学本科生,主要研究方向为植被动态遥感监测与生态修复.发表论文3篇..

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王敏丽(2002-),女,河北农业大学本科生,主要研究方向为植被动态遥感监测与生态修复.发表论文3篇..

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王敏丽(2002-),女,河北农业大学本科生,主要研究方向为植被动态遥感监测与生态修复.发表论文3篇..

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Forest Engineering202440(5):50-61., articleTitle=Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of NDVI and its climate driving factors in Nanchang City, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057264707096811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=33, issue=1, pageStart=74, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=84, authorNames=巢清尘, 李柔珂, 崔童, journalName=中国人口·资源与环境, refType=null, unstructuredReference=巢清尘,李柔珂,崔童,等. 中国气候变化科学认识进展及未来展望——中国《第四次气候变化国家评估报告·第一部分》解读[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境202333(1):74-79., articleTitle=中国气候变化科学认识进展及未来展望——中国《第四次气候变化国家评估报告·第一部分》解读, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057266154131692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=33, issue=1, pageStart=74, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=85, authorNames=Chao Q C, Li R K, Cui T, journalName=Chinese Population,Resources and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chao Q CLi R KCui T,et al. 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Environmental Research Letters20138(1):011006., articleTitle=Climate forcing growth rates: doubling down on our Faustian bargain, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057255081168928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, awardId=S202410086004, language=CN, fundingSource=河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(S202410086004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057255202803749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, awardId=HB24YJ007, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省社会科学基金项目(HB24YJ007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057245484601904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245497184818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245484601904, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Land and Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245505573427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245484601904, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河北农业大学国土资源学院,河北 保定 071001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057245610431039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245618819648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245610431039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245627208257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245610431039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057245732065867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245740454478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245732065867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Bohai College, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245748843087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245732065867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河北农业大学渤海学院,河北 黄骅 061100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057245883060831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245887255136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245883060831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.College of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057245895643744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, companyId=1241057245883060831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057251109163908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=DEM of the Taihangshan-Yanshan region, figureFileSmall=XLyiQJ/UtBxJNEnOg2xDnA==, figureFileBig=pmTss+njd98xpRe0jucFRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057251193049996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=CN, label=图1, caption=太行山-燕山地区DEM

基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下线的审图号为GS(2016)1569号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

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Explanatory variable names and codes

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一级指标二级指标单位代号
社会经济数据城镇人口万人X1
第一产GDP占比%X2
第二产GDP占比%X3
第三产GDP占比%X4
人口密度人/km2X5
GDP密度万元/km2X6
土地利用类型类型变量X15
夜间灯光强度lm/m2X7
气候条件年累积降水mmX8
年平均气温X9
地表温度LSTX14
蒸散发量ETmmX13
土壤水分SMm3/m3X20
地形条件海拔mX10
坡度°X11
坡向类型变量X12
经度°X18
纬度°X19
植被和土壤类型土壤类型类型变量X16
植被类型类型变量X17
), ArticleFig(id=1241057254623989771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

解释变量名称及代号

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一级指标二级指标单位代号
社会经济数据城镇人口万人X1
第一产GDP占比%X2
第二产GDP占比%X3
第三产GDP占比%X4
人口密度人/km2X5
GDP密度万元/km2X6
土地利用类型类型变量X15
夜间灯光强度lm/m2X7
气候条件年累积降水mmX8
年平均气温X9
地表温度LSTX14
蒸散发量ETmmX13
土壤水分SMm3/m3X20
地形条件海拔mX10
坡度°X11
坡向类型变量X12
经度°X18
纬度°X19
植被和土壤类型土壤类型类型变量X16
植被类型类型变量X17
), ArticleFig(id=1241057254724653071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Independent variable interaction type and description

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交互类型描述解释
双因子增强型q(X1∩X2)>Max[q(X1),q(X2)]这两个因子之间存在正向的交互作用,即它们共同作用时能够增强对kNDVI的解释力
非线性增强q(X1∩X2)>q(X1)+q(X2)这两个因子的交互作用具有非线性的特征
独立q(X1∩X2)=q(X1)+q(X2)这两个因子对变量的影响是相互独立的
非线性减弱型q(X1∩X2)<Min[q(X1),q(X2)]因素相互作用时,它们影响力相对于它们单独作用时有所降低或减弱的现象
), ArticleFig(id=1241057254825316372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量交互类型与描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
交互类型描述解释
双因子增强型q(X1∩X2)>Max[q(X1),q(X2)]这两个因子之间存在正向的交互作用,即它们共同作用时能够增强对kNDVI的解释力
非线性增强q(X1∩X2)>q(X1)+q(X2)这两个因子的交互作用具有非线性的特征
独立q(X1∩X2)=q(X1)+q(X2)这两个因子对变量的影响是相互独立的
非线性减弱型q(X1∩X2)<Min[q(X1),q(X2)]因素相互作用时,它们影响力相对于它们单独作用时有所降低或减弱的现象
), ArticleFig(id=1241057254900813846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter discretisation process

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变量因子代号中断类型中断数量变量因子代号中断类型中断数量
城镇人口X18第二产GDP占比X39
第一产GDP占比X28GDP密度X69
人口密度X5几何间距7夜间灯光强度X79
年累积降水X89年平均气温X9自然间距9
SMX209坡度X117
海拔X10等间距7ETX139
经度X188LSTX149
第三产GDP占比X49
纬度X19分位数间距9
), ArticleFig(id=1241057254963728410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057235141448581, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

参数离散化过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量因子代号中断类型中断数量变量因子代号中断类型中断数量
城镇人口X18第二产GDP占比X39
第一产GDP占比X28GDP密度X69
人口密度X5几何间距7夜间灯光强度X79
年累积降水X89年平均气温X9自然间距9
SMX209坡度X117
海拔X10等间距7ETX139
经度X188LSTX149
第三产GDP占比X49
纬度X19分位数间距9
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太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖时空异质性及其驱动力
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王敏丽 1, 2 , 张慧聪 1 , 董丽瑶 1 , 李佳蕊 1 , 庞娇 3, * , 闫丰 1, 4 , 何玲 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2792-2805
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2792-2805
太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖时空异质性及其驱动力
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王敏丽1, 2 , 张慧聪1, 董丽瑶1, 李佳蕊1, 庞娇3, * , 闫丰1, 4, 何玲1
作者信息
  • 1.河北农业大学国土资源学院,河北 保定 071001
  • 2.中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京 100083
  • 3.河北农业大学渤海学院,河北 黄骅 061100
  • 4.中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院,北京 100083
  • 王敏丽(2002-),女,河北农业大学本科生,主要研究方向为植被动态遥感监测与生态修复.发表论文3篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover and its driving forces in the Taihangshan-Yanshan Region
Min-li WANG1, 2 , Hui-cong ZHANG1, Li-yao DONG1, Jia-rui LI1, Jiao PANG3, * , Feng YAN1, 4, Ling HE1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Land and Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2.School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Bohai College, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China
  • 4.College of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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太行山-燕山地区是京津冀重要的生态屏障区,探究其植被生长的时空格局和影响因素对生态保护修复等决策的实施具有重要意义.依托谷歌地球引擎(GEE)获取MOD13A2.061NDVI数据集并进一步计算核归一化指数(kNDVI),采用Theil-Sen Median法、变异系数法和Hurst指数法等方法分析太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖的时空异质性特征,进而采用参数最优地理探测器法(OPGD)厘清了其时空分异的多元驱动机制.结果表明:2001~2020年研究区kNDVI的变化春夏秋三季呈缓慢上升的趋势,而冬季具有下降趋势,kNDVI年均值空间分布上呈"北部和南部高,中部低"的特点,空间差异性较大;kNDVI增加区域(66.36%)大于减少区域(33.64%),弱反向持续性和弱正向持续性并存,两者区域面积占比高达99.26%,近80%的区域kNDVI波动性在中等及以下水平;OPGD结果显示,驱动太行山-燕山地区kNDVI变化的主要因子有蒸散发量、地表温度、土地利用类型、土壤类型和植被类型(q值均大于0.20),地表温度与年平均气温和地表温度与累计降水的交互作用解释力更是超过了0.50和0.47.蒸散发量在(634mm,814mm]区间、地表温度在[5.2,11.2]℃℃区间和城镇人口在(21.6万人,28万人)区间时,kNDVI表现更高.

核归一化植被指数(kNDVI)  /  时空演替  /  驱动力  /  最优参数地理探测器(OPGD)  /  太行山-燕山地区

The Taihangshan-Yanshan region serves as a crucial ecological barrier for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Investigating the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation growth and their influencing factors holds significant importance for implementing ecological conservation and restoration decisions. The MOD13A2.061NDVI dataset was obtained through the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform, and the kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(kNDVI)was further calculated. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover was analyzed using the Theil-Sen Median method, coefficient of variation method, and Hurst index method. Subsequently, the optimal parameter geographical detector(OPGD)method was employed to identify the multivariate driving mechanisms behind its spatiotemporal differentiation. Results demonstrated that: From 2001 to 2020, the kNDVI in the study area showed a gradual increasing trend during spring, summer, and autumn, while exhibiting a decreasing trend in winter. The annual mean kNDVI displayed a spatial distribution pattern characterized by "higher values in northern and southern regions, lower in central areas", with significant spatial variability. The area with increased kNDVI(66.36%)was larger than that with decreased kNDVI(33.64%). Weak anti-persistence and weak positive persistence coexisted, collectively accounting for 99.26% of the total area. Approximately 80% of the region maintained kNDVI fluctuations at moderate or lower levels. OPGD analysis revealed that the primary drivers of kNDVI changes included evapotranspiration, land surface temperature, land use type, soil type, and vegetation type(all with q-values greater than 0.20). The interaction effects between land surface temperature and annual average temperature, and between land surface temperature and cumulative precipitation demonstrated particularly strong explanatory power, exceeding 0.50 and 0.47 respectively. Higher kNDVI values were observed when evapotranspiration ranged within(634mm, 814mm], land surface temperature fell within [5.2°C, 11.2°C], and urban population remained in(216000, 280000).

kernel-Normalized Vegetation Index(kNDVI)  /  spatial and temporal succession  /  driving forces  /  Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detectors(OPGD)  /  Taihangshan-Yanshan region
王敏丽, 张慧聪, 董丽瑶, 李佳蕊, 庞娇, 闫丰, 何玲. 太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖时空异质性及其驱动力. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2792 -2805 .
Min-li WANG, Hui-cong ZHANG, Li-yao DONG, Jia-rui LI, Jiao PANG, Feng YAN, Ling HE. Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of vegetation cover and its driving forces in the Taihangshan-Yanshan Region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2792 -2805 .
监测区域植被生长变化和了解潜在的驱动机制信息对于区域生态保育和生态系统可持续发展具有重要帮助[1],特别是对京津冀具有生态屏障作用的太行山-燕山等生态意义重大的地区.植被覆盖度最早应用目测估计法等传统地面统计法测算[2],近年来,遥感监测植被生长覆盖已成为主流方法[3-4].其中包括归一化植被指数(NDVI)和植被覆盖度(FVC)等指标被大量应用于区域植被生长的研究中[5].然而,运用较多的NDVI指标具有一定不足,主要为NDVI与生物物理参数不成线性关系和在土壤背景和饱和度的处理上具有一定误差以及植被指数对光合作用本身没有反应[6-7].同时FVC受遥感图像分辨率的影响较大[8],且未考虑植被的结构和功能[9].在此背景下核归一化植被指数(kNDVI)被引入[7],它是一种将植被指数非线性化的方法[10].在不同生物群落和气候带的应用评估中,kNDVI比NDVI对饱和和复杂物候循环等的抵抗力更强,在空间和时间尺度上表现出增强的稳定性[7].已有学者验证kNDVI比NDVI在更精细的时间分辨率下更具竞争力[11],同时kNDVI也可分离出可归因于植被的反射率比例,对于山地森林区域可以更有效的解开混合像素问题[7].因此,选用kNDVI指标来探究区域植被生长时空格局及其驱动作用.
另一方面,受到区域气候变化、水土状况、人类活动和地形差异等因素的干扰,植被覆盖会出现复杂的空间异质性演变[12].研究植被覆盖时空异质性特征能够明晰生态系统区域差异,据此进一步探究原因即植被覆盖的不同驱动因子具有时空异质性[13].由于区域地理位置和发展要求等的差异,区域间和区域局部植被活动的主导因子往往不同,同时可能具有因子交互对植被活动的影响程度超过主导因子的现象,且与单因子相比,多因子交互作用可以更好的解释植被覆盖的时空分异性[14-15].当前多数研究采用多元回归残差分析分离了气候因素和人类活动对植被生长的综合影响[16-18],但缺少其他因素(地形条件、土壤因子和土壤类型等)对植被生长的综合分析,从而夸大人类活动对于植被覆盖的影响程度.线性统计方法对于多元共线性问题分析具有一定偏差,使得植被变化与驱动因子之间复杂关系的解释较为不准[19-20].基于最优参数的地理探测器(OPGD)[21]可检测多种因子对kNDVI变化复杂作用,规避了自变量间的多重共线性问题,并且实现连续型因子的自动离散化处理,可更好识别因子之间的相对重要性和非线性相互作用[22].太行山-燕山是我国重要的生态区,植被类型丰富,其"土易失、水易流"的情况影响植被的生长[23-24].植被变化不仅影响生态系统的稳定,还对农业生产和社会经济发展等产生深远影响[25].已有部分学者对于太行山-燕山局部地区的植被动态及驱动力进行了研究[26-27],且研究大多停留在单一自然因素或人类活动的驱动分析[28-29],而在利用kNDVI进行主导因子和多因子耦合对区域植被变化的影响方面研究相对匮乏.其次,植被覆盖时空非均质性及其驱动力的研究可为提升生态系统适应能力提供理论依据,在一定程度上反映太行山-燕山生态功能和植被服务等情况.
综上所述,目前针对太行山-燕山地区植被覆盖的时空异质性特征研究依然不足,同时对于解析植被覆盖变化格局的驱动力仍缺乏系统性研究.本文以太行山-燕山地区为研究区,依托GEE云平台,对kNDVI指数采取Sen趋势和变异系数等方法研究植被生长空间格局和变化,应用OPGD模型细化20个因子对植被kNDVI的影响值,从而揭示kNDVI对驱动因子响应的区域差异性及机制,为该地区植被动态监测提供参考.
研究区是京津冀的水源涵养区,涉及太行山山脉与燕山山脉,其中太行山山脉位于华北板块的中部(图1),地理位置为34°35′~40°19′N,110°15′~116°27′E,呈东北-西南方向延伸,总面积约12.7万km2,地势东陡西缓,太行山南部地区属暖温带半湿润气候区,北部地区属于暖温带半干早气候区,年均温度约为10℃,年降水量约为500mm;燕山山脉位于中国河北平原北侧,地理位置为39°40′~42°10′N,115°45′~119°50′E,呈东西走向,长约300km,地势西北高,东南低,处于暖温带大陆性季风气侯区,年均温6~10℃,植被以落叶阔叶林为主.
GEE云平台中获取的NDVI数值来源于MODIS传感器的MOD13A2.061数据集,利用GEE平台完成几何校正及大气校正等初步处理,通过逐像素计算GEE平台上的NDVI数据,最终从2001~2022年每年获取22张kNDVI图像以及每季度88张kNDVI图像.kNDVI的计算公式如下[5]
式中:σ是在每个特定应用程序中指定的长度尺度参数,表示指数对稀疏/茂密植被区域的敏感性,取σ=0.5(NIR+red),kNDVI的计算公式简化如下:
气象数据:气温和降水等气象因子数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/home),空间分辨率为0.0083333°(约1km).其中气温分辨率为0.1℃,降水量分辨率为0.1mm.原始数据经过数据筛选、数据订正、数据校验和质量控制等初步处理后,再按照研究区进行掩膜和重采样等处理方法得到所需数据.
土壤水分数据:来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/home),空间分辨率为0.0083333°(约1km).
土壤数据:包括土壤类型数据,来源于中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/).
植被数据:包括植被类型数据,来源于中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/).
地形数据:包括高程、坡度和坡向.DEM数据来源于地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn),提供1km的空间分辨率.坡度和坡向数据通过ArcGIS提取.
社会数据:包括GDP密度、人口密度和土地利用类型等,来源于EPS数据平台(https://www.epsnet.com.cn/)和地市的统计年鉴.
选择代表社会经济、气候条件、地形条件、植被和土壤类型等4类数据的具体20个指标作为解释变量(表1),分析太行山-燕山地区kNDVI对各因子的响应机制.
Theil-Sen Median是一种非参数统计的趋势统计方法,被广泛适用于植被动态趋势研究中[30],其计算公式为式(3):
式中:ρ为kNDVI的趋势程度;n为时间序列长度;xjxi分别为kNDVI时间序列中第ji年的平均值;median为中值函数.ρ>0时植被变化呈上升趋势,ρ<0时植被变化呈下降趋势.
Mann-Kendall检验是一种被广泛使用的非参数检验方法,可以有效检验时间序列的显著性,其显著性划分标准见文献[30].具体检验公式为式(4)~(7):
式中:Var为方差;sgn为符号函数;kNDVIj和kNDVIi分别为第j和第i年的kNDVI平均值;S为检验统计量;Z为标准化后的检验统计量.
变异系数可以在反映变量的波动程度的基础上,检验变量在时间序列上是否具有稳定性.本文利用变异系数CV来分析太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的稳定性,并进行分级[31].其计算公式如式(8):
式中:CV为变异系数;n为时间序列长度;kNDVIi为第i年的kNDVI平均值;为22年内kNDVI的均值.变异系数越小,说明kNDVI稳定性越强,反之则说明稳定性越弱.
Hurst指数是一个基于重标极差(R/S)分析方法来衡量时间序列长期记忆性和自相似性的统计量,在分析植被的时空格局中具有独特的优势.H值的范围为0~1,其中:H=0.5表示kNDVI时间序列为随机游走,不具备时间相关性;0.5<H<1表示时间序列具有持久性,未来趋势可能会继续过去的趋势;0<H<0.5表示时间序列具有反持久性,未来趋势可能会逆转过去的趋势.其计算步骤如下:
设存在时间序列{ξt)},t=1,2,3…,并由此得到累计离差xtτ),根据定义计算出极差Rτ)与标准差Sτ).
RSτ存在以下关系(9):
式中:为重标极差;H为Hurst指数;C为常数.通过公式(10)用最小二乘法即可得出Hurst指数的估算值.
地理探测器旨在探测地理现象的空间分异性并揭示其驱动力,传统的地理探测器受离散方法与分级数的限制,而OPGD可通过算法自动选择最佳的离散化参数组合,以优化地理探测器在数据分析中的可靠性.OPGD对于分离各驱动因子的影响及明晰双因子作用等分析更加准确,其由因子探测器、因子交互作用探测器和风险探测器等组成.
(1)因子探测器
通过计算q值来度量某一因子对kNDVI变化的影响程度.q值越大,表示该因子对kNDVI变化的影响越大[32].
式中:L是变量(Y)或因子(X)的分层;NhN分别是层h和整个区域的单元数;和σ2分别是层h和整个区域kNDVI的方差.q值范围为[0,1],其值越大,表明因子(X)对变量(Y)的解释力越强.
(2)交互探测器
交互作用探测的主要目的是识别不同风险因子(X)之间的交互作用,即评估因子X1和X2共同作用时是否会增加或减弱对因变量kNDVI的解释力(表2),或这些因子对kNDVI的影响是相互独立的[33].
(3)风险探测器
使用地理探测器进行风险探测判断影响因子的子区域间kNDVI均值是否存在显著差别,风险探测用t统计量来检验:
式中:分子中的Y是指子区域h内的植被kNDVI的属性均值;nh是子区域h内样本数量;Var表示方差.
图2可以看出,22年间研究区kNDVI值春、夏、秋季呈现缓慢上升的趋势,冬季呈缓慢下降的趋势.其中夏季kNDVI值最高[0.552,0.622],秋季kNDVI值较高[0.514,0.582],冬季kNDVI值最低[0.312,0.437].从拟合曲线方差来看,冬季kNDVI值在2001~2022年间波动最大,秋季kNDVI值波动最小.从拟合曲线斜率来看,在这期间,kNDVI值在春季上升最快,在冬季下降最快.在这22年中,kNDVI在春季的拟合曲线与年均值的拟合曲线几乎重合,春冬两季kNDVI值变化显著.
太行山-燕山地区kNDVI年均值空间分布(图3(a))呈现"北部和南部高,中部低"的特点,空间差异性较大,并介于0~0.701之间,闻喜县、霍州市和怀安日等地kNDVI较低,而垣曲县、阳城县和围场满族蒙古族自治县等地kNDVI较高.
进一步分析kNDVI春夏秋冬四季均值的空间分布特征(图3(b)、(c)、(d)和(e)),其中春季和秋季的kNDVI均值与空间分布较为相似,夏季的kNDVI均值最高,而冬季则有明显下降.春季kNDVI均值在0~0.670之间,高值区主要在垣曲县、阳城县和怀柔区等地.秋季kNDVI均值有所减少,太行山东南部安阳县、卫辉市等地kNDVI减少明显.夏季kNDVI均值有一定增加,变化范围为0~0.701,太行山南部、燕山大部分地区kNDVI增加明显,但和顺县等少部分地区kNDVI有所下降.冬季kNDVI均值最小,变化范围为0~0.500,研究大部分地区表现为低值,只有太行山南侧与西侧少部分地区表现为高值.
根据图4可知,22年间研究区年kNDVI表现为增加与减少趋势的像元数之比约为1.97:1.kNDVI增加区域占总面积的66.36%,其中显著增加占54.74%,不显著增加占11.62%,主要分布在燕山北部和东部、太行山西部和北部地区,两区域多镶嵌分布;kNDVI减少区域占总面积的33.64%,其中极显著减少仅占4.03%,显著减少占9.61%,不显著减少占20.00%,主要分布在燕山东南部和太行山东侧、南侧地区,少部分位于燕山北侧地区和太行山西南侧地区.总体上,研究区内kNDVI增加区域大于减少区域,表明研究区植被情况得到改善与恢复.
根据逐像元计算Hurst指数的结果如图5(a)显示,处于强反向持续性和强正向持续性的区域较少,两者面积之和仅占研究区的0.74%;呈弱反向持续性的区域占67.39%,说明植被覆盖存在波动或者是下降的趋势;弱正向持续性的地区呈破碎分布状分布于燕山地带,占研究区31.87%,植被状况有所改善或者保持稳定.
进一步分析kNDVI变化规律,将kNDVI的变化趋势KH与其Hurst值进行叠加分析(图5(b)).处于持续增加与增加变缓趋势的区域占86.29%,大面积分布于太行山北部、西部和南部以及燕山北部、西部和东部地区;呈持续减少趋势的区域仅占4.85%,零散分布于太行山西南角和东侧地区以及燕山南部地区;表现为减少变缓趋势的区域主要呈带状分布于太行山东侧地区以及燕山南侧地区.
总体来说,研究区kNDVI的弱反向持续性和弱正向持续性并存,且大部分地区kNDVI呈现持续增加和增加变缓的趋势,表明该区域植被状况具有改善的趋势,但也存在一些问题和挑战.
根据变异系数将变异程度分为5级(图6),研究区kNDVI总体上呈现低态势的波动状态.高波动状态区域主要分布在燕山地带的北部边缘地区,区域占11.54%,可能由于燕山北部地区的气候条件较为严酷、生态环境相对脆弱会受到人类活动等情况的影响大;较高波动区域主要分布在燕山地带的中部地区,区域占10.19%.中等以下的波动状态区域占78.27%,在全区均有分布,少数存在于燕山北部地区.
总体来说,太行山-燕山地区多呈现中等以下的波动状态,说明京津冀生态屏障区植被状态整体趋向稳定,但仍存在高态势的波动状况,存在一定程度上的不稳定性.
表3图7可知,各解释变量离散化过程中所使用方法与间隔数存在差异;对于X13(ET)使用自然间距分级法,在间断等级为9时q值最大,对kNDVI的解释力最强,故分类数为9类;其他连续性因子离散化原理相同,其中X1(城镇人口)、X2(第一产GDP占比)、X5(人口密度)、X8(年累积降水)和X20(SM)建议选用几何间距分级法,且间隔数分别为8、8、7和9时解释力最强,故按几何间距分级法分为8、8、7和9类;X10(海拔)、X18(经度)建议选用等间距分级法,且间隔数分别为7、8时解释力最强;X3(第二产GDP占比)、X6(GDP密度)、X7(夜间灯光强度)、X9(年平均气温)和X14(LST)建议选用自然间距,且间隔数为9时解释力最强.
单因子探测的结果为各因子对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的解释度(图8).从q值来看,对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的主导驱动因子是X13蒸散发量(0.7434),而其他因子的解释力较蒸散发量显著降低.其中,X14地表温度、X15土地利用类型、X16土壤类型和X17植被类型解释力较强,对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI解释程度均超过了20%.X6GDP密度(q=0.0487)和X10海拔(q=0.0351)对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的解释力最弱,不足5%.
总体上,蒸散发量与地表温度对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的解释力度最强.社会经济因素(如GDP密度)和其他自然地理因素如植被类型、坡度等也对kNDVI有不同程度的影响.
根据图9得到在所考虑的因子之间都存在交互作用,0.6%的组合表现为单线性减弱的现象;99.4%的组合表现为增强的现象,其中56.52%的组合为双因子增强,43.48%的组合为非线性增强.交互作用影响最大为X13蒸散发量∩X9年平均气温(0.7884),说明两者综合显著影响着kNDVI的变化,且X13与其他因子(如GDP、植被类型、坡度和土壤类型等)的相互作用同样显著.其次X14地表温度∩X9年平均气温(0.50)、X14地表温度∩X8年累计降水(0.47),相互作用最小的是X12坡向∩X2第一产GDP占比(0.05)且呈现单线性减弱现象.
综上所述,大多数因子组合在共同作用下对kNDVI的影响表现为增强,ET与其他因素的相互作用尤为显著.坡向与第一产GDP占比在某些特定条件下的组合可能对kNDVI产生减弱影响.
风险探测结果表明(图10),城镇人口、人口密度和夜间灯光强度因子分别处于(21.6万人,28万人)、[0.557人/km2,6.97人/km2]和[0lm/m2,189lm/m2]区间时,kNDVI达到最大,随着区间的增大kNDVI指数而减小,说明过多的人口和过亮的夜间照明可能会对该区域地表植被生长产生抑制效应.蒸散发量在(634mm,814mm)区间和土壤水分在(0.228m3/m3,0.31m3/m3)区间时kNDVI最大且与其呈正相关关系,而地表温度在[5.2℃,11.2℃]区间kNDVI最大且与其呈负相关关系,表明植被的增多可使蒸散发量和土壤水分得到提升进而调节区域小气候,过高的地表温度则不利于植物生长发育.除了上述因子、第三产GDP占比和年平均气温,该地区的kNDVI基本上都表现为随各个区间值增加而增加,其中第一、二产业GDP对kNDVI影响相对明显,其值增大更适合植被的生长.
本研究分析了2001~2022年太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的时空变化.时间上,22年间研究区kNDVI年均值以及春、夏和秋季均值整体呈现波动上升的趋势,2009~2013年和2016~2020年年均kNDVI出现一定幅度的快速增长,揭示近年来"以粮换绿"项目、燕山山地生态综合治理工程等的大力推进取得一定成果,研究区植被得到持续改善[34].空间上,太行山南部、西部地区以及燕山大部分地区kNDVI较高,这主要由于海拔较高,使西北气流与水汽在此辐合,形成增强降雨的作用,气候较为湿润,同时受人类活动干扰较少,有利于森林的保护与生长.太行山地区kNDVI的空间异质性较大,蔚县、阳原县等地区处于农牧、林牧、农林等复合交错带,生态环境相对脆弱,kNDVI较低;垣曲县、阳城县和围场满族蒙古族自治县等地受地形气候以及天然林保护政策的影响[35],kNDVI较高.夏季植被茂密,其kNDVI均值为一年中最高,而冬季研究区植被落叶进入休眠期其kNDVI则有明显下降,反映出四季植被变化以及植被生长等情况[36],在一定程度上折射出太行山-燕山小气候向气温上升、降雨增加的趋势发展,与全球气候变化趋势一致.与以往研究结果相比,植被数据总体上仍呈现稳定且呈上升趋[37].
在研究区未来变化分类中,显著增加的区域kNDVI占比最大,植被覆盖呈增长改善趋势,这与鲁军景等[38]的结果一致.呈现显著减少与持续减少趋势的区域kNDVI占比最小,且增加趋势约为减少区域的6倍,表明近年来研究区植被覆盖率显著增加,京津冀生态保障区植被情况持续向好[39].研究区植被变化趋势及持续性主要得益于近年来"三北防护林"工程、退耕还林还草、太行山燕山绿化政策等项目的实施[40-41].然而,仍有一些地区显示出极显著减少与高波动,这些区域海拔较低受到人为干扰多,对植被有显著负面影响,太行山-燕山地区仍存在着一些生态环境问题.
相关研究表明[42],京津冀生态分区中植被变化主要受地理因子调控,植被覆盖与降水呈正相关关系,而人类活动对植被影响以负向影响为主.根据交互探测分析结果可知,太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的变化受蒸散发量、地表温度、土地利用类型、土壤类型和植被类型等多种因子共同作用的影响,且多数因子两两组合对kNDVI的解释力度呈增强状态.在青海湖流域的研究中,气温和高程是植被变化的主导因子,与距水系距离和降水量等交互作用后,解释力显著增大,说明自然因素制约着青海湖流域的植被活动[43].对于大兴安岭生态功能区,年平均降水和国内生产总值交互作用对kNDVI变化的解释能力最高[14].蒸散发量与年平均气温两因子交互作用对太行山-燕山植被覆盖影响最大,这可能是因为研究区ET对气温变化的敏感性较大,气温是ET变化的主导因素[44],进而影响植被覆盖.据单因子探测结果可知,自然地理因素对研究区kNDVI的影响较为显著,这与孟琪等[45]对京津风沙源区植被覆盖研究结果一致.蒸散发量与地表温度是kNDVI变化的主导因子,即蒸散发量与地表温度对植被状态影响显著[46],蒸散发量的增加可能会增强土壤层中微生物活性,从而加快土壤有机质分解速率,有利于植被根系生长[47],当与其他因素(如土壤、气候等)共同作用时,其对植被生长的影响会被进一步放大进而影响kNDVI值.土壤类型和坡度作为地形因素,影响了水分保持和养分供应,进而影响了植被的生长条件[48].在人为因素中排在首位的是土地利用类型,土地覆盖变化是人类活动与自然环境之间最直接的相互作用,与人类社会经济活动的活跃程度密切相关[49].另外需要指出的是坡向与第一产业GDP占比交互呈现单线性减弱的现象,阳坡与阴坡、迎风坡与背风坡,其环境皆有差别,植被生长情况不同,植被生长少、人类活动少,植被覆盖度降低[50].研究区的kNDVI与地表温度成正向相关,这说明温度对于植被的影响有促进作用,这与徐悦等[51]研究相一致,而与陈澍祺等[42]对京津冀植被覆盖的研究结果相反,这可能由于京津冀地区拥有多种地形地貌和较高程度的城市化使得地表温度对于植被覆盖具有一定抑制性.主导驱动因子蒸散发量在区间数值高时,kNDVI达到最大值,但值得注意的是,未来80年我国气温和蒸散发量仍处于上升趋势[52-53],加之人类活动的不断干扰和太行山-燕山地区的复杂性,研究区植被覆盖变化具有极大不确定性.不同区域间的生态系统各有不同,但本文研究可对kNDVI对驱动因子的相关性分析提供参考依据.
虽然本研究对太行山-燕山地区植被变化趋势和空间特征进行了分析,预测了植被动态的可持续性,同时深入探讨了气候条件、地形条件、植被和土壤类型以及人类活动对研究区植被空间分布的影响.研究结果为有效监测植被变化提供了一定贡献,但本研究也存在一些局限.
首先,本文只使用了2001~2022年1km空间分辨率的MODIS产品计算了kNDVI,单一的遥感数据使用具有传感器误差,同时不足以反映细致的植被变化和长期植被监测的需求.因此,未来研究可结合高分辨率的多源遥感数据对更长时间序列的植被变化进行监测.其次,采用Hurst指数分析植被变化可持续性不能直观反映其可持续时长,并且缺少对年内kNDVI均值变化趋势显著性、未来变化可持续性和变化稳定性进行研究.因此,未来研究可探寻更加全面反映植被变化持续性的方法,来提高植被监测的预测准确性,应深刻探讨太行山-燕山地区年内均值kNDVI变化特征.最后,本研究同时评估了气候、地形、植被和土壤以及人类活动的驱动作用,但植被变化的驱动因子更复杂的相互作用仍需继续探索.
5.1 2001~2022年,研究区年均kNDVI与春夏秋三季kNDVI均值整体呈缓慢上升趋势,冬季kNDVI均值以0.0034的速率波动下降.kNDVI年均值空间分布具有"北部和南部高,中部低"的分布特点,空间差异性较大;春季和秋季的kNDVI均值与空间分布具有较高相似度,夏季kNDVI均值最高,达0~0.701,冬季kNDVI均值降至0~0.500.
5.2 研究区kNDVI大部分区域呈增加状态(66.36%),且持续增加与增加变缓趋势的区域占总面积的近87%,近80%的区域植被变化呈中等以下的波动状态,西部边缘地区波动性较高,东部波动性较低,仍具有一定程度上的不稳定性.
5.3 OPGD结果表明,对太行山-燕山地区kNDVI的解释力ET>LST>土地利用类型>土壤类型>植被类型,均超过0.2,蒸散发量解释力度超0.7;因子的交互作用多呈现增强趋势且存在线性和非线性两种方式,ET与其他因素的交互作用尤为显著;在影响因子ET为(634mm,814mm]、LST为[5.2℃,11.2℃]、城镇人口为(21.6万人,28万人)和夜间灯光强度为[0lm/m2,189lm/m2]的子区域内,研究区kNDVI表现为高值.
  • 河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(S202410086004)
  • 河北省社会科学基金项目(HB24YJ007)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
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河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(S202410086004)
河北省社会科学基金项目(HB24YJ007)
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    1.河北农业大学国土资源学院,河北 保定 071001
    2.中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京 100083
    3.河北农业大学渤海学院,河北 黄骅 061100
    4.中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院,北京 100083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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