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Using the Gansu section of the Yellow River Basin as the research object, Fragstats 3.3 software and Pearson correlation analysis method were used to calculate the landscape pattern index of the river buffer zone, analyze the correlation between water quality and landscape pattern indicators, and investigate the factors influencing the water quality of the Yellow River’s main stream and tributaries in Gansu Province. The data included the land use data with the resolution of 30m in 2020, water quality monitoring data, and socio-economic data from 2018 to 2021. The results indicated that:(1)From 2018 to 2021, the water quality of the main stream and tributaries of the Yellow River in Gansu Province were improving, except the Taohe River, where the concentration of water quality indicators was in the increasing trend;however, TN at more than 80% of monitoring sites remained above Class V water quality standards, with significant nitrogen pollution persisting in the Weihe River, Jinghe River, and Zhuanglang River. High concentrations of TN and NH4+-N were mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts of the basin, TP levels were elevated across most areas, and COD was dispersed, with hotspots concentrated in parts of Lanzhou City and central Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture.(2)A significant correlation was observed between landscape patterns and water quality indicators. Higher aggregation and connectivity of landscape patches were associated with better water quality, whereas higher levels of fragmentation and dispersion increased the risk of water pollution.(3)Water quality indicators exhibited strong spatial heterogeneity. The driving factor analysis revealed that NH4+-N, TP, permanganate index, and COD were primarily influenced by rural activities, while TN and DO were mainly affected by urban living and industrial production.

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以黄河流域甘肃段为研究对象,基于DEM数据、土地利用数据、水质监测数据和社会经济数据,采用Fragstats 3.3软件和Pearson相关分析方法,计算河道缓冲区景观格局指数,分析水质指标与景观格局的相关性,探讨影响甘肃省黄河干支流水质的因素.结果表明:(1)2018~2021年,除洮河水质指标浓度总体趋于增长外,甘肃省黄河干流和其他支流水质整体好转,但超过80%的监测点的总氮(TN)指标处于Ⅴ类以上,且渭河、泾河和庄浪河氮源污染水平仍然较高;总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH4+-N)高值区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,大部分地区的总磷(TP)很高,化学需氧量(COD)值空间差异大,且高值区主要集中在兰州市、临夏回族自治州中部的局部地区.(2)景观格局与水质指标存在显著相关性,景观斑块聚集度和连通性越强,水质越好;景观斑块破碎化程度和离散程度越高,水质污染风险越高;(3)水质指标具有较强的空间差异,水质驱动因素结果表明氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量(COD)指标主要受农村生活和农业生产影响,总氮和溶解氧指标主要受城镇生活和工业生产影响.

, correspAuthors=陆志翔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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张晋博(2003-),男,甘肃天水人,中国科学院大学硕士研究生,主要从事流域水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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张晋博(2003-),男,甘肃天水人,中国科学院大学硕士研究生,主要从事流域水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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张晋博(2003-),男,甘肃天水人,中国科学院大学硕士研究生,主要从事流域水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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a干流,b泾河,c洮河,d渭河,e庄浪河

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a干流,b泾河,c洮河,d渭河,e庄浪河

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*代表相关性显著,P<=0.05

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*代表相关性显著,P≤0.05,圆圈大小和颜色深浅代表相关性程度,圆圈越大,相关性越强,圆圈越小,相关性越弱

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Landscape pattern index and their ecological implication

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
景观格局指数英文全称生态学含义
斑块密度(PD)Patch Density反映景观异质性和破碎度及某一种斑块的破碎化程度,反映了该类型斑块的密度,PD越大,景观破碎度越高
景观形状指数(LSI)Landscape Shape Index反映某个斑块类型或整个景观中所有斑块的形状复杂程度,LSI越大,表明景观形状越复杂,空间异质性越高,景观破碎度越高
聚合度指数(AI)Aggregation IndexAI值趋向于0时,表明该类型斑块的聚合度低;AI值趋向于100时,表明该类型斑块的聚合高
蔓延度指数(CONTAG)Contagion表征景观中不同斑块类型的团聚程度或延展趋势,高蔓延度表明景观中的某种优势斑块类型形成了良好的连通性,CONTAG越大,斑块内聚度越高,景观破碎度越低
边缘指数(ED)Edge Density单位面积内斑块边界长度与景观总面积的比值,ED越大,空间破碎度越高
香农多样性指数(SHDI)Shannon’s DiversityIndex反映景观各组分的数量、比例情况及景观多样性;SHDI越大,景观类型丰富度越高,空间异质性越强
), ArticleFig(id=1241057248475140795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057233186902848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

景观格局指数及其生态学含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
景观格局指数英文全称生态学含义
斑块密度(PD)Patch Density反映景观异质性和破碎度及某一种斑块的破碎化程度,反映了该类型斑块的密度,PD越大,景观破碎度越高
景观形状指数(LSI)Landscape Shape Index反映某个斑块类型或整个景观中所有斑块的形状复杂程度,LSI越大,表明景观形状越复杂,空间异质性越高,景观破碎度越高
聚合度指数(AI)Aggregation IndexAI值趋向于0时,表明该类型斑块的聚合度低;AI值趋向于100时,表明该类型斑块的聚合高
蔓延度指数(CONTAG)Contagion表征景观中不同斑块类型的团聚程度或延展趋势,高蔓延度表明景观中的某种优势斑块类型形成了良好的连通性,CONTAG越大,斑块内聚度越高,景观破碎度越低
边缘指数(ED)Edge Density单位面积内斑块边界长度与景观总面积的比值,ED越大,空间破碎度越高
香农多样性指数(SHDI)Shannon’s DiversityIndex反映景观各组分的数量、比例情况及景观多样性;SHDI越大,景观类型丰富度越高,空间异质性越强
), ArticleFig(id=1241057248634524357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057233186902848, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Intake of major pollutants in the Gansu section of the Yellow River Basin

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年份生活污水排放量(亿t)工业污水排放量(亿t)化学需氧量排放量(t)氨氮排放量(t)
20183.16791.6190215842755
20192.89982.1240270201884
20204.35120.6139
20214.35120.5169
), ArticleFig(id=1241057248802296529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057233186902848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄河流域甘肃段主要污染物入河量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份生活污水排放量(亿t)工业污水排放量(亿t)化学需氧量排放量(t)氨氮排放量(t)
20183.16791.6190215842755
20192.89982.1240270201884
20204.35120.6139
20214.35120.5169
), ArticleFig(id=1241057248907154139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057233186902848, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Amount of agricultural fertilizer applied in Gansu section of the Yellow River Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份化肥施用折纯量(t)
201865123
201964561
202063175
202162152
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249012011752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057233186902848, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄河流域甘肃段农业化肥施用量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份化肥施用折纯量(t)
201865123
201964561
202063175
202162152
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甘肃省黄河干支流水质差异及其影响因素分析
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张晋博 1, 2 , 陆志翔 1, * , 罗艳 1, 2 , 冯起 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2767-2779
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2767-2779
甘肃省黄河干支流水质差异及其影响因素分析
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张晋博1, 2 , 陆志翔1, * , 罗艳1, 2, 冯起1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,兰州 730000
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 张晋博(2003-),男,甘肃天水人,中国科学院大学硕士研究生,主要从事流域水资源评价与管理方向研究..

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* 责任作者,副研究员,
Analysis of the water quality difference and its influencing factors in the main stream and tributaries of the Yellow River in Gansu Province
Jin-bo ZHANG1, 2 , Zhi-xiang LU1, * , Yan LUO1, 2, Qi Feng1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以黄河流域甘肃段为研究对象,基于DEM数据、土地利用数据、水质监测数据和社会经济数据,采用Fragstats 3.3软件和Pearson相关分析方法,计算河道缓冲区景观格局指数,分析水质指标与景观格局的相关性,探讨影响甘肃省黄河干支流水质的因素.结果表明:(1)2018~2021年,除洮河水质指标浓度总体趋于增长外,甘肃省黄河干流和其他支流水质整体好转,但超过80%的监测点的总氮(TN)指标处于Ⅴ类以上,且渭河、泾河和庄浪河氮源污染水平仍然较高;总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH4+-N)高值区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,大部分地区的总磷(TP)很高,化学需氧量(COD)值空间差异大,且高值区主要集中在兰州市、临夏回族自治州中部的局部地区.(2)景观格局与水质指标存在显著相关性,景观斑块聚集度和连通性越强,水质越好;景观斑块破碎化程度和离散程度越高,水质污染风险越高;(3)水质指标具有较强的空间差异,水质驱动因素结果表明氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量(COD)指标主要受农村生活和农业生产影响,总氮和溶解氧指标主要受城镇生活和工业生产影响.

景观格局  /  河流水质  /  驱动因素  /  甘肃省  /  黄河

Using the Gansu section of the Yellow River Basin as the research object, Fragstats 3.3 software and Pearson correlation analysis method were used to calculate the landscape pattern index of the river buffer zone, analyze the correlation between water quality and landscape pattern indicators, and investigate the factors influencing the water quality of the Yellow River’s main stream and tributaries in Gansu Province. The data included the land use data with the resolution of 30m in 2020, water quality monitoring data, and socio-economic data from 2018 to 2021. The results indicated that:(1)From 2018 to 2021, the water quality of the main stream and tributaries of the Yellow River in Gansu Province were improving, except the Taohe River, where the concentration of water quality indicators was in the increasing trend;however, TN at more than 80% of monitoring sites remained above Class V water quality standards, with significant nitrogen pollution persisting in the Weihe River, Jinghe River, and Zhuanglang River. High concentrations of TN and NH4+-N were mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts of the basin, TP levels were elevated across most areas, and COD was dispersed, with hotspots concentrated in parts of Lanzhou City and central Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture.(2)A significant correlation was observed between landscape patterns and water quality indicators. Higher aggregation and connectivity of landscape patches were associated with better water quality, whereas higher levels of fragmentation and dispersion increased the risk of water pollution.(3)Water quality indicators exhibited strong spatial heterogeneity. The driving factor analysis revealed that NH4+-N, TP, permanganate index, and COD were primarily influenced by rural activities, while TN and DO were mainly affected by urban living and industrial production.

landscape pattern  /  river water quality  /  drivers  /  Gansu Province  /  Yellow River
张晋博, 陆志翔, 罗艳, 冯起. 甘肃省黄河干支流水质差异及其影响因素分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2767 -2779 .
Jin-bo ZHANG, Zhi-xiang LU, Yan LUO, Qi Feng. Analysis of the water quality difference and its influencing factors in the main stream and tributaries of the Yellow River in Gansu Province[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2767 -2779 .
河流水资源是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,而水质的好坏对流域的水资源安全和生态建设至关重要,是实现流域生态环境高水平保护和社会经济可持续发展的关键因素[1].河流作为陆地生态系统的主要汇集区域,受到周边土地利用类型和景观格局的显著影响[2].然而,水质的恶化已经成为了中国内陆水域一个严重的环境问题,如社会经济迅速发展导致的水污染事件频发等[3].近年来,探究水质差异及影响因素已成为国内外的研究热点.学者们采用随机森林回归模型、多元线性回归和冗余分析等方法探究景观格局与水质的相关性.周添红等[4]应用随机森林回归模型和BP神经网络,量化了土地利用及景观格局指数对水质指标的影响程度,表明黄河上游甘肃段不同土地利用类型和景观格局对河流总氮(TN)具有显著影响,耕地和建设用地对TN呈正相关作用,而绿地林地对TN呈负相关作用.Pei等[5]通过比较区域划分和流域划分方式下景观格局与水质的关系,表明水质监测点应与上游的所有子流域以及缓冲区相对应,嵌套流域和汇流机制的影响不容忽视;干旱灌区的灌溉事件对黄河水质的影响不容忽视,应避免将污染物直接排放到河岸附近.Wang等[6]通过冗余分析和多元线性回归等方法,得出影响水源地和干流水质参数的土地利用类型分别以自然地表和人为活动相关地表为主,但其影响在区域和季节上各不相同,特别是氮和TOC受土地利用影响显著.另有学者通过建立不同尺度的缓冲区[7-8]和确定河流廊道宽度[9],采用景观格局指数和统计分析探究土地利用对水质的影响[10-14].针对流域水质评价,学者们通过模型构建、水质指数和理化分析等方法探究水质等级.Qiu等[15]构建基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型的水生态安全评价体系,采用“单指标量化—多指标综合—多准则集成”(SMI—P)方法确定水生态安全指数(WESI),结合空间自相关分析方法,表明黄河流域一半的城市达到了二级预警,且大部分集中在流域的中上游地区.徐发凯等[16]基于综合污染指数法,结合单因子污染指数法及累积距平法等多种统计分析方法,定量分析了流域水质时空变化特征.Zhao等[17]采用理化分析、水质指数(WQI)对水质进行评价,通过细菌群落分析指出水质细菌污染不容忽视.区域社会经济发展和景观格局决定污染物的排放规模和消纳能力,进而成为影响区域水质空间分布的重要因素[18-20].综上,现阶段景观格局对水质特征的相关关系研究已有一定的进展,但对干支流水质差异及社会经济对水质的影响研究却鲜有提及.因此,受人类活动和气候变化的多重影响,甘肃省黄河干支流水环境问题的成因复杂,且本底状况尚不清晰,缺乏有效的识别和诊断技术方法,使得水环境问题的精准识别和诊断面临巨大挑战,进而导致河流治理与管控难以有效实行.
黄河流域对中国北方的社会经济可持续发展和生态安全至关重要[21],而流域高污染企业聚集已成为限制流域可持续发展的关键因素[22].黄河流域甘肃段西南部属于甘南高原,草原分布较集中,而东部主要以农业生产为主,农业种植用地分布较集中;中北部为城市建成区,也是人类活动强度最高的区域;此外,流域黄河河网密布、水系发达.人类活动不仅会影响景观斑块的种类和分布,还使斑块的形状趋于多样化和复杂化,从而导致景观破碎化程度进一步加剧.因此,科学诊断黄河流域的主要水环境问题,已成为新时期黄河治理的关键前提[23].甘肃省作为“一带一路”重要节点,也是黄河流域重要的水源涵养区和生态屏障区,具有重要的战略地位和生态服务功能.由于水环境污染问题显著、经济发展水平较为落后,且社会经济的空间异质性较大,进一步制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展.黄河流域甘肃段的水质直接关系到黄河流域的水资源安全[24],且水污染是导致黄河流域直接水稀缺风险损失(DWSR)显著增加的主要因素[25].因此,本研究在探讨黄河流域甘肃段的水质差异的基础上,进一步探寻流域景观结构和社会经济与水质的关系.
已有学者对黄河水质状况进行了研究,但主要集中于黄河干流,对黄河支流水质状况、水质驱动因素及干支流关系的研究较少[26-28].因而,为了进一步探讨黄河流域甘肃段的水质差异及影响因素,本研究采用水质单因子评价法、景观格局指数法、冗余分析和Pearson相关分析,探究甘肃黄河干支流水质的演变情况和主要水质污染指标,并对干流与各支流进行景观格局、社会经济因素与水质间的关系分析,厘清黄河流域甘肃段整体水质污染的程度和根源.并通过开展干支流水质对比研究,进而为干支流河长制的效果评估提供依据.研究结果将为区域生态环境治理决策提供依据,最终促进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展.
甘肃省黄河干流位于甘肃省东南部,流经甘南、临夏、兰州和白银4市州,全长913km,占黄河干流总长度的六分之一.渭河是黄河最大支流,泾河、洮河和庄浪河是黄河重要支流.地势西高东低(图1),土地利用以草地和旱地为主,分别占研究区总面积的29.61%和20.21%,水体面积占研究区域的1.59%.流域位于东部季风区和青藏高原气候区交接地带,区域年平均气温7℃,平均年降雨量为473.64mm.近年来区域城市化发展迅速,城镇化水平达到58%以上.截至2018年末,研究区总人口为1830.29万人,占甘肃省总人口的69%;GDP为5769.55亿元,占全省GDP的70%.黄河流域甘肃段既是甘肃省的政治、经济和文化中心,又是黄河上游重要的水源涵养区.甘肃省黄河干支流从中心城区流经城乡交错带,复杂的景观类型和密集的人类活动对河流水环境产生了重大影响.
水质数据来源于甘肃省水环境监测中心,包括有35个监测点的2018~2021年的月水质数据,黄河干流、泾河、洮河、渭河和庄浪河分别有10,5,7,11和2个水质监测点.参考我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)[29],选取总氮(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)和pH值等7个水质指标进行分析.为探究产业发展对甘肃省黄河干支流水质的影响,驱动因素数据来源于2018~2021年甘肃省水资源公报和甘肃省统计年鉴.数字高程模型(DEM)数据来源于中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn),空间分辨率为90m.土地利用数据从中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)获取,为2020年30m分辨率的分类数据.
为探究景观破碎度、景观聚集度和景观类型丰富度对甘肃省黄河干支流水质的影响,参照已有研究[30],选取了斑块密度(PD)、景观形状指数(LSI)、聚集度指数(AI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、边缘指数(ED)和香农多样性指数(SHDI)等6个景观指数表示景观破碎度、聚集度和丰富度.其中,PD、LSI和ED反映景观破碎度,AI和CONTAG反映景观聚集度,SHDI反映景观类型丰富度.景观指数的生态含义如表1所示.
单因子水质评价法是将各项水质指标与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的水质标准限值进行对比后,选出严重超标的单项指标评价水样的最终水质类别,最终确定主要污染物和主要污染源,这有利于直观地了解研究区水质状况,同时可以有效避免确定指标权重的主观随意性[31-33].
Pearson相关系数分析法用于衡量任何两个变量之间的相关性强度[34-35],本研究利用Pearson相关系数分析水质指标与类型景观指数的相关性.具体公式为:
式中:aj为第j类水质指标值;bj为第j类景观指数数值;A为所有水质指标值的平均值,B为所有景观指数数值的平均值;r为二者间相关系数,范围在[-1,1]之间.当r∈(0,1)时,水质指标与景观指数呈正相关;当r∈(-1,0)时,水质指标与景观指数呈负相关;当r=0时,两者之间不存在任何相关性.相关系数的绝对值越大,水质指标与景观指数的相关性越强.
冗余分析(RDA)可获得景观格局对水质指标的解释能力.景观格局指数随缓冲半径变化的趋势表明,当缓冲半径大于1km时,缓冲区的景观格局指数趋于稳定,不再随缓冲半径的增大而发生较大变化[36].因此,本研究干流的缓冲区半径为5km,支流的缓冲区半径为3km,基于RDA量化景观格局指数对河流水质解释能力的排序.当各景观格局指标的箭头之间夹角小于90°时,两者为正相关;当大于90°时,两者为负相关;等于90°时,两者不具有明显的相关性;两者之间锐角越小或钝角越大,则相关性越强.箭头长度表示景观指数对水质指标的解释力度,长度越长,景观指数解释力度越强.
干支流水平下(图2),庄浪河PD值相对较大,表明景观破碎化较为显著.庄浪河和渭河上游的ED值相对较大,表明景观被边界分割的程度较高.泾河的LSI值相对较大,表明斑块越离散聚合程度越差.泾河的CONTAG值也相对较大,表明景观是多种要素下的密集格局,景观的破碎化程度显著.黄河干流和洮河的SHDI较大,说明该区域斑块分布不均衡,且景观类型空间分布的异质性逐渐增强.此外,洮河的AI值相对较小,表明景观斑块之间的连通性较低.
2018~2021年,甘肃省黄河干流水质指标变化均趋于稳定,且冬季水质相比其余时期水质较好(图3a).泾河氨氮、总磷和高锰酸钾指数变化均趋于稳定(图3b);洮河水质指标浓度均呈增长状态(图3c);渭河氨氮、总磷和高锰酸钾指数变化均趋于稳定,总氮均劣于Ⅴ类水质标准(图3d);庄浪河氨氮、总磷、溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数变化均趋于稳定(图3e).其中,各流域氨氮和化学需氧量指标年变化较大,总磷和高锰酸钾指数指标年变化较小.除洮河流域外,其余流域各水质指标变化均为改善趋势.
甘肃省黄河干支流35个水质监测点的水质监测数据的描述性统计特征如图4所示.氨氮含量在2019年的变化幅度较大(0.15~2.73mg/L),变异系数为90,从平均值来看,2021年氨氮含量最低(0.27mg/L),2018年和2019年数值较为接近,分别为0.52和0.48mg/L;高锰酸钾指数平均值在2021年最低(1.76mg/L),2018年和2019年分别为2.24和2.13mg/L;总氮含量的平均值,2019年(4.13mg/L)和2020年(4.13mg/L)远高于2018年(3.35mg/L)和2021年(3.67mg/L),总氮均值均属于Ⅴ类标准;总磷浓度呈现降低趋势,并逐年递减.总的来看,研究区河流的氨氮和总氮指标整体处于较高水平.此外,总氮、氨氮以及总磷的变异系数均大于36,表明存在强烈的空间分异.
甘肃省黄河干支流水质空间差异如图5所示,相较于其他指标,TN污染情况较为严重,80%以上的监测点水质处于Ⅴ类以上.氨氮污染逐渐改善,2020年85%以上水质监测点满足Ⅱ类水质标准,到2021年,90%以上水质监测点满足Ⅱ类水质标准.总磷污染逐渐改善,2020年水质监测点均满足Ⅱ类水质及以下标准,其中20%以上水质监测点满足Ⅰ类水质标准,到2021年,水质监测点均满足Ⅱ类水质标准,其中70%以上水质监测点满足Ⅰ类水质标准.高锰酸钾指数逐渐减小,2020年水质监测点均满足Ⅱ类水质及以下标准,其中45%以上水质监测点满足Ⅰ类水质标准,到2021年,水质监测点均满足Ⅱ类水质及以下标准,其中70%以上水质监测点满足Ⅰ类水质标准.化学需氧量指标逐渐改善,2020年和2021年70%以上水质监测点满足Ⅱ类水质标准.溶解氧在2018~2021年期间均为Ⅰ类水质标准.除2020年泾河流域2个监测点pH值大于9外,其余水质监测点2018~2021年的pH值均在7~9之间,可见2018~2021年监测点pH值均呈碱性.总体来看,总氮和氨氮高浓度区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,总磷在流域大部分地区均很高,化学需氧量值空间差异较大,且高值区主要集中在兰州市、临夏回族自治州中部的局部地区.
选取地表Ⅲ类水质标准对甘肃省黄河干支流2018~2021年逐月水质监测数据进行单因子评价,结果如图6所示.总氮指标在甘肃省黄河干流及各支流4年内变化均较大,除洮河流域溶解氧指标外,其余各流域水质指标均处于稳定状态.评价指标中包含总氮时,各月水质均未达到Ⅲ类标准;当评价指标中不包含总氮时,单因子评价结果较好.
景观格局指数与水质指标的相关性如图7所示,化学需氧量与PD、ED、CONTAG和AI呈正相关关系,其中与CONTAG呈较显著正相关关系,与SHDI和LSI呈负相关关系,其中与SHDI呈显著负相关关系.溶解氧与PD、ED、CONTAG、LSI和AI呈负相关关系,与SHDI呈较显著正相关关系.氨氮和LSI呈显著正相关关系,与PD、ED、CONTAG、AI呈负相关关系,其中与ED和LSI有较显著关系,与CONTAG不存在相关关系.总氮与PD、ED、AI和CONTAG呈正相关关系,其中与CONTAG呈较显著的正相关关系,与SHDI呈显著负相关关系,与LSI不存在任何相关关系.总磷与PD、ED、CONTAG、AI呈正相关关系,其中与CONTAG存在着相对较显著的相关关系,与SHDI呈负相关关系,与LSI不存在相关关系.高锰酸钾指数与SHDI呈较弱正相关关系,与PD、ED、LSI、CONTAG和AI呈负相关关系.
根据景观指数与水质相关性分析,景观破碎度、景观聚集度与化学需氧量、总磷、总氮呈正相关关系,与溶解氧呈负相关关系.此外,景观聚集度与高锰酸钾指数也呈负相关关系.景观类型丰富度与溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数呈正相关关系,其中与高锰酸钾指数呈较弱正相关关系,与化学需氧量、总氮和总磷呈负相关关系,其中与总氮呈显著负相关关系.
景观格局指数对河流水质的解释能力排序如图8所示,总氮与PD、AI、LSI、ED和CONTAG均呈正相关关系,但与SHDI呈负相关;氨氮与LSI呈正相关,与PD、AI、ED、CONTAG和SHDI呈负相关;总磷与AI、PD、CONTAG和ED呈正相关,与SHDI呈负相关;高锰酸钾指数与SHDI呈正相关,与LSI、CONTAG、PD、ED和AI呈负相关.总氮的箭头相较于总磷较长,说明景观破碎度对该水质指标的影响更显著.
影响水质的主要社会经济因素为国内生产总值、第一产业、第二产业、第三产业和人口数量(图9).氨氮指标与农村人口和农田有效灌溉面积呈正相关关系,且与第一产业和第三产业存在显著负相关关系.总氮指标主要与第一产业、第三产业、生活污水排放和城镇人口呈正相关关系.总磷指标与农村人口、农田有效灌溉面积和工业污水年排放量存在正相关关系.高锰酸钾指数与农村人口与工业污水年排放量呈正相关关系,与其余驱动因素均存在负相关关系,其中与第一产业、第三产业和国内生产总值存在显著负相关关系.除农村人口与工业污水年排放量外,溶解氧与其余水质指标存在正相关关系,其中与第二产业、国内生产总值和工业增加值呈显著正相关关系.化学需氧量与农村人口和工业污水年排放量存在正相关关系,与其余水质指标呈负相关关系.
黄河流域甘肃段近年来主要污染物入河量和农业化肥施用量如表2表3表示.2018~2021年,流域农业化肥施用量逐年减少.2018~2019年流域氨氮排放显著减少,化学需氧量排放量大幅增加,2020年生活污水排放量增加,工业污水排放量显著减少,这可能是由于新冠疫情,导致流域地区工农业等经济生产活动相对减少.由于流域有较为完善的污水处理设施,因此,虽然污染物排放增加,但整体水质仍较好.
黄河流域甘肃段产业结构如图10所示,2018~2021年,黄河流域甘肃段产业结构表现为第一产业比重持续增加,第二产业比重整体下降,第三产业比重基本保持不变,且为黄河流域甘肃段经济发展最主要的支撑力量.随着社会经济发展,城镇化进程加快、人口数量增加,导致黄河流域甘肃段水质治理难度增大.Pearson相关性结果表明(图9),第一产业、第三产业和生活污水排放与总氮指标呈正相关关系,进一步说明了第一产业、第三产业和生活污水排放是总氮指标的重要影响因素.
针对甘肃省黄河干支流景观格局指数与水质的相关性研究,并通过RDA分析解释结果可得,景观组成类型斑块的聚集度和连通性越强,水质越好;与此相反,景观组成类型斑块的破碎化程度和离散聚合程度越高,水质越差.景观格局指数的有效性不仅受尺度效应、生态意义可解释性,还受土地分类的不确定性影响,导致不同的研究者会有不同的结论[37],且景观格局对水质的影响侧重于空间构型特征[38].已有研究表明[39],甘肃省黄河干支流在不同空间尺度的河岸带缓冲区下,土地利用类型的差异性不大,草原、农田和水域面积占比较大,随着空间尺度增大,草原面积略有增加,越大的空间尺度下SHDI与PD越稳定.此外,由于黄河流域甘肃段植被覆盖率较低,水土流失问题较严重,氨氮及有机质会随暴雨冲刷进入水质,从而污染水质,建设用地越多,景观破碎化程度越高,导致水中有机物、微生物含量升高.2021年崆峒峡水库水质监测点总氮指标为Ⅰ类水质,参考甘肃省水资源公报,这可能与当年水库蓄水总量变化有关.
2018~2021年甘肃省黄河干支流水质总体改善,这与前人的研究结果高度一致,很可能与严格的生态治理有关[18].为改善河流水质,在流域尺度上,增加城镇用地面积和林地面积的同时,还应减少城镇用地和林地的分散度;在缓冲区尺度上,增加林地面积、减少城镇面积和水域面积的分散度的同时,还应减少水域面积和林地面积的分散度、增强城镇用地的分散度[40].
本研究以单一尺度对景观格局对水质影响进行了分析,通过干流5km,支流3km的尺度对河道景观格局进行了分析,并与各水质指标进行了相关性分析和冗余分析,尚无法揭示水质与景观格局的耦合机理.景观格局对水质的影响是多过程、共同作用的结果,具有很大不确定性,对于最优解释的空间尺度目前仍无一致的定论,未来通过开展不同尺度下多种景观格局、气候、土壤性质对水质影响的深入研究,应用调查和水质模型等方法,将有助于揭示二者间的耦合机理.
甘肃省黄河干支流氨氮、总磷、溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数在2018~2021年趋于稳定,表明氨氮控制较好,而总氮污染仍需进一步治理.通过加强对氮源污染的治理,特别是控制产业废水排放,以持续改善水质.兰州作为黄河流域甘肃段的重要城市,曾频发水污染事故,但过去20年在黄河干流治理上取得了显著成效.引调水工程缓解了兰州、白银等区域的用水压力[41];持续推进的水土流失治理、退耕还林还草工程等使区域NDVI均值和生态弹性度均得到了提升[42].过去20年,甘肃高质量发展水平整体呈上升趋势,但市域高质量发展水平存在明显差异,黄河流域甘肃段尤为突出.黄河流域甘肃段内的景观生态风险值整体处于较低水平,且高风险-低水平发展主要分布在渭河等水系[43].2017年,工业污染的COD排放源主要在定西市的安定区、天水市的麦积区和兰州市的西固区,水质指标中总氮、氨氮和总磷排放源主要集中在兰州市的西固区、红古区和安宁区[44];2018年,兰州城区规模以上工业销售利润达7.2%,比2000年大幅提高;并且由于水污染得到有效治理,黄河兰州段已达Ⅲ类水标准,但甘肃省黄河支流仍存在水污染问题.
由于农牧业为研究区的主要经济支撑,磷肥使用量较大,农用地土壤中含磷量较高,导致甘肃省黄河干支流总磷指标较高[45].农田径流是黄甘肃省黄河干支流的氮型面源污染的主要污染途径,总氮污染来源主要为城镇生活和农田径流,氨氮污染主要来源于农村生活,总磷污染主要受水土流失和农田径流影响,化学需氧量主要污染途径为牲畜养殖[46].随着海拔降低,水中营养盐浓度增高[47],导致高锰酸钾指数高值区主要存在于研究区北部和南部部分区域.因此,进一步加强对黄河流域甘肃段各级支流的生态保护至关重要,以更好地维护甘肃省黄河流域各支流的水质健康.
本研究以甘肃省黄河干支流各监测点水质数据,开展了水质变化差异及影响因素分析工作,分析了水质特征,得到主要污染物,对污染物来源进行了分析,但仍无法区分面源污染与点源污染对水质影响占比.因此,对甘肃省黄河干支流水质分析,仍需进一步对流域内面源与点源污染物进行调查研究.
5.1 2018~2021年甘肃省黄河干支流水质整体好转,但总氮污染仍然严重,干流水质指标总体趋于稳定,冬季水质优于其他季节;泾河水质指标趋于稳定,洮河水质指标浓度呈增长趋势,渭河氨氮、总磷和高锰酸钾指数稳定,但总氮劣于Ⅴ类水质标准,庄浪河主要水质指标均趋于稳定.影响甘肃省黄河干支流水质的主要指标为总氮,其年均浓度在2019年(4.13mg/L)和2020年(4.13mg/L)远高于2018年(3.35mg/L)和2021年(3.67mg/L),均属于Ⅴ类标准,高锰酸钾指数、溶解氧、化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮等5种水质指标均满足Ⅲ类水质标准.
5.2 水质指标与景观组成斑块类型的破碎化存在显著的相关性,其中景观破碎度对水质的影响更为显著.聚集度和连通性越强,水质越好;破碎化程度和离散聚合程度越高,水质污染风险越大.此外,氨氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量指标主要受农村生活影响,总氮和溶解氧指标主要受城镇生活和工业生产影响.
5.3 甘肃省黄河干支流水质表现出显著的空间异质性,氮污染主要存在于渭河、泾河和庄浪河流域,洮河水质指标浓度总体趋于增长,且总氮、氨氮及总磷指标存在显著的空间分布特征.到2020年,35个水质监测点总氮年均浓度均为Ⅲ类水质标准限值及以上,其余水质年平均浓度指标基本达到Ⅱ类水质标准.总氮和氨氮高浓度区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,总磷在流域大部分地区均很高,化学需氧量值空间差异大,且高值区主要集中在兰州市、临夏回族自治州中部的局部地区.
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(21ZD4FA008; 23ZDFA018)
  • 兰州分院所际青年联合基金项目(E4400404)
  • 中国科学院西部之光项目(xbzglzb2022020)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
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甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(21ZD4FA008; 23ZDFA018)
兰州分院所际青年联合基金项目(E4400404)
中国科学院西部之光项目(xbzglzb2022020)
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    1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,兰州 730000
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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