Article(id=1241057232952021793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820702064, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820702064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820702064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820702064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2745, endPage=2756, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057233300149075, articleId=1241057232952021793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water and indication to soil water movement in a typical wetland of Poyang Lake, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Poyang Lake is characterized by significant water level fluctuations, leading to complex transformation processes among precipitation, soil water, and groundwater. Due to the limitations of intricate wetland conditions and traditional monitoring methods, it is challenging to conduct quantitative studies on soil water movement and its interaction with groundwater. In this study, three vegetation communities at different elevations in Poyang Lake were investigated to analyze the isotopic composition of precipitation, lake water, groundwater, and soil water(0~80cm). The characteristics of wetland soil water movement were examined across various hydrological periods. The results showed that the slope of the soil evaporation line(SEL)in the Artemisia capillaris community(5.91)was significantly lower than that of the local meteoric water line(LMWL, 7.60). The lc-excess values of soil water in 0~60cm layer were negative, indicating strong evaporation, with a maximum impact depth of 60 cm. The slopes of the SEL in the Phragmites australis and Carex cinerascens communities(6.70 and 6.75, respectively)were slightly lower than the LMWL, and the lc-excess values of soil water were close to 0, indicating minimal evaporation. Regarding soil water movement, the δ18O values of soil water in the A. capillaris community increased with depth during spring(May)and summer(June to August), indicating piston-flow dominated transport. During autumn(September and October), soil water δ18O values became enriched and decreased with depth, indicating the dominant influence of evaporation. Furthermore, the soil water δ18O values in the A. capillaria community were significantly enriched compared to groundwater isotopes. No depleted isotope signals or evidence of groundwater supply were detected in the soil water, even when the groundwater table was at its shallowest(1.92m). These results suggest that vertical hydrological connectivity between root-zone soil water and groundwater was blocked. In contrast, soil water movement in the P. australis and C. cinerascens communities was significantly influenced by groundwater level fluctuations. During the groundwater level rise period(April and May), shallow soil water(0~40cm)in these two communities primarily originated from atmospheric precipitation, while deep soil water(40~80cm)was replenished by capillary rise of groundwater. Groundwater contributed more than 50% to the replenishment of root-zone soil water. During the shallow groundwater table period(June and August), frequent exchanges occurred between soil water and groundwater in the P. australis community. In the groundwater table decline period(September and October), the P. australis and C. cinerascens communities exhibited non-uniform soil water flow processes, characterized by noticeable preferential flow.

, correspAuthors=Yun-liang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiu-li XU, Yun-liang LI, Zi-kang XING, Ting CHEN, Xiao-dong CHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057239641936025, articleId=1241057232952021793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤水稳定同位素特征及对水分运动的指示, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鄱阳湖水位波动显著,降水、土壤水、地下水转化过程复杂,受限于复杂的湿地野外条件和传统的监测手段,湿地土壤水分运动及其与地下水转化关系的定量研究较为困难.本研究选择鄱阳湖湿地不同高程处典型植被群落,基于生长季水文监测和降水、湖水、地下水、0~80cm根区土壤水氢氧同位素测试,分析了不同植被群落根区土壤水同位素变化特征,阐释了不同水文时期湿地土壤水分运动过程,量化了地下水与土壤水的转化关系.结果显示,高位滩地茵陈蒿群落(Artemisia capillaris)的土壤水蒸发线斜率(5.91)明显低于当地大气降水线(LMWL,7.60),0~60cm土壤水lc-excess指数为负,说明土壤蒸发作用较强,最大影响深度为60cm.而中、低高程滩地处芦苇(Phragmites australis)和灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)群落的土壤水蒸发线斜率(6.70和6.75)略低于LMWL,土壤水lc-excess值均接近于0,显示蒸发作用较小.在土壤水分运动方面,茵陈蒿群落土壤水剖面δ18O在春季(5月)、夏季(6~8月)随深度增加而富集,表明土壤水受降水补给,并以活塞流模式下渗;秋季(9~10月)土壤水δ18O明显富集,且随深度增加而贫化,指示主要受蒸发作用的影响.此外,茵陈蒿群落根区土壤水δ18O较地下水同位素显著富集,在地下水埋深最浅时(1.92m),土壤水中未发现地下水的贫化同位素信号及明显的水分补充,说明根区土壤水与地下水间的垂向水文连通受阻.芦苇和薹草群落土壤水运动受地下水波动影响明显.在地下水位上升期(4~5月),芦苇和薹草群落浅层(0~40cm)土壤水主要来源大气降水,深层土壤水(40~80cm)受毛细水上升补给,地下水对根区土壤水的补给贡献超50%;在地下水浅埋期(6、8月),芦苇群落土壤水和地下水转化频繁;在地下水位下降期(9~10月),芦苇和薹草群落表现出非均匀土壤水流过程,存在明显优先流.

, correspAuthors=李云良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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许秀丽(1987-),女,山西忻州人,副教授,博士,主要从事湿地土壤水文过程研究.发表论文10余篇..

, authorsList=许秀丽, 李云良, 邢子康, 陈婷, 储小东)}, authors=[Author(id=1241057240736649479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xlxu1987@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241057240887644437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, authorId=1241057240736649479, language=EN, stringName=Xiu-li XU, firstName=Xiu-li, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.School of Geography, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210008, China
2.Key Laboratory of Climate Risk Simulation and Urban-Rural Smart Governance, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210008, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241057241017667875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, authorId=1241057240736649479, language=CN, stringName=许秀丽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.江苏第二师范学院地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210008
2.江苏第二师范学院,气候风险模拟与城乡智慧治理江苏省高校重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008, bio={"content":"

许秀丽(1987-),女,山西忻州人,副教授,博士,主要从事湿地土壤水文过程研究.发表论文10余篇..

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许秀丽(1987-),女,山西忻州人,副教授,博士,主要从事湿地土壤水文过程研究.发表论文10余篇..

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river systems of Poyang Lake(a), water level changes at Xingzi station during 2018(b)and a schematic diagram of study wetland transect in the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve(c), figureFileSmall=jF1eRDLVcujpyOCTj3swIQ==, figureFileBig=OQb3Iq2SpEXKktkENJdOLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057245757231696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鄱阳湖周边水系(a)和湖区星子站2018年水位变化(b)及国家自然保护区湿地断面示意(c), figureFileSmall=jF1eRDLVcujpyOCTj3swIQ==, figureFileBig=OQb3Iq2SpEXKktkENJdOLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246000501353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Seasonal variations of daily rainfall, groundwater depth at different communities and lake water level, figureFileSmall=LvFcv0Z0JtImIJFkHPkB6g==, figureFileBig=+DdRLZLtWdaVIu2F3bL4mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246126330486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区降雨量、湿地地下水埋深和湖水位变化

图a中箭头表示土壤和地下水采样日,图b中地面定义为0m,正、负值分别代表地下水埋深和淹水深度

, figureFileSmall=LvFcv0Z0JtImIJFkHPkB6g==, figureFileBig=+DdRLZLtWdaVIu2F3bL4mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246243771004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Seasonal variations of soil water content at the A. capillaries(a), P. australis(b), and C. cinerascens(c)communities, figureFileSmall=HPxJjHFNu8TKuSryLMO8GQ==, figureFileBig=wnbTEAPSBkxBYR1YDPr7EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246340240008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图3, caption=茵陈蒿(a)、芦苇(b)、灰化薹草(c)群落土壤含水量季节变化, figureFileSmall=HPxJjHFNu8TKuSryLMO8GQ==, figureFileBig=wnbTEAPSBkxBYR1YDPr7EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246440903311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationships between δ18O and δD values for rainfall, lake water, groundwater, and soil water, figureFileSmall=SFkc0Oh7DRnE/vcyL4ew5w==, figureFileBig=U34zJr/kW/cV9Tj69kFnmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057246617064091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大气降水、湖水、地下水、土壤水δ18O-δD关系

箱型图代表不同水体δ18O和δD的统计图,红色菱形方块是因强烈蒸发排除的薹草群落土壤水异常点

, figureFileSmall=SFkc0Oh7DRnE/vcyL4ew5w==, figureFileBig=U34zJr/kW/cV9Tj69kFnmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248152179364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Vertical variations of δ18O(a), δD(b)and lc-excess(c)in soil water across depths for the three typical vegetation communities, figureFileSmall=9IjOXAo0+Q9icSxi76Xl6Q==, figureFileBig=HPGos+IyEeiYn2bBPGvJNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248307368625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图5, caption=典型植被群落土壤水δ18O(a)、δD(b)和lc-excess(c)垂直变化特征

不同字母表示存在显著性差异

, figureFileSmall=9IjOXAo0+Q9icSxi76Xl6Q==, figureFileBig=HPGos+IyEeiYn2bBPGvJNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248479335100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Seasonal variations of δ18O in soil water, rainfall, and groundwater in the A. capillaries community, figureFileSmall=2vqLmSdmp1LN5F7/e/pPFw==, figureFileBig=Gku+PWTuUU8L+40d13xacA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248634524358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图6, caption=茵陈蒿群落土壤水、月降水和地下水的δ18O季节变化, figureFileSmall=2vqLmSdmp1LN5F7/e/pPFw==, figureFileBig=Gku+PWTuUU8L+40d13xacA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248760353483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Seasonal variations of δ18O in soil water, rainfall, and groundwater in the P. australis community, figureFileSmall=mwDZ5TsbqB4SDLF13/udkA==, figureFileBig=/bUP479FuxctJZKrTqNgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248848433875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图7, caption=芦苇群落土壤水、月降水和地下水的δ18O季节变化, figureFileSmall=mwDZ5TsbqB4SDLF13/udkA==, figureFileBig=/bUP479FuxctJZKrTqNgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057248978457315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Seasonal variations of δ18O values in soil water, rainfall, and groundwater in the C. cinerascens community, figureFileSmall=XDRHQH9suSAerm685X/kmQ==, figureFileBig=mYPSJ3EvEsgTJe8PWkS2Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057249070732015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=图8, caption=灰化薹草群落土壤水、月降水和地下水的δ18O季节变化, figureFileSmall=XDRHQH9suSAerm685X/kmQ==, figureFileBig=mYPSJ3EvEsgTJe8PWkS2Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057249204949755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil water content and groundwater depth at different sampling dates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被群落监测指标4月18日5月15日6月15日7月18日8月23日9月12日10月23日
茵陈蒿土壤含水量(%)14.1±2.0a10.9±2.0a12.6±1.2a7.6±2.1b4.9±1.5c2.9±1.5d4.8±1.1cd
地下水埋深(m)7.105.433.771.923.715.387.15
芦苇土壤含水量(%)28.0±3.0a28.7±3.4a29.8±2.7a\27.2±6.0a25.4±2.2a27.2±3.1a
地下水埋深(m)4.843.221.60\1.543.174.89
薹草土壤含水量(%)27.6±6.5a30.2±8.0a\\\26.4±2.9b25.2±3.7b
地下水埋深(m)2.961.32\\\1.273.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249339167488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同采样日期土壤含水量与地下水埋深统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被群落监测指标4月18日5月15日6月15日7月18日8月23日9月12日10月23日
茵陈蒿土壤含水量(%)14.1±2.0a10.9±2.0a12.6±1.2a7.6±2.1b4.9±1.5c2.9±1.5d4.8±1.1cd
地下水埋深(m)7.105.433.771.923.715.387.15
芦苇土壤含水量(%)28.0±3.0a28.7±3.4a29.8±2.7a\27.2±6.0a25.4±2.2a27.2±3.1a
地下水埋深(m)4.843.221.60\1.543.174.89
薹草土壤含水量(%)27.6±6.5a30.2±8.0a\\\26.4±2.9b25.2±3.7b
地下水埋深(m)2.961.32\\\1.273.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249473385228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Proportional contributions of water sources to soil moisture at 0~80cm depth across different hydrological periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水文时期植被类型月份地下水埋深(m)降水δ18O(‰)地下水δ18O(‰)土壤水δ18O(‰)降水补给比例(%)地下水补给比例(%)
地下水位上升期芦苇44.84-3.49-5.23-4.9317.382.7
53.22-3.82-5.05-4.4548.651.4
薹草42.96-3.49-5.72-4.7145.654.4
51.32-3.82-5.30-4.7239.360.7
地下水位浅埋期芦苇61.60-8.46-5.09-4.64\
81.54-5.78-3.83-4.5737.762.3
地下水位下降期芦苇93.17-6.82-6.04-5.45\
104.89-7.13-5.57-4.99\
薹草91.27-6.82-5.24-5.67\
103.01-7.13-5.70-6.5458.441.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249578242834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232952021793, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同水文时期根区土壤水分补给来源贡献比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水文时期植被类型月份地下水埋深(m)降水δ18O(‰)地下水δ18O(‰)土壤水δ18O(‰)降水补给比例(%)地下水补给比例(%)
地下水位上升期芦苇44.84-3.49-5.23-4.9317.382.7
53.22-3.82-5.05-4.4548.651.4
薹草42.96-3.49-5.72-4.7145.654.4
51.32-3.82-5.30-4.7239.360.7
地下水位浅埋期芦苇61.60-8.46-5.09-4.64\
81.54-5.78-3.83-4.5737.762.3
地下水位下降期芦苇93.17-6.82-6.04-5.45\
104.89-7.13-5.57-4.99\
薹草91.27-6.82-5.24-5.67\
103.01-7.13-5.70-6.5458.441.6
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鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤水稳定同位素特征及对水分运动的指示
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许秀丽 1, 2 , 李云良 3, 4, * , 邢子康 3, 4 , 陈婷 5 , 储小东 5
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2745-2756
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2745-2756
鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤水稳定同位素特征及对水分运动的指示
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许秀丽1, 2 , 李云良3, 4, * , 邢子康3, 4, 陈婷5, 储小东5
作者信息
  • 1.江苏第二师范学院地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210008
  • 2.江苏第二师范学院,气候风险模拟与城乡智慧治理江苏省高校重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 4.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所鄱阳湖湖泊湿地综合研究站,江西 九江 332899
  • 5.江西省地质调查勘察院地质环境监测所,江西 南昌 330029
  • 许秀丽(1987-),女,山西忻州人,副教授,博士,主要从事湿地土壤水文过程研究.发表论文10余篇..

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* 责任作者,研究员,
Characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water and indication to soil water movement in a typical wetland of Poyang Lake
Xiu-li XU1, 2 , Yun-liang LI3, 4, * , Zi-kang XING3, 4, Ting CHEN5, Xiao-dong CHU5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geography, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Climate Risk Simulation and Urban-Rural Smart Governance, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 4.Poyang Lake Wetland Research Station, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332899, China
  • 5.Geological Environment Monitoring Institute of Jiangxi Geological Survey and Exploration Institute, Nanchang 330029, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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鄱阳湖水位波动显著,降水、土壤水、地下水转化过程复杂,受限于复杂的湿地野外条件和传统的监测手段,湿地土壤水分运动及其与地下水转化关系的定量研究较为困难.本研究选择鄱阳湖湿地不同高程处典型植被群落,基于生长季水文监测和降水、湖水、地下水、0~80cm根区土壤水氢氧同位素测试,分析了不同植被群落根区土壤水同位素变化特征,阐释了不同水文时期湿地土壤水分运动过程,量化了地下水与土壤水的转化关系.结果显示,高位滩地茵陈蒿群落(Artemisia capillaris)的土壤水蒸发线斜率(5.91)明显低于当地大气降水线(LMWL,7.60),0~60cm土壤水lc-excess指数为负,说明土壤蒸发作用较强,最大影响深度为60cm.而中、低高程滩地处芦苇(Phragmites australis)和灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)群落的土壤水蒸发线斜率(6.70和6.75)略低于LMWL,土壤水lc-excess值均接近于0,显示蒸发作用较小.在土壤水分运动方面,茵陈蒿群落土壤水剖面δ18O在春季(5月)、夏季(6~8月)随深度增加而富集,表明土壤水受降水补给,并以活塞流模式下渗;秋季(9~10月)土壤水δ18O明显富集,且随深度增加而贫化,指示主要受蒸发作用的影响.此外,茵陈蒿群落根区土壤水δ18O较地下水同位素显著富集,在地下水埋深最浅时(1.92m),土壤水中未发现地下水的贫化同位素信号及明显的水分补充,说明根区土壤水与地下水间的垂向水文连通受阻.芦苇和薹草群落土壤水运动受地下水波动影响明显.在地下水位上升期(4~5月),芦苇和薹草群落浅层(0~40cm)土壤水主要来源大气降水,深层土壤水(40~80cm)受毛细水上升补给,地下水对根区土壤水的补给贡献超50%;在地下水浅埋期(6、8月),芦苇群落土壤水和地下水转化频繁;在地下水位下降期(9~10月),芦苇和薹草群落表现出非均匀土壤水流过程,存在明显优先流.

稳定同位素  /  土壤水运动  /  优先流  /  地下水补给  /  鄱阳湖湿地  /  洪泛环境

Poyang Lake is characterized by significant water level fluctuations, leading to complex transformation processes among precipitation, soil water, and groundwater. Due to the limitations of intricate wetland conditions and traditional monitoring methods, it is challenging to conduct quantitative studies on soil water movement and its interaction with groundwater. In this study, three vegetation communities at different elevations in Poyang Lake were investigated to analyze the isotopic composition of precipitation, lake water, groundwater, and soil water(0~80cm). The characteristics of wetland soil water movement were examined across various hydrological periods. The results showed that the slope of the soil evaporation line(SEL)in the Artemisia capillaris community(5.91)was significantly lower than that of the local meteoric water line(LMWL, 7.60). The lc-excess values of soil water in 0~60cm layer were negative, indicating strong evaporation, with a maximum impact depth of 60 cm. The slopes of the SEL in the Phragmites australis and Carex cinerascens communities(6.70 and 6.75, respectively)were slightly lower than the LMWL, and the lc-excess values of soil water were close to 0, indicating minimal evaporation. Regarding soil water movement, the δ18O values of soil water in the A. capillaris community increased with depth during spring(May)and summer(June to August), indicating piston-flow dominated transport. During autumn(September and October), soil water δ18O values became enriched and decreased with depth, indicating the dominant influence of evaporation. Furthermore, the soil water δ18O values in the A. capillaria community were significantly enriched compared to groundwater isotopes. No depleted isotope signals or evidence of groundwater supply were detected in the soil water, even when the groundwater table was at its shallowest(1.92m). These results suggest that vertical hydrological connectivity between root-zone soil water and groundwater was blocked. In contrast, soil water movement in the P. australis and C. cinerascens communities was significantly influenced by groundwater level fluctuations. During the groundwater level rise period(April and May), shallow soil water(0~40cm)in these two communities primarily originated from atmospheric precipitation, while deep soil water(40~80cm)was replenished by capillary rise of groundwater. Groundwater contributed more than 50% to the replenishment of root-zone soil water. During the shallow groundwater table period(June and August), frequent exchanges occurred between soil water and groundwater in the P. australis community. In the groundwater table decline period(September and October), the P. australis and C. cinerascens communities exhibited non-uniform soil water flow processes, characterized by noticeable preferential flow.

stable isotope  /  soil water movement  /  preferential flow  /  groundwater recharge  /  Poyang Lake wetland  /  floodplain environment
许秀丽, 李云良, 邢子康, 陈婷, 储小东. 鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤水稳定同位素特征及对水分运动的指示. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2745 -2756 .
Xiu-li XU, Yun-liang LI, Zi-kang XING, Ting CHEN, Xiao-dong CHU. Characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water and indication to soil water movement in a typical wetland of Poyang Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2745 -2756 .
水文过程在湿地生态水文演变过程中起着关键作用,尤其是在河湖水文情势高度变异下的洪泛湿地系统,水位波动和降水变化直接驱动了湿地水分补给与运动,进而影响了湿地植被的生长[1-2].土壤水作为联系大气降水、地表水与地下水的纽带,土壤水分运移过程影响着降水入渗及其对地下水的补给,决定了湿地土壤水分以及植被群落的时空分布格局[3-4].根区土壤水分不仅是植物根系能获取的唯一直接水源,也是植物生长所需各种营养物质运移的载体[5-6],因此明晰土壤水分运动过程对理解湿地系统生物地球化学循环和湿地植被演变动态具有实际意义.
在探究湿地系统生态水文变化的诸多技术手段中,稳定同位素技术通过自然水体中氢氧同位素组成的差异,已被广泛用于追踪区域水循环全过程.其中,土壤水稳定同位素的组成动态及其分馏特征受降水入渗、土壤蒸发、水分运移及混合作用等多种因素影响,基于土壤水同位素的时间变化和垂向分布特征,能够清晰刻画其它技术难以获取的水分来源与传输路径等复杂水文过程[7-8].降水是土壤水分的初始输入水源,降水同位素的季节变化直接影响土壤水同位素组成,而土壤蒸发会导致表层土壤水重同位素富集[9-10].土壤水分运动是受降水、土壤质地、植被覆盖等多种因素影响的复杂过程[7],主要运移方式有活塞流和优先流两种模式.活塞流为均质入渗过程,新入渗的降水与土壤中的旧水充分混合,推动旧水向下运移,在厚层包气带地区,混合作用可能会减少降水对地下水的有效补给[10].优先流能够将降水通过土壤大孔隙快速输送到深层土壤,提高降水对深层土壤和地下水的直接补给[7,11],这种输送能力与土壤性质、植物根系、生物孔洞等大孔隙的发育程度相关.此外,在洪泛湿地系统中,受地表水情变化的差异性影响,不同高程湿地地下水位的时空动态变化显著,地下水与土壤水之间水分转化频繁,直接影响湿地土壤水分的补给与再分配[7,12].
鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖,受流域五河来水和长江的共同作用,湖泊水位呈现高度动态的季节变化[2].湖水位季节性的波动驱动湿地地下水位同步变化,进而导致土壤水分沿高程梯度表现出明显的干湿变化特征[4,12],湿地植被群落沿高程梯度呈明显的带状分布格局[13].然而,近年来由于气候变化和人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖水文情势发生了显著变化,对洲滩湿地地下水动态及与根区土壤水之间的水文联系带来联动影响与反馈[2,14-15].基于水文学、水化学和数值模拟等技术方法的研究发现湖泊水位的季节变化对湿地地下水位动态和水储量有明显的调节作用,在春夏季节的补给通量较大,秋冬季节地下水主要向湖水排泄[2,16].这些研究明晰了地表水与地下水之间的交互作用,但并没有揭示洲滩湿地内部的复杂水分运动响应.Xu等[4,17]在点尺度上,将土壤水分运动概化为简单的垂向均匀渗流模型,模拟发现在地下水位较高的夏季,鄱阳湖洲滩湿地浅层土壤水主要受深层土壤水补给,其它时期受降水入渗补给;Zhang等[18]对比了雨季(3~5)前后鄱阳湖湿地土壤水和地下水同位素的变化特征,发现降水入渗主要补给20cm内的土壤水,并与前期上升的毛细水混合.由此可知,湿地水分运动规律时空变化极为复杂,然而目前受限于湿地复杂自然条件,缺乏高时间分辨率、长时间序列的野外数据资料,湿地土壤水分运动的研究仍然较少.前期基于同位素的研究大多侧重单一季节的湿地土壤水分补给[18-19],缺乏对不同水文时期,鄱阳湖典型植被群落土壤水补给与运动形式的完整理解和差异性认识,缺乏对优先流的识别和发生规律的探索.已有鄱阳湖水文模型对湿地土壤水分运动仅做简单均质流概化,没有考虑湿地土壤复杂的多重孔隙特征和水分运动过程的非均质特性[4,17],缺乏对土壤优先流过程的刻画,这可能导致模拟的降水入渗补给量偏低,低估洲滩污染物快速入湖风险,模拟结果尚具有一定的不确定性.
鉴于此,本研究选择鄱阳湖湿地不同高程条件下的典型植被群落,开展生长季(4~10月)野外水文观测和稳定同位素分析,主要目标为:(1)分析湿地根区土壤水同位素的时空变化特征,(2)刻画不同水文时期典型植被群落的土壤水分运移行为,识别土壤优先流发生过程;(3)定量揭示降水和地下水对湿地根区土壤水的补给和贡献.本文从过程和机理的角度,首次定量刻画了洪泛湿地土壤水分运动过程及其非均质特性,揭示了不同水文时期降水、地下水与湿地土壤水的复杂转化关系,研究结果可以为改进传统的平衡渗流模型,建立考虑优先流的土壤双孔渗流模型提供理论支撑和参数化依据,有助于更加精确地模拟预测湿地土壤水分动态和物质输移过程.
鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区位于鄱阳湖北部(图1a),其由众多碟形湖和大面积的洪泛洲滩湿地组成,是全球重要的生态区和候鸟越冬区[13].研究区多年平均降雨量为1454mm,其中3~6月为雨季,降水量占年总量的55%,年蒸发量800~1200mm,7~9月约占全年总量的一半,多年平均气温为18.9℃,最高气温通常出现在7~8月[2].鄱阳湖水位季节性涨落幅度可达10m以上,通常4月湖水位开始上涨,至7月达到最高水位,之后开始退水,整个洲滩湿地出露(图1b).受湖水位动态变化的影响,不同高程处的湿地地下水位也呈现出明显的季节变化和空间差异[4].相应的,不同高程处植被群落经历不同程度的淹水,6~8月低高程处的灰化薹草群落淹水,7月中等高程处的芦苇群落被淹.本研究选择赣江北支入湖冲积三角洲洲滩湿地,地理坐标为116º00′11′E,29º14′34′N(图1c).该洲滩湿地断面高程变化范围为11~18.4m,地形由远湖区向主湖区逐渐倾斜,高、中、低高程滩地(17~18.4,14~16,12~13m)依次分布有茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)群落,分别是鄱阳湖湿地典型的中生、挺水和湿生植被群落.土壤介质主要为砂土和粉砂土,越靠近主湖区黏粒成分含量增加[15].
2018年生长季4~10月,逐月在湿地茵陈蒿、芦苇和灰化薹草群落中采集土样(图1c,芦苇群落7月和灰化薹草群落6~8月因淹水没有采样).研究期能够反映完整的鄱阳湖地下水位的季节波动.每个植被群落设置3个重复采样点,利用圆土钻钻取0~80cm深的土壤样品.前期调查发现,茵陈蒿和芦苇群落的最大根系可达80cm,灰化薹草根系深度为40cm,表层0~15cm根系长度占比最高[17],故采样深度为15,40,60和80cm.现场将土壤样品分为两份,一份装于8mL玻璃瓶内用于稳定同位素测定,一份装于铝盒内,采用实验室烘干法测量土壤质量含水量,共收集土样200个.在土壤采样时,同步采集地下水和湖水样品,地下水样品通过布设于3个植被群落的地下水观测井,利用小型真空泵分别抽取,共收集地下水样品17个;湖水样品于研究区周边主湖区的不同位置采集,采集水面以下50cm处的水样混合后作为一个混合样,共收集湖水样品7个.降雨样品依托吴城气象站来收集大于5mm的次降水样品,研究期内共收集样品32个.上述涉及到的所有水样,采集后立即装于30mL塑料瓶内,用Parafilm封口膜密封.所有样品采样结束后迅速运回中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所鄱阳湖站实验室冷藏保存.
土壤样品测试分析依托清华大学研究生院稳定同位素实验室,采用低温真空抽提装置提取水分,水样的氢氧稳定同位素采用同位素比率质谱仪测定(MAT 253,Thermo Fisher Scientific,Inc.,USA),18O和D的测试精度分别为±0.5‰和±2‰.所有样品的测定结果以V-SMOW为标准的千分差进行表示:
式中:Rsam代表样品中D/H和18O/16O的比值,Rsta为V-SMOW标准物质中D/H和18O/16O的比值.
研究区降雨量数据来自于吴城气象观测站,湿地地下水埋深通过布设的地下水位观测井监测获取,详细观测介绍参见文献[4],湖水位数据来自鄱阳湖星子站(图1a).
lc-excess指数由Lanwehr等学者提出[20],反映了样品同位素偏离当地大气降水同位素组成的程度,已被广泛用于判定不同水体相对于降水输入的蒸发程度[9-10].通常降水的lc-excess均值为0‰,水样的lc-excess值越负,表明蒸发分馏作用越强[10].计算方法如下:
式中:ab分别为当地大气雨水线的斜率和截距.
考虑到鄱阳湖湿地出露时期的湖水位较低,该时期湖水不作为湿地的直接补给水源,而是通过湖水-地下水相互作用间接影响湿地系统土壤水分.因此,本文根据降水、土壤水和地下水同位素的组成,通过分析土壤水剖面同位素变化规律,对比土壤水与降水和地下水同位素组成,并结合前期降水事件和地下水位,判别不同水文时期湿地土壤水的运动方式与补给来源.在此基础上,利用基于同位素质量平衡的端元混合模型量化不同水源对土壤水的补给比例[21-22].具体计算方法如下:
式中:δs为土壤水δ18O值,δ1δ2分别为第1、2种潜在水源的δ18O值,flf2分别为2种水源对土壤水的补给比例.
研究区降雨季节变化显著,2018年全年降雨总量为1204mm,雨量集中在雨季3至6月,占年降雨总量的50%,旱季7~10月雨量显著减少(图2a).与鄱阳湖多年平均降水量1454mm(1976~2017年)相比偏低17%,频率计算显示2018年为一般干旱年(P>75%).湿地地下水位存在显著的季节动态(图2b),最大埋深出现在1月份,自3月底地下水位开始抬升,7月达到最高,之后不断回落,地下水位年变幅为8.0m.不同植被群落地下水位的变化规律均与湖水位的年内动态基本保持一致,指示湖水是湿地地下水位变化的主要驱动力.然而受地形高程影响,不同植被群落的地下水位埋深差异显著,由远湖区至近湖区表现为:茵陈蒿>芦苇>灰化薹草群落.茵陈蒿群落地下水位变幅最大(1.92~9.97m),全年未淹水,最高水位出现在7月18日;芦苇群落地下水变幅居中(0~7.63m),地下水在7月中旬溢出地表,平均淹水深度0.09m,7月底退水后地面再次出露;灰化薹草群落地下水位变幅最小(0~5.78m),地下水在6~8月溢出地表,平均淹水深度为1.03m,9月初地面出露.茵陈蒿、芦苇和灰化薹草群落生长期地下水平均埋深分别为5.20,3.00和1.38m.
不同植被群落土壤含水量差异显著.茵陈蒿群落土壤含水量变化范围为2.9%~14.1%(图3a),极显著低于芦苇(25.4%~29.8%)和灰化薹草群落(25.2%~30.2%)含水量(P<0.001,图3b,c).此外,茵陈蒿群落土壤含水量呈现季节变化,湿润期4~6月的土壤含水量(11.0%~14.1%)极显著高于干旱期7~10月(2.9%~7.6%)(P<0.05),说明土壤水分主要受降水补给和蒸发耗散的季节影响.地下水位波动对茵陈蒿土壤水分的影响较小(表1),在7月18日地下水位上升到最浅时土壤含水量也没有明显升高.芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤水分相对稳定,表层15cm土壤含水量最高且波动较大,40cm以下土层的含水量差异较小,说明深层土壤受到其它水源稳定补给.
研究区4~10月不同水体δ18O、δD的均值表现为湖水>土壤水>地下水>降水,变异性表现为降水>土壤水>湖水>地下水(图4).降水δ18O和δD最贫化,变化范围最大,分别为-10.2‰~-1.11‰和-72.9‰~-3.02‰,具有明显的季节差异,夏季6~7月重同位素明显贫化,春、秋季同位素较富集.地下水δ18O、δD较为稳定,变化范围最小,均值分别为-5.30‰±0.52‰、-31.4‰±2.9‰,与降水同位素接近(P>0.05).湖水同位素受蒸发分馏作用的影响整体较为富集.土壤水δ18O、δD的变化范围分别为-10.1‰~-0.5‰和-65.5‰~-5.8‰,同位素值大部分位于降水同位素范围内,但更富集.3种植被群落的土壤水δ18O、δD均值变化为茵陈蒿(-3.7‰,-25.2‰)>芦苇(-4.8‰,-27.2‰)>灰化薹草群落(-5.4‰,-32.8‰),茵陈蒿群落土壤水同位素组成显著富集于其它群落(P<0.001),芦苇和薹草群落的土壤水同位素与地下水的同位素组成均无显著差异(δ18O:P=0.20~0.78;δD:P=0.14~0.65).
研究区4~10月的大气降水线(LMWL)为δD=7.60×δ18O+8.44(n=31,R2=0.94)(图4),其斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线(GMWL:δD=8×δ18O+10),表明降水形成过程中受到云下二次蒸发的影响.地下水和湖水分别位于大气降水线的两侧,说明其均来自大气降水的补给.通过土壤水δ18O和δD拟合的土壤水蒸发线(SEL)可知,3种植被群落的土壤水蒸发线斜率(5.91~6.75)均小于大气降水线,说明湿地土壤水均受降水补给,茵陈蒿群落土壤水经历的蒸发作用强,芦苇和灰化薹草群落较弱.
鄱阳湖湿地不同植被带土壤水同位素的垂直变化规律不同,表明土壤水分运移规律存在明显空间差异(图5a,b).茵陈蒿群落根区不同深度的土壤水δ18O值不存在明显差异,δD值随土层深度的增加而逐渐富集,其中0~40cm土壤水δD值极显著低于60~80cm(P<0.01),这可能是由于浅层土壤接受降水补给较多,降水入渗推动同位素富集的前期土壤水向下,导致深层土壤水中的同位素相对富集.芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤水同位素的垂向变化规律与茵陈蒿相反,δ18O、δD随着土层深度的增加而逐渐贫化.芦苇群落表层0~15cm土壤水的δ18O、δD值略富集,极显著高于40~60cm和60~80cm的深层土壤水(P<0.05),深层土壤水与地下水同位素接近(P>0.05);灰化薹草群落不同深度土壤水同位素均与地下水同位素没有明显差异(δ18O:P=0.64;δD:P=0.80).这说明芦苇和薹草群落土壤水与地下水水力联系紧密.此外,茵陈蒿、芦苇和薹草群落土壤水lc-excess均值分别为-5.94‰、1.29‰和0.23‰(图5c),茵陈蒿lc-excess值随深度增加而增大,0~60cm各土层的lc-excess值均显著小于0(P<0.05),出现明显蒸发分馏信号,表明蒸发作用对茵陈蒿群落土壤水的最大影响深度可达60cm.然而芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤各层lc-excess值均接近于0,仅在退水后8月和9月分别出现负值,说明土壤蒸发作用整体较小.
受降水输入和水位波动影响,研究区不同植被群落土壤水同位素的剖面特征呈现显著的季节变化(图6~图8).
茵陈蒿群落春、夏季5~8月,土壤水δ18O整体上表现为浅层较为贫化、深层富集(图6b~e),说明该阶段土壤水受降水补给,主要以活塞流下渗,新水不断推动浅层同位素富集的旧水向下运移,深层土壤中保留的仍是前期较富集的土壤水.秋季9~10月,土壤水同位素较降水显著富集,δ18O随深度增加而贫化(图6f,g),体现了土壤蒸发作用影响由表层至深层逐渐减小.此外,10月份80cm深土壤水δ18O变异程度高(标准差),对3组重复采样点数据单独分析发现,3号剖面80cm土壤水δ18O(-8.44‰)显著贫化,这与采样前两天大雨(37mm,10月21日,-8.26‰)同位素非常接近,说明土壤水可能以优先流形式快速下渗.进一步分析地下水波动对茵陈蒿群落土壤水的影响,结果发现,4、10月深层80cm处的土壤水同位素与地下水同位素较接近(图6a,g),但是考虑到此时地下水深埋(>7.0m),土壤含水量低,根区土壤水受地下水补给的可能性较小.5~9月茵陈蒿群落根区深层土壤水δ18O始终比地下水(-5.19‰~-5.49‰)明显富集,在7月18日地下水埋深最浅时期(1.92m,图6d),深层土壤水同位素(-3.20‰~-4.66‰)中没有发现地下水同位素的贫化信号,土壤含水量也未明显增加,可以认为,在一般枯水年份,茵陈蒿群落根区土壤水并未受到地下水的向上补给.总体来说,茵陈蒿土壤水来自降水入渗补给,主要以活塞流形式运动,在蒸发作用下沿着土壤水→大气水的路径耗散,水分沿着大气降水→土壤水→地下水路径的转化量较小.
芦苇群落在春季地下水位上升期(4~5月),浅层15,40cm土壤水δ18O与同期月加权平均降水δ18O接近(图7a,b),60,80cm深层土壤水则明显贫化,与地下水同位素接近.这说明,该时段降水主要补给深度为40cm,深层土壤水来自地下水的向上补给,同位素质量平衡模型计算显示(表2),降水和地下水对根区土壤水的补给贡献分别为17.3%~48.6%和51.4%~82.7%.夏季地下水浅埋时期(6、8月),芦苇群落不同深度土壤水δ18O同位素没有显著差异(P=0.703和P=0.731图7c,d),其中6月份土壤水剖面δ18O与地下水δ18O非常接近,土壤水与地下水的水分转化活跃. 8月芦苇群落15cm以下土壤水δ18O变异程度高(图7d),水分混合作用较弱.不同采样剖面个别层位的土壤水δ18O显著贫化(剖面1:40cm处为-6.95‰和80cm处为-9.47‰;剖面2:60cm处为-7.91‰,),可能为土壤孔隙中仍保留的前期贫化降水信号,同时其它样点的深层土壤水δ18O(-2.57‰~-2.53‰)仍与地下水同位素(-3.84‰)接近.这些结果说明,根区土壤水受到降水的非均匀入渗和地下水的共同补给,补给比例分别为37.7%和62.3%.秋季地下水位下降时期,不同水体δ18O均值排序为:降水<地下水<土壤水(表2),说明该阶段降水和土壤水下渗补给地下水.进一步分析发现,9月芦苇群落土壤水δ18O剖面呈反“S”形,15,60cm处的同位素变异程度高(图7e),不同采样剖面上分别出现显著的δ18O贫化信号(-8.44‰和-7.33‰),这与采样一周前大雨事件(38mm,9月3日,-9.40‰)δ18O值接近,说明降水以优先流形式下渗.10月土壤水δ18O剖面分布均匀(-4.87‰~-5.17‰,图7f),且同位素值较降水明显富集,没有发现采样日前两天大雨(37mm,10月21日,-8.26‰)的贫化同位素信号,可能原因是降水绕过根区土壤基质层,通过大孔隙以优先流形式补给.
灰化薹草群落在地下水上升期,土壤水δ18O随深度增加而逐渐减小(图8a,b),不同水体δ18O均值排序为:地下水<土壤水<降水(表2).说明,该阶段土壤水受大气降水和贫化地下水的共同补给,补给比例分别为39.3%~45.6和54.4%~60.7%(表2).在地下水位下降期,不同深度土壤水δ18O变异程度增大(图8c,d),显示退水后薹草群落土壤异质性增强,土壤水混合作用弱.其中,9月土壤水δ18O表层较为富集,随深度增加而贫化,剖面土壤水同位素均值与地下水同位素不存在明显差异(P>0.05),说明雨后在蒸发作用下,水分沿着地下水→土壤水→大气水的路径迁移.此外在不同采样剖面40、80cm处均发现与前期大雨事件同位素接近的δ18O贫化值,指示为优先流补给,考虑此时期地下水埋深浅,可以认为还存在大气降水→土壤水→地下水的水分运移,说明该时期土壤水与地下水相互转化频繁.10月上层0~60cm深土壤水δ18O与显著贫化的月降水同位素相近,且变异程度较高,而80cm处土壤水δ18O仍与地下水接近(图8d).说明,根区土壤水受降水和地下水共同补给.其中1号剖面15、60cm(-10.1‰、-9.33‰)和2号剖面40cm(-8.97‰)的土壤水δ18O值均显著贫化,与采样前2天大雨(37mm,10月21日,-8.26‰)同位素接近,表明降水以优先流形式下渗补给的深度可达60cm.同位素质量平衡计算显示(表2),该时段降水和地下水对薹草群落根区土壤水的补给比例分别为58.4%和41.6%.
降水是陆地土壤水的重要补给来源,降水进入土壤后,以活塞流或优先流的形式向下运移.活塞流运移过程缓慢,优先流能快速渗漏,补给深层土壤甚至是地下水[23-24].本研究首次量化了鄱阳湖湿地的土壤水分运动过程,发现茵陈蒿群落土壤水主要受大气降水补给,以活塞流形式均匀下渗(图6),而芦苇和灰化薹草群落根区不同深度土壤中优先流现象明显(图78).优先流的存在证实鄱阳湖湿地土壤水分运动具有高度的非均质性,以往水文模型采用的均质流概化可能存在一定局限性,未来宜构建考虑优先流的双重渗透模型以精确预测湿地土壤水分动态过程.优先流导水迅速,能够实现对深层土壤水的快速补给,减少蒸发损失,增加降水入渗补给量,这有利于维持适宜的湿地土壤水分环境,保证植物的生长用水.此外,优先流是土壤溶质传输的关键路径,增加了污染物向地下水和湖泊迁移的风险,鄱阳湖湿地物质循环需考虑优先流的影响.
土壤优先流的发生受多种因素影响,主要包括根系、土壤性质和初始水分条件等[7,11].茵陈蒿群落为中生植物群落,植被覆盖度低(<60%),芦苇和灰化薹草群落覆盖度极高(>100%),且地下根系发达[4],芦苇拥有纵横交错的匍匐根状茎,灰化薹草发育有密集的丛生根[25],根系生长、穿插会增加土壤大孔隙,显著延伸优先流的发生路径[26].特别是淹水后根系腐烂形成根孔通道,增强了土壤的非均质性,促进了优先流的形成[30],这也是鄱阳湖湿地优先流主要出现在秋季的主要原因.Liu等[27]在黄河湿地芦苇群落的土壤染色示踪实验也发现,水分沿着死亡根系的通道形成大孔隙流.土壤属性也会影响优先流的形成[7,11],茵陈蒿群落优先流发生频率低,仅在前期土壤最干旱的十月出现(图3a,6d).这是因为该群落土壤为砂土,在干燥条件下土壤疏水性增强,更易形成优先流[27-28].此外,芦苇和灰化薹草群落的土壤有机质远高于茵陈蒿群落,较高的有机质有利于土壤团聚体的聚集,能增加大孔隙的形成与连通性[29].
受鄱阳湖高度动态变化的水文情势影响,洲滩湿地降水、土壤水和地下水之间的垂向联系非常密切,土壤水分补给与运动过程存在明显的时空变化.地下水与土壤水的转化受地下水水位动态变化、土壤属性、植被特征等因素的综合影响,并非普遍存在[7,12].高位滩地茵陈蒿群落生长季不经历淹水,地下水平均埋深达5.20m,土壤为砂土,毛细水带高度很小,因此在一般干旱年地下水难以有效补给根区土壤水分,这也是茵陈蒿群落土壤含水量较低的重要原因之一.然而,芦苇和灰化薹草群落生长季地下水埋深浅(平均为3.00和1.38m),土壤为粉砂土,较高的毛细水带使得地下水和根区土壤水之间水分转化活跃.而且芦苇和灰化薹草群落的地下生物量为茵陈蒿群落的5~7倍[4,25],植被根系效应能促进毛细水向上运移,已有数值模拟发现,考虑植物根系的作用较裸土条件下,地下水对根区土壤的水分补给通量提高近30%[30].此外,本文研究结果显示,不同水文时期芦苇和薹草群落土壤水运动存在明显变化.在地下水位上升期,降水主要补给深度为40cm,深层土壤水接受地下水补给,这与Zhang等[18]在鄱阳湖碟形湿地的研究一致,他们发现雨季表层20cm土壤接受降水补给,并与地下水混合.在地下水位浅埋期,根区土壤水与地下水水分转换活跃;在地下水位下降期,芦苇群落土壤水和降水主要向下渗漏补给地下水,可能原因为淹水后腐烂根系导致土壤异质性增强[27],优先流提高了水分的下渗强度.
综合来看,地下水向上补给和优先流下渗增强了鄱阳湖中、低位湿地根区土壤与浅层地下水间的垂向水文连通性,而高位滩地的土壤干旱、地下水埋深深,垂向水文连通受阻,地下水对根区土壤的水分补给中断.水文连通性的变化对湿地水分补给与植被生长具有重要控制作用[2],这可能是近年来鄱阳湖高位滩地生境旱化、植被退化的重要原因.中、低高程湿地良好的垂向水文连通增强了土壤蓄水能力,实现水分涵养功能,有助于提升湿地生态系统抵御干旱的韧性.在鄱阳湖水利工程建设和水资源开发利用过程中,必须注重保障湿地地下水位,以期维持湿地植被的水分需求和生态系统稳定.
土壤水蒸发是陆地表层系统水分向大气散失的重要过程,直接影响上层土壤的水分状况,土壤蒸发受气候、植被、土壤等因素的影响.本研究利用同位素和lc-excess研究发现,茵陈蒿群落土壤蒸发深度可达60cm,而芦苇和薹草群落蒸发较弱,仅在退水后的秋季较大.这与张翔等[19]的研究基本一致,他们发现鄱阳湖湿地3~5月的土壤蒸发较弱,7~9月的蒸发深度为60cm,这是因为淹水过后地表覆盖度低,蒸发作用深度较深.Sprenger等[9]调研发现,蒸发分馏主要集中在30cm深土层.其它研究则发现,温带地区的蒸发深度在20cm[31],地中海气候区在50cm,干旱气候区则可达到3m[9],而在湿润海洋性气候区,土壤蒸发分馏仅集中在表层5~15cm[10].本文芦苇、灰化薹草群落土壤蒸发深度与湿润气候区较为一致,茵陈蒿群落与干旱环境下的规律接近.这是因为芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤湿度大,植被覆盖度极高(>100%),抑制了地面与大气间的水汽交换,不利于土壤蒸发,而茵陈蒿群落植被覆盖度较低(60%),土壤与大气之间可进行自由的水汽交换.在极端高温环境下,高位滩地的强蒸发作用会导致土壤水分耗散增加,加剧水分亏缺和植被干旱胁迫,中、低高程湿地的土壤蒸发较弱,降水能够更有效的补给土壤水,有利于湿地水分的保持,从而为旱季植物的水分利用提供保障.
鄱阳湖湿地水分传输过程复杂,本文借助氢氧同位素揭示了不同水文时期湿地土壤水分运动过程,定量识别了优先流,量化了地下水对土壤水的补给贡献.研究结果弥补了以往对湿地土壤水分运动时空异质性和复杂表现形式认识的不足,可为湿地双重/多重孔隙渗流模型建立提供理论参考.然而,本研究仅阐释了一般干旱年土壤水分的运动过程,研究结果尚不能反映整个鄱阳湖湿地土壤水分运动的连续变化.未来将结合染色示踪实验和渗流模型,全面揭示土壤水在根土复合系统中的非均匀迁移过程.
4.1 高位滩地茵陈蒿群落土壤水同位素主要位于当地大气雨水线LMWL右下方,土壤水蒸发线斜率明显低于LMWL,0~60cm土壤水lc-excess均显著小于0,指示蒸发作用最大影响深度可达60cm;中、低高程滩地的芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤水蒸发线仅略低于LMWL,土壤水lc-excess均值接近于0,土壤蒸发作用较小.
4.2 茵陈蒿群落地下水埋深大,春、夏季土壤水主要受降水补给,以活塞流形式下渗,但沿降水→土壤水→地下水路径的转化水量较小;秋季土壤水δ18O浅层富集、深层贫化,土壤水主要受蒸发作用影响.生长期内茵陈蒿群落土壤水δ18O始终较地下水明显富集,未发现地下水同位素的贫化信号,说明在一般干旱年,根区土壤水与地下水的垂向水文连通受阻.
4.3 芦苇和灰化薹草群落土壤水分运动受地下水位季节波动的影响.春季地下水位上升期,土壤水δ18O介于降水和地下水之间,受两者混合补给,地下水平均补给贡献超50%.夏季6、8月地下水浅埋期,芦苇群落土壤水和地下水转化活跃.秋季地下水位下降期,芦苇和薹草群落土壤水运动为非均匀流,存在明显优先流,芦苇群落降水和土壤水渗漏补给地下水,薹草群落土壤水主要受降水和地下水向上补给.湿地根区土壤与地下水之间具有良好的垂向水文连通.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41601031; 42071036; 42401049)
  • 江苏第二师范学院科研启动项目(928201/030)
  • 江西省双千计划人才项目(jxsq2023101105)
  • 中国科学院青促会优秀会员项目(Y2023084)
  • 水灾害防御全国重点实验室2023年度“一带一路”水与可持续发展科技基金(2023490611)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41601031; 42071036; 42401049)
江苏第二师范学院科研启动项目(928201/030)
江西省双千计划人才项目(jxsq2023101105)
中国科学院青促会优秀会员项目(Y2023084)
水灾害防御全国重点实验室2023年度“一带一路”水与可持续发展科技基金(2023490611)
作者信息
    1.江苏第二师范学院地理科学学院,江苏 南京 210008
    2.江苏第二师范学院,气候风险模拟与城乡智慧治理江苏省高校重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    4.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所鄱阳湖湖泊湿地综合研究站,江西 九江 332899
    5.江西省地质调查勘察院地质环境监测所,江西 南昌 330029

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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