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This study utilized natural red clay(RC)and 700°C calcined red clay(CRC-700)to form treatment groups combined with submerged macrophytes Vallisneria spiralis(VS)and Ceratophyllum demersum(CD), aiming to develop a treatment technology effective in controlling sedimentary phosphorus(P)release. The results demonstrated that the VS+CRC-700 treatment group exhibited superior performance in reducing and removing sedimentary P compared to other treatments. Specifically, dissolved reactive phosphorus(SRP)in the overlying water of the VS+CRC-700 group was significantly reduced from 1.38 mg/L to 0.024 mg/L compared to the control group. Additionally, the concentrations of Fe(II)-P and iron-aluminum bound phosphorus(CDB-P)in different sediment layers were maximally decreased by 94 and 488.03 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the VS+CRC-700 treatment markedly enhanced P immobilization in sediments, with Ca-P content increasing by up to 182.78mg/kg across sediment layers. Furthermore, microbial community analysis revealed that VS+CRC-700 increased sediment microbial abundance by 5403 units, while reducing the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes by 16.56% and 33.33%, respectively. These findings collectively suggest that VS+CRC-700 represents a cost-effective and high-efficiency technology for improving water quality in P-polluted systems. Its application demonstrates significant potential in controlling sedimentary P release under weak hydrodynamic conditions.

, correspAuthors=Wen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin-xi ZOU, Dan-li LI, Kang-long CHENG, Yu ZHANG, Wen ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057239268651820, articleId=1241057232570347966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=改性红土与苦草联合作用控制沉积物中磷释放, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用天然红土(RC)和700℃煅烧的红土(CRC-700)分别联合沉水植物苦草(VS)和金鱼藻(CD)形成处理组,拟探究一种能有效控制沉积物磷(P)释放的处理技术.结果表明,VS+CRC-700对沉积物P的释放和去除效果高于其他处理组,相比对照组上覆水中溶解性活性磷(SRP)从1.38mg/L降至0.024mg/L,对不同层沉积物Fe(Ⅱ)-P和铁铝态结合磷(CDB-P)分别最多降低94和488.03mg/kg,同时对沉积物P固定作用明显,不同层沉积物中Ca-P含量最多增加182.78mg/kg.相比对照组VS+CRC-700能提高沉积物微生物群落丰度,增加5403.减少变形杆菌和拟杆菌相对丰度,分别减少了16.56%和33.33%.这些结果都表明,VS+CRC-700可视为一种廉价且具有潜力的高效P污染水体水质改善技术,应用控制弱水动力条件下水体的沉积物P释放.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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邹林熹(1999-),男,四川成都人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水库底泥污染污染物释放研究.发表论文1篇..

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邹林熹(1999-),男,四川成都人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水库底泥污染污染物释放研究.发表论文1篇..

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邹林熹(1999-),男,四川成都人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水库底泥污染污染物释放研究.发表论文1篇..

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Limnology and Oceanography200550(4):1106-1118., articleTitle=Effect of macrozoobenthos on two-dimensional small-scale heterogeneity of pore water phosphorus concentrations in lake sediments: A laboratory study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057258575032623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=610, issue=null, pageStart=101, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Yin H, Douglas G B, Cai Y, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin HDouglas G BCai Y,et al. Remediation of internal phosphorus loads withmodified clays,influence of fluvial suspended particulate matter and response of the benthic macroinvertebrate community[J]. 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companyId=1241057239809717082, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057244637360182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Treatment group schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=otK6cosFW4mtTmeoDy3cqw==, figureFileBig=aGzRyvMFdy/PnHOT1Sl4TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057244738023485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=处理组示意, figureFileSmall=otK6cosFW4mtTmeoDy3cqw==, figureFileBig=aGzRyvMFdy/PnHOT1Sl4TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057244960321610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of extracting various forms of phosphorus from sediments by 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a:RC扫描图、b:CRC-700扫描图、c:RC和CRC-700的衍射图

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Overlying water and sediment physicochemical properties

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上覆水沉积物
指标数值指标数值
pH值6.37pH值7.22
水温(℃)18.4有机质(OM)6.87
DO(mg/L)1.08含水率(%)52.55
TP(mg/L)1.44氧化还原电位(mV)-72.17
SRP(mg/L)1.18粘粒<4µm9.88
EC(mS/cm)486.56粉粒4~63µm53.83
砂粒>63µm36.29
D5047.36
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上覆水和沉积物的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
上覆水沉积物
指标数值指标数值
pH值6.37pH值7.22
水温(℃)18.4有机质(OM)6.87
DO(mg/L)1.08含水率(%)52.55
TP(mg/L)1.44氧化还原电位(mV)-72.17
SRP(mg/L)1.18粘粒<4µm9.88
EC(mS/cm)486.56粉粒4~63µm53.83
砂粒>63µm36.29
D5047.36
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The specific surface area and pore structure of RC and CRC - 700

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样品BET比表面积(m2/g)external比表面积(m2/g)孔体积(cm3/g)BJH平均孔径(nm)
RC5.026.590.025916.05
CRC-70014.8415.120.03138.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249322397891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RC和CRC-700的比表面积和孔结构

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样品BET比表面积(m2/g)external比表面积(m2/g)孔体积(cm3/g)BJH平均孔径(nm)
RC5.026.590.025916.05
CRC-70014.8415.120.03138.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249448227015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Estimating alpha diversity and richness of sediment microbial communities based on 97% OTU clustering

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样品Observed speciesChao1bShannonaPDa
S2466±202794±116.4190.1
RC2546±172899±196.5194.6
CRC-7003595±104522±136.8245.1
VS3975±154698±206.9250.9
CD3865±154562±106.9252.2
VS+RC4421±115331+147.1290.5
CD+RC4474±135265±137.0289.3
VS+CRC-7005864±168197±107.4391.6
CD+CRC-7004537±115645±127.2321.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241057249561473224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057232570347966, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于97%OTU聚类估算沉积物微生物群落的Alpha多样性和丰富度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Observed speciesChao1bShannonaPDa
S2466±202794±116.4190.1
RC2546±172899±196.5194.6
CRC-7003595±104522±136.8245.1
VS3975±154698±206.9250.9
CD3865±154562±106.9252.2
VS+RC4421±115331+147.1290.5
CD+RC4474±135265±137.0289.3
VS+CRC-7005864±168197±107.4391.6
CD+CRC-7004537±115645±127.2321.9
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改性红土与苦草联合作用控制沉积物中磷释放
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邹林熹 1, 2 , 李丹莉 1, 2 , 程康龙 1, 2 , 张瑜 1, 2 , 张雯 1, 2, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2780-2791
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2780-2791
改性红土与苦草联合作用控制沉积物中磷释放
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邹林熹1, 2 , 李丹莉1, 2, 程康龙1, 2, 张瑜1, 2, 张雯1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 2.国家环境保护水土污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 3.地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 邹林熹(1999-),男,四川成都人,成都理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊水库底泥污染污染物释放研究.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Modified red soil combined with aquatic plants to control sediment phosphorus release
Lin-xi ZOU1, 2 , Dan-li LI1, 2, Kang-long CHENG1, 2, Yu ZHANG1, 2, Wen ZHANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Collaborative Control and Joint Remediation of Soil and Water Pollution in National Environmental Protection, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geological Disaster Prevention and Geological Environment Protection, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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利用天然红土(RC)和700℃煅烧的红土(CRC-700)分别联合沉水植物苦草(VS)和金鱼藻(CD)形成处理组,拟探究一种能有效控制沉积物磷(P)释放的处理技术.结果表明,VS+CRC-700对沉积物P的释放和去除效果高于其他处理组,相比对照组上覆水中溶解性活性磷(SRP)从1.38mg/L降至0.024mg/L,对不同层沉积物Fe(Ⅱ)-P和铁铝态结合磷(CDB-P)分别最多降低94和488.03mg/kg,同时对沉积物P固定作用明显,不同层沉积物中Ca-P含量最多增加182.78mg/kg.相比对照组VS+CRC-700能提高沉积物微生物群落丰度,增加5403.减少变形杆菌和拟杆菌相对丰度,分别减少了16.56%和33.33%.这些结果都表明,VS+CRC-700可视为一种廉价且具有潜力的高效P污染水体水质改善技术,应用控制弱水动力条件下水体的沉积物P释放.

黑臭底泥  /  红土  /  苦草  /  金鱼藻  /  磷形态

This study utilized natural red clay(RC)and 700°C calcined red clay(CRC-700)to form treatment groups combined with submerged macrophytes Vallisneria spiralis(VS)and Ceratophyllum demersum(CD), aiming to develop a treatment technology effective in controlling sedimentary phosphorus(P)release. The results demonstrated that the VS+CRC-700 treatment group exhibited superior performance in reducing and removing sedimentary P compared to other treatments. Specifically, dissolved reactive phosphorus(SRP)in the overlying water of the VS+CRC-700 group was significantly reduced from 1.38 mg/L to 0.024 mg/L compared to the control group. Additionally, the concentrations of Fe(II)-P and iron-aluminum bound phosphorus(CDB-P)in different sediment layers were maximally decreased by 94 and 488.03 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the VS+CRC-700 treatment markedly enhanced P immobilization in sediments, with Ca-P content increasing by up to 182.78mg/kg across sediment layers. Furthermore, microbial community analysis revealed that VS+CRC-700 increased sediment microbial abundance by 5403 units, while reducing the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes by 16.56% and 33.33%, respectively. These findings collectively suggest that VS+CRC-700 represents a cost-effective and high-efficiency technology for improving water quality in P-polluted systems. Its application demonstrates significant potential in controlling sedimentary P release under weak hydrodynamic conditions.

black odorous sediment  /  red soil  /  Vallisneria spiralis  /  Ceratophyllum demersum  /  phosphorus form
邹林熹, 李丹莉, 程康龙, 张瑜, 张雯. 改性红土与苦草联合作用控制沉积物中磷释放. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2780 -2791 .
Lin-xi ZOU, Dan-li LI, Kang-long CHENG, Yu ZHANG, Wen ZHANG. Modified red soil combined with aquatic plants to control sediment phosphorus release[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2780 -2791 .
外部磷(P)输入被有效控制后,仍会因沉积物内部复杂的物理、化学和生物过程导致P释放.因此切断运输过程和直接清理沉积物能有效控制沉积物内部P释放.近年来,针对沉积物的治理广泛应用的技术主要分为异位治理技术和原位治理技术.沉积物疏浚是异位治理技术中的主要形式[1],该技术较为成熟,清理沉积物彻底,但易对沉积物生态系统造成破坏且长期的有效性会减弱致使沉积物P释放风险反而增加[2-3].原位治理技术中常用的有原位物理化学治理[4-6]、原位生物治理技术[7-10]和原位吸附材料覆盖[11-13].其中化学治理可能造成生态风险[14],原位生物治理和原位吸附材料覆盖是应用最广泛的技术,原位生物治理中的沉水植物对环境友好且抑制P释放效果良好,原位吸附材料覆盖中的吸附材料对P进行吸附固定的同时阻断沉积物P的运输,通常简单高效.基于此,利用沉水植物联合原位吸附材料覆盖技术因其应用潜力得到了广泛关注[15].覆盖吸附材料快速去除上覆水SRP,切断沉积物释P运输通道的同时增加沉积物吸附P的能力[16].长期作用下,沉水植物根系能有效利用吸附材料中可利用P促进沉水植物的生长以增加覆盖率[17],并延缓吸附材料达到吸附饱和.两者联合作用弥补单一技术难以快速去除P或不易控制深层沉积物P的不足.联合作用增强对沉积物P释放的长期控制.
天然红土(RC)是一种无生物毒性的天然矿物质,通常情况下,RC富含铁和铝氧化物,P亲和力强且具有环境友好性[18],其中氧化铁的低晶体尺寸颗粒能形成强键位点,用于磷酸盐物质的表面络合[19],使得RC具有较强的吸附能力,同时具有廉价和广泛分布的特点.但基于RC吸附材料吸附性能有限[20],本文采用高温煅烧对RC进行改性,以提高其吸附能力.高温改性后的RC(CRC)仍然具备无生物毒性的特点,是联合处理的合适吸附材料.在苦草(VS)、金鱼藻(CD)、轮叶黑藻、狐尾藻等常见沉水植物中,VS和CD应用广泛[21-22],且具有丰富的根系[23-24],根部能深入沉积物吸收养分,稳定沉积物的同时改善水质[25-27],是联合处理的合适沉水植物选择.
综上,本文拟采用沉水植物联合原位吸附材料的技术,实现对沉积物P的有效控制.选取VS和CD作为研究代表旨在探讨RC和CRC-700与沉水植物对沉积物P去除的影响,为水体内部沉积物P负荷控制提供可参考数据.研究两种原位覆盖材料与沉水植物对各组分P的控制作用并试图探究其去除机制.希望为富营养化水体修复技术的优化选择提供理论支持,为控制富营养化水体的内部营养物质负荷提供科学依据.
选取四川省内江市威远河(长期流速缓慢且受生活污水污染严重的富营养化水体),周边土壤为中性紫色砂质土壤.采用彼德森抓斗式采泥器采集表层沉积物,将沉积物表面的石块,树叶等硬质杂物去除,装于排除空气的聚乙烯袋中密封罐,避光运回实验室置于冰箱中4℃冷冻保存.对应每一点位采用Niskin采水器采集表层0.5m处上覆水50mL,用孔径为0.45μm的滤膜(美国Pall公司)过滤.上覆水基本参数如pH值、溶解氧(DO)等由YSI多参数水质分析仪测定.上覆水溶解性活性磷(SRP),采用钼锑抗分光光度法测定.基本理化性质见表1.上覆水呈现弱酸性,同时DO和TP都远超地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002中五类水的标准.
实验中所使用的红土取自于四川省成都市龙泉驿区.在去除较大颗粒后,原料经自然风干,并通过粉碎机粉碎成直径为3~5cm的颗粒.经过马弗炉700℃高温煅烧2h处理后,制得CRC-700.沉水植物VS和CD采自湖北荆州,在采集到长势良好且新鲜的VS和CD后,将其冲洗干净,移除无脊椎食草动物,并在实验室中培育7d,再将其均剪至12cm的长度以符合实验的高度要求.
在实验桶(聚丙烯材质的塑料收纳桶,内径20cm,高40cm)内底部覆盖10cm厚的沉积物,桶壁上留有取样孔.设置9组大桶作为实验单位(图1),每组包括3个平行容器.所有塑料收纳桶均放置室外,用纸箱遮盖住沉积物及以下防止阳光的直晒.(1)对照组S,沉积物完整且未经处理;(2)A组,在沉积物上覆盖厚5cm的RC;(3)a组,在沉积物上覆盖厚5cm的CRC-700;(4)B组,在沉积物上均匀移植12株CD;(5)b组,在沉积物上均匀移植12株VS;(6)C组,在沉积物上覆盖5cm的RC并均匀移植12株CD;(7)c组,覆盖高度及生物量同上;(8)D组,在沉积物上覆盖5cm的CRC-700并移植12株CD;(9)d组,覆盖高度及生物量同上.实验进行42d,在实验过程中,保持水位在30cm(不包括沉积物高度),平衡后使用Rhizon采样器,在预制孔中置于沉积物-水界面下的1、2、3和4cm深度以收集孔隙水且在室温下取样.每隔3d,收集3mL上覆水,并测量SRP的浓度.每隔3.5d,使用Rhizon采样器采集5mL孔隙水,并测定SRP的浓度.取样过后,等量的河水被补充到反应器中,以继续反应42d.
实验进行42d后,将上覆水抽出,并收集各层沉积物.使用改进的SEDEX方法(图2),按照P形态提取方法,分别提取沉积物中的Loosely-bound-P(弱吸附态磷)、Fe(Ⅱ)-P、CDB-P、Ca-P(钙结合磷)和O-P(有机磷).金属氧化物结合的CDB-P和Fe(II)-P通常被认为具有潜在的移动性和生物可利用性,而碳酸钙沉淀的Ca-P则具有很高的化学和生物稳定性.根据分类进行分析检测,测定每个实验组沉积物中P形态的含量.所有分析均基于3个重复,未添加沉积物作为空白对照组.
采用全自动比表面积及孔径分析仪(ASAP2460)表征RC和CRC-700比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JSM-5610LV)表征观察RC和CRC-700的表面形貌特征及微观结构;采用X射线粉末衍射仪(PANalyticalX'PertP)表征RC和CRC-700晶体物相;在实验进行42d后,每个处理组收集表面沉积物(0~2cm)样品用于微生物群落组成分析,采用高通量测序技术检测不同修复技术中样品的微生物群落结构,16S扩增子高通量测序(16SrDNAampliconsequencing,16SrRNAgeneamplic onsequencing).实验前后分别测量苦草和金鱼藻的根长、鲜重、茎长和叶长、鲜重、茎长.
水体的pH值、温度和电导率通过YSI多参数水质分析仪进行现场测定;沉积物的氧化还原电位使用电极法;上覆水用0.45µm滤膜过滤后测SRP浓度,使用过硫酸钾进行消解测TP,通过紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-2102PCS;上海的Unico仪器有限公司,中国)测定沉积物P形态的含量.所有分析均基于3个重复.各组对P的去除量(q)和去除效率(R)由方程式计算:
式中,qe为吸附容量,mg/g,V为实验水样体积,mL;m为改性材料质量,g;R为磷酸盐的去除率,%;C0为磷酸盐的初始浓度,mg/L;Ce为磷酸盐平衡浓度,mg/L.
采用SPSS 18.0进行统计分析,进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)以检验显著差异,各组间显著性差异的阈值为P<0.05.
经过高温煅烧后制得的CRC-700比表面积增加至RC(5.02m2/g)的3倍(14.84m2/g),说明煅烧改性后RC的微观结构发生改变,从而使得比表面积显著提高(表2).高温煅烧可以去除红土内部的吸附水以及部分结晶水,其他有机成分可以通过煅烧作用热分解,从而表面变得松散多孔同时增强红土的孔隙率[28],可以提供更多的活性位点,有效增强了吸附效果.同时煅烧后红土呈现的不规则和许多细小的颗粒和不明显的洞也可以说明比表面积的增大(图3(a)(b)).孔体积从RC的0.025cm3/g到改性后0.031cm3/g,也为CRC-700对磷酸盐的吸附提供了更广阔的空间,有利于提高其吸附能力.
RC的主要晶相为石英(quartz)、高岭石(kaolinite)、方解石(calcite)等(图3(c)),RC主要由针铁矿和赤铁矿组成,嵌在高岭石和石英的骨架中.通过对比,CRC-700的峰强度比RC的主衍射峰更低,峰形变弱,在经过高温改性后由于结构水的去除,在高岭石的部分峰降低,随着煅烧温度的升高,石英晶体的峰值几乎保持不变,表明石英的结晶度受到温度的影响相对较小,而方解石也有所分解,能够促进一些氧化钙等新矿物的形成[29].
在未做处理的对照组S中(图4),上覆水和间隙水SRP都呈现逐渐上升的趋势,在实验结束时达到峰值.间隙水SRP随深度的增加而升高(图4(b)(c)(d)),这可能是因为氧化还原电位降低,铁氢氧化物的还原作用,使SRP克服了沉积物的吸附而溶入间隙水中,促使了间隙水中P含量的增高[30],且对照组S上覆水SRP(图4(a))与3-4cm间隙水SRP(图4(d))存在明显P浓度差(1.38和3.46mg/L),存在高浓度向低浓度扩散的趋势[31],表明具有较大的释放风险.
沉积物磷释放到上覆水主要有两个途径:一个是从沉积物中扩散到间隙水中,另一个是溶解态P通过分子扩散从沉积物-水界面输送到上覆水体[32],因此间隙水中P分布特征与湖泊内源负荷有直接关系[33].RC和CRC-700上覆水和浅层间隙水(1~2cm)SRP均呈下降的趋势(图4(a)(b)),与对照组S存在显著组间差异,CRC-700上覆水SRP在初期就能有效降低且保持相对较低浓度,与RC存在明显组间差异(P<0.05)(图4(a)).两组处理组中深层间隙水SRP有明显降低,但整体却呈波动上升的趋势,且两组之间没有统计学差异(图4(c)(d)).这表明RC和CRC-700覆盖治理在针对上覆水和表层间隙水的SRP等直接接触的介质上具有较强的控制力,而对于未直接接触的深层间隙水的SRP的控制力有限.
对照组S沉积物中的P形态以CDB-P(57%)为主(图5(a)),活跃态的磷(loosely-P、Fe(II)-P、CDB-P和O-P的总和)占TP的73%,易从沉积物中释放[34],活跃态的磷也是水体中SRP的主要来源[35],这都表明沉积物内部P负荷不稳定,P释放的潜在风险较大.相比对照组S,RC和CRC-700中的CDB-P含量都显著降低(P<0.05),RC和CRC-700中CDB-P含量分别减少了286.41mg/kg(减少了46.32%)和395mg/kg(减少了63.88%),而Ca-P含量分别增加了99.67mg/kg(增加了33.86%)和152.67mg/kg(增加了51.87%),表明覆盖后沉积物的P形态从不稳定的CDB-P转化为惰性的Ca-P,因此减少了沉积物向上覆水中释放P的潜力.不同层P形态总体占比相似,RC和CRC-700均能降低CDB-P并增加Ca-P,且两组的组间差异明显(P<0.05)(图5).对照组S中总磷(TP)分别为1097.16、1112.15g和1205.88mg/kg(图5(b)(c)(d)),明显随深度增加而增加,且各形态P都有所增加,CDB-P含量最高(657.4mg/kg).这些可移动P是水体内源磷的重要来源,这可能是实验期间对照组S中SRP不断升高的原因(图4).
对比对照组S,VS和CD中上覆水SRP(图6(a))整体趋势相似且都呈现逐渐下降的趋势,但在最后都略有上升.对比RC和CRC-700,在实验结束后VS和CD中上覆水SRP均高于RC和CRC-700,相差在0.158~0.287mg/L之间.
对照组S中各深度间隙水中SRP都呈现逐渐上升的趋势(图6(b)(c)(d)),而VS和CD中无论是1~2cm、2~3cm还是3~4cm的间隙水中的SRP在实验进行的过程中波动都不大(图6(b)(c)(d)),这可能是因为沉水植物的根系深入沉积物不同深度从而增大了植物根系和间隙水中SRP的接触,提高了对间隙水SRP的利用.VS和CD在针对不同间隙水SRP的治理都表现出较为稳定的效果.
相比对照组S(图7(a)),VS和CD中的CDB-P含量显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了165.07(减少了26.69%)和193.63mg/kg(减少了31.31%),同时loosely-P、Fe(II)-P都有不同程度的减少.但VS和CD中Ca-P含量增加不明显,这可能是沉水植物可以将一部分沉积物中磷转化为生物利用磷(如Ex-P)或吸收Ex-P和Fe(II)-P,以满足自身生长的需要[36-37].VS和CD中各层不同形态的P均有降低,两组的组间差异明显(P<0.05),VS优于CD.VS中随深度增加TP、CDB-P、Ca-P和OP都逐渐降低,分别降低了123.5、90.91、41.23和12.68mg/kg(图7(b)(c)(d)).这也验证VS根系能深入沉积物并利用了一部分P作为营养元素来满足自身生长需要.
与对照组S相比,联合处理组都能有效降低上覆水和间隙水中SRP并且维持在一个较低的浓度(图8).含有CRC-700的联合处理组中,上覆水SRP在初期大幅度降低,并且持续稳定地保持低浓度.VS+CRC-700中上覆水SRP平均最低,与其他三组差异明显(P<0.05),比其他三组处理组分别低0.059~0.106mg/L.
含有CRC-700的处理组在不同层间隙水中与含有RC的处理组存在明显的差异(P<0.05),明显优于后者.且在2~3cm和3~4cm处VS+CRC-700与CD+CRC-700组间差异明显(P<0.05).2~3cm和3~4cm处VS+CRC-700间隙水SRP呈现逐渐下降的趋势,同时在25d后保持稳定.其他三组联合处理组也能减低间隙水SRP,但整体趋势波动较大(图8(b)(c)).在所有的处理组中,上覆水和间隙水SRP浓度差都在逐渐减少(图8(a)(d)),VS+CRC-700上覆水和深层间隙水SRP最终浓度差最小(0.222mg/L).
四组联合处理组中CDB-P均有效降低,降低范围在289~426.03mg/kg,而Ca-P均有小幅度增加,增加范围在84.16~159.14mg/kg(图9(a)).VS+CRC-700的Ca-P含量增加最为显著(P<0.05),含量为453.46mg/kg,是对照组S的1.5倍,占了沉积物总磷的62%.各处理组不同层P形态总体仍是相似,并且四组联合处理随深度增加TP、CDB-P、Ca-P和OP都有不同程度的降低,VS+CRC-700中各层TP、CDB-P、Ca-P和OP基本都为四组处理组中最低(图9).
综上,单一覆盖能吸附上覆水SRP和表层沉积物向上释放的P[13],被覆盖材料吸附的P以更稳定的Ca-P形式存在,其中CRC-700显著优于RC,但单一覆盖都表现出对深层沉积物P控制有限的问题.单一沉水植物对上覆水SRP的控制效果显著弱于单一覆盖,但单一沉水植物针对间隙水SRP控制效果十分稳定,VS优于CD和单一覆盖.厌氧条件下,更易引起沉积物P释放[38].单一覆盖难以深入未接触的深层沉积物吸附P,且无法改变体系氧化还原条件[39],主要作用在沉积物-水界面及以上.沉水植物通过根系吸收沉积物中P并增加溶氧以促进P循环[40-41],主要作用在沉积物-水界面及以上,这是它们之间差异明显的主要原因.这一差异现象也同样发生在其他研究中[42].联合处理综合了材料覆盖的优势在初期有效降低上覆水和表层间隙水中的SRP,同时固定沉积物中不稳定P,联合沉水植物能有效降低材料难以接触到的深层间隙水中的P,其中抑制沉积物P释放效果最佳的是VS+CRC-700.
Alpha多样性是用于微生物多样性和丰度的工具[43]表3),CRC-700的微生物丰度明显高于RC,因为CRC-700具有的较大的比表面积和表面结构的疏松多孔(表2),提供了更多的吸附位点,为微生物的生长提供了庇护场所[44].VS和CD在多样性和丰度没有统计学差异,但高于材料覆盖组,沉水植物丰富的根系结构能创造更多氧气条件,从而提供微生物生长环境.所有处理组中VS+CRC-700多样性和丰度最高,OUT、Chao1、Shannon和PD分别为(5864±16)、(8197±10)、7.4和391.6.
从门分类上不同微生物组成的丰度进行了比较(图10),各处理组微生物在总体结构上相似,但它们的相对丰度上存在异质性.有研究表明变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)在水华期间比休眠期丰富,同时与潜在磷释放指标成正比,则丰度减少在一定程度上表明藻类生长存在抑制并且P释放潜力降低[45],在含有CRC-700的两个联合处理组中变形杆菌丰度明显减少.同时观察到在含有CRC-700的联合处理组中,拟杆菌(Bactcroidctcs)的丰度减少,有研究显示拟杆菌门部分菌属能够分解代谢河流中有机质,且与SRP可用性相关[46],则拟杆菌丰度减少可能表明可利用的有机质和SRP在降低.拟杆菌在一些高pH值的富营养化水库和湖区中被发现且占主导地位[46],而VS+CRC-700中酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)的丰度增加,同时pH值越小变形杆菌和酸杆菌丰度比越小也印证了体系pH值下降[47],实验结果与上述富营养化水库和湖区均呈现相反结果.VS+CRC-700中沉积物的变形杆菌和拟杆菌的丰度与S中沉积物相比,变形杆菌和拟杆菌丰度分别减少了16.56%和33.33%.同时观察到,VS+CRC-700中变形杆菌和拟杆菌丰度均略低于CD+CRC-700.这些结果表明,VS+CRC-700在去除沉积物P协同效果上较优,且可降低水体富营养化程度.
实验结束后,VS+CRC-700中相比于前期VS高度、生物量和根长的VS增加了24.90cm、6.4g和3.84cm,相比于后期VS分别增加了5.52cm、2.86g和1.06cm(图11).VS+RC中相比于前期VS高度、生物量和根长的VS增加了17.41cm、4.10g和3.21cm,相比于后期VS高度降低1.97cm,生物量和根长分别增加0.76g和0.43cm.而CD+RC和CD+CRC-700对比后期CD增长不明显.联合修复VS+CRC-700、CD+RC和CD+CRC-700都能在一定程度上促进沉水植物生长,VS+CRC-700中CRC-700促进沉水植物生长的效果更好.这可能是CRC-700的表面较RC更疏松,其更多的孔隙结构更有利于营养物质的附着和微生物的繁殖,利于沉水植物的生长生根,VS+CRC-700中沉积物P含量最低且VS长势最好也印证了这一推测.
VS+CRC-700系统控制沉积物磷释放示意图,CRC-700可以在应用初期有效吸附上覆水中SRP并持续稳定上覆水SRP在一个较低的浓度,稳步降低表层间隙水中的SRP并将沉积物中活跃态磷转化为Ca-P.深层沉积物中的P被VS根系吸收利用,有效降低上覆水和间隙水SRP浓度差.CRC-700的松散多孔结构和VS丰富根系为微生物提供庇护场所[44],增加微生物丰度,两者协同作用促进VS生长,降低沉积物磷浓度,有效控制沉积物磷释放.
然而,自然水体环境复杂(风浪扰动、沉水动植物活动[48]、底栖生物活动)再悬浮的沉积物易覆盖吸附材料,致使吸附效果下降和成本升高,虽沉水植物能在一定条件下能降低沉积物再悬浮但作用有限[49].底栖生物活动对沉积物P迁移起着关键影响[50-51],在一定程度上能降低P的释放速率[52].吸附材料的添加会降低沉积物氧通量,大剂量甚至改变体系pH值进而影响底栖生物活动和生境,而合适剂量添加在短期对底栖生物影响不大[53].因此未来在实际湖泊河流应用时,CRC-700剂量应当确定更为精确的量,避免高剂量对底栖生物生存造成破坏以及不同扰动带来的吸附材料被覆盖[54],并通过吸附材料重复添加最小化和环境因素的相互影响.
3.1 联合处理对沉积物P的去除效果均高于单独应用,其中VS和CRC-700的协同去除P作用优于其他处理组.
3.2 VS+CRC-700对上覆水SRP、沉积物Loosely-P、Fe(Ⅱ)-P、CDB-P的去除率分别达到98.3%、79.8%、68.4%和68.9%.沉积物不稳定P向惰性的Ca-P转化,Ca-P比例增加到62%.
3.3 VS+CRC-700增加了微生物群落丰度,同时降低了变形杆菌和拟杆菌丰度.这些结果都表明VS+CRC-700联合处理降低了沉积物P释放风险,可以应用于污染底泥P负荷处理.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(50578020)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42377082)
  • 国家环境保护土壤与水污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室(GHBK006)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0799)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室(SKLGP2023K029)
  • 长江联合研究二期项目(2022-LHYJ-02-0201)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(50578020)
国家自然科学基金(42377082)
国家环境保护土壤与水污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室(GHBK006)
四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0799)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室(SKLGP2023K029)
长江联合研究二期项目(2022-LHYJ-02-0201)
作者信息
    1.成都理工大学生态环境学院,四川 成都 610059
    2.国家环境保护水土污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
    3.地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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