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The Dongjiang River Basin was chosen as the study area to compare the nitrogen concentrations and isotopes in the river with different land uses, so as to provide a better understanding and evidence for impacts of urbanization on active nitrogen turnover. In this study, the distinct characteristics of nitrogen concentrations and isotopes were found in urbanized rivers compared to rivers with other land uses. Firstly, the nitrogen concentrations in urbanized rivers were gradually increased due to urbanization and nitrate has become a main nitrogen speciation. Secondly, based on the isotope Rayleigh fractionation model, it was found that the nitrification potential in urbanized river channels was enhanced and about 25.8% of nitrate nitrogen came from nitrification in situ. In addition, a positive correlation between ln(NO3--N)and δ15N-NO3- was recorded in urbanized rivers. Moreover, Δδ15N/Δδ18O in the dry and wet seasons were –2 and -6, respectively, indicating that the denitrification potential was weakened to provide evidence for nitrate accumulation in urbanized river channels. Likewise, a weak correlation between δ15N-PN and δ15N-NH4+ was also recorded in urbanized rivers, and the 15N enrichment factor of nitrate assimilation also differed from the theoretical value, indicating a weak assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. Finally, more input pathways and less sink processes of nitrogen in urbanized rivers have become a key mechanism for elevated riverine nitrogen concentrations in the lower reaches of Dongjiang river.

, correspAuthors=Hong-wei DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing WEN, Bang-jie HUANG, Huai-yang FANG, Xiu-qin TAN, Chen-long WU, Zhi-wei HUANG, Zong-yao ZHANG, Shu LIN, Hong-wei DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057232482259699, articleId=1241057227440705868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=城镇化影响东江流域活性氮周转演变的同位素证据, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选择东江流域为研究区,对比不同下垫面影响下河流不同形态氮浓度和氮同位素,探究城镇化发展对流域氮周转的影响并提供实测证据.结果发现,相比其他下垫面影响下的河流,东江流域城镇化河流氮浓度和同位素值呈现不同特征.首先,城镇河流氮浓度高,并且氮以硝酸盐氮为主;其次,同位素分馏效应和瑞利分馏模型估算表明,城镇化发展增强了河道内硝化能力,并且平均约25.8%的硝酸盐氮来自河道内硝化周转;此外城镇河流记录了ln(NO3--N)与δ15N-NO3-之间的正相关关系,且枯、丰水期Δδ15N与Δδ18O的比值为-2和-6,表明城镇化河流反硝化能力弱,这为抵抗反硝化作用造成硝酸盐积累的现象提供了同位素证据;同时城镇化河流中δ15N-PN与δ15N-NH4+的相关性较弱,以及硝酸盐氮同化作用中15N富集因子与理论值存在差异,证明同化吸收氨氮和硝酸盐氮的作用也不显著.最后,城镇化造成河流活性氮输入途径增多、氮汇过程减少,成为东江流域下游氮浓度升高的关键机制.

, correspAuthors=杜宏伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 正高级工程师,
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温婧(1988-),女,甘肃天水人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事流域水文地球化学和同位素示踪技术研究,发表论文10余篇..

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温婧(1988-),女,甘肃天水人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事流域水文地球化学和同位素示踪技术研究,发表论文10余篇..

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温婧(1988-),女,甘肃天水人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事流域水文地球化学和同位素示踪技术研究,发表论文10余篇..

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城镇化影响东江流域活性氮周转演变的同位素证据
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温婧 , 黄邦杰 , 房怀阳 , 谭秀琴 , 吴称龙 , 黄志伟 , 张宗尧 , 林澍 , 杜宏伟 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2757-2766
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2757-2766
城镇化影响东江流域活性氮周转演变的同位素证据
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温婧 , 黄邦杰, 房怀阳, 谭秀琴, 吴称龙, 黄志伟, 张宗尧, 林澍, 杜宏伟*
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  • 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东省水与大气污染防治重点实验室,国家水环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510535
  • 温婧(1988-),女,甘肃天水人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事流域水文地球化学和同位素示踪技术研究,发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 正高级工程师,
Isotopic evidence for impacts of urbanization on active nitrogen turnover in the Dongjiang River Basin
Jing WEN , Bang-jie HUANG, Huai-yang FANG, Xiu-qin TAN, Chen-long WU, Zhi-wei HUANG, Zong-yao ZHANG, Shu LIN, Hong-wei DU*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, National Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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选择东江流域为研究区,对比不同下垫面影响下河流不同形态氮浓度和氮同位素,探究城镇化发展对流域氮周转的影响并提供实测证据.结果发现,相比其他下垫面影响下的河流,东江流域城镇化河流氮浓度和同位素值呈现不同特征.首先,城镇河流氮浓度高,并且氮以硝酸盐氮为主;其次,同位素分馏效应和瑞利分馏模型估算表明,城镇化发展增强了河道内硝化能力,并且平均约25.8%的硝酸盐氮来自河道内硝化周转;此外城镇河流记录了ln(NO3--N)与δ15N-NO3-之间的正相关关系,且枯、丰水期Δδ15N与Δδ18O的比值为-2和-6,表明城镇化河流反硝化能力弱,这为抵抗反硝化作用造成硝酸盐积累的现象提供了同位素证据;同时城镇化河流中δ15N-PN与δ15N-NH4+的相关性较弱,以及硝酸盐氮同化作用中15N富集因子与理论值存在差异,证明同化吸收氨氮和硝酸盐氮的作用也不显著.最后,城镇化造成河流活性氮输入途径增多、氮汇过程减少,成为东江流域下游氮浓度升高的关键机制.

城市化河流  /  氮负荷  /  氮周转  /  氮同位素

The Dongjiang River Basin was chosen as the study area to compare the nitrogen concentrations and isotopes in the river with different land uses, so as to provide a better understanding and evidence for impacts of urbanization on active nitrogen turnover. In this study, the distinct characteristics of nitrogen concentrations and isotopes were found in urbanized rivers compared to rivers with other land uses. Firstly, the nitrogen concentrations in urbanized rivers were gradually increased due to urbanization and nitrate has become a main nitrogen speciation. Secondly, based on the isotope Rayleigh fractionation model, it was found that the nitrification potential in urbanized river channels was enhanced and about 25.8% of nitrate nitrogen came from nitrification in situ. In addition, a positive correlation between ln(NO3--N)and δ15N-NO3- was recorded in urbanized rivers. Moreover, Δδ15N/Δδ18O in the dry and wet seasons were –2 and -6, respectively, indicating that the denitrification potential was weakened to provide evidence for nitrate accumulation in urbanized river channels. Likewise, a weak correlation between δ15N-PN and δ15N-NH4+ was also recorded in urbanized rivers, and the 15N enrichment factor of nitrate assimilation also differed from the theoretical value, indicating a weak assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. Finally, more input pathways and less sink processes of nitrogen in urbanized rivers have become a key mechanism for elevated riverine nitrogen concentrations in the lower reaches of Dongjiang river.

the urbanized river  /  nitrogen load  /  nitrogen transformation  /  nitrogen isotope
温婧, 黄邦杰, 房怀阳, 谭秀琴, 吴称龙, 黄志伟, 张宗尧, 林澍, 杜宏伟. 城镇化影响东江流域活性氮周转演变的同位素证据. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2757 -2766 .
Jing WEN, Bang-jie HUANG, Huai-yang FANG, Xiu-qin TAN, Chen-long WU, Zhi-wei HUANG, Zong-yao ZHANG, Shu LIN, Hong-wei DU. Isotopic evidence for impacts of urbanization on active nitrogen turnover in the Dongjiang River Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2757 -2766 .
城镇化发展增大了人为活动对流域的扰动,导致了一系列水环境和水生态问题[1-2].一方面,城市河流接收大量工业和生活污水等点源污染,也受管网溢流及城市面源等输入影响,这不仅增大了受纳河流的污染负荷也改变了水环境溶解氧等[3-5];另一方面,城镇化导致流域下垫面改变,影响水循环及以水循环为载体的物质循环过程,破坏系统原有的收支平衡或生态平衡[6-9].
氮作为重要的生源要素之一,其浓度大小、时空分布特征、赋存形态,以及循环转化对水生态环境、气候变化及人类的可持续发展发挥着至关重要的作用[10-11].城市化和工业化以来,河流受到地表径流、污水处理厂排放、网管溢流甚至周围未经处理的污水直排影响,携带了过量的氮负荷[3-5,12].根据近年来全国环境质量公报数据显示,氨氮等无机氮仍是城市河流的主要超标污染物.与自然河流相比,城镇化发展除了带来河流氮负荷高和氮源改变的直观影响外[13-16],最重要的是可能造成氮循环改变和失衡,从而引发水生态负面效应[17-19].那么城镇化究竟影响哪些不同氮形态之间的周转,又是否通过诱导或限制氮转化影响原本的氮平衡,以及高浓度氮如何抵抗转化并在河流中积累,这些仍不清晰.特别是如何进一步深入探究并实现过程性上的定量化解读,成为流域尺度氮研究的挑战.因此,探究城镇化影响下的河流氮迁移转化至关重要,这对区域水环境效应、物质平衡,特别是对当前河口地区城镇化下陆-海总氮控制具有重要意义,也为人为活动影响下水环境管理提供关键科学依据.
然而,许多研究是基于假设过程的模型建立来模拟验证时间变化下河流氮行为演变[17-19],这缺乏实地研究中具体氮转化行为发生的直接证据,模型模拟也难以反映真实情况.同位素作为示踪剂在实地研究中受到青睐,因为它在氮的不同生物地球化学行为中呈现特定分馏信号,这为实地识别和量化不同氮周转过程提供有效的技术手段.例如,当氨氮(NH4+-N)氧化为硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)时,氮同位素(δ15N)值富集明显,导致残余氨氮同位素(δ15N-NH4+)富集15‰~40‰;脱氮反硝化过程中河流剩余硝酸盐氮库中氮、氧同位素(δ15N和δ18O)的变化比例接近1.3:1~2:1,这些分馏特征成为实地判定甚至是量化氮转化过程发生程度的重要依据[20-23].
广东作为我国高度城镇化的地区,特别是珠三角地区城镇化率达84.12%(2015年),远高于全国56.10%的平均城镇化水平[24],这必定对河流水环境演变和物质循环过程造成影响.由于城镇化发展是一个时间概念且实测研究中历史数据难以回溯,因而将城镇化影响水环境演变的时间对比,转换为城镇化与非城镇化的不同下垫面影响的水环境空间对比,即时间转空间的思路为本研究的实现提供了途径.因此,本研究选取广东东江流域为研究对象,基于整个东江流域其他自然地理条件变化不大,但下垫面从上游林地、草地向下游耕地和高度城镇化用地的转变,联合多同位素示踪技术,试图通过不同下垫面河流氮浓度和行为对比,以此探究城镇化对河流氮的环境行为的影响,这对于认识人类活动对全球氮循环演变的影响具有重要意义.
东江是珠江的一级支流,位于E113°52’~115°52’,N22°38’~25°14’,其自东北向西南流经江西、广东两省,最终在广东虎门汇入南海(图1).东江流域面积35340km2,属亚热带湿润季风气候,年平均气温19.3~20.6℃,年降水量1350~1750mm.从流域空间上,气温和降雨量变异不大[25],但从季节上,夏季气温高,降雨量大,80%的淡水下泄量出现在5~9月[25-26].在地形地貌上,东江流域位于珠江三角洲,以平原与丘陵为主,92.5%的流域面积的海拔在0~500m[25].在土地利用上,研究区从上游到下游由草地和林地逐渐向城镇用地转变(图1).下游城镇用地为主的东莞地区,已成为该研究区乃至全国经济最发达、人口最稠密的地区,其城镇化率高达92.8%[27].因此,东江流域在其他自然地理条件差异不大的情况下,明显的下垫面改变,为我们利用时间转空间的手段去探究城镇化影响下的氮行为改变,提供理想的研究平台.
为了探究城镇化发展对东江流域氮浓度、赋存形态和迁移转化带来的演变和影响,本研究在流域尺度布设21个观测站位,分别位于上游的草地和林地(D1~D6)、中游的非城镇-城镇混合用地(D7~D11)以及下游的城镇用地(D12~D21),并分别在2021年12月(枯水期)和2022年7月(丰水期)开展两期野外现场观测.
在每个观测站位使用标准采水器在河水面以下0.5m采集若干升水样,分装于事先清洗过的聚乙烯塑料瓶中.根据不同的分析指标和分析方法对水样添加不同固定剂进行预处理并保存.具体而言:1)硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和总氮浓度以及硝酸盐氮的氮、氧同位素:收集100mL水样于100mL离心管中,4℃下密封保存;2)氨氮浓度和氨氮同位素:收集50mL水样于50mL离心管中,加6mol/L盐酸固定剂,4℃下密封保存;3)颗粒氮同位素:收集2L水样于聚乙烯瓶中,4℃下密封保存;4)水中氧同位素:收集10mL水样于10mL离心管中,4℃下密封保存.除此之外,水温(T)、pH值、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)等理化参数使用原位便携式水质分析仪(YSI DSS)现场测定.
水样经0.22μm醋酸纤维膜过滤后,采用离子色谱仪(ICS-900,Thermo Fisher)测定氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度.总氮采用过硫酸钾氧化-紫外分光光度法进行测定.颗粒氮含量通过总氮与溶解性总氮的差值计算获取.以上分析在东江水质风险控制联合实验室完成.
采集的水样经0.22μm醋酸纤维膜过滤后,采用高精度激光同位素分析仪(Picarro L2130-i,Thermo Fisher)进行稳定氢氧同位素值(δ18O-H2O)测定,测定结果以维也纳标准平均海水(V-SMOW)为基准表示(δ值,‰).仪器分析精度分别为±0.02‰.以上分析在中山大学广东省环境污染控制与修复重点实验室完成.
水样中氨氮同位素(δ15N-NH4+)采用化学转化法进行测定[28].该方法是将NH4+首先通过碱性次溴酸盐氧化为亚硝酸盐(NO2-),然后在强酸性条件下通过羟胺将NO2-转化为氧化亚氮(N2O),最后用同位素比质谱仪(DELTA V ADVANTAGE,Thermo Fisher)测定δ15N值,并且测量精度为±0.4‰.水样中硝酸盐氮的氮氧同位素(δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-)采用细菌反硝化法测定[29].该方法通过缺少N2O还原酶的细菌将水样中的硝酸盐(NO3-)通过反硝化作用生成N2O,并测定其N2O中的氮、氧同位素来计算硝酸盐中的氮、氧同位素值. δ15N和δ18O的分析精度分别为±0.4‰和±0.5‰.以上分析在中山大学广东省环境污染控制与修复重点实验室完成.
采集的水样经0.47μm玻璃纤维膜过滤,收集悬浮颗粒物.颗粒物样品经冷冻干燥后在玛瑙研磨机中研磨,之后用0.5mol/L盐酸酸化以去除无机碳酸盐,然后用去离子水冲洗直至滤液pH值为中性.最后取一定量的处理过后的悬浮物样品包入锡杯,联合元素分析仪(Flash EA2000)和同位素质谱仪(Delta Advantage V)测定颗粒氮同位素(δ15N-PN)值,分析精度为±0.2‰.以上分析在中山大学广东省环境污染控制与修复重点实验室完成.
随机抽取样品开展重复检测以及每30个样品进行标准物质校准,以此保证分析结果的可靠性.重复测定过程中,平行样本相对偏差小于5%.校准过程中,采用GNM-M041428进行离子色谱分析的质量控制;采用标准物质GBW04458~GBW04461进行δ18O-H2O的质量控制;采用国际标准物质IAEA-N1、USGS25、USG26、USGS32、USGS34、USGS35和尿素进行δ15N-NH4+δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-δ15N-PN的测定校准.
氮同化周转中,δ15N通常遵循瑞利分馏理论,分馏系数与残留的δ15N值和氮浓度有关[30-31],其估算方程如下:
式中:δ15N为实测值(‰);ε为氮同化分馏系数,即斜率;lnf为残留的氮浓度的对数值;b为截距.
氮硝化周转过程中,δ15N通常遵循瑞利分馏理论,即残留的δ15N-NH4+值是初始δ15N-NH4+经历一定分馏程度后的结果[32],其方程表示如下:
式中:δ15N-NH4+(mea)δ15N-NH4+(0)分别为实测和初始δ15N-NH4+值(‰),ε为氮的硝化分馏系数,f为硝化反应剩余比例.
同位素瑞利分馏模型中,初始同位素值是关键参数.由于本研究区城镇化河段位于河流-河口系统,其生物地球化学反应初始值主要由上游淡水和下游咸水共同主导.因此基于Cl-示踪,运用浓度加权的同位素端元混合模型估算保守混合的理论同位素值,以此来描述硝化的初始δ15N-NH4+值.
式中:Nfδf分别为淡水端元(D10和D11点位)的氨氮浓度和δ15N-NH4+值(0.07mg/L[33]和12.00‰[34]),Nsδs分别为咸水端元(虎门大桥点位)的氨氮浓度和δ15N-NH4+值(0.29mg/L[33]和21.00‰[35-36]),Clm,Clf和Cls分别为实测水柱Cl-浓度和淡、咸水端元Cl-浓度(18.3mg/L和6280mg/L[33]),q为淡水的比例.
东江流域不同下垫面影响的河流水温和溶解氧浓度变化如图2a和2b所示.其中不同下垫面河流水温变化不大,枯水期和丰水期均值分别为(18.1±1.4)℃和(32.0±1.3)℃.相比之下,东江流域在其他自然地理条件差异不大的情况下,河流溶解氧浓度变异大,即从上游到下游由11.47mg/L明显减小到2.64mg/L.城镇化河流明显的氧消耗,表明人为活动带来河流水环境的扰动,这也为氮浓度、赋存形态和周转的改变创造条件.
对于氮浓度变化而言,在季节上,河流总氮、溶解性无机氮和颗粒氮浓度均呈现出枯水期高于丰水期的特点,并且根据配对样本T检验,丰、枯季节其浓度差异显著(P<0.05).这表明丰水期降雨稀释等物理作用可能在氮素浓度变化上扮演重要角色.在空间上,流域下垫面的改变带来氮浓度的明显变化.从上游林地和草地到下游城镇用地,河流总氮、溶解性无机氮和颗粒氮浓度逐渐增大,并且在下游其平均浓度分别达到(2.05±1.25),(1.63±1.19)和(0.28±0.13)mg/L,为上游总氮、溶解性无机氮和颗粒氮浓度的1.8,2.0和1.1倍.溶解性无机氮中氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度从上游到下游分别从0.03mg/L、n.d.和0.01mg/L明显增加到1.03,3.16和0.37mg/L(图2c~2e),这表明河流很好地记录了下垫面改变带来的污染负荷变化,以及说明了城镇化增大了氮输入负荷.
对于氮形态演变而言,整个流域溶解性无机氮平均浓度为(1.31±1.12)mg/L,其占总氮浓度的68.3%,成为氮素的主要存在形态.在溶解性无机氮中,硝酸盐氮浓度平均值为(1.17±0.91)mg/L,占溶解性无机氮的71.0%,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮则分别占20.8%和8.2%,表明硝酸盐氮是溶解性无机氮的主要赋存形态,也是整个流域氮的主要存在形态.
对于氮同位素变化而言,枯水期东江流域δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值相对富集,其均值分别为7.56‰±2.81‰和5.59‰±3.07‰,这比丰水期分别富集了0.53‰和4.31‰.δ15N-NH4+信号仅在枯水期检出,均值为23.37‰±7.64‰,但未在丰水期检出.从流域空间上,不同下垫面河流同位素特征值存在差异.以草地、林地为主的上游河段δ15N-NO-δ18O-NO-33δ15N-NH4+均值分别为5.86‰±3.39‰、3.82‰±3.80‰和24.62‰±6.07‰;以城镇用地为主的下游河段其均值分别为7.55‰±1.35‰、3.24‰±2.34‰和19.29‰±9.08‰,不同的同位素信号记录了土地利用变化可能给河流氮源和氮行为转变带来的影响.
东江流域下垫面改变造成水环境和氮素浓度、形态和同位素变化,这为河流氮行为演变带来重要影响和重要证据.流域尺度河流中氮的迁移转化过程主要包括同化过程、硝化过程和反硝化过程.
浮游植物的同化作用是河流氮迁移转化的一个重要过程,它被认为是NH4+-N和NO3--N的“临时”氮汇过程[34,37].硝化作用是氮周转中重要的一环,是氨氮的重要“汇”,也是硝酸盐氮的典型“源”.反硝化作用是非常重要的一种“氮汇”作用,特别是降雨或是沉积物扰动都可能造成河流悬浮物浓度和浊度升高,进而形成悬浮颗粒物表面有氧-缺氧的氧化还原环境,为反硝化作用带来条件,也成为流域水环境中不可低估与忽视的氮转化过程之一.这三种典型的氮转化过程在河流中共存,共同决定了氮的累积或流失[8,14,38].
对于同化作用,环境样本同位素在示踪无机氮向有机氮转化的过程中,呈现出特定关系与分馏.先前研究表明,在氮同化过程中δ15N-NH4+δ15N-NO3-都与δ15N-PN表现出显著的正相关[34].在东江流域城镇化河流,δ15N-PN与δ15N-NH4+的相关性差(图3a),表明NH4+-N与PN之间的转化不明显.相比之下,δ15N-PN与δ15N-NO-3呈正相关,但相关性不显著(图3b).有研究表明浮游植物同化吸收NO3--N的过程中,还会造成残余硝酸盐的Δδ15N和Δδ18O比值接近1:1[39].东江流域城镇化河道尽管NO3--N浓度较高,但Δδ15N和Δδ18O比值未接近1:1(图3c),这也表明浮游植物同化吸收NO3--N不是主要的氮周转过程.此外,基于δ15N同化分馏理论(式1),丰、枯水期城镇化河流δ15N-NO-3分别遵循δ15N=0.48ln(NO3-)+7.29和δ15N=0.93ln(NO3-)+7.29进行分馏,其分馏因子(15ε-NO3-)分别为0.48‰和0.93‰(图3d).有研究表明,浮游植物同化硝酸盐的过程中,15N分馏因子大约为-3‰~-9‰,其中硅藻、聚球藻和直链藻同化吸收造成15N的分馏因子大约为-5.1‰±0.4‰~-7.8‰±0.2‰、-1.8‰±0.1‰~-2.3‰±0.2‰和-6.30‰±0.23‰[30-31,35].在本研究中,城镇化河流δ15N-NO3-同化分馏因子与其他报道的同化分馏的结果不相符,表明东江流域即使城镇化河流营养盐供给充分,但NO3--N参与同化固氮的作用也较弱.
对于硝化作用,环境样本同位素在硝化周转示踪中也呈现优势.一方面,当原位NH4+-N经过硝化作用生成NO3--N时,δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值理论上应当分别在2‰~10‰和-10‰~10‰之间变动,或者分别低于13‰和靠近0‰[40-42].在本研究中,高度城镇化的河段被观测到较高的NO3--N浓度,并伴随着代表理论硝化信号的δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值,表明城镇化河流易发生硝化作用并产生新的NO-3来源.另一方面,根据硝化过程中新生成的NO3-中氧原子的来源,δ18O-NO3-值遵循以下理论方程:δ18O-NO3=2/3δ18O-H2O+1/3δ18O-O2δ18O-NO3=5/6δ18O-H2O+1/6δ18O-O2[22,43].因此,基于东江流域城镇河流实测δ18O-H2O(-7.95‰~-3.34‰)和δ18O-O2值(23.5‰[44])估算发现,其实测δ18O-NO3-值在丰、枯水期均靠近或落入两条理论硝化线的范围内(图4),表明城镇化影响促使硝化作用成为河流重要的氮转化途径之一.最重要地,在本研究区城镇化河段,氨氮的同化作用较弱,硝化作用成为氨氮的主要“汇”.根据以往关于珠江三角洲的实地研究,氨氧化过程中δ15N的分馏系数(ε)在夏季和冬季分别为-15.3‰和-23.7‰[35].因此,基于δ15N-NH4+端元混合模型和瑞利分馏模型以及实测硝化分馏系数(式2~5),估算得到东江流域城镇化河流硝化程度大约占0~39.8%,平均为25.8%,这表明东江城镇化河流中1/4的NO3--N来自内源氮转化的贡献.
对于反硝化作用,一方面,反硝化细菌会优先利用轻的同位素参与生物代谢过程,并使硝酸盐氮浓度减小、同位素值富集[20].现场实测发现,东江城镇河流ln(NO3--N)与δ15N-NO3-之间呈正相关(图5a),表明无论丰、枯水期,河流反硝化作用都不明显.另一方面,有研究表明,反硝化作用会导致残余δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-同时增加,并造成其Δδ15N和Δδ18O比值接近1.3:1甚至2.1:1[34,45].根据本研究区实测发现,无论丰、枯水期,东江流域城镇河流Δδ15N-NO3-和Δδ18O-NO3-均未呈现同步增加趋势,且其比值分别为-6:1和-2:1(图5b),这从另一角度也表明东江流域城镇河流反硝化作用微弱,其减少了对NO3-的去除功能,从而间接增加了NO3--N的累积和输移.
对于氮的同化周转,东江流域无论以林地和草地为主的上游河段,还是以混合用地为主的中游河段,实测δ15N-PN与δ15N-NH4+的相关性均差(图3a),表明NH4+-N与PN之间的转化不明显.与此同时,δ15N-PN与δ15N-NO3-相关性同样不显著(图3b),并且残余硝酸盐的Δδ15N和Δδ18O比值也均未接近1:1(图3c),这也表明浮游植物同化吸收NO3--N不是东江流域自然河道的主要氮周转过程.对于氮的硝化周转,东江流域草地、林地和混合用地为主的河段NO3--N浓度和δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-值都较低,并且实测δ18O-NO3-值在枯水期也未落入两条理论硝化线内(图4),表明非城镇化影响的自然河道氮的硝化周转发挥的作用有限.对于氮的反硝化周转,现场实测发现东江流域草地、林地和混合用地为主的河道,ln(NO3--N)与δ15N-NO3-之间均呈正相关(图5a),表明非城镇河流反硝化信号也不明显.更进一步,枯水期,东江流域林地、草地和混合用地为主的河道Δδ15N-NO3-和Δδ18O-NO3-也均未呈现同步增加趋势(图5b);尽管丰水期其Δδ15N和Δδ18O同步增加,但其增加比率为2.2:1~3.3:1,这并未满足1.3:1~2.1:1的反硝化特征比,表明无论丰、枯水期,NO3-的同位素特征并未反映河道反硝化分馏的特征,也表明非城镇化的自然河道反硝化作用微弱.
城镇化发展一方面通过人为污染输入增大河流氮浓度负荷,带来氮累积以及可能的水环境效应;另一方面通过下垫面和水文路径的改变,影响以水循环为载体的流域氮迁移和河道自身氮转化规律,最终诱导或限制氮周转并影响氮平衡.
在本研究中,多同位素证据表明城镇化影响了河流氮迁移转化,并主要通过以下三种机制影响河流氮平衡和水环境效应.首先,城镇化发展促进了河流中氮的硝化周转.城镇化增大了河流氨氮输入负荷,为硝化作用提供了反应底物.与此同时,林地、草地等河流以面源氮输入为主,相比之下城镇化发展造成河道以点源污染、管网溢流为主,这加强了河道内的生物地球化学过程.特别是在枯水期,降水及径流量减少、水体停留时间增长,为不稳定形态氨氮的转化提供了有利的生化环境.Xuan等[23]的研究也表明高度城市化河网塑造了特定的水生细菌群落,增强了河流硝化作用.因此,硝化作用也成为城市河流硝酸盐氮浓度升高并累积的重要原因之一.更重要的是,硝化作用是氮生物地球化学循环中最主要的耗氧途径,在流域溶解氧消耗中扮演重要角色[33,36].城镇化发展促进了河道氮的硝化周转,在一定程度上也促进了水体溶解氧的消耗,也成为城市河流普遍出现低氧现象的重要原因之一,为河流水生态环境带来负面压力.其次,城镇化发展对流域反硝化过程的激活作用不明显.以往研究表明,土壤和河岸带是反硝化作用发生的主要场所[46-48].对于林地和草地而言,由于受陆地土壤、河岸带反硝化影响,将面源污染的NO3-转化为N2O或N2,从而减少了向河道输入NO3--N,限制了河道中氮的反硝化作用.尽管城镇化发展促进了河流中氨氮的硝化周转并增大了河流溶解氧消耗,但除了在水-沙微界面可能存在一定的反硝化作用外,整个河道仍为氧化环境.同时下垫面改变加快水文效应、割裂河岸带与地表水联系,这些都不足以为微生物着床和发生反硝化反应创造最优条件.因此,不同土地利用类型下地表水反硝化作用的受限是不同作用的结果.城镇化发展限制和抵抗了河流反硝化作用,增加了河流中的NO-3通量,促使河流硝酸盐氮累积.最后,城镇化发展对河流溶解态氮与颗粒氮之间转化的影响不明显.城镇化发展增大了河流溶解态氮与颗粒氮浓度的输入,但两者之间的转化不明显.城镇化发展尽管使δ15N-PN与δ15N-NO3-δ15N-NH4+之间的相关性逐渐凸显,但它们之间非显著性的关系也表明,不管是NH4+还是NO3-同化吸收,城镇化河流快速的水文效应导致溶解态氮与颗粒氮之间的转化未成为氮循环的主导过程.因此,城镇化发展造成溶解态氮和颗粒氮外源输入增大掩盖了它们之间的转化效果,使得城镇化河流成为不同形态氮收集和输运的“管道”.这最终也使更多氮的“活性组分”随河道输运进入海洋,并造成海洋的富营养化.
综上所述,城镇化河流由于人为活动影响,产生大量污水排放,增加河水NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度.不仅如此,城镇化发展增强河道内硝化能力;也因流域下垫面改变,割裂了河岸带与地表水体的联系、加快水文效应并增大径流量,削弱了流域的反硝化能力和生物同化作用.因此,相比人类活动直接增加河流外源氮输入而导致河流氮浓度升高,土地利用和水文效应改变影响河流系统氮迁移转化规律,包括活性氮输入的途径增多、氮汇过程减少,更是河流氮浓度升高的关键机制.
4.1 城镇化发展增大了河流氮浓度,其中总氮、溶解性无机氮和颗粒氮浓度分别为以林地和草地为主的上游河段氮浓度的1.8、2.0和1.1倍.同时城镇河流硝酸盐氮同位素相对富集、氨氮同位素相对贫化.
4.2 基于同位素分馏效应和瑞利分馏模型,城镇化发展增强了河道内硝化能力,并且约0~39.8%的硝酸盐氮来自河道内硝化周转作用.与此同时,ln(NO3--N)与δ15N-NO3-之间的正相关关系和δ15N-PN与δ15N-NH4+δ15N-NO3-较弱的关联,以及实测氮同位素分馏因子与反硝化和同化作用特征分馏信号不相符,共同为城镇化河流抵抗反硝化和同化作用提供了同位素证据.
4.3 河流外源氮输入增加看似是城镇化河流氮负荷高的主要原因,但城镇化导致的土地利用和水文效应的改变对河流系统氮迁移转化规律产生影响,包括活性氮输入的途径增多、氮汇过程减少,更是河流氮浓度升高的关键机制.这可能带来河流低氧负面效应,同时通过氮长距离迁移进入海洋造成海洋富营养化风险.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(42407127)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515110110)
  • 广州市科技计划项目(2023A04J0950)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B1111350001)
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212040001)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42407127)
广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515110110)
广州市科技计划项目(2023A04J0950)
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B1111350001)
广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212040001)
作者信息
    生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东省水与大气污染防治重点实验室,国家水环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510535

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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