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To elucidate the potential ecological risks of carbon dots, a novel nanomaterial, this study investigated the physiological responses and underlying mechanisms of the freshwater microalgae Euglena gracilis following exposure to pristine carbon dots(CDs)and Cu-N-doped carbon dots(Cu-CDs). The results demonstrated that both types of carbon dots initially promoted but subsequently inhibited the growth of E. gracilis over time. Compared to CDs, Cu-CDs exerted a more pronounced impact on key physiological processes, including photosynthesis and antioxidant defense. Exposure to 1mg/L and 10mg/L Cu-CDs resulted in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and a decline in photosystem II activity, whereas a significant change in photosynthetic pigment content was observed only at 10mg/L in the CDs-exposed group. The maximum inhibition rates of superoxide dismutase activity induced by CDs and Cu-CDs were 62.52% and 78.35%, respectively. Metabolomics analysis further confirmed that Cu-CDs triggered a stronger metabolic disturbances, with the most notable alterations observed in lipid metabolism pathways, indicating compromised membrane stability of E. gracilis. Disruptions in amino acid and photosynthetic metabolism pathways were primarily attributed to oxidative stress. Additionally, both CDs and Cu-CDs affected energy metabolism by altering in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Overall, the impairment of photosynthetic and antioxidant system may represent the primary toxic mechanisms of carbon dots in E. gracilis.

, correspAuthors=Mei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ping-jia MA, Kang-li CAI, Xin-wei WANG, Mei LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057231098147061, articleId=1241057223678423768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=纤细裸藻对原始和铜掺杂碳点的生理代谢响应, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确新型纳米材料碳点的潜在生态风险,探讨了淡水微藻纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)在原始碳点(CDs)及Cu-N掺杂碳点(Cu-CDs)暴露下的生理响应及其作用机制.结果表明:碳点对纤细裸藻生长的影响呈现“先促进后抑制”的模式,与CDs相比,Cu-CDs对微藻的光合作用和抗氧化系统影响更为显著.1mg/L和10mg/L的Cu-CDs处理均导致微藻光合色素积累及光反应系统Ⅱ活力下降,而在CDs暴露下,仅10mg/L组的光合色素含量出现显著变化.此外,CDs和Cu-CDs对超氧化物歧化酶活性的最大抑制率分别达到62.52%和78.35%.代谢组学分析进一步证实,Cu-CDs诱导了更强的代谢响应,其中脂质代谢通路差异最为显著,表明细胞膜稳定性受到破坏.氨基酸代谢及光合作用代谢通路的紊乱可能与氧化应激密切相关.CDs和Cu-CDs主要通过丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢途径,以及糖酵解/糖异生途径影响纤细裸藻的能量代谢.因此,光合系统及抗氧化系统的损伤可能是碳点毒性作用的主要机制.

, correspAuthors=李梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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马平佳(2000-),女,江苏如皋人,南京大学硕士研究生,研究方向为水生态毒理学..

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(a)CDs在培养基中的水动力学直径变化;(b)Cu-CDs在培养基中的水动力学直径变化;(c)CDs的XPS全谱图;(d)Cu-CDs的XPS全谱图;(e)Cu-CDs的XPS铜元素特征峰

, figureFileSmall=bAJm7erXjNdPAP0WSPLu6g==, figureFileBig=aHP0SlZZTYpAf8djHaHQDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057236164866727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of CDs and Cu-CDs on the growth of E. gracilis, figureFileSmall=4w0F55Ibt7BseSyWYVZHbw==, figureFileBig=toE7LY4Ryp1Fyh7k4H83Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057236496216759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CDs和Cu-CDs对纤细裸藻生长的影响

“*”和“**”分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01的显著性水平

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“*”、“**”、“***”和、“****”分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001和P<0.0001的显著性水平

, figureFileSmall=eR6968FOoS1+StLHtXoJFg==, figureFileBig=mnQPk/8efMk50yClqUHRjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237142139631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of CDs and Cu-CDs on the antioxidant system of E. gracilis, figureFileSmall=9BALUcjP9CHEbcK6HCD7QQ==, figureFileBig=LvZ6D+2UhkWWrGlYU2jSiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237288940282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=CN, label=图5, caption=碳点对纤细裸藻抗氧化系统的影响

“*”、“**”、“***”和、“****”分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001和P<0.0001的显著性水平

, figureFileSmall=9BALUcjP9CHEbcK6HCD7QQ==, figureFileBig=LvZ6D+2UhkWWrGlYU2jSiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237414769414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Difference analysis of metabolites among groups, figureFileSmall=b1UVL0LbUW/xxoNJGdAiyw==, figureFileBig=WO5G8Smp+1nJqvNFOuZpUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237532209937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=CN, label=图6, caption=代谢物组间差异分析, figureFileSmall=b1UVL0LbUW/xxoNJGdAiyw==, figureFileBig=WO5G8Smp+1nJqvNFOuZpUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237729342241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057223678423768, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of significantly changed metabolites, figureFileSmall=K/FFwlVJSw/MR0xUTtVeaA==, figureFileBig=/C8YPBdZZConOEnSQ52U3g==, 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纤细裸藻对原始和铜掺杂碳点的生理代谢响应
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马平佳 , 蔡康丽 , 王鑫伟 , 李梅 *
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(5): 2913-2925
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(5): 2913-2925
纤细裸藻对原始和铜掺杂碳点的生理代谢响应
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马平佳 , 蔡康丽, 王鑫伟, 李梅*
作者信息
  • 南京大学环境学院,水污染控制与资源绿色循环全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 马平佳(2000-),女,江苏如皋人,南京大学硕士研究生,研究方向为水生态毒理学..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Physiological and metabolic responses of Euglena gracilis to pristine and copper-doped carbon dots
Ping-jia MA , Kang-li CAI, Xin-wei WANG, Mei LI*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为明确新型纳米材料碳点的潜在生态风险,探讨了淡水微藻纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)在原始碳点(CDs)及Cu-N掺杂碳点(Cu-CDs)暴露下的生理响应及其作用机制.结果表明:碳点对纤细裸藻生长的影响呈现“先促进后抑制”的模式,与CDs相比,Cu-CDs对微藻的光合作用和抗氧化系统影响更为显著.1mg/L和10mg/L的Cu-CDs处理均导致微藻光合色素积累及光反应系统Ⅱ活力下降,而在CDs暴露下,仅10mg/L组的光合色素含量出现显著变化.此外,CDs和Cu-CDs对超氧化物歧化酶活性的最大抑制率分别达到62.52%和78.35%.代谢组学分析进一步证实,Cu-CDs诱导了更强的代谢响应,其中脂质代谢通路差异最为显著,表明细胞膜稳定性受到破坏.氨基酸代谢及光合作用代谢通路的紊乱可能与氧化应激密切相关.CDs和Cu-CDs主要通过丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢途径,以及糖酵解/糖异生途径影响纤细裸藻的能量代谢.因此,光合系统及抗氧化系统的损伤可能是碳点毒性作用的主要机制.

碳点  /  纤细裸藻  /  生理响应  /  毒性机制

To elucidate the potential ecological risks of carbon dots, a novel nanomaterial, this study investigated the physiological responses and underlying mechanisms of the freshwater microalgae Euglena gracilis following exposure to pristine carbon dots(CDs)and Cu-N-doped carbon dots(Cu-CDs). The results demonstrated that both types of carbon dots initially promoted but subsequently inhibited the growth of E. gracilis over time. Compared to CDs, Cu-CDs exerted a more pronounced impact on key physiological processes, including photosynthesis and antioxidant defense. Exposure to 1mg/L and 10mg/L Cu-CDs resulted in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and a decline in photosystem II activity, whereas a significant change in photosynthetic pigment content was observed only at 10mg/L in the CDs-exposed group. The maximum inhibition rates of superoxide dismutase activity induced by CDs and Cu-CDs were 62.52% and 78.35%, respectively. Metabolomics analysis further confirmed that Cu-CDs triggered a stronger metabolic disturbances, with the most notable alterations observed in lipid metabolism pathways, indicating compromised membrane stability of E. gracilis. Disruptions in amino acid and photosynthetic metabolism pathways were primarily attributed to oxidative stress. Additionally, both CDs and Cu-CDs affected energy metabolism by altering in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, as well as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Overall, the impairment of photosynthetic and antioxidant system may represent the primary toxic mechanisms of carbon dots in E. gracilis.

carbon dots  /  Euglena gracilis  /  physiological response  /  toxic mechanism
马平佳, 蔡康丽, 王鑫伟, 李梅. 纤细裸藻对原始和铜掺杂碳点的生理代谢响应. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2913 -2925 .
Ping-jia MA, Kang-li CAI, Xin-wei WANG, Mei LI. Physiological and metabolic responses of Euglena gracilis to pristine and copper-doped carbon dots[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2913 -2925 .
目前,关于碳点的研究主要集中在制备和应用领域,而碳点对水生生态系统潜在风险的研究较为有限[1].选取水环境中的典型生物,并通过反映生物关键功能的生理生化指标评估其毒性效应,可为污染物的潜在环境风险评估提供科学依据[2].藻类作为淡水生态系统中的初级生产者,是食物链的重要基础,对生态系统稳定性起着关键作用.此外,由于藻类对外源污染物具有高敏感性,已被广泛用于水污染风险评估[3].研究表明,CDs可对藻类产生毒性效应.光合系统损伤和氧化应激是碳点对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的重要致毒机制[4].同时,碳点对藻类的影响与其种类密切相关[5].因此,进一步探讨不同类型碳点对藻类的毒性十分必要.然而,碳点对微藻的毒性作用机制仍不明确,深入解析其毒性机制对于识别潜在环境风险至关重要.纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)是一种浮游单细胞原生生物,不同于多数藻类,其具有主动运动能力,可与微小颗粒相互作用[6],更易被高营养级生物摄食,进而通过食物链影响生态系统[7].此外,纤细裸藻具有生长快速、繁殖周期短的优点[8],常被用于淡水微藻模型,以评估污染物的毒性效应[9].由于其缺乏细胞壁,对环境污染物胁迫更为敏感,因此是研究纳米材料毒性机制的理想生物模型.
代谢组学作为一种先进的分析技术,已广泛应用于污染物生物毒性效应研究.相比于藻类生长等传统毒性指标,代谢物对污染物的响应更为灵敏,可以作为新的生物标志物,为污染物的潜在环境损伤提供早期预警信号,并预测暴露的剂量-效应关系.这种方法有助于更精准地量化暴露风险,为环境风险管理和政策制定提供更科学的依据[10].
基于以上背景,本研究以纤细裸藻为受试生物,选择原始碳点(CDs)及典型重金属掺杂碳点(Cu-CDs)为研究对象,探讨并比较CDs和Cu-CDs对纤细裸藻的生理响应差异,并基于代谢组学分析其潜在毒性机制,以期为碳点的生态风险评估提供科学支撑.
参照Cai等[11]的方法,采用一步热解法合成CDs和Cu-CDs.将Na2[H2(EDTA)]置于管式炉中,通入N2气流,以5℃/min的速率升温至250℃,并焙烧2h,裂解后加入无水甲醇提取CDs,超声搅拌15min后以10000r/min离心20min,取上清液,重复一次合并上清液,经0.22μm滤膜过滤后,在60℃下干燥获得到纯CDs粉末.以Na2[Cu(EDTA)]⋅2H2O为前驱体,在250℃下采用相同方法制备Cu-CDs.两种碳点的平均直径约为2.3nm,Cu-CDs中铜含量为2.1%[12].
碳点的表面电位和溶解体系稳定性采用Zeta粒度电位仪(ZEN3700,Malvern Instruments)进行表征.将CDs和Cu-CDs溶解于纤细裸藻培养基中,超声分散均匀后,通过动态光散射(DLS)分析仪测定两种碳点在0h和96h的流体动力学直径.为验证Cu-CDs上是否成功掺杂Cu元素,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行碳点元素组成表征.
纤细裸藻购自中国科学院淡水藻种库(FACHB-848),培养基参照Checcucci等[13]的方法配制.实验使用处于对数生长期的藻细胞.3000r/min离心10min后,去除原培养液,重新悬浮于新鲜培养基中,并转移至150mL无菌锥形瓶中,初始细胞浓度为105 cells/mL,随后加入超声均匀分散的CDs和Cu-CDs溶液进行共培养.
参考细胞毒性实验的暴露浓度范围(0.019~300mg碳/L)[14],并考虑到10mg/L以上的浓度远超自然水体中的环境浓度,而较低浓度范围的碳点毒性研究较少.因此,本研究设定CDs和Cu-CDs的暴露浓度梯度为0(对照),0.01,0.1,1和10mg/L,每组设3个平行.培养温度维持在(25±1)℃,光照强度为3000lux,光暗周期12h:12h.并每日定时摇动3次,以防止藻细胞聚集或贴壁.
在暴露后第0,24,48,72和96h,从各锥形瓶取200μL藻液至96孔板,测定680nm处的吸光度,并依据藻密度与吸光度的线性关系计算细胞密度,绘制微藻96h生长曲线.藻生长抑制率(IR)计算公式如下:
式中:IR为抑制率(%),N96N0分别为96h和0h时处理组的藻密度,NC(96)NC(0)分别为对照组在96h和0h时的藻密度.
藻细胞的超微结构采用透射电子显微镜(TEM,H-7650,HITACHI)观察.取3000r/min离心10min后得藻细胞,加入1mL的2.5%戊二醛常温固定2h,4℃保存.实验前,样品依次经30%、50%、70%、85%、95%和100%乙醇梯度脱水,包埋、切片、染色后进行TEM观察.
光合色素含量采用丙酮提取法测定.藻液经3000r/min离心15min后弃去上清,加入1mL的80%(V/V)丙酮充分混匀,室温下避光提取24h后,3000r/min离心15min,取上清液于96孔板,用酶标仪测定470,646和663nm处的吸光度,以80%丙酮调零,并根据以下公式计算叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(CAR)含量:
初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光产量(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)采用WATER-PAM叶绿素荧光仪测定,测定前用避光暗适应10~15min,Fv/F0计算如下公式如下:
氧化损伤指标包括活性氧(ROS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平.取9mL藻液,3500r/min离心15min收集藻细胞后以1mL预冷PBS悬浮,冰浴超声破碎5min(50Hz,5s工作,3s间隔),5000r/min离心15min,取上清液测定总蛋白(TP),ROS和SOD含量,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所.
收集50mL藻液(>107个细胞),预冷PBS清洗3次.按相同细胞数分装样本,彻底弃去上清液,液氮速冻5min后,-80℃保存.上机分析前,以0.02mg/mL的L-2-氯苯丙氨酸作为内标.向样本中加入400μL甲醇-水提取液(V/V=4:1)充分混匀后,采用冷冻组织研磨仪研磨,低温超声30min提取代谢产物,离心取上清液上机测定.
非靶向代谢组学分析由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成.采用超高效液相色谱串联飞行时间质谱UHPLC-Q Exactive系统进行检测.分离代谢物采用HSS T3色谱柱(100mm×2.1mm,1.8µm),流动相A为5%乙腈-水(含0.1%甲酸),流动相B为47.5%乙腈+47.5%异丙醇+5%水(含0.1%甲酸),进样体积设定为2μL,柱温控制在40℃,质谱信号采集采用正负离子扫描模式.为保证数据的稳定性,每个样本取20μL上清液混合制备质控(QC)样本,并在每8个分析样本间插入一个QC样本进行质量控制.
原始数据采用代谢组学处理软件Progenesis QI(Waters Corporation,USA)进行基线校正和重叠峰识别,并去除每组缺失值>50%的变量.随后,对缺失值模拟填充,并采用总和归一化法进行数据归一化,同时剔除QC样本相对标准偏差(RSD)>30%的变量.最后,对数化处理数据,并在美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)进行进一步分析.
所有数据均采用Excel 2021和SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,图表绘制使用Origin 2025和Adobe illustrator 2022软件.组间差异采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),P<0.05表示具有显著性差异.
代谢组学数据的多元统计分析通过Majorbio I-Sanger Cloud平台(www.i-sanger.com)完成,并利用KEGG(https://www.genome.jp/kegg/)数据库对特征代谢物进行代谢通路比对,以解析其可能的生理功能和代谢机制.
CDs和Cu-CDs的Zeta电位分别为-21.1和-30.2mV,该结果与DLS测定结果一致,均表明碳点在培养液中存在一定的聚集趋势(图1).在纤细裸藻培养液中,CDs和Cu-CDs在的平均水动力学粒径均有所增加,初始平均粒径分别为188.5和244.7nm.经过96h处理后,CDs和Cu-CDs的平均粒径分别增至195.27和2877.67nm,表明随着时间的推移,Cu-CDs在水中聚集的程度远高于CDs.
XPS分析结果表明,CDs和Cu-CDs主要由碳(C)、氮(N)和氧(O)元素组成.其中,CDs的C、N和O比例分别为48.47%、10.78%和40.75%,而Cu-CDs中相应元素的比例分别为50.54%、6.82%和42.64%.此外,Cu-CDs的XPS光谱中出现铜的特征峰,表明铜原子已成功负载到碳点上.
藻细胞密度可反映不同浓度CDs和Cu-CDs胁迫下微藻的生长情况.结果表示,在96h内,低浓度(0.01,0.1和1mg/L)的CDs对纤细裸藻细胞密度无显著影响(P>0.05),仅当CDs浓度达到10mg/L时,在72~96h培养阶段,纤细裸藻生物量出现下降,96h时的生长抑制率为10.30%(P=0.4434)(图2(a)),表明高浓度CDs可能对纤细裸藻的生长具有一定的抑制作用.
在Cu-CDs胁迫下,与对照组相比,培养前48h藻细胞密度无显著变化.72h时,处理组生物量显著高于对照组,0.01,0.1,1和10mg/L的Cu-CDs分别使微藻生物量显著提高了19.24%(P=0.002)、17.89%(P=0.0041)、16.35%(P=0.0074)和13.10%(P=0.0271),Cu-CDs浓度越低生长促进效应越显著.然而,在72~96h阶段,藻细胞密度开始回落,呈现“先促进后抑制”的生长趋势(图2(b)).这一结果表明,Cu-N掺杂改变了CDs对微藻生长的影响模式,使其在低浓度短时间胁迫下具有促进作用,而在长时间胁迫后可能产生抑制效应.上述结果表明,随着浓度的升高,Cu-CDs比CDs更容易诱导纤细裸藻生长的变化.Zhang等[15]的研究也表明,低浓度CDs处理可提高小球藻的细胞生物量和生长速率,可能时由于CDs能为微藻提供额外的营养成分.然而,当CDs浓度升高至10mg/L时,小球藻的生长受到抑制.研究还表明,碳点可通过上调细胞生长相关基因的表达来加速细胞生长[16].但在高浓度碳点的持续暴露下,CDs和Cu-CDs可能在细胞中不断积累,超出纤细裸藻的自我调节能力,从而导致生长受抑制.此外,碳点可能在环境中发生转化,生成具有毒性的代谢产物,进一步加剧对微藻的毒性效应[17-18].
此外,在1mg/L及以下浓度时,两种碳点对纤细裸藻生长的影响方式存在明显差异.CDs处理未引起藻细胞生长的显著变化,而Cu-CDs暴露则导致生物量增加.因此,选择1mg/L作为研究浓度,以进一步比较CDs和Cu-CDs对纤细裸藻超微结构的影响.
TEM观察结果表明,相较于对照组,CDs和Cu-CDs处理组的藻细胞膜结构较为松散,色素体发生膨胀,片层结构变得松散,并且色素体周围的副淀粉颗粒显著增多(图3).色素体是光合作用的关键细胞器,其内部含有直接参与光合反应的色素和蛋白,如叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、质体醌、质体蓝素、铁氧化还原蛋白等.因此,色素体的膨胀及片层结构的松散变化可能表明CDs和Cu-CDs对光合系统产生了影响[19].进一步分析发现,Cu-CDs处理组的色素体膨胀程度比CDs处理组更严重,并且细胞内部出现明显的空泡化现象.空泡化程度的加剧可能反映了藻细胞对环境胁迫的响应机制,即通过增加液泡体积,以缓冲外界刺激对细胞结构和代谢途径的不利影响,同时吸收由其他细胞器胁迫反应所释放的物质[20].Zhang等[21]的SEM研究同样发现,CDs处理后的小球藻细胞胚层受损.此外,PI荧光探针检测为进一步证实细胞膜损伤,可能归因于CDs诱导的过量ROS生成.这一现象与本研究中观察到的细胞膜超微结构变化趋势一致.
光合色素含量是评价微藻光合系统受污染物影响的重要指标.Chla、Chlb和CAR含量测定结果表明,与对照组相比,CDs处理仅在10mg/L组显著提高了藻细胞中的光合色素浓度;而Cu-CDs处理则在1mg/L和10mg/L组均显著提高光合色素含量(图4(a)和4(b)).这一结果表明,相较于CDs,Cu-CDs对纤细裸藻光合色素含量的影响更为显著.光合作用为微藻的生理活动提供能量,并通过碳固定为代谢和细胞周期过程提供碳骨架.研究表明,叶绿素含量的增加可能是藻细胞应对环境胁迫的一种适应性机制,可通过中和胞内积累的ROS保护细胞[22].此外,类胡萝卜素作为重要的抗氧化色素,能够清除自由基,从而减轻氧化胁迫[23].本研究结果提示,纤细裸藻可能通过增加光合色素积累来缓解ROS诱导的氧化应激,从而抵御高浓度CDs和Cu-CDs胁迫,维持光合系统的稳定性.
光合效率参数Fv/Fm反映光合系统(PS)ⅡⅡ的最大光能转换效率,而Fv/F0反映了PSⅡ的潜在活性[24].实验结果表明,CDs处理未对纤细裸藻光合系统的PSⅡ潜在活性产生显著抑制作用.然而,与对照组相比,Cu-CDs处理在1mg/L浓度下显著降低了Fv/Fm(降低1.93%,P<0.05)和Fv/F0(降低4.16%,P<0.05);在10mg/L浓度下,Fv/FmFv/F0分别下降了2.96%(P<0.01)和6.46%(P<0.01)(图4(c)和4(d)).上述结果表明,Cu-CDs处理对纤细裸藻PSII的最大光能转换效率和潜在活性产生了浓度依赖性的抑制作用,并且随着Cu-CDs浓度升高,抑制效应更显著.
PSⅡ是光合系统中最易受到损伤的部分,其功能受损会直接影响光合作用的效率.叶绿素荧光参数可用于指示污染物胁迫下光合系统的能量交换和电子转移状态[25].本研究发现,高浓度Cu-CDs处理下,叶绿素荧光参数显著降低,表明纤细裸藻的光合电子传递受到阻碍,PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,最终导致光合系统整体活性受抑制.
Zhang等[15]研究表明,低浓度CDs光降解产生的CO2可被叶绿素固定,从而促进光合色素的积累,提高小球藻的生长速率.然而,高浓度CDs可能对生长产生抑制作用.类似的,Yan等[26]发现,高浓度碳点或金属掺杂碳点会对微藻产生负面影响,而低浓度碳点在暴露前48h可导致铜绿微囊藻Chla含量短暂升高,但随后迅速下降.这一现象表明,低浓度碳点在暴露早期可能促进光合色素积累,而高浓度碳点或长时间暴露则会抑制光合系统活性,该结果与本研究的观察一致.
此外,Zhang等[21]报道,随着CDs浓度的增加,小球藻中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和Rubisco酶活性均呈下降趋势,光合作用相关基因的转录丰度降低,CDs可能通过干扰PSII活性影响光合系统.然而,Xue等[16]研究得出相反结论,认为CDs可提高莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)PSⅡ的能量传递效率,增强PSⅡ的光化学活性和光合电子传递能力.这种差异可能与CDs的浓度及受试生物种类的不同有关.
碳点作为新型荧光纳米材料,具有独特的光吸收和发射特性,能够作为潜在电子受体和供体影响光合系统的电子传递[16].由于Cu-CDs和CDs结构不同,它们对纤细裸藻光合系统的影响存在差异.已有研究指出,纳米颗粒对藻类生长的抑制效应与其化学成分密切相关,碳点的毒性可能取决于表面修饰及掺杂元素[4,26].在本研究的培养过程中,Cu-CDs可能逐步释放Cu,而Cu是微藻代谢的重要元素之一,参与电子传递及多种酶系统的功能,特别是在叶绿体光合膜脂合成和PSⅡ电子传递中发挥关键作用[27].低浓度Cu有助于促进光合色素的积累[28],但高浓度Cu长期暴露可能抑制PSⅡ电子传递,并破坏叶绿体超微结构.
值得注意的是,与Xue等[16]提出的“CDs可促进电子向光化学反应定向传递”相反,本研究发现,在10mg/L Cu-CDs组中,非光化学淬灭吸收(qN)随光强增加的速率显著提升,表明Cu-CDs可能降低了纤细裸藻对光能的利用效率,使更多光能用于热耗散而非光化学反应.这种效应导致光合作用效率下降,从而解释了10mg/L Cu-CDs组光合系统活性严重受损的现象[29].
在环境胁迫条件下,细胞内ROS的大量积累可能导致细胞损伤.本研究发现,在暴露96h后,各处理组纤细裸藻细胞的ROS含量均显著升高(P<0.05).随着CDs和Cu-CDs浓度的增加,0.01,0.1和1mg/L处理组的ROS含量逐渐升高,而10mg/L处理组的ROS含量较1mg/L组略有下降.1mg/L CDs处理组的ROS含量为对照组的2.62倍,而1mg/L Cu-CDs组的ROS含量更是高达对照组的3.05倍(图5(a)),表明Cu-CDs对ROS积累的影响大于CDs.ROS的大量生成可能破坏细胞结构,导致氧化损伤,并进一步抑制细胞生长和光合作用[30].
SOD是抗氧化防御系统的重要组成部分,能够清除细胞内的超氧自由基.本研究发现,除最低浓度(0.01mg/L)CDs处理组外,其余处理组的SOD活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).相比对照组,CDs处理在0.1,1和10mg/L浓度下分别使SOD活性下降62.52%、51.20%和45.62%;Cu-CDs处理组的SOD活性则分别下降48.31%、68.68%和78.35%(图5(b)).SOD活性的降低表明,在CDs和Cu-CDs胁迫下,纤细裸藻抗氧化能力受到削弱,导致ROS生成与清除之间的平衡被破坏.由于胞内ROS未能及时清除,其积累可能进一步影响对ROS变化敏感的光合系统,最终加剧细胞氧化损伤[31-32].
Zhang等[21]研究表明,可降解碳点可穿透小球藻细胞膜并诱导ROS生成,进而引起小球藻SOD含量增加,激活微藻的氧化应激防御机制.类似地,Xiao等[4]发现,碳点暴露可破坏藻类细胞结构,导致ROS快速积累且诱发氧化应激.此外,有研究证实,ROS主要由小球藻细胞自身产生,而非碳点直接释放[21].本研究的结果与前人研究一致,即ROS的快速积累是碳点的主要毒性机制.然而,与小球藻的研究不同,本研究中CDs和Cu-CDs对纤细裸藻的氧化系统的损伤更为严重.Xiao等[4]进一步指出,在高浓度碳点暴露下,藻类的抗氧化结构可能受损,抗氧化剂水平下降,从而削弱其抗氧化防御能力.碳点对水生生物的生物效应受其理化性质的影响,而不同生物对碳点的敏感性也存在差异[18].纤细裸藻由于缺乏细胞壁,使其比小球藻对污染物更为敏感,因此更易受到氧化损伤,抗氧化系统的稳定性更容易受到破坏.
值得注意的是,10mg/L Cu-CDs处理组的ROS水平增幅显著低于0.1,1和10mg/L浓度组,这可能与Cu-CDs和CDs之间的物理化学特性差异有关.He等[33]综述了碳点作为纳米酶的最新应用进展,发现碳点因其良好的生物相容性及催化特性,可表现出类似酶的活性.Li等[34]成功制备了Co-N掺杂碳点,并证实其具有类似过氧化物酶的催化活性.此外,Zhang等[15]发现,碳点本身可作为抗氧化剂,保护微藻免受紫外辐射伤害.因此,在SOD活力显著降低的情况下,10mg/L Cu-CDs组ROS水平较其他浓度组有所下降,可能是由于Cu-N掺杂赋予Cu-CDs类似纳米酶的功能,使其能够有效清除ROS,从而缓解氧化应激.
综上所述,碳点暴露可诱导纤细裸藻过氧化应激,并抑制其抗氧化酶活性.PSII活性的破坏与细胞ROS水平的升高密切相关,ROS的积累可能进一步抑制光合作用.Debroy等[35]的相关性分析模型证实,微藻的生长抑制和ROS之间呈显著正相关,而ROS水平与PSII活性之间存在负相关,与一结果与本研究的发现一致.此外,光合电子传递速率的下降低可能导致电子堆积,引发ROS进一步累积,从而加剧光合作用的抑制效应.这一机制可能是碳点对纤细裸藻产生毒性作用的关键途径[4].
选取最低浓度(0.01mg/L)以及能引起不同生理效应的1mg/L作为研究浓度,分别设置4个处理组,并与对照组(CK)进行代谢组学比较分析.具体分析包括:CK组、0.01mg/L CDs组(CDs-L)、1mg/L CDs组(CDs-H)、0.01mg/L Cu-CDs组(Cu-CDs-L)和1mg/L Cu-CDs组(Cu-CDs-H).采用主成分分析(PCA)评估不同组别样本的整体差异及变异程度(图6(a)和6(b)).
在正、负离子模式下,Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H组均与CK组发生明显分离,其中Cu-CDs-H组与CK组的分离程度最为显著,Cu-CDs-L组次之,表明Cu-CDs处理对纤细裸藻代谢物组成的影响较大.相比之下CDs处理组与CK组的差异较小,CDs-L组与CK组在PCA空间的重叠度较高,表明CDs低浓度暴露对代谢过程影响较小,而高浓度CDs处理对代谢物组成的影响更显著.此外,Cu-CDs处理引起的比代谢变化幅度普遍大于CDs处理(图6(c)).进一步分析差异代谢物的数量,CDs-L、CDs-H、Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H组分别有123,303,332和352种代谢物与CK组相比存在显著差异,且差异代谢物的数量随暴露浓度升高而增加,同时Cu-CDs处理导致的差异代谢物数量高于相同浓度下的CDs处理.
综合分析4个处理组与CK组的差异代谢物排序,并筛选KEGG通路中差异最显著的前10种代谢物.结果表明,相较于CDs,Cu-CDs处理对这些代谢物的影响更为显著(图6(d)).在碳点胁迫下,部分代谢物显著上调,包括:粪卟啉Ⅰ、伊立替康、果糖酰赖氨酸、四肽和桃叶珊瑚苷,而显著下调的代谢物包括:龙胆二糖、丙酰肉、L-艾杜糖醇、次黄嘌呤和十八碳三烯酸.其中,粪卟啉Ⅰ参与叶绿素代谢,其水平变化可能表明碳点对纤细裸藻光合系统的影响.L-艾杜糖醇的下调表明碳点可能干扰了纤细裸藻的碳水化合物代谢途径.桃叶珊瑚苷、丙酰肉碱和十八碳三烯酸的显著变化则代表了脂质代谢途径的紊乱,其中,桃叶珊瑚苷有助于维持膜稳定性,而丙酰肉碱参与脂质过氧化过程,其水平变化可能反映出细胞膜收到的氧化损伤.
基于代谢物的富集程度,对各处理组显著富集的前10条KEGG代谢通路(P<0.05)进行了筛选(图7).结果表明,在所有处理组中,甘油磷酯代谢(Glycerophospholipid metabolism)富集显著性最高,甘氨酸,丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢(Glycine,serine and threonine metabolism)也是所有处理组均显著富集的通路.此外,辅助因子生物合成(Biosynthesis of cofactors),嘌呤代谢(Purine metabolism),乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)和光合生物的碳固定(Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms)在CDs-H,Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H处理组均表现出显著富集.
值得注意的是,两种碳点处理对某些KEGG通路的影响存在差异.例如,在光合生物的碳固定途径中,CDs-H组主要富集了磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、3-磷酸甘油酯和天冬氨酸3个差异代谢物,而Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H处理组则主要富集磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、3-磷酸甘油酯和D-核酮糖1,5-二磷酸(RuBP)3个差异代谢物.这表明,尽管两种碳点均影响光合碳固定过程,但Cu-CDs可能通过干扰RuBP的代谢途径进一步影响碳代谢平衡.
此外,丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(Alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism)在CDs处理组中的富集显著性远高于Cu-CDs处理组,CDs-L组主要富集了L-丙氨酸和柠檬酸2个差异代谢物,而CDs-H组则富集了5个差异代谢物:腺苷酸基丁二酸、腺苷酸琥珀酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸和天冬氨酸.相比之下,糖酵解/糖异生途径则仅在Cu-CDs处理组表现出显著富集,包括4种差异代谢物:磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、3-磷酸甘油酯、2-磷酸-D-甘油酸和D-葡萄糖.
综上所述,本研究表明,Cu-CDs处理对糖代谢途径(如糖酵解/糖异生)的影响更为显著,而CDs处理更倾向于影响氨基酸代谢(如丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢),即使是受两种碳点影响的代谢途径,显著变化的代谢物也有一定差异,这可能与Cu-CDs处理引起的更强氧化胁迫有关,导致纤细裸藻在能量代谢和抗氧化防御机制上表现出不同的代谢应答.
甘油磷脂代谢是受CDs和Cu-CDs影响最显著的KEGG代谢通路,所有处理组均与CK组存在显著差异.甘油磷脂是细胞膜的主要组成成分,在维持膜稳定性、信号转导及蛋白质识别等生物过程中发挥关键作用[36-37].甘油磷脂代谢紊乱通常被视为微藻对外界胁迫的响应机制,表明碳点可能首先破坏藻细胞膜结构,从而诱导细胞的适应性调节.酪氨酸和桃叶珊瑚苷水平的上调可能有助于增强细胞膜稳定性,以抵抗外界胁迫[38].
KEGG化合物分类统计结果显示,CDs-L组的代谢物组成和CK组相似,CDs-H组、Cu-CDs-L组和Cu-CDs-H组的脂质类差异代谢物数量明显增多.其中,二酰基甘油类磷脂(DAG)的变化最为显著,这类脂质不仅是细胞膜的重要组成部分,同时在外界胁迫条件下可作为能量储备物质,以维持增殖和分化[37].磷脂酰胆碱(PC)是生物膜的重要组成部分,在细胞结构中起支架作用.本研究共鉴定出10种显著增加的PC,表明细胞膜的流动性发生了变化[39].此外,脂质代谢通路的变化与超微结构结果一致,表明CDs和Cu-CDs可能通过物理作用损伤藻细胞的生物膜,进而导致膜结构的破坏.已有研究表明,膜损伤是纳米材料引发生物毒性的关键机制之一[40].
综上所述,本研究结果进一步证实,碳点暴露引起的氧化应激可能通过干扰脂质代谢途径,导致细胞膜损伤,从而影响细胞的稳定性和功能(图8[41].
氧化应激可能引起氨基酸合成通路的下调,从而显著抑制氨基酸代谢[37].研究表明,氨基酸代谢的紊乱与脂质代谢失衡密切相关[39].氨基酸不仅参与蛋白质合成,还在多种代谢途径中充当重要的中间体,对于生物体的稳态调节至关重要.
与Cu-CDs处理组相比,CDs-L和CDs-H组丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢途径的影响更为显著,这可能导致纤细裸藻清除胞内ROS的能力下降[42].此外,天冬氨酸的上调可能是细胞对环境胁迫的适应性响应,以维持细胞生长.作为糖原氨基酸,天冬氨酸是三羧酸(TCA)循环和糖酵解途径的关键中间体[43].尽管甘氨酸,丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢在所有处理组中均显著富集,但Cu-CDs处理组引起的差异代谢物数量远高于CDs处理组.在该代谢途径中,3-磷酸甘油酸和2-磷酸-D-甘油酸均显著下调,这可能会降低光呼吸速率.此外,3-磷酸甘油酸还参与TCA循环和糖酵解过程[44-45].因此,氧化应激可能通过影响氨基酸代谢途径,进一步损害藻细胞的光合作用和能量代谢过程.
光合系统相关代谢通路中,光合生物的碳固定是CDs-H,Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H组均显著富集的通路.该通路中磷酸烯醇丙酮酸和3-磷酸甘油酸均呈下调趋势,而Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H组的RuBP上调.作为二氧化碳固定的关键底物,RuBP可与CO2结合,生成六碳磷酸盐,最终转化为3-磷酸甘油酸.与此同时,磷酸烯醇丙酮酸和3-磷酸甘油酸均是糖酵解途径的重要中间体,表明碳固定与能量代谢过程密切相关.
卟啉与叶绿素代谢(Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism)直接影响光合作用,该通路中,Cu-CDs-L和Cu-CDs-H组分别有5和7种代谢物显著上调,原卟啉Ⅸ是叶绿素合成的前体物质,其上调可能是由于原卟啉氧化酶受到抑制,导致单线态氧生成增加,并引发细胞膜过氧化,进一步影响光合作用[46].此外,Chla及其合成前体原叶绿素内酯在Cu-CDs组显著上调,Chla的合成依赖于光照和NADPH供能[47].与此对应,藻细胞中NADP+(NADPH的前体物质)在Cu-CDs处理组中下调,而戊糖磷酸途径中提供NADPH的关键中间体3-磷酸甘油酯和2-磷酸-D-甘油酸亦呈下调趋势.值得注意的是,3-磷酸甘油酯和2-磷酸-D-甘油酸也是糖酵解/糖异生途径的关键代谢物.研究表明,糖酵解/糖异生途径是Cu-CDs直接影响纤细裸藻能量代谢过程的主要通路,而CDs处理则是主要通过上调支链氨基酸(如天冬氨酸)作为潜在底物,影响TCA循环,进而影响能量代谢[48].
能量代谢通路的变化反映了微藻的碳同化能力,表明纳米材料可能通过干扰碳固定过程,抑制藻细胞的能量生物合成和抗氧化功能.随着能量供给的减少,藻细胞清除ROS毒害作用的能力降低,最终影响生长状态[49].本研究发现,Cu-CDs通过直接影响光合作用和能量代谢途径,对纤细裸藻的光合活力抑制和氧化损伤程度均大于CDs.
(1)随着碳点的大规模生产和广泛应用,其在水环境中的检出频率和浓度可能持续上升.因此,需建立准确、高效的定量检测方法,以明确碳点在水体中的环境归趋.(2)由于碳点在水体中的迁移能力较强,可能会对不同类型的水生生物产生毒性效应.因此,评估碳点在水生食物链/食物网中的迁移转化特性及其潜在生态风险具有重要意义.(3)未来研究应结合生理学和代谢组学方法,以系统评估低浓度污染物的毒性效应.此外,还需综合考虑碳点的环境行为及生态效应,以全面评估其环境风险,为纳米材料的安全管理和政策制定提供科学依据.
3.1 CDs和Cu-CDs暴露对纤细裸藻的生长影响呈“先促进后抑制”的趋势,在低浓度和短时间暴露条件下,碳点可作为微藻的额外营养来源,促进光合色素的积累,并在一定程度上提高了微藻的生长能力.
3.2 在高浓度和长时间暴露条件下,CDs和Cu-CDs可导致ROS过度积累,从而损伤抗氧化系统.ROS的累积不仅干扰了光合电子传递过程,还导致细胞膜结构破坏,最终抑制微藻的生长.由于物质组成和光化学特性的差异,Cu-CDs对光合电子传递的抑制效应强于CDs,并在高浓度条件下,Cu-CDs可能表现出一定的纳米酶活性.
3.3 CDs和Cu-CDs通过不同机制调控纤细裸藻的能量代谢.相比之下,Cu-CDs的作用更为直接,对纤细裸藻光合系统和抗氧化系统的损伤更为显著,表明其潜在生态风险高于CDs.
  • 江苏省科技支撑项目(BZ2022006)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41773115; 22176094)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
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江苏省科技支撑项目(BZ2022006)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41773115; 22176094)
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    南京大学环境学院,水污染控制与资源绿色循环全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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