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We chose a petrochemical park in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as the research target, and five representative sites were selected for sampling and analysis. 85 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were detected and their impacts on the environment and health were evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs)were 546.0~4472.2µg/m3, in which alkanes and alkenes were the dominant group, followed by aromatics and halocarbons. Compared with the diurnal variation of VOCs components at each site, the time of peak and valley values appearing were different, and the typical species were different. Additionally, OFP in the synthetic rubber area was the richest(13239.8µg/m3). The contribution of alkenes to OFP was the highest(62.8%~90.5%), followed by alkanes(3.8%~34.8%)and aromatics(2.2%~22.1%). Otherwise, only the synthetic rubber area was polluted by odor, 1,3-butadiene(0.68)and n-hexane(0.30)were the main VOCs species that produced odor. Moreover, the health risk associated with each site was assessed by the US EPA method, indicating that the non-cancer risk of synthetic rubber and cancer risk of oil refining were higher than those of other sites.

, correspAuthors=Zhe LYU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-rui ZHANG, Wei WEI, Guo-hao LI, Hua-hua BAI, Xiao-yu LIU, Zhe LYU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057230427050493, articleId=1241057222835360727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=京津冀地区典型石化园区VOCs排放特征及影响评价, columnId=1241049969449292093, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=臭氧污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以京津冀地区某石化园区为研究对象,选取园区内5个代表性点位进行采样并分析,识别了该区域内85种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征,评估其对环境及健康的影响.研究发现,5个点位总挥发性有机化合物(TVOCs)浓度为546.0~4472.2µg/m3,烷烃和烯烃是主要组成部分,芳香烃和卤代烃次之.对比各点位VOCs组分的日变化发现谷峰出现的时间有所差异,且各点位的特征物种不同.合成橡胶区OFP最高(13239.8µg/m3),烯烃对O3生成的贡献最高(62.8%~90.5%),其次是烷烃(3.8%~34.8%)和芳香烃(2.2%~22.1%).除此之外,仅合成橡胶区发生恶臭污染,1,3-丁二烯(0.68)、正己烷(0.30)是产生恶臭的主要VOCs物种.通过使用US EPA方法评估各点位健康风险,发现合成橡胶区域非致癌风险及炼油区致癌风险高于其他点位.

, correspAuthors=吕喆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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张香蕊(2000-),女,河北省黄骅市人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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张香蕊(2000-),女,河北省黄骅市人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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张香蕊(2000-),女,河北省黄骅市人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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Sampling sites location information

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采样点位置所在区域样品数
A航煤罐区炼油区75
B顺丁装置合成橡胶区75
C东方有机厂地面火炬合成树脂区75
D1-已烯装置有机化学品区75
E生活区生活区75
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240514351337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222835360727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样点位置具体信息

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采样点位置所在区域样品数
A航煤罐区炼油区75
B顺丁装置合成橡胶区75
C东方有机厂地面火炬合成树脂区75
D1-已烯装置有机化学品区75
E生活区生活区75
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京津冀地区典型石化园区VOCs排放特征及影响评价
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张香蕊 1, 2 , 魏巍 1, 2 , 李国昊 2, 3 , 白画画 2, 3 , 刘晓宇 2, 3 , 吕喆 2, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2423-2433
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中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2423-2433
京津冀地区典型石化园区VOCs排放特征及影响评价
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张香蕊1, 2 , 魏巍1, 2, 李国昊2, 3, 白画画2, 3, 刘晓宇2, 3, 吕喆2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,区域大气复合污染防治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2.城市大气挥发性有机物污染防治技术与应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100037
  • 3.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心,北京 100037
  • 张香蕊(2000-),女,河北省黄骅市人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,副研究员,
Emission characteristics and influences assessment of volatile organic compounds from a typical petrochemical park in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
Xiang-rui ZHANG1, 2 , Wei WEI1, 2, Guo-hao LI2, 3, Hua-hua BAI2, 3, Xiao-yu LIU2, 3, Zhe LYU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environment Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以京津冀地区某石化园区为研究对象,选取园区内5个代表性点位进行采样并分析,识别了该区域内85种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征,评估其对环境及健康的影响.研究发现,5个点位总挥发性有机化合物(TVOCs)浓度为546.0~4472.2µg/m3,烷烃和烯烃是主要组成部分,芳香烃和卤代烃次之.对比各点位VOCs组分的日变化发现谷峰出现的时间有所差异,且各点位的特征物种不同.合成橡胶区OFP最高(13239.8µg/m3),烯烃对O3生成的贡献最高(62.8%~90.5%),其次是烷烃(3.8%~34.8%)和芳香烃(2.2%~22.1%).除此之外,仅合成橡胶区发生恶臭污染,1,3-丁二烯(0.68)、正己烷(0.30)是产生恶臭的主要VOCs物种.通过使用US EPA方法评估各点位健康风险,发现合成橡胶区域非致癌风险及炼油区致癌风险高于其他点位.

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)  /  石化园区  /  臭氧生成潜势  /  恶臭污染  /  健康风险

We chose a petrochemical park in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as the research target, and five representative sites were selected for sampling and analysis. 85 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were detected and their impacts on the environment and health were evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs)were 546.0~4472.2µg/m3, in which alkanes and alkenes were the dominant group, followed by aromatics and halocarbons. Compared with the diurnal variation of VOCs components at each site, the time of peak and valley values appearing were different, and the typical species were different. Additionally, OFP in the synthetic rubber area was the richest(13239.8µg/m3). The contribution of alkenes to OFP was the highest(62.8%~90.5%), followed by alkanes(3.8%~34.8%)and aromatics(2.2%~22.1%). Otherwise, only the synthetic rubber area was polluted by odor, 1,3-butadiene(0.68)and n-hexane(0.30)were the main VOCs species that produced odor. Moreover, the health risk associated with each site was assessed by the US EPA method, indicating that the non-cancer risk of synthetic rubber and cancer risk of oil refining were higher than those of other sites.

volatile organic compounds(VOCs)  /  petrochemical park  /  ozone formation potential  /  odor pollution  /  health risk assessment
张香蕊, 魏巍, 李国昊, 白画画, 刘晓宇, 吕喆. 京津冀地区典型石化园区VOCs排放特征及影响评价. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2423 -2433 .
Xiang-rui ZHANG, Wei WEI, Guo-hao LI, Hua-hua BAI, Xiao-yu LIU, Zhe LYU. Emission characteristics and influences assessment of volatile organic compounds from a typical petrochemical park in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2423 -2433 .
近年来,我国先后制定并实施了《大气污染防治行动计划》、《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》和《减污降碳协同增效实施方案》等,环境空气质量明显改善.结合《2023中国生态环境状况公报》,与2013年相比,二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、一氧化碳(CO)浓度分别降低了77.5%、50.0%、55.1%、58.3%、60.0%,但是不少地区臭氧(O3)浓度却呈现波动上升的趋势[1].2023年,全国以O3为首要污染物的超标天数排名第一,占总超标天数的40.1%,高于占比35.5%的PM2.5,其中京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市O3污染情况尤为突出,O3浓度为各重点区域最高,该区域所有城市O3浓度均未达标,半数城市O3浓度同比上升(0.6%~8.6%).因此,臭氧污染防治迫在眉睫.挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)作为O3重要前体物,不仅可以通过光化学反应生成O3影响空气质量,另外,VOCs中的芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧化合物(OVOC)会通过呼吸道进入肺部,造成心血管等疾病,产生致畸、致癌等影响,对人类健康构成威胁[2-3].我国人为源VOCs主要来自工业源、不完全燃烧、溶剂使用等,其中,工业源VOCs排放占据首位(46%)[4].石油及相关行业作为重要的工业源之一,已超越道路车辆的贡献,成为中国VOCs的最大工业排放源,占全国工业源VOCs总排放量的25.1%[5],石油化工等行业中VOCs的高浓度排放已成为环境保护的重要挑战.
目前已有较多学者对石化园区VOCs开展研究.在排放特征方面,张晓旭等[6]对四川某石化园区大气中119种VOCs的组成特征及空间分布进行了研究,结果表明,该石化园区大气中烷烃、烯烃及OVOC占据主导地位,且不同种类的VOCs在0~50m高度范围内的分布特征不同.李鸥阳等[7]对济南地区石化企业大气中13种醛酮化合物的排放特征进行了研究,发现不同季节下醛酮化合物的前3种优势物种均为甲醛、乙醛和丙酮,但不同醛酮化合物浓度占比存在差异,并且在每个季节都有明显的日变化.Lv等[8]对山东一本地炼油厂VOCs进行研究,建立排放清单,显示储罐是最大的污染源,并确定了各种工艺和排放源的逸散性和有组织排放特征.在环境影响方面,Wei等[9]利用箱式模型对华北地区某大型石化企业内部光化学污染的特征、形成及影响进行探究,模拟结果表明,该地区的O3污染主要由高浓度前体物导致而非气象因素,且对NOx更为敏感.张玉兰等[10]对徐圩新区石化园区及周边生活区VOCs进行采样,确定乙烯、丙烯、间/对-二甲苯为O3生成贡献较高的物种,燃烧源、溶剂涂料源、机动车尾气等是O3生成的主要来源.在健康影响方面,Zheng等[11]对长江中游典型石化园区VOCs的健康风险进行了研究,发现丙烯醛和1,3-丁二烯具有最高的健康风险,并利用PMF模型和传统方法评估了特定源的健康风险.Feng等[12]评估了中国北方某炼油厂VOCs的健康风险,发现丙烯醛具有最高的非致癌性风险,卤代烃和芳香烃是主要的致癌物质,占总致癌风险值的97.4%.尽管如此,关于石化园区VOCs的研究仍存在局限性,现有研究多关注石化园区整体或某单一生产工艺VOCs排放,对石化园区内不同装置区VOCs排放的对比研究较少.此外,关于恶臭污染等健康影响方面研究也较为缺乏.
本研究以京津冀地区某典型石化园区作为研究区域,选取涵盖炼油区、合成橡胶区、合成树脂区、有机化学品区及生活区共5个代表性区域进行采样,揭示不同装置区域VOCs的排放特征和特征污染物,并评估了不同区域VOCs排放对环境与健康的影响.本研究为制定有效的VOCs减排措施提供科学依据,对于推动石油化工行业的可持续发展具有重要意义.
本研究选取京津冀地区某石化园区作为研究区域,该石化园区是京津冀区域内规模最大的现代石油化工联合企业,包括炼油、储运、合成橡胶、合成树脂、有机化学品、生活等区域.涉及生产装置63套、辅助装置68套,可生产116个品种的石油化工产品.为更加全面研究石化园区的污染情况大的排放源,分析不同装置区域VOCs排放对环境及健康的影响,本研究选取炼油区(航煤罐区)、合成橡胶区(顺丁装置)、合成树脂区(东方有机厂地面火炬)、有机化学品区(1-已烯装置)以及生活区作为监测对象,所选生产区域产品类型差异较大,VOCs排放浓度较高,位置较为分散(图1),详细信息如表1所示.
本次共采集分析6类,共85种VOCs组分,其中烷烃23种、烯烃10种、卤代烃30种、芳香烃15种、OVOC6种和其他1种.本研究按照《大气污染物无组织排放监测技术导则》(HJ/T 55-2000)[13]中规定,在排放源下风向设置监控点,同时在排放源上风向设参照点.基于全量空气采样法对VOCs开展无组织采样,使用抛光硅烷化处理的Summa采样罐(3.2L,美国ENTECH公司)负压式被动采集VOCs样品.实行连续1h的采样,采集时段为6~8月,每月采集5d,每天5个时段(7:00~8:00、10:00~11:00、13:00~14:00、15:00~16:00、18:00~19:00)进行采样,共375个样品.为保证采样匀速进行,期间使用限流阀(CS1200系列,美国ENTECH公司)[14],采样流量为3.2L/h.
参照美国EPA推荐TO-15技术方法进行VOCs样品的分析,三步自动预浓缩-GC-MS系统对物质进行定性和定量分析.首先,通过Entech 7100型预浓缩系统(美国ENTECH公司)进行样品的低温预浓缩,通过三个低温冷阱来聚焦目标分析物,同时去除水、N2、O2和CO2等.之后,目标分析物被反吹入GC-MS系统,通过Agilent 6890气相色谱(GC)和Agilent 5973四极杆质谱检测器(MSD)联用进行VOCs物种定量分析.采用美国Spectra Gases的PAMS(57种化合物)标气和TO-15(57种)标气对样品进行标定及定量分析,确保各化合物的标准工作曲线决定系数(R2)大于0.99.
为保证监测数据的准确性有效性,采样和分析过程中严格执行相关标准规范中规定的质量保证(QA)和质量控制(QC)措施[15].Summa罐参照TO-15提供的方法使用高纯氮气(99.99%)清洗3~4次,每清洗一批采样罐(10~20个),随机选取1~2个采样罐进行清洗空白检验.采集完成的样品避光储存并运输至实验室于48h内完成分析,以避免Summa罐内的吸附转化损失.样品分析过程中,在正式建立工作曲线和每批样品分析前进行GC-MS系统运行检查,每日对工作曲线中间1个浓度水平、每月对4个浓度水平的混合标准样品进行测定,定量结果与配气理论浓度值偏差范围小于30%(美国EPA TO-15方法).在日校准的基础上测定样品空白,若空白分析结果满足质量控制的可接受标准,即可开始样品分析.
VOCs是O3生成的重要前体物,本研究采用最大增量反应活性(MIR)法计算不同VOCs物种对O3的生成贡献,即臭氧生成潜势(OFP),得到O3形成的优先控制排放源、排放组分和物种,其计算公式如下:
式中:OFPi为物种i的臭氧生成潜势,μg/m3;[VOCs]I为物种i的平均浓度,μg/m3;MIRi为物种i的最大增量反应性,本文中MIR参考文献[16].
恶臭是指所有刺激人体嗅觉器官、引起不愉快以及损坏生活环境的气体物质.引起人嗅觉感觉最小刺激的物质浓度(或稀释倍数)称为人的嗅觉阈值.对于某种物质而言,其嗅觉效果由其浓度和嗅觉阈值共同决定[17-18].本研究通过采用感官定量评价法计算不同VOCs对恶臭污染的影响,有效控制恶臭污染.其计算公式如下:
式中:Mi为物种i的恶臭指数;[VOCs]i为物种i的质量浓度,μg/m3Oi为物种i的恶臭阈值,μg/m3.Oi参考Nagatahe等的研究结果[19].当Mi>1说明存在恶臭污染,Mi<1则不存在恶臭污染[20].
除食入和皮肤接触外,吸入是人体接触空气污染物的最重要途径.本研究使用US EPA的标准方法评估了与吸入有关的VOCs的健康风险.其计算公式如下:
式中:ECi为物种i暴露浓度,μg/m3;[VOCs]i为物种i的质量浓度,μg/m3;ET为日均暴露时间,8h/d;EF为暴露频率,250d/a;ED为暴露周期持续时间,20a;AT为平均暴露时间,h;非致癌风险设为25×365×24h,致癌风险设为70×365×24h,相关参数参考文献[21].
本文以危害指数(HI)进行非致癌风险评估,公式如下:
式中:HQi为毒性VOCs物质i的危害指数,无量纲;Rfci为污染参考浓度,μg/m3,相关数值参考美国环保局综合风险信息系统(IRIS)[22];HI为多种毒性VOCs物质的危害指数之和.有研究表明,当HI>1时,人群暴露在此环境中可能会有非致癌风险,当HI<1时,非致癌风险较小[23].
本文以终身致癌风险值(LCR)评估其致癌风险.具体公式如下:
式中:LCRi为毒性VOCs物质i的终身致癌风险值,无量纲;IURi为单位吸入致癌风险值,μg/m3,其值来自美国环保局综合风险信息系统(IRIS)[22].有研究表明,当LCR>1×10-4时,被认为有“确定致癌风险”;当1×10−6<LCR<1×10-4,被认为有“可能致癌风险”;当LCR<1×10−6时,被认为“可忽略致癌风险”[24].
根据2019年6~8月的观测结果,A、B、C、D和E点的总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)平均浓度分别为1203.2,4472.2,816.9,679.0和546.0μg/m3,其浓度在石化区相关研究范围内[25].虽然距离较近,但由于周边不同装置的污染排放,TVOC浓度最大差异达7倍左右(生活区除外).图2对比5个点位各VOCs类别的浓度和比例,从整体上看,5个点位VOCs排放均以烷烃和烯烃为主,占总浓度的70%以上.A、B点烷烃占比最高,分别为53.4%及70.7%,其次为烯烃(28.1%、17.6%),这主要是由于这两个点位分别位于炼油区和合成橡胶区,受到汽油及原材料挥发的影响.而C、D点,烯烃浓度占比要高于烷烃,占比分别为36.6%和48.6%.同时,芳香烃、卤代烃和OVOC浓度也较高,对环境污染有重要贡献,尤其是C点OVOC占比达到15.1%,明显高于其他点位.在对华北地区某石化园区延迟焦化装置、催化裂化装置、乙烯装置等VOCs的排放特征研究中[26],与本研究中VOCs的组成占比有所不同,归因于周边生产设备不同有关,但烷烃和烯烃仍然为最重要的组成成分,是石化相关工艺生产和排放的主要副产物.E点作为生活区VOCs浓度低于本研究中其他点位,但高于北京城区,在关于北京城区的研究中VOCs组成为OVOC(40.1%)、烷烃(39.3%)、芳烃(11.7%)、烯烃(5.8%)等[27],与本研究中的E点VOCs组成占比完全不同.然而,值得注意的是E点的VOCs组成与D点相似,可能是由于E点更靠近D点,且周边没有较大的VOCs排放源,受扩散的影响导致.
图3显示了VOCs组分的日变化,可以看出各点位谷峰出现的时间有所差异,这可能是受到周边固定排放源排放影响所导致.在A、B点,TVOCs浓度呈现出与占比最大的物种烷烃相同变化趋势,在中午时段受气象因素的影响,浓度下降,但由于监测点周围的排放源、温度、湿度、光照强度等因素的差异,导致达到最低的时刻有所差异.烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃、OVOC的浓度变化基本保持在一个稳定的水平,是因为排放强度的影响要大于气象因素,这与在长三角和沈阳某石化区观察到的结果一致[24,28].不同的是,在C点,OVOC在午后出现升高且达到峰值,芳香烃在10:00前后达到峰值.此外,在D点的芳香烃、卤代烃出现了不规律的高值,这均可能是受到当地工业过程无组织强烈排放的影响.而E点与其他点位相比更为接近主干道,受到早晚高峰交通排放的影响显著,除烯烃受到附近污染物的传输影响变化幅度较小外,其他组分浓度均在07:00及18:00前后达到高峰,在中午时段降到低谷,更接近“双峰一谷”的变化规律,与以往的研究结果相似[29-30].
工业地区污染物的特征比城市和郊区更为复杂,且不同点位的差异较大.为了更全面地描述每个采样点的VOCs排放特征,各点位的主要特征污染物浓度及占比如图4所示.A点的烷烃类化合物中,占比较大的为异丁烷、异戊烷、正戊烷、正己烷、甲基环戊烷、3-甲基环戊烷,组成烷烃类挥发性有机物的前三种烷烃累计占比25.1%,C2-C5的烷烃主要来源于机动车尾气和汽油挥发[31],其中异丁烷是液化石油气(LPG)的主要成分,异戊烷、正戊烷则是汽油挥发的关键示踪物种[32].3-甲基戊烷是汽油车尾气的示踪剂,甲基环戊烷被报道为柴油蒸发的示踪剂[11].烯烃中,占比较大的物种为乙烯(19.0%),其主要来自于汽车尾气排放以及石油化工行业排放[33].因此,A点VOCs主要受周边无组织排放影响.这与Shen等[34]的研究较为相似,但在山东某炼化厂的研究中,顺-2-丁烯(13.9%)、正戊烷(12.4%)、异戊烷(7.5%)、甲苯(5.6%)为主要污染物[8],这可能是由于储罐类型以及产品类型不同导致.B点位于顺丁橡胶装置北侧,受到周边合成橡胶装置的影响,主要特征污染物为正己烷(39.0%)、甲基环戊烷(10.6%)、环己烷(10.6%)、1,3-丁二烯(8.4%)、一氯甲烷(8.1%).其中,正己烷是石油中天然存在的一种碳氢化合物,也是石油醚和石脑油的主要成分之一;环己烷可用作橡胶、涂料、清漆的溶剂;1,3-丁二烯作为单体用于顺丁橡胶的生产,在美国,大约60%的1,3-丁二烯被用于合成橡胶的生产[35];一氯甲烷作为合成橡胶的原料同时也可作为溶剂.C、D点最丰富的物种仍为乙烯(28.3%、35.0%),乙烯作为合成纤维、合成橡胶、合成树脂、合成乙醇的基本化工原料,在有机厂及1-己烯生产过程中逸散是不可避免的,三大合成材料的基本原料之一的丙烯也有较高的占比(6.8%、8.0%).而在C点2-丁酮占比仅次于乙烯、正己烷位于第三(15.1%),它是一种重要的溶剂,其性能与丙酮相似,具有非常高的溶解能力,一些天然物质、塑料和树脂可以溶解在2-丁酮中,因此其在合成树脂区有较高的浓度[36].与其他点位相比,D点中的氯仿(5.4%)、苯(5.0%)占比较高.在工业中,氯仿因优异的溶解性和挥发性成为化学反应和生产过程中的理想溶剂,且氯仿和苯均为化工原料[37].值得注意的是,乙烯(43.8%)、丙烯(9.9%)和正己烷(5.4%)在生活区中所占的比例最高,与D点相似,更加印证前文中的观点,E点主要受到D点扩散传输的影响.
利用臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评价污染物对该地区O3形成的贡献.结合观察期VOCs的平均浓度,各点位的OFP贡献如图5所示.OFP最高的前10种物质对O3形成的贡献总和在每个点位达到85%以上,监测期间各采样点的OFP区间为3251.8~13239.8μg/m3,其中B点最高,其他点位均低于5000μg/m3.由于石化行业排放较为复杂,不同装置区排放差异较大,OFP差异在几十到几万不等,本研究在其他相关研究范围内[23,26,38].比较5个点位之间的OFP,发现烯烃对O3的贡献最高(62.8%~90.5%),其次是烷烃(3.8%~34.8%)和芳香烃(2.2%~22.1%),卤代烃、OVOC和其他对O3的贡献较小,这与李石等[39]在北方原油加工石化企业的发现较一致.由于排放量大且化学反应性较高,烯烃在各点位中对O3生成的贡献显著.Zhang等[40]通过分析不同炼油生产装置、基础化工装置等VOCs的OFP贡献,结果表明烯烃对臭氧生成影响最大,程水源等[41]、Feng等[24]同样认为烯烃是石化区域内活性较强的物种.在A、D、E中乙烯(42.1%~66.2%)、丙烯(11.5%~19.5%)、1-丁烯(2.7%~10.3%)贡献最大,B点1,3-丁二烯(35.6%)、乙烯(16.0%)和C点乙烯(57.3%)、丙烯(17.9%)对O3生成有重要贡献.C点由于受到周边装置的影响,2-丁酮具有较高浓度,使其对O3生成的贡献仅次于乙烯和丙烯.烷烃表现出较低的反应性,只有正己烷和甲基环戊烷因排放浓度高在B、C点OFP贡献排名前五,其他烷烃类贡献较小.而芳香烃恰好相反,相比于烷烃来说尽管浓度较小,但由于较大的MIR值,使得间二甲苯、甲苯、苯等仍有较显著的贡献.为了有效控制VOCs排放,必须同时考虑排放浓度和组分的反应活性.从VOCs组成来看,乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯等烯烃对OFP的影响最大,应优先控制以上物种以降低OFP,同时,合成橡胶区OFP贡献远高于其他点位,应重点加强对合成橡胶区域VOCs浓度排放控制,以减少O3生成.
图6为各点位43种组分的恶臭指数,整体来看,B(1.66)>C(0.77)>A(0.76)>D(0.30)>E(0.25),仅有B点恶臭指数大于1,说明仅B点发生恶臭污染.在李陵等[42]研究中,天然气化工、基础化工片和园区中居民生活区恶臭指数分别为1.5,1.6,0.28,与本研究相比,B点恶臭污染处于高值区,A、C、D点相对较低,生活区较为相似.从VOCs组分来看,5个点位各组分恶臭指数均未超过1,恶臭污染发生风险较小.在B点,1,3-丁二烯(0.68)、正己烷(0.30)、3-甲基戊烷(0.22)、异丙苯(0.12)是产生恶臭的主要VOCs物种.尽管1,3-丁二烯、正己烷、3-甲基戊烷恶臭阈值较高,但由于B点这几种组分浓度较大,使得其存在恶臭发生的风险.同时,由于异丙苯恶臭阈值较低,在B点排放浓度较小的情况下,异丙苯仍然发生恶臭污染,且在其他4个点位中异苯丙均有较高的贡献(24.7%~67.8%).除此之外,间二甲苯在A点的恶臭指数大于0.1,且在D、E点的恶臭污染中有较大贡献(25.7%、18.0%).因此,在减轻或消除恶臭污染时,应该着重关注B点所在的合成橡胶区域,同时优先管控1,3-丁二烯、正己烷、3-甲基戊烷、异丙苯、间二甲苯等组分.
图7所示,本研究共计算6种烷烃、2种烯烃、9种芳香烃、10种卤代烃和其他1种,共28种VOCs的危害指数.整体来看,5个点位的HI为:B(35.70)>A(2.49)>D(0.93)>E(0.63)>C(0.42),表明B、A点产生非致癌的慢性健康风险较大,而D、E、C点不会产生此风险.在检测出的物质中,B点中的1,3-丁二烯(34.18)和A点中的1,1,2-三氯乙烷(1.26)危险指数超过安全阈值,分别占比95.8%、50.7%,是产生非致癌风险的主要VOCs物种,长期暴露其中可能对人体健康造成危害.B点中的一氯甲烷(0.74)的危险指数尽管在安全范围内,但在不利天气环境下或者工况不佳时可能会导致危害指数上升.除此之外,5个点位中的1,3-丁二烯和苯,A点中的1,2-二氯丙烷、壬烷,B点中的正己烷,D点中的三氯乙烯的HI均超过0.1,同样需要注意.综上所述,1,3-丁二烯、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、一氯甲烷具有较高非致癌风险,应着重关注其来源和排放.
图8共计算了12种VOCs组分的终生致癌风险,包括1种烯烃,2种芳香烃,9种卤代烃.结果发现,A点(2.4×10-3)、B点(2.0×10-3)、C点(1.1×10-3)、D点(1.0×10-3)、E点(1.1×10-3)的LCR均大于1×10-4,存在一定的致癌风险,工人在日常工作中需做好防护.从组成成分来看,由于较高的浓度,B点中的1,3-丁二烯(7.3×10-4)LCR大于1×10-4,存在确定致癌风险.而二氯甲烷因为较大的IUR导致其在每个点位中均存在致癌风险(9.4×10-4~2.3×10-5).同时,5个点位中的氯仿(2.3×10-4~5.5×10-5)由于较大的浓度和IUR,导致LCR大于1×10-5,具有可能致癌风险.除此之外,苯、一氯甲烷、氯乙烯、1,2-二氯丙烷的LCR均有超过1×10-5的点位,具有可能致癌风险,且苯和氯乙烯被IARC认定为1类致癌物.综上,为保证园区内人群身体健康,应严格控制1,3-丁二烯、二氯甲烷、氯仿、苯、氯乙烯等排放,降低健康风险.
3.1 石化园区TVOCs的浓度范围在546.0~4472.2μg/m3之间,合成橡胶区TVOCs浓度最高,生活区最低.烷烃和烯烃是VOCs的主要组成部分,其浓度占比超过总浓度的70%,其次芳香烃和卤代烃.由于工艺特点、排放源强度及环境条件等多种因素的综合影响,各点位VOCs组分的日变化谷峰出现的时间有所差异.
3.2 炼油区以C2-C5的烷烃(25.1%)和乙烯(19.0%)为主,合成橡胶区域则主要为正己烷(39.0%)、甲基环戊烷(10.6%)、环己烷(10.6%),合成树脂区和有机化学品区最丰富的物种仍为乙烯(28.3%、35.0%).每个点位的特征污染物多受周边生产工艺的影响,大多为动静密封点等无组织排放造成.
3.3 合成橡胶区的OFP最高(13239.8μg/m3),其他均低于5000μg/m3.烯烃对O3的贡献最高(62.8%~90.5%),其次是烷烃(3.8%~34.8%)和芳烃(2.2%~22.1%).其中,乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、正己烷、间二甲苯等是不同点位中影响O3形成的VOCs关键活性物种.
3.4 区域内仅合成橡胶区发生恶臭污染,1,3-丁二烯(0.68)、正己烷(0.30)、3-甲基戊烷(0.22)、异丙苯(0.12)是产生恶臭的主要VOCs物种,且异丙苯在其他4个区域内均有较高的贡献(24.7%~67.8%).炼油区、合成橡胶区存在非致癌风险,1,1,2-三氯乙烷(50.7%)、1,3-丁二烯(95.8%)分别为两个区域主要污染物.5个点位均存在致癌风险,1,3-丁二烯、二氯甲烷、氯仿、苯、氯乙烯等为主要致癌物质.
3.5 根据上述研究结果,该石化园区应重点关注合成橡胶区废气无组织排放,大力减少此区域VOCs排放.同时,加大对乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、异丙苯、1,1,2-三氯乙烷等的来源调查,并严格管控排放途径,以减少对环境及健康的影响.对于VOCs的污染防治,重点关注动静密封点、储罐、装载、污水等无组织排放问题,从源头和过程工艺方面采取有效手段减少无组织排放.
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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    1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,区域大气复合污染防治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    2.城市大气挥发性有机物污染防治技术与应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100037
    3.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心,北京 100037

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