Article(id=1241057222562730935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820699587, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820699587, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820699587, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820699587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2932, endPage=2940, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057222956995559, articleId=1241057222562730935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Life cycle carbon footprint accounting and assessment of risk management and control technologies of typical contaminated sites, columnId=1234106417825772207, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Impact Assessment and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study conducted a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the carbon footprint associated with the solidification/stabilization combined with barrier backfilling(SSB)technology through a typical heavy metal-contaminated site case in South China. Using the emission factor method and life cycle impact assessment approach, we quantified the environmental impacts across the entire remediation process. The results revealed that the SSB technology exhibited a carbon emission intensity of 0.190t CO2/m3 contaminated soil. The most important carbon emission unit processes were primary treatment(33.7%), site construction(32.7%), and barrier backfilling(31.9%). Material production emerged as the principal emission source, with concrete manufacturing contributing 51.9% and solidification/stabilization reagents accounting for 33.4% of total emissions. The comprehensive environmental impact score of this case reached 84.3kPt. The implementation process of risk control exerted the most significant human health impacts, which were primarily contributed by the formation of fine particulate matter during construction activities and the global warming potential.

, correspAuthors=Ling-li ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-yu ZHANG, Ling-li ZHOU, Jing-yan ZHOU, Wen-cheng WU, Ying-xin WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057230217335281, articleId=1241057222562730935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型污染场地风险管控技术的全生命周期碳足迹核算与评价, columnId=1234106419604157142, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境影响评价与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以华南地区某典型重金属污染场地为案例,采用排放因子法和生命周期影响评价法,对固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术的全生命周期碳足迹进行核算与量化评估.结果表明,固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的碳排放强度为0.190t CO2/m3污染土.主处理、场地建造和阻隔回填是最主要的碳排放单元过程,分别占总碳排放的33.7%、32.7%和31.9%;关键碳排放来源为混凝土和固化/稳定化药剂的生产,分别占总碳排放的51.9%和33.4%.本案例综合环境影响评分为84.3kPt,风险管控实施过程对人体健康的影响最大,主要的贡献因素是工程施工造成的细颗粒形成和全球变暖.

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* 责任作者,高级工程师,
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张静宇(2000-),女,河南安阳人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事污染场地绿色可持续修复研究..

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张静宇(2000-),女,河南安阳人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事污染场地绿色可持续修复研究..

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张静宇(2000-),女,河南安阳人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事污染场地绿色可持续修复研究..

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Life cycle inventory data of the research case

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单元过程物耗/设备及其使用情况消耗量单位
建造单元材料生产铝合金2.48t
阻隔膜(高密度聚乙烯)3.29t
钢材59.7t
混凝土1352m3
电力消耗混凝土输送泵、混凝土摊铺机2425kW•h
清挖单元机械用能挖掘机-柴油1.34t
材料生产自来水540t
电力消耗雾炮机165kW•h
运输单元轻型货车监测设备运输4.20t•km
中型货车土壤运输6133t•km
重型货车设备、耗材运输110973t•km
预处理单元机械用能ALLU筛分斗、铲车-柴油4.33t
材料生产自来水45.0t
电力消耗高压冲洗机、污泥泵4208kW•h
主处理单元机械用能铲车、挖掘机、洒水车-柴油1.72t
材料生产固化/稳定化药剂氯化铁33.1t
硫酸铝139t
过磷酸钙207t
自来水502t
污水处理单元电力消耗一体化污水处理设备47.9kW•h
阻隔回填单元机械用能挖掘机、旋挖机、成孔钻机、压路机-柴油4.38t
材料生产钢材14.3t
混凝土1721m3
阻隔膜10.9t
长期监测单元机械用能XY100型钻机-柴油0.0412t
材料生产混凝土0.0150m3
石英砂0.533m3
膨润土0.0450m3
钢材2.18t
PVC管(聚氯乙烯)0.0420t
过滤网0.0250t
电力消耗现场检测设备8.50kW•h
), ArticleFig(id=1241057239931343031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222562730935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究案例生命周期数据清单

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单元过程物耗/设备及其使用情况消耗量单位
建造单元材料生产铝合金2.48t
阻隔膜(高密度聚乙烯)3.29t
钢材59.7t
混凝土1352m3
电力消耗混凝土输送泵、混凝土摊铺机2425kW•h
清挖单元机械用能挖掘机-柴油1.34t
材料生产自来水540t
电力消耗雾炮机165kW•h
运输单元轻型货车监测设备运输4.20t•km
中型货车土壤运输6133t•km
重型货车设备、耗材运输110973t•km
预处理单元机械用能ALLU筛分斗、铲车-柴油4.33t
材料生产自来水45.0t
电力消耗高压冲洗机、污泥泵4208kW•h
主处理单元机械用能铲车、挖掘机、洒水车-柴油1.72t
材料生产固化/稳定化药剂氯化铁33.1t
硫酸铝139t
过磷酸钙207t
自来水502t
污水处理单元电力消耗一体化污水处理设备47.9kW•h
阻隔回填单元机械用能挖掘机、旋挖机、成孔钻机、压路机-柴油4.38t
材料生产钢材14.3t
混凝土1721m3
阻隔膜10.9t
长期监测单元机械用能XY100型钻机-柴油0.0412t
材料生产混凝土0.0150m3
石英砂0.533m3
膨润土0.0450m3
钢材2.18t
PVC管(聚氯乙烯)0.0420t
过滤网0.0250t
电力消耗现场检测设备8.50kW•h
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240065560769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222562730935, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Carbon emission factors associated with the research case

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类型材料/能源排放因子单位来源
材料生产混凝土0.321t CO2/m3[31]
铝合金15.8t CO2/t[29]
阻隔膜0.570t CO2/t[29]
钢材2.42t CO2/t[29]
水资源1.68×10-4t CO2/t[31]
氯化铁0.180t CO2/t[30]
硫酸铝0.500t CO2/t[30]
过磷酸钙2.70t CO2/t[30]
石英砂0.0600t CO2/m3[29]
膨润土0.0400t CO2/m3[29]
PVC管1.77t CO2/t[29]
过滤网5.98t CO2/t[29]
机械用能柴油3.15t CO2/t[29]
电力消耗电力4.45×10-4t CO2/(kW•h)[27]
轻型货车8.30×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
交通运输中型货车4.20×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
重型货车4.90×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240224944336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222562730935, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究案例涉及的碳排放因子

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类型材料/能源排放因子单位来源
材料生产混凝土0.321t CO2/m3[31]
铝合金15.8t CO2/t[29]
阻隔膜0.570t CO2/t[29]
钢材2.42t CO2/t[29]
水资源1.68×10-4t CO2/t[31]
氯化铁0.180t CO2/t[30]
硫酸铝0.500t CO2/t[30]
过磷酸钙2.70t CO2/t[30]
石英砂0.0600t CO2/m3[29]
膨润土0.0400t CO2/m3[29]
PVC管1.77t CO2/t[29]
过滤网5.98t CO2/t[29]
机械用能柴油3.15t CO2/t[29]
电力消耗电力4.45×10-4t CO2/(kW•h)[27]
轻型货车8.30×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
交通运输中型货车4.20×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
重型货车4.90×10-5t CO2/(t•km)[29]
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典型污染场地风险管控技术的全生命周期碳足迹核算与评价
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张静宇 1, 2 , 周玲莉 2, * , 周静妍 2 , 吴文成 2 , 吴颖欣 2
中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025,45(5): 2932-2940
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中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025, 45(5): 2932-2940
典型污染场地风险管控技术的全生命周期碳足迹核算与评价
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张静宇1, 2 , 周玲莉2, * , 周静妍2, 吴文成2, 吴颖欣2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535
  • 张静宇(2000-),女,河南安阳人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事污染场地绿色可持续修复研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,高级工程师,
Life cycle carbon footprint accounting and assessment of risk management and control technologies of typical contaminated sites
Jing-yu ZHANG1, 2 , Ling-li ZHOU2, * , Jing-yan ZHOU2, Wen-cheng WU2, Ying-xin WU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2.South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以华南地区某典型重金属污染场地为案例,采用排放因子法和生命周期影响评价法,对固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术的全生命周期碳足迹进行核算与量化评估.结果表明,固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的碳排放强度为0.190t CO2/m3污染土.主处理、场地建造和阻隔回填是最主要的碳排放单元过程,分别占总碳排放的33.7%、32.7%和31.9%;关键碳排放来源为混凝土和固化/稳定化药剂的生产,分别占总碳排放的51.9%和33.4%.本案例综合环境影响评分为84.3kPt,风险管控实施过程对人体健康的影响最大,主要的贡献因素是工程施工造成的细颗粒形成和全球变暖.

固化/稳定化  /  阻隔回填  /  全生命周期  /  碳足迹

This study conducted a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the carbon footprint associated with the solidification/stabilization combined with barrier backfilling(SSB)technology through a typical heavy metal-contaminated site case in South China. Using the emission factor method and life cycle impact assessment approach, we quantified the environmental impacts across the entire remediation process. The results revealed that the SSB technology exhibited a carbon emission intensity of 0.190t CO2/m3 contaminated soil. The most important carbon emission unit processes were primary treatment(33.7%), site construction(32.7%), and barrier backfilling(31.9%). Material production emerged as the principal emission source, with concrete manufacturing contributing 51.9% and solidification/stabilization reagents accounting for 33.4% of total emissions. The comprehensive environmental impact score of this case reached 84.3kPt. The implementation process of risk control exerted the most significant human health impacts, which were primarily contributed by the formation of fine particulate matter during construction activities and the global warming potential.

solidification/stabilization  /  barrier backfill  /  life cycle assessment  /  carbon footprint
张静宇, 周玲莉, 周静妍, 吴文成, 吴颖欣. 典型污染场地风险管控技术的全生命周期碳足迹核算与评价. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2932 -2940 .
Jing-yu ZHANG, Ling-li ZHOU, Jing-yan ZHOU, Wen-cheng WU, Ying-xin WU. Life cycle carbon footprint accounting and assessment of risk management and control technologies of typical contaminated sites[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2932 -2940 .
近年来,随着我国工业化和城市化的快速发展,城市及周边地区出现了大量污染地块,对周围环境和人体健康造成了较大影响[1].污染场地风险管控和修复可以降低土壤风险,实现污染场地再开发安全利用,保障社会经济的可持续发展.随着国家“双碳”目标的提出,开展污染场地修复的绿色低碳评估,探索碳减排路径逐渐受到重视[2].2023年12月生态环境部发布了《关于促进土壤污染绿色低碳风险管控和修复的指导意见》,明确提出要以风险管控和修复全过程绿色低碳水平为目标,研究制定适用于土壤污染风险管控和修复全过程的环境足迹评估工具和碳核算方法[3].然而我国污染场地风险管控和修复研究起步较晚,风险管控和修复技术的绿色低碳评估还处于萌芽阶段,尚未系统形成污染场地风险管控和修复技术的碳足迹核算方法,并针对相关技术开展碳足迹核算.因此,精准解析不同风险管控与修复技术单元过程碳排放特征是推动绿色可持续修复的关键,也是当前国家面临的重要需求.
常用的碳足迹核算与影响评价方法包括碳排放因子法[4]、物料平衡法、实测法、环境足迹分析法[5]、SiteWiseTM工具[6]、生命周期评价法[7]等,其中基于全生命周期评价的碳排放因子法能够准确、全面地分析污染治理修复全生命周期过程的输入、输出及其造成的环境排放和影响,是国际公认的主流碳核算和环境影响评价方法[8-10].目前已有学者通过收集案例或修复方案,对不同污染场地的风险管控和修复技术进行了碳排放初步测算和环境影响评价[11-17].例如,前人基于生命周期方法,并结合碳排放因子对热脱附技术进行碳足迹核算,结果表明,碳排放的主要来源是热脱附修复过程[10];电力及燃气等能源使用的碳排放贡献在80%以上[12-13];将化石能源全部替换为太阳能、风电等清洁能源时,碳减排潜力可达31%~40%[14].基于生命周期方法,结合CML特征化模型、Recipe 2016模型等环境影响模型,有学者对水泥窑协同处置技术进行了环境影响定量评价,结果表明,熟料煅烧阶段的环境影响最大[15];材料消耗和燃料燃烧的碳排放贡献之和高达80%[16];当采用污泥作为材料和燃料代替品时,该技术减碳率可达20%[17].但由于存在污染场地特异性、系统边界取舍误差、缺乏代表性排放因子以及数据清单不完整等问题,已有研究中鲜有关注不同单元过程的碳排放,并对排放因子和核算结果开展不确定性和敏感性分析.
固化/稳定化技术具有费用低、时间短、易工程实施等优势,是我国重金属污染场地最常用的风险管控技术之一.当前对该技术的研究,主要集中在材料、设备工艺条件、污染特性对修复效果、能耗优化的影响[18-19],对固化/稳定化技术开展碳核算和评价的研究较少,有学者将能源矿物燃料排放量与单位GDP产值排放系数法相结合折算出其碳排放强度[20].阻隔回填可以长期封存土壤,以确保风险管控措施长期有效,这种方式在酸雨较普遍的华南地区应用尤其广泛.阻隔回填涉及大量水泥使用和工程施工,其碳排放涉及的单元过程多、差异大,但当前对阻隔回填的碳排放影响和贡献鲜有量化评估,对固化稳定化+阻隔回填这种典型风险管控技术的碳排放关键因素研究仍十分缺乏,从而对其碳减排和环境损害防控对策制定缺乏科学依据.
本研究基于生命周期思想,通过划分固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的单元过程,建立生命周期系统边界,构建生命周期数据清单,并结合生命周期评价法、碳排放因子法进行生命周期碳足迹核算和环境影响定量评价,以此分析污染修复碳足迹和环境影响的关键贡献因素,提出固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的碳减排建议,研究成果将为我国重金属污染场地风险管控技术的绿色低碳发展提供科学依据.
基于life cycle assessment(LCA)系统边界的取舍原则,本研究的系统边界包括固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术在实际场地中从治理修复过程开始到完成阻隔回填和长期监测全过程的关键环节,共有8个单元过程,即:建造单元、清挖单元、运输单元、预处理单元、主处理单元、污水处理单元、阻隔回填单元和长期监测单元,不包含场地前期调查风险评估、制定修复方案以及后期效果评估以及施工过程环境监理等管理过程(图1).
本研究采用排放因子法开展碳排放核算,其基本原理是依照生命周期数据清单,针对各碳排放源选取合适的排放因子,以活动水平数据与排放因子的乘积作为该项排放源的排放估算值,具体计算过程及公式可参考孟豪等[21]文献.碳排放源可分为4类:(1)材料生产的碳排放Em;(2)机械用能的碳排放Ep;(3)交通运输的碳排放Et;(4)电力消耗的碳排放Ee.各类碳排放之和即为风险管控全过程的总碳排放ECO2,单位都为t CO2.计算公式如式(1)所示:
为消除不同污染场地、风险管控与修复技术、管控时限等带来的差异,使用碳排放强度(修复每方量或每吨污染土壤的碳排放)来对污染治理修复全生命周期碳排放与修复技术之间的关系进行量化,使评价结果具有可比性.
本研究选取修复每方量污染土的碳排放为碳排放强度.计算公式如式(2)所示:
式中:TCO2为碳排放强度,t CO2/m3污染土;ECO2为总碳排放量,t;V为污染土方量,m3.
生命周期影响评价是对修复所涉及到的材料、能源等展开定量评估,将其转化为环境影响的过程[22].本研究采用SimPro评估软件,选取ReCiPe 2016终点影响评价模型对污染场地固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的全生命周期过程进行评价.具体过程为:首先,采用ReCiPe 2016模型,将生命周期清单数据特征化为全球变暖-人体健康(GH)、全球变暖-陆地生态系统(GT)、全球变暖-淡水生态系统(GF)、平流层臭氧耗损(SO)、电离辐射(IR)、臭氧形成-人体健康(OH)、细颗粒物的形成(FP)、臭氧形成-陆地生态系统(OT)、陆地酸化(TA)、淡水富营养化(FEU)、海洋富营养化(MEU)、陆地生态毒性(TE)、淡水生态毒性(FEC)、海洋生态毒性(MEC)、人体致癌毒性(HC)、人体非致癌毒性(HNC)、土地利用(LU)、矿产资源稀缺性(MR)、化石资源稀缺性(FR)、水资源消耗-人体健康(WH)、水资源消耗-陆地生态系统(WT)、水资源消耗-水生生态系统(WA)[23-24]等22类环境影响,再通过不同的损害方式归类为三类终点环境影响结果,即人体健康、生态系统和自然资源,单位分别为残疾调整生命年(DALY)、物种年(species.yr)、美元(USD).本研究采用Huijbregts等[24]推导出的终点水平特征化因子将每单位影响源(如排放和资源开采)换算为有限数量的环境影响.计算公式如式(3)所示:
式中:LCIAc为各类终点环境影响结果;CF为终点特征化因子;LCI为生命周期清单数据;c表示物质类别;i表示影响源类别.
最终,通过标准化和赋权对各类环境影响结果进行处理,得到单位统一的综合环境影响评价分值,单位为kPt.环境影响评价的分值越高,代表该项的环境影响越大.计算公式如式(4)所示:
式中:LCIAFC为各终点影响类型的标准化评分值;T为标准化因子;W为权重因子.
碳足迹核算主要是基于碳排放相关假设设定、活动水平数据的获取和核算方法的选择,导致碳排放核算结果不确定的因素有很多,其中系统边界的定义、排放因子代表性、活动水平数据不完整或缺乏等是最主要因素[25].本研究采用单因子敏感性分析法,对生命周期碳足迹核算评价中的机械用能、电力消耗、交通运输、混凝土生产和药剂生产5类碳排放因子进行敏感性分析,设置±20%、±10%等4个情景,计算全生命周期碳排放的变幅,评价碳排放因子对评价结果的影响.此外,本研究使用蒙特卡洛法对研究结果进行模拟,将正态分布作为随机变量的概率分布函数,使用Oracle Crystal Ball进行1000次独立重复模拟,对碳核算结果和环境影响评价结果的不确定性进行分析.
选取华南地区某典型重金属污染地块为研究案例,该地块占地约19万m2,主要污染物为铅、砷、汞,污染深度0~6m不等,需修复的总土方量为9990m3,地块规划为居住用地,按第一类用地进行修复.该案例采用固化/稳定化技术对污染土壤进行处理,经养护的土壤中污染物浸出浓度达标后,在场地内采取水泥箱体阻隔回填的方式进行风险管控,配套建设监测井,并开展3年的监测.
本研究通过查阅施工日志、施工总结报告、效果评估报告以及访谈施工人员等方式获取研究案例各单元过程的数据清单(表1).其中各类耗材、药剂、机器设备的用量和型号等数据可以直接从报告中获取;柴油消耗量、电力消耗量等数据需要通过施工过程所使用的设备型号、功率、时间等信息进行换算.
碳排放因子来源于国内外排放因子数据库、业内学者的研究成果、政府部门报告等.因不同地区的生产技术水平、资源和能源质量存在差别,使用排放因子法核算得到的碳排放量会存在差别[26].因此,在收集排放因子时,优先从国内官方发布的排放因子数据集中选取,以更契合我国的碳排放实际情况,提高核算的准确性和可靠性.如电力排放因子参考生态环境部发布的《中国区域电网二氧化碳排放因子研究》[27-28],柴油和大部分材料类(如铝合金、钢材)排放因子从生态环境部发布的《中国产品全生命周期温室气体排放系数集(2022)》[29]中选取.以上数据库中没有匹配的,则参考国际数据库或国内文献中使用率高的排放因子数据,如固化/稳定化药剂从联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的排放因子数据库中选取,该数据库可以提供普适性排放因子[30],混凝土和水资源的排放因子选自四川大学建筑与环境学院和亿科环境共同开发的《中国生命周期基础数据库》[31].与研究案例相关的碳排放因子见表2.
研究案例使用固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术对9990m3污染土进行风险管控共产生1898t CO2,碳排放强度为0.190t CO2/m3污染土.本文对比了文献中报道的不同污染修复技术的碳排放强度(图2).从图2可以看出,不同修复技术的碳排放强度之间存在较大的差异,清挖和填埋的碳排放强度最高[32],其次是水泥窑协同处置[16]、气相抽提[20]、异位热脱附[14],化学淋洗和化学氧化[20]的碳排放强度最低.固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的碳排放强度处于中等偏低水平,表明该技术在降低碳排放强度方面具有较好的优势.尽管不同文献中研究案例的修复技术和污染物的修复目标值不同,但治理修复的最终目标都是实现地块的安全利用,因此将不同技术和不同案例的碳排放量转化为统一度量的碳排放强度,可以更好的反映不同治理修复技术的碳排放趋势.
由各单元过程的碳排放量(图3)可知,本研究案例碳排放主要来源于主处理单元、建造单元和阻隔回填单元,分别占总碳排放量的33.7%、32.7%和31.9%;预处理单元、运输单元、长期监测单元和清挖单元的碳排放分别占0.817%、0.300%、0.286%和0.231%;污水处理单元的碳排放较小,可忽略不计.
不同类型碳排放源的碳排放占比见图4(a).其中,材料生产的碳排放量最高,占97.6%.机械用能、交通运输、电力消耗产生的碳排放分别占1.96%、0.299%、0.161%,表明固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的主要碳排放源是材料生产.Zheng等[33]核算了水泥窑协同处置、热脱附、固化/稳定化的碳排放,结果表明,三种修复方案中材料生产的碳排放量均占总碳排放量的45%以上,其中固化/稳定化技术材料生产的碳排放占比高达78.6%,与本研究结论一致.
对材料生产的碳排放量进行详细分析可知(图4(b)),碳排放占比最多的是混凝土和固化/稳定化药剂的生产,分别排放了986t CO2和634t CO2,占材料生产碳排放量的53.2%和34.2%,其次是钢材、铝合金、阻隔膜,分别占9.95%、2.11%、0.436%;其他材料生产导致的碳排放仅占0.024%.因此,该技术碳排放关键因素是混凝土和药剂的生产,减少混凝土和药剂的使用或采用绿色低碳原料生产混凝土和药剂至关重要.
进一步分析混凝土的使用情况可知(图5(a)),建造单元和阻隔回填单元因使用混凝土分别排放了434和553t CO2,各占总混凝土使用产生的碳排量的44.0%和56.0%;长期监测单元混凝土用量较少,碳排放量仅占0.0005%,与其他两项相比贡献可忽略不计.建造单元中混凝土用于修复大棚、待检区、药剂仓库等区域的硬底化防渗,混凝土用量为1352m3.研究案例中混凝土阻隔箱体体积约为10933m3,混凝土用量为1579m3.若建造和阻隔回填单元不使用混凝土,本研究案例的碳排放量将下降50%以上.因此,降低碳排放的途径主要有:(1)发展可集中处置污染土壤的修复工厂,以减少传统修复技术因重复性建造工作导致的混凝土消耗,可使建造单元碳排放强度减少0.0048t CO2/m3污染土[34];(2)修复达标土壤不进行阻隔填埋,而是采用原地覆膜压实回填,相关过程只涉及施工机械和运输工具的能耗,可使该单元的碳排放强度减少0.059t CO2/m3污染土[35];(3)对修复达标土壤实施资源化利用,如作为路面的亚基层材料,碳排放可减少35%[33].通过上述方式大幅度降低混凝土的使用,是未来固化/稳定化技术减少碳排放的重要方向.
本研究案例共使用铁基类还原稳定化药剂(含亚铁离子、硫化物、磷酸盐等)379t,药剂使用产生的碳排放占主处理单元碳排放量的99.2%.统计文献中固化/稳定化案例使用不同药剂的碳排放情况可知,使用水泥时碳排放强度最大(0.795t CO2/m3污染土)[36],其次是活性炭(0.554t CO2/m3污染土)与生物炭(0.159t CO2/m3污染土)[37],碳排放贡献较小的是生石灰与海泡石(0.088t CO2/m3污染土)[38]、B01型辅助添加材料(0.068t CO2/m3污染土)[20]、PFSC药剂(0.053t CO2/m3污染土)[35],铁基类材料的碳排放贡献处于中等水平.目前有很多学者在研发新型固化/稳定化剂[39-40],但缺乏工程案例和碳排放评估数据,成为绿色低碳材料研发的瓶颈.因此,还需进一步强化模拟计算和中小试实验来开展碳排放评估,以此筛选低碳、可靠的固化/稳定化材料.
由22类环境影响类型归类为三类终点影响(图6)可知,固化/稳定化+阻隔回填过程对人体健康、自然资源和生态系统都有一定程度的影响.其中,对人体健康的影响为4.86DALY,主要贡献来自细颗粒物形成(FP)和全球变暖-人体健康(GH),两者导致的伤残生命年数为1.73DALY和1.69DALY,是其他影响因素的四倍以上;对自然资源的影响为118780USD,主要贡献来自化石燃料开采的额外成本(112000USD);对生态系统的影响为0.009species.yr,主要来自于全球变暖-陆地生态系统(GT)和陆地酸化(TA),两者导致的局部物种损失为0.0051species.yr和0.0015species.yr.
对比农用地钝化技术案例(949.94kPt)[38],本案例技术环境影响较低.从不同影响类别来看,整个风险管控过程对人体健康的影响最大(81.1kPt).从不同单元过程来看(图7),主处理、阻隔回填和场地建造单元过程的环境影响贡献最大,这与碳排放的主要贡献单元过程一致,表明这些单元过程对碳排放和人体健康的影响有双重贡献.
以主处理单元为例,该单元因使用机械设备消耗化石燃料而导致的大量碳排放对全球变暖产生了贡献,从而影响了人体健康;其次,清挖、搅拌和养护等操作产生的大量扬尘是细颗粒物的主要来源,也是影响人体健康的重要原因.根据《逸散性工业粉尘控制技术》计算得知,处理9990m3污染土约产生478.02kg扬尘,尽管施工过程中会使用雾炮机等设备减少扬尘,但并不能完全消除颗粒物对人体健康的影响.
根据敏感性分析结果可知(图8),假设5项碳排放因子在±20%间变动时,混凝土生产和药剂生产因子敏感性曲线的斜率较大,表明敏感性较高,其碳排放量的变幅分别在1700~2095t和1771~2024t之间,是影响全生命周期碳核算的重要因素,而机械用能、电力消耗和交通运输的敏感性都较低.
不确定性分析表明,本研究中固化/稳定化+阻隔回填的碳排放平均值为1895t,中间值为1892t,95%置信区间为1690~2055t.变异系数为4.69%,波动性较小,表明碳排放核算结果的不确定性较低,碳核算结果具有一定的代表性(图9(a)).综合环境影响评分不确定分析显示,综合评分平均值为84.3kPt,95%置信区间为67.9~103.6kPt.变异系数为6.40%,波动性较小,表明环境影响评分的不确定性也在可接受范围内(图9(b)).
3.1 固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术的碳排放强度为0.190t CO2/m3污染土,其碳排放强度处于中等偏低水平,具有较明显的碳减排优势.
3.2 固化/稳定化+阻隔回填技术碳排放量最大的单元为主处理、建造和阻隔回填单元,关键碳排放因素是混凝土和药剂生产.因此,通过积极发展修复工厂模式、开拓固化/稳定化达标土壤的资源化利用方向、采用原位覆膜压实回填、开发低碳长效的固化/稳定化药剂等途径,是该技术碳减排的重要路径.
3.3 该案例的综合环境影响评价表明该固化/稳定化+阻隔回填过程对人体健康、生态系统和自然资源都造成了一定程度的影响,其中对人体健康影响最大.对环境影响贡献最大单元为主处理、阻隔回填和建造单元.
在国家倡导因地制宜、绿色低碳开展土壤污染治理的政策背景下,建议加快推动污染场地修复碳核算和绿色可持续评估体系构建,建立我国污染场地碳核算评估和全生命周期评估的清单数据库,统一评价标准和评价方法.
绿色可持续修复旨在污染场地达到修复目标的同时最大限度减少风险管控或修复过程的环境影响,所以需要在治理修复过程的各阶段采用提高能源效率、减少材料使用、节约用水及减少温室气体排放的方法.但是除环境影响以外,绿色可持续修复还需要考虑治理修复对经济和社会方面的影响,以平衡环境效益最大化与社会和经济的成本和收益,便于管理机构、土地使用权和施工单位综合决策.因此,基于投入产出全生命周期评价修复过程的环境、社会和经济效益来确定环境净效益也是未来开展绿色可持续评估的重要发展方向.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3703302)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3703302)
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    1.安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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