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A self-drive weak electric strengthening constructed wetland(SECW), which was renovated from a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland(HCW)based on ANAMMOX, was established in this study, and its operational performance was thoroughly investigated. Further, the microbial characteristics in the system during the steady operational period were explored, and the nitrogen transformation pathways were also analyzed and elucidated. The results showed that, prefabrication of electroactive biofilms and appropriate layout of the electrodes not only simultaneously enhanced electrode-dependent ammonium oxidation and cathodic denitrification in the SECW, but also significantly increased the abundance and activity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in its substrate layer. Consequently, a multi-path nitrogen removal system based on ANAMMOX was formed in the device, thereby significantly improving the nitrogen removal performance of the SECW. When the electrode configuration was adopted as “double cathode-single anode” and the hydraulic loading rate(HLR)was 0.08m3/(m2·d), the SECW exhibited optimal performance. Specifically, its COD, TP, TN, and NH4+-N removal rates could reach up to(91.39±3.09)%,(93.64±1.15)%,(91.67±2.77)%, and(94.34±2.72)%, respectively. Additionally, the mean output voltage and power density of the system respectively maintained at(816.45±8.44)mV and 651.96W/m3.

, correspAuthors=Zhen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhan-yu XU, Chong TANG, Jun-jie LIU, Jian-bo ZHANG, Qi-qi ZHU, Ling-yang PAN, Ding-xin LI, La-mei PING, Gang LI, Zhen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057228594139607, articleId=1241057222097163160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=自驱弱电强化措施对厌氧氨氧化人工湿地脱氮性能的影响, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

将基于ANAMMOX的复合潜流人工湿地(HCW)改造为自驱弱电强化人工湿地(SECW),考察了SECW在试验阶段的运行性能,探究了稳定运行时装置的微生物特性,另解析并阐释了其中的氮转化途径.结果表明,电活性生物膜的预制及电极的合理布设可使SECW中的电极氨氧化作用和阴极反硝化作用得到同步强化,同时亦可使填料层中厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度及活性得以提高.在此基础上,装置中可形成基于ANAMMOX的多路径耦合脱氮体系,由此可显著改善其脱氮性能.当SECW的电极布设方式为“双阴极-单阳极”形式且其水力负荷(HLR)为0.08m3/(m2·d)时,装置的运行性能较为理想,其COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N去除率分别稳定在(91.39±3.09)%、(93.64±1.15)%、(91.67±2.77)%和(94.34±2.72)%,输出电压和输出功率密度分别为(816.45±8.44)mV和651.96W/m3.

, correspAuthors=王振, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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徐湛禹(2000-),男,安徽合肥人,安徽农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物资源化处理与回用技术研究.发表论文2篇..

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徐湛禹(2000-),男,安徽合肥人,安徽农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物资源化处理与回用技术研究.发表论文2篇..

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徐湛禹(2000-),男,安徽合肥人,安徽农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物资源化处理与回用技术研究.发表论文2篇..

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articleId=1241057222097163160, language=CN, label=图4, caption=稳定运行期间SECW中pH值空间变化

T1~6代表指标监测点,其位置同1.5.3中生物膜样本采集位置,下同

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P1:Proteobacteria;P2:Nitrospirae;P3:Chloroflexi;P4:Firmicutes;P5:Planctomycetes;P6:Gemmatimonadetes;P7:Actinobacteria;P8:Actinobacteria

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*P≤0.05;**P≤0.01;***P≤0.001

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Effluent quality of each SECW(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置编号CODTPTNNH4+-NNO3--NNO2--N
R1104.39±16.256.13±1.98224.95±37.68217.89±37.905.89±3.641.17±0.63
R256.12±20.942.30±0.4237.96±13.2624.26±12.2112.68±7.901.02±0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1241057244591215066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222097163160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组SECW出水水质(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置编号CODTPTNNH4+-NNO3--NNO2--N
R1104.39±16.256.13±1.98224.95±37.68217.89±37.905.89±3.641.17±0.63
R256.12±20.942.30±0.4237.96±13.2624.26±12.2112.68±7.901.02±0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1241057244687684066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222097163160, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The possible pathways of microbial N transformation within part of the substrate layer in R2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氮素转化区域微生物氮转化途径
混合层12NH4++3O2→2NO2-+2H2O+4H+
2NO2-+O2→2NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
阴极层2NH4++3O2→2NO2-+2H2O+4H+
2NO2-+O2→2NO3-
NH4++NO2-→N2+NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
NO3-+2H++e-→NO2-+H2O
2NO2-+8H++6e-→N2+4H2O
2NO3-+10e-+6H2O→N2+12OH-
2NO3-+10Fe2++24H2O→10Fe(OH)3+N2+18H+
2NO2-+6Fe2++14H2O→6Fe(OH)3+N2+10H+
2NO3-+5H2→N2+4H2O+2OH-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→NH4+
阳极层NH4++2H2O→NO2-+8H++6e-
2NH4+→N2+8H++6e-
NH4++NO2-→N2+NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
), ArticleFig(id=1241057244813513196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057222097163160, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

R2填料层部分区域内微生物氮转化的可能途径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氮素转化区域微生物氮转化途径
混合层12NH4++3O2→2NO2-+2H2O+4H+
2NO2-+O2→2NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
阴极层2NH4++3O2→2NO2-+2H2O+4H+
2NO2-+O2→2NO3-
NH4++NO2-→N2+NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
NO3-+2H++e-→NO2-+H2O
2NO2-+8H++6e-→N2+4H2O
2NO3-+10e-+6H2O→N2+12OH-
2NO3-+10Fe2++24H2O→10Fe(OH)3+N2+18H+
2NO2-+6Fe2++14H2O→6Fe(OH)3+N2+10H+
2NO3-+5H2→N2+4H2O+2OH-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→NH4+
阳极层NH4++2H2O→NO2-+8H++6e-
2NH4+→N2+8H++6e-
NH4++NO2-→N2+NO3-
NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2
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自驱弱电强化措施对厌氧氨氧化人工湿地脱氮性能的影响
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徐湛禹 1 , 汤翀 1 , 刘俊杰 1 , 张剑波 1 , 朱祺琪 1 , 潘玲阳 2 , 李定心 2 , 平腊梅 1 , 李刚 3 , 王振 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2490-2502
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2490-2502
自驱弱电强化措施对厌氧氨氧化人工湿地脱氮性能的影响
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徐湛禹1 , 汤翀1, 刘俊杰1, 张剑波1, 朱祺琪1, 潘玲阳2, 李定心2, 平腊梅1, 李刚3, 王振1, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,安徽 合肥 230036
  • 2.安徽新华学院城市建设学院,安徽 合肥 230088
  • 3.中国科学院城市环境研究所城市环境与健康重点实验室,福建 厦门 361021
  • 徐湛禹(2000-),男,安徽合肥人,安徽农业大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物资源化处理与回用技术研究.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Effect of self-drive weak electric strengthening measure on nitrogen removal of a constructed wetland based on ANAMMOX
Zhan-yu XU1 , Chong TANG1, Jun-jie LIU1, Jian-bo ZHANG1, Qi-qi ZHU1, Ling-yang PAN2, Ding-xin LI2, La-mei PING1, Gang LI3, Zhen WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
  • 2.School of Urban Construction, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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将基于ANAMMOX的复合潜流人工湿地(HCW)改造为自驱弱电强化人工湿地(SECW),考察了SECW在试验阶段的运行性能,探究了稳定运行时装置的微生物特性,另解析并阐释了其中的氮转化途径.结果表明,电活性生物膜的预制及电极的合理布设可使SECW中的电极氨氧化作用和阴极反硝化作用得到同步强化,同时亦可使填料层中厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度及活性得以提高.在此基础上,装置中可形成基于ANAMMOX的多路径耦合脱氮体系,由此可显著改善其脱氮性能.当SECW的电极布设方式为“双阴极-单阳极”形式且其水力负荷(HLR)为0.08m3/(m2·d)时,装置的运行性能较为理想,其COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N去除率分别稳定在(91.39±3.09)%、(93.64±1.15)%、(91.67±2.77)%和(94.34±2.72)%,输出电压和输出功率密度分别为(816.45±8.44)mV和651.96W/m3.

人工湿地(CW)  /  自驱弱电强化  /  厌氧氨氧化  /  电极氨氧化  /  阴极反硝化  /  脱氮

A self-drive weak electric strengthening constructed wetland(SECW), which was renovated from a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland(HCW)based on ANAMMOX, was established in this study, and its operational performance was thoroughly investigated. Further, the microbial characteristics in the system during the steady operational period were explored, and the nitrogen transformation pathways were also analyzed and elucidated. The results showed that, prefabrication of electroactive biofilms and appropriate layout of the electrodes not only simultaneously enhanced electrode-dependent ammonium oxidation and cathodic denitrification in the SECW, but also significantly increased the abundance and activity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in its substrate layer. Consequently, a multi-path nitrogen removal system based on ANAMMOX was formed in the device, thereby significantly improving the nitrogen removal performance of the SECW. When the electrode configuration was adopted as “double cathode-single anode” and the hydraulic loading rate(HLR)was 0.08m3/(m2·d), the SECW exhibited optimal performance. Specifically, its COD, TP, TN, and NH4+-N removal rates could reach up to(91.39±3.09)%,(93.64±1.15)%,(91.67±2.77)%, and(94.34±2.72)%, respectively. Additionally, the mean output voltage and power density of the system respectively maintained at(816.45±8.44)mV and 651.96W/m3.

constructed wetland(CW)  /  self-drive weak electric strengthening  /  ANAMMOX  /  electrode-dependent ammonium oxidation  /  cathodic denitrification  /  nitrogen removal
徐湛禹, 汤翀, 刘俊杰, 张剑波, 朱祺琪, 潘玲阳, 李定心, 平腊梅, 李刚, 王振. 自驱弱电强化措施对厌氧氨氧化人工湿地脱氮性能的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2490 -2502 .
Zhan-yu XU, Chong TANG, Jun-jie LIU, Jian-bo ZHANG, Qi-qi ZHU, Ling-yang PAN, Ding-xin LI, La-mei PING, Gang LI, Zhen WANG. Effect of self-drive weak electric strengthening measure on nitrogen removal of a constructed wetland based on ANAMMOX[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2490 -2502 .
随着我国的畜禽养殖业不断向规模化、集约化方向发展,养猪废水的治理与资源化利用当前备受关注[1].在污水处理工艺绿色低碳转型背景下,考虑到诸多养猪场受到资金和技术等因素的制约,人工湿地(CW)越来越多地作为二级污水处理单元用于处理猪场沼液[2].然而,由于隶属生态处理工艺的CW净污能力有限且脱氮效能不佳,优化CW的脱氮性能便成为其高效处理猪场沼液的关键[3].
强化CW中的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)作用被视为是改善该工艺脱氮效能的有效手段[4].诸多研究证实,填料层中ANAMMOX作用的强化可显著提高CW的TN去除率[5].在前期研究中,为了达到理想的猪场沼液处理效果,作者构建了复合潜流人工湿地(HCW),并通过在填料层中设置适宜高度的浸润线成功实现了其中ANAMMOX作用的发生.然而,由于此系统中的ANAMMOX作用面临着电子受体(即NO2--N)难以稳定获取和厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)丰度及活性偏低的“瓶颈”,致使HCW的脱氮效果仍不尽人意,其TN和NH4+-N去除率均未超过50%.
近年来,与生物电化学技术耦合成为了改进CW运行性能的新途径[6].随着自驱弱电强化人工湿地(SECW)技术的发展,强化其中的电极氨氧化作用成为了CW强化脱氮研究的热点[7].电极氨氧化作用是指生物电化学系统(BES)中的电活性生物膜以阳极为电子受体将NH4+-N厌氧氧化为NOx--N的过程[8-9].前期研究发现,在特定条件下,BES中培育的电活性生物膜可通过电极氨氧化作用实现NH4+-N的厌氧氧化与NO2--N的累积,由此可实现NO2--N的稳定获取[10],该结果随即提供了一种保障SECW中ANAMMOX作用稳定性的方法.另一方面,关于SECW中阴极反硝化的研究也一直备受关注[11].阴极反硝化是指BES中的电活性生物膜以阴极为电子供体还原NOx--N的过程,主导该作用的微生物包括电极自养型反硝化菌,亦包括因阴极析氢作用而富集的氢自养反硝化菌和因铁碳填料填充而富集的铁自养反硝化菌[12].有研究指出,阴极反硝化会导致BES中NO2--N的积累[13],则该反应亦有可能为ANAMMOX过程提供电子受体,助力其实现TN脱除.据此假设,如能将HCW改造为SECW,在其中同步强化电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化两种作用,并使其分别与ANAMMOX反应耦合,应可在一定程度上弥补HCW在处理猪场沼液时的缺陷,实现高效稳定脱氮.另断定,装置内部产生的电场应能提高AnAOB的活性,强化ANAMMOX作用.然而,截至目前,能否在SECW中同步强化电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化尚待验证,以此构建的多路径耦合脱氮体系的启动及运行性能亦需考察.
本文基于前期基础,将HCW改造为SECW,随后通过电活性生物膜预制和“双阴极-单阳极”的电极布设形式,尝试在装置中同步强化了电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化两种作用,以期通过构建基于ANAMMOX的多路径耦合脱氮体系来改善此工艺对猪场沼液的处理效果.期间,考察了SECW的运行性能,探究了稳定运行时系统的微生物特性,另解析并阐释了其中的氮转化途径.期望通过本研究,为新型强化脱氮CW的研发及猪场沼液的高效处理提供参考.
SECW为PVC材质,由前期构建且稳定运行的HCW[14]改造而成.如图1所示,SECW含2个子单元,按照污水流向可将其分别标记为下向流(DF)单元和上向流(UF)单元.其中,DF单元的长、宽和高分别为20,20和110cm;UF单元的长、宽和高分别为20,20和80cm.SECW的进水管安装在DF单元顶部,出水管安装在距UF单元顶部以下20cm处.此外,在装置侧壁沿污水流向设置有5个水样采集管,其中3个水样采集管(标记为A、B和C)安装于DF单元,其分别距DF单元顶部50,60和100cm,另2个水样采集管(标记为D和E)安装于UF单元,其分别距UF单元顶部70和30cm.DF单元中填充有100cm厚的填料层(孔隙率≈37%),包括下部为90cm厚的沸石-废砖块混合层(两者体积比为1:1,粒径为1~3cm)和上部为10cm厚的瓜片石层(粒径为5~10mm),其表面种植有2株石菖蒲;UF单元内部填充有70cm厚的填料层(孔隙率≈37%),包括下部为60cm厚的沸石-废砖块混合层(两者体积比为1:1,粒径为1~3cm)和上部为10cm厚的瓜片石层(粒径为5~10mm),其表面同样种植有2株石菖蒲.SECW运行时,其填料层中的水位高度稳定在60cm.
根据试验需求,在SECW填料层中布设已预制过生物膜的电极,并将其设置为“双阴极(分别标记为阴极1和阴极2)-单阳极”形式.其中,在DF单元填料层中埋设阴极1(长×宽×厚=8cm×8cm×0.4cm),其材质为石墨毡,表面的生物膜在以厌氧/好氧/缺氧模式运行的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中培养而成.阴极1的埋设位置距离DF单元顶部55cm;在UF单元填料层中埋设阴极2(长×宽×厚=8cm×8cm×0.4cm),其材质及其表面生物膜的预制方式同阴极1,埋设位置距离UF单元顶部25cm;此外,在距离SECW底部5cm处的中间位置埋设阳极(长×宽×厚=16cm×8cm×0.4cm),其材质仍为石墨毡,表面附着的电活性生物膜由前期构建的电极氨氧化装置培养而成[15].依据电极布设位置,将DF单元中深度范围为10~40cm的填料层命名为混合层1,将同单元中深度范围为50~90cm的填料层命名为混合层2,另将UF单元中深度范围为20~60cm的填料层命名为混合层3.此外,将阴极1、阴极2和阳极埋设位置上下5cm厚度范围的区域分别命名为阴极层1、阴极层2和阳极层.
本研究共设置有2组SECW(每组设置3个平行装置),分别标记为R1和R2.对于R1,其阴/阳极未用导线连接,即该装置的外电路为断路状态;而对于R2,使用钛丝将其阴/阳极与1000Ω的外电阻连接形成闭合回路.据此可见,R1可被视为R2的对照组.
试验用水取自金寨县桃岭乡龙潭村某新建规模化猪场,清栏废水经沼气池处理后取上清液作为各SECW进水.进水中有机物(以COD计,下同)、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N和TP的浓度分别为(650.35±52.06),(453.36±37.85),(424.26±36.25),(27.36±13.22),(1.73±1.32)和(36.33±2.03)mg/L.
2组SECW在试验阶段均以连续流模式运行了140d,其水力负荷(HLR)为0.08m3/(m2·d),即装置进水量和水力停留时间(HRT)分别约为6.4L/d和2.78d.试验期间各装置中的污水水温维持在(23±4)℃.
试验期间每天采集各装置进出水水样进行分析;当各组SECW稳定运行后,另通过水样采集管收集填料层中的水样进行分析.所有水样均设置3平行.水样中COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN和TP的测定均参照《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)[16],装置填料层中的水温、pH值及氧化还原电位(ORP)值均利用便携式水质分析仪进行原位测定.
电化学性能指标包括SECW的输出电压(U)、电流(I)、电流密度(JA)和功率密度(PA),其测定和计算方法均参照文献[9].待SECW稳定运行后,其极化曲线和功率密度曲线采用稳态放电法测定和绘制[17].其中,装置的表观内阻(Rint)可通过计算极化曲线的斜率获得.
各组装置稳定运行后,分别在其填料层中采集生物膜样品以便用于后续相关分析.本研究共采集生物膜样本12组,即在各组装置中采集6组样品.各样品遵照“S装置编号-采集位置”的规则命名,如对于R1,S1-1和S1-3分别采自DF单元中的混合层1和混合层2,采集深度(即距离DF单元填料层表面深度)分别为25和70cm;S1-5采自UF单元中的混合层3,采集深度(即距离UF单元填料层表面深度)为40cm.除此之外,其余3组样本(即S1-2、S1-4和S1-6)分别采自装置的阴极1、阳极和阴极2表面.对于采集自R2的填料样本,其命名规则同R1.
依照文献[18]中方法对生物膜样品进行预处理,而后提取其中的细胞色素c(Cyt-c)、亚硝酸还原酶(Nir)、肼合成酶(HZS)和肼脱氢酶(HDH),并利用酶标仪测定4种功能酶的活性.
将所有生物膜样本送至百迈客生物科技股份有限公司进行高通量分析测序.测序分析后,根据Barcode序列区分各个样本的数据,进行嵌合体过滤,得到可用于后续分析的有效数据,即Clean reads.为了研究样品的物种组成多样性,对所有样品的Clean reads进行聚类,以97%的一致性(Identity)将序列聚类成OTUs(operational taxonomic units),然后对OTUs的代表序列进行物种注释.
采用SPSS 28.0对数据进行统计分析;采用Origin 2021b作图,图中相关数据为(平均值±标准差);文中试验装置的污染物去除(氧化)率、出水中的污染物累积率及其不同深度填料层对污染物的去除速率等指标均参照文献[19-20]进行计算.
SECW前身为基于ANAMMOX的HCW.在前期研究中,由于导流设施的安装与适宜高度浸润线的设置,使HCW具备了较理想的有机物和TP去除效果,其脱氮性能也因填料层中(尤其是浸润线附近区域)ANAMMOX作用的发生而得以改善[14].由图2表1可知,R1的净污性能较试验前无显著变化,其出水中COD、TP、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N的浓度分别维持在(104.39±16.25),(6.13±1.98),(224.95±37.68),(217.89±37.90),(5.89±3.64)和(1.17±0.63)mg/L.反观R2,其净污性能(尤其是脱氮效能)在试验开始后稳步提高,该系统的COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N去除率在历经43d后渐趋稳定,分别为(91.39±3.09)%、(93.64±1.15)%、(91.67±2.77)%和(94.34±2.72)%,即此时装置出水中的COD、TP、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N含量分别稳定在(56.12±20.94),(2.30±0.42),(37.96±13.26),(24.26±12.21),(12.68±7.90)和(1.02±0.88)mg/L.比较可知,R2在稳定运行阶段的净污性能显著优于R1.
图3则表明,稳定运行阶段各组SECW中有机物、TP、TN和NH4+-N的浓度均随污水流向沿程降低.对于R1,DF单元是其去除进水中有机物和磷素的主要场所,该单元可去除进水中约(72.98±8.80)%的有机物和(71.34±6.72)%的TP.同时,DF单元中的混合层1和阴极层1是该装置脱氮的2个主要区域,其TN和NH4+-N去除量分别可达(149.33±62.38)和(152.65±46.83)mg/L.自驱弱电措施提高了R2的污染物去除量.其中,R2的DF单元对进水中有机物和TP的去除量较R1增至(537.05±53.11)和(29.63±2.18)mg/L,即该单元可去除进水中(82.58±8.17)%的有机物和(81.54±6.01)%的TP;DF单元中的混合层1和阴极层1依旧是R2脱氮的主要区域,且2个区域的TN和NH4+-N去除量较R1分别提升至(192.87±48.99)和(198.72±44.13)mg/L.此外,R2中阳极层和阴极层2的氮素转化量亦较R1显著提高,其TN及NH4+-N去除量分别可达(180.66±30.83)和(171.24±22.09)mg/L,为R1中同区域的3.35和4.84倍,分别占该装置TN和NH4+-N去除总量的(43.49±7.42)%和(42.81±5.52)%.
稳定运行阶段各装置填料层中孔隙水的pH值空间变化如图4所示.从中发现,R1填料层中孔隙水的pH值空间差异不显著,稳定在(7.53±0.07);而对于R2,其填料层中孔隙水的pH值因自驱弱电措施而呈现出较明显的空间差异.其中,阴极层内孔隙水的pH值处于较高水平,可达(8.62±0.10),而阳极层中孔隙水的pH值则低至(6.24±0.09).另由图5可知,各组装置填料层中ORP的空间变化趋势类似,即无论是DF单元亦或是UF单元,其填料层中的ORP值均随填料层深度的增加而减小.相较而言,对R2施加自驱弱电措施后,其2个单元中的氧化还原梯度[(413.70±35.52)和(293.98±42.98)mV]均较R1[(328.54±47.97)和(263.13±20.03)mV]有所增加.
在试验期间测定了R2的电化学性能.由图6可知,R2在试验伊始的输出电压为40.45mV,而后随着运行时间的延长,此装置的输出电压在历经43d后稳定在(816.45±8.44)mV.另由图7可知,稳定运行期间R2的功率密度峰值可达651.96mW/m2,其Rint则为1041.24Ω.
上述结果表明,自驱弱电措施使HCW具备了将污染物蕴含的化学能转化为电能的能力,亦显著改善了其净污性能.结合相关研究[21]判断,R2中形成的弱电场应促进了功能微生物生长,且可使其胞体通透性及酶活性得以提高;同时,自驱弱电措施下装置填料层中还可能发生了电絮凝除磷作用[22],从而导致R2的有机物和磷素去除性能均优于R1.另推测,由于电活性生物膜的预制和填料层中“双阴极-单阳极”的电极布设形式,R2的阳/阴极区域可能分别发生了电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化反应,其与ANAMMOX作用协作形成的多路径耦合脱氮体系提升了电极层内的氮转化量,进而强化了该装置的脱氮效能.与之相呼应,由于R2中阳极氧化和阴极还原反应的同步发生,其填料层中氧化还原电位及pH值的空间梯度较R1更加明显.总体而言,当HLR为0.08m3/(m2·d)时,R2可取得理想的污水处理效果.
各组SECW对污水中氮素的去除应主要包括3种途径:填料的吸附/截留作用、湿地植物吸收作用和湿地微生物转化作用.基于各装置在试验期间的氮转化性能,对泵入其中的氮素进行了物料平衡分析.
图8(a)所示,2组装置在试验阶段的TN去除量分别为255.82和407.42g.其中,R2的总氮去除量较R1增加了59.26%.进一步分析该图可知,2组系统中石菖蒲的氮吸收量分别为5.46和5.47g,而其填料层在试验阶段的氮吸附/截留总量分别为20.59和19.44g.据此可见,无论是湿地植物吸收作用亦或是填料吸附/截留作用,其在2组装置中去除的氮量无显著差异且均处于较低水平.相较而言,微生物转化作用是各装置去除TN的主要手段,2组装置中经微生物转化作用脱除的氮量分别为229.77和382.50g,分别占其各自进水氮素总量的45.29%和75.33%.其中,由于对R2实施了自驱弱电措施,使得其中经微生物转化而脱除的氮量显著高于R1.图8(b)~(c)则表明,在同一装置中,由于脱氮功能微生物的丰度及活性在填料层中存在空间差异,致使各层中经微生物转化而脱除的氮量不尽相同;将2组装置进行比较后发现,自驱弱电措施主要是提高了电极层的微生物氮转化量.其中,R2电极层(即阴极层1、阳极层和阴极层2)中经微生物转化而脱除的氮量分别为93.23,125.38和40.97g,占系统氮去除总量的22.88%、30.78%和10.06%,均高于R1(66.21,11.53和32.74g).作为各装置脱氮的另一主要场所,混合层1中经微生物转化而脱除的氮量未受自驱弱电措施的影响,对应的脱氮量始终稳定在(85.74±1.95)g.由此推测,自驱弱电措施应提高了R2电极层中脱氮功能微生物的丰度与活性,使这些区域内经微生物转化而去除的氮量显著提高,从而改善了装置的脱氮性能,该推论与2.1中结果相呼应.
考虑到各装置主要依靠填料层(尤其是电极层和混合层1)中的微生物转化作用脱除氮素,对该场所内的微生物群落结构进行了分析.
图9所示为各组生物膜样本中前30个功能菌属的丰度聚类热图.从中可知,对于采自同一装置的生物膜样本,其微生物群落组成不尽相同,意味着填料层不同区域中的氮素转化途径存在差别;另比较2组装置中的生物膜样本发现,除了阳极层,采自同一位置的生物膜样本的微生物群落结构均具有较高的相似性,该结果表明,R2阳极层内的氮转化途径应异于R1;而对于其他区域,两系统同一位置处的氮转化途径相似度较高.结合图9图10可知,对R2施加自驱弱电措施后,其阳极区域内NitrosomonasThaueraPseudomonasDechloromonasEmpodebacterZoogloeaCandidutus BrocadiaGeobacter的相对丰度分别为10.09%、6.33%、5.28%、6.55%、4.35%、2.97%、9.49%和2.68%,均高于R1.上述8种功能菌属亦是阴极区域的优势微生物,且无论是阴极层1亦或是阴极层2,取自R2的生物膜样本中的8种功能菌属的百分含量均高于R1.
尤其对于Candidutus BrocadiaGeobacter,其在阴极层1和阴极层2的占比分别为12.48%和1.91%、9.86%和2.20%,是R1的2.56倍和8.30倍、2.92倍和8.46倍.此外,阴极区域的优势菌属还包括HydrogenophagaDenitratisoma,其在R2阴极区域的相对丰度同样都高于R1,分别稳定在1.59%和1.92%、1.49%和3.15%.对于各组装置的非电极区域,其中的优势菌属种类同电极区域的生物膜样本,且同一位置处各样本中的优势菌属含量无显著差别,该结果与前述聚类分析所得推论一致.
参与ANAMMOX反应的功能性酶主要包括Nir、HZS、HDH和Cyt-c[23].考虑到AnAOB为各组SECW中主要的脱氮功能微生物,分别测定了各生物膜样本中4种功能酶的活性(图11).分析发现,对于采自R2的生物膜样本,其中所含4种功能酶的活性均不同程度地高于R1.尤其对于电极表面的生物膜样本(即S2-2、S2-4和S2-6),其含有的Cyt-c浓度分别为41.22,43.05和27.32nmol/L,分别约为S1-2、S1-4和S1-6的1.64,13.08和2.72倍.同时,S2-2、S2-4和S2-6中Nir、HZS和HDH的活性亦均高于S1-2、S1-4和S1-6.据此得出,自驱弱电措施不仅提高了R2填料层(尤其是电极区域)中AnAOB的相对丰度,也不同程度地增强了对应区域中参与ANAMMOX过程的4种关键酶的活性,从而有效提升了装置中ANAMMOX作用的强度,使其底物(即NH4+-N和NO2--N)转化速率增大,此结果与相似研究[24-26]所得结论一致.
利用冗余分析(RDA)探究了填料层部分工况参数对其中关键功能微生物的影响(图12).结果显示,第一轴(PC 1)和第二轴(PC 2)对于整体信息的累积解释率可达83.01%,说明排序结果可信,图中所示的4个解释变量(即V1~V4)可被视为影响其中微生物群落结构的主要因子.
进一步分析图12发现,填料层中NitrospiraDenitratisoma的相对丰度均显著正相关于其所在场所的ORP值,但与所处位置的深度成反比.研究表明,Nitrospira隶属NOB,是参与硝化反应的一类功能菌属,可在好氧条件下将NO2--N氧化为NO3--N[27];而Denitratisoma是红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)的一类菌属,其具备好氧反硝化能力[28].据此推测,填料层中较强的好氧环境应有助于2种菌属的定殖与富集.NitrospiraDenitratisomaThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDechloromonasHydrogenophaga均与填料层中的微生物量呈正相关关系,表明填料层中较高水平的微生物量是增大部分功能菌属相对占比的前提.同时亦应看到,由于上述菌属相对丰度的增加,使Trichococcus在填料样本的含量下降.作为SECW中的关键功能菌属,填料层中Candidatus Brocadia的相对丰度与V4(即自驱弱电措施)显著正相关;由于该手段的实施利于电活性微生物的增殖,故Geobacter也正比于此变量;此外,填料样本中ThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDechloromonasHydrogenophagaEmpodebacter的占比同样与V4呈正相关关系.值得注意的是,作为隶属好氧微生物的Nitrosomonas,其在填料样本中的相对含量与自驱弱电措施呈正比,但却反比于所在区域的ORP值,此结果意味着自驱弱电措施可能改变了Nitrosomonas的生理代谢特性,从而进一步丰富了SECW中的氮循环过程.图12还表明,相较于其他3组解释变量,V4与部分氮转化微生物(尤其是Candidatus BrocadiaNitrosomonasHydrogeno-phagaGeobacter等)的相关关系更强,基于上述结果判断,生物电化学手段能使填料层中参与氮转化的关键功能微生物的丰度及活性得到显著提升,由此可改善SECW的脱氮效能,即自驱弱电措施应是HCW脱氮性能得以强化的关键因子.
考虑到填料层是R2脱氮的主要场所,将该装置脱氮性能与填料层中的功能微生物进行分析(图13),结合3.1中结果,着重推测并总结了电极层和混合层1中的微生物氮转化途径(表2).由表可知:
(1)在阳极区域,电极氨氧化应与ANAMMOX作用发生了耦合,氮素通过以此形成的耦合脱氮反应实现了脱除.此时NitrosomonasCandidatus BrocadiaEmpedobacterThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDechloromonasGeobacter应是参与该反应的8种功能菌属.其中:a)NitrosomonasGeobacterCandidatus Brocadia应主导了阳极层中NH4+-N的氧化和部分氮素的去除.前期研究证实,Nitrosomonas不仅能主导短程硝化反应[29],还能以固体阳极为电子受体将NH4+-N厌氧氧化为NOx--N[8,10,30],而Geobacter作为阳极生物膜中的优势菌属也被认为具备将NH4+-N厌氧氧化的能力[31-32].对于Candidatus Brocadia,由于其是一类AnAOB,故可进行ANAMMOX反应[33].因此这3类菌属在缺氧环境下通过协作实现了阳极区域内TN的去除.期间,Candidatus Brocadia氧化NH4+-N时所需的NO2--N应源自NitrosomonasGeobacter对NH4+-N的氧化;b)ThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonas和Dechloromonas应参与了阳极区域内NOx--N的脱除.有文献指出,这4类菌属分别包含可进行反硝化作用的功能微生物[34-35],故上述功能菌属的存在可进一步提高该区域的TN去除量,期间其可还原NitrosomonasGeobacter代谢产生的NO2--N,亦可还原ANAMMOX反应产生NO3--N;c)Empedob-acter隶属Bacteroidetes,是一类化能异养菌,其可采用分泌内生电子穿梭体的手段提高电活性生物膜的电子传递效率[30].因此,Empodebacter的富集应在一定程度上强化了阳极区域的电极氨氧化作用.
(2)在阴极区域(包括阴极层1和阴极层2),硝化反应、阴极反硝化应与ANAMMOX反应发生了耦合,氮素通过以此形成的同步硝化-短程反硝化-ANAMMOX耦合反应实现了脱除.此时参与该反应的功能微生物除了上述8种菌属外,还应包括NitrospiraHydrogenophagaDenitratisoma.其中:a)由于受到大气复氧与植物根系泌氧的影响,参与硝化过程的NitrosomonasNitrospira应主导了此区域内NH4+-N和NO2--N的氧化,导致了NO3--N的生成;b)6种具备反硝化性能的菌属(即ThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDechloromonasDenitratisomaHydrogenophaga)应介入了阴极层中NOx--N的还原.其中,ThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDenitratisomaDechloromonas应可以有机碳源为电子供体主导异养反硝化反应[34].此外,ThaueraPseudomonas还能以阴极或填料(主要是废砖块)中的Fe为电子供体还原NOx--N[36];作为一类氢自养反硝化微生物,Hydrogenophaga则可以CO2为碳源,以阴极析出的H2为电子供体还原NOx--N[37],故这些菌属的存在有助于阴极区域中NOx--N的去除,亦为NO2--N的稳定获取提供了可能;c)Candidatus Brocadia通过ANAMMOX反应实现了该区域中NH4+-N和NO2-N的脱除,期间,该菌属氧化NH4+-N时所需的NO2--N应源自反硝化菌属对NO3--N的还原;d)对于Geobacter,该菌属除了具备厌氧氧化NH4+-N的能力外,亦被证实可将阴极释放的电子传递给反硝化菌用于还原NOx--N[38],则该菌属的介导作用有助于提升阴极区域反硝化作用的强度.
(3)除了电极层,混合层1是R2中另一处重要的脱氮场所.对该区域的微生物氮转化途径进行分析后发现,氮素在此处应通过硝化-反硝化途径完成了脱除.此时参与该反应的功能微生物应包括NitrosomonasNitrospiraThaueraZoogloeaPseudomonasDenitratisomaDechloromonas.其中:相较于阴极区域,混合层1受到的大气复氧及植物根系泌氧作用更加显著,致使流经此处的NH4+-N相继被NitrosomonasNitrospira氧化为NO3--N;另一方面,考虑到泵入该场所的污水中含有较高含量的有机碳源,5种可主导反硝化作用的功能菌属(即ZoogloeaThaueraPseudomonasDenitratisomaDechloromonas)应能以有机物为电子供体还原NO3--N.
如前所述,ANAMMOX作用在CW中的发生与强化有助于该工艺高效脱氮.然而,受ANAMMOX反应特点与AnAOB生理生化特征所限,难以稳定供给的NO2--N和AnAOB偏低的丰度及活性成为了限制ANAMMOX型CW进一步推广的“掣肘”.随着生物电化学脱氮技术的发展,电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化的发现为破解上述难题提供了思路.考虑到两种作用在限氧条件下均可为ANAMMOX反应提供NO2--N,且电化学强化措施下填料层内形成的弱电场有助于AnAOB丰度及活性的提高,在对2组装置的脱氮性能及其填料层中的微生物特征进行比较分析后断定,采用自驱弱电措施将基于ANAMMOX的HCW改造为SECW后,通过电活性生物膜的预制及电极的合理布设,其填料层中的电极氨氧化和阴极反硝化可得到同步强化,进而可形成基于ANAMMOX作用的多路径耦合脱氮体系(包括阳极层的电极氨氧化-ANAMMOX反应、阴极层的同步硝化-短程反硝化-ANAMMOX反应和混合层1中的硝化-反硝化反应).当猪场沼液被泵入R2中后,其中的氮素可通过该耦合体系得以脱除,由此可显著提升装置的脱氮性能.经计算可知,R2的TN去除速率约为0.162g/(L·d),其脱氮效能优于多数已见报道的ANAMMOX型CW[0.0024~0.153g/(L·d)][5],仅逊于Sun等[39]的研究[≈0.279g/(L·d)][39].总体而言,本研究构建的SECW不仅具备较优异的脱氮效能,且在运行过程中无需对填料层中的溶解氧和有机碳源进行调控,亦不会产生额外能耗,从而简化了该工艺的操作流程,也降低了其运行成本.鉴于此,本研究结果为新型强化脱氮CW工艺的研发与设计提供了参考,也为低碳氮比废水的高效低耗处理提供了新思路.在后续工作中,作者将进一步开展该CW工艺的优化调控及稳定性研究,以期促进其工程化应用进程.
4.1 将基于ANAMMOX的HCW改造为SECW后,通过预制电活性生物膜和合理设置电极构型可使SECW中的电极氨氧化作用和阴极反硝化作用得到同步强化,同时亦可使填料层中AnAOB的丰度及活性得以提高.在此基础上,装置中可形成基于ANAM MOX的多路径耦合脱氮体系,由此可实现对猪场沼液中氮素的高效脱除.
4.2 当SECW的电极布设方式为“双阴极-单阳极”形式且其HLR为0.08m3/(m2·d)时,装置具备理想的运行性能,其出水中COD、TP、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N的含量分别为(56.12±20.94),(2.30±0.42),(37.96±13.26),(24.26±12.21),(12.68±7.90)和(1.02±0.88)mg/L,输出电压和输出功率密度峰值分别稳定在(816.45±8.44)mV和651.96W/m3.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52370160)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2008085ME162)
  • 安徽省高等学校科学研究资助项目(2022AH040121; 2023AH051812)
  • 安徽新华学院校级科研团队资助项目(kytd202202)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52370160)
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2008085ME162)
安徽省高等学校科学研究资助项目(2022AH040121; 2023AH051812)
安徽新华学院校级科研团队资助项目(kytd202202)
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    1.安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,安徽 合肥 230036
    2.安徽新华学院城市建设学院,安徽 合肥 230088
    3.中国科学院城市环境研究所城市环境与健康重点实验室,福建 厦门 361021

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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