Article(id=1241057220608185108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725033600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820699121, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820699121, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820699121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820699121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2713, endPage=2723, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057221191193406, articleId=1241057220608185108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Vegetation nitrogen inversion of typical grassland in Inner Mongolia combined with ASD and UAV hyperspectral, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The combination of ground remote sensing and UAV remote sensing was used to estimate the nitrogen content of typical grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia. This experiment was carried out in the grassland ecology research base of Inner Mongolia University from August to September 2023, and the ground ASD spectral data and UAV Resonon data were collected. Based on ASD data, four spectral parameters of vegetation index, hyperspectral characteristic variable, continuum removal variable and wavelet coefficient were constructed, and LASSO was used to screen sensitive parameters. Five models of multiple linear, XGBoost, SVM, ANN and KNN were constructed to estimate the nitrogen content of vegetation. The results showed that the SVM method based on wavelet coefficients was the optimal model(validation set R2=0.72, RMSE and MAE were 0.26 and 0.18, respectively). Finally, the model was used to estimate and map the UAV Resonon data(validation set R2=0.41, RMSE and MAE were 0.42 and 0.32, respectively). The research showed that the combination of ASD and UAV images with machine learning algorithms could be used to realize the estimation of grassland vegetation nitrogen content, and was provided basic data and technical support for optimizing fertilization and improving forage quality.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-mei WANG, Jian-jun DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-shan JIN, Xiu-mei WANG, Jian-jun DONG, Ruo-chen WANG, He-fei WEN, Yu-yan SUN, Wen-bo WU, Zhi-hang ZHANG, Can KANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057228254400937, articleId=1241057220608185108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=结合ASD和无人机高光谱的内蒙古典型草原植被氮反演, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用地面遥感与无人机遥感相结合的方式对内蒙古典型草原植被氮含量进行估测.实验于2023年8~9月在内蒙古大学草地生态学研究基地进行,采集了地面ASD光谱数据和无人机Resonon数据.基于ASD数据构建了植被指数、“三边参数”、连续统去除参数以及小波系数4种光谱参数,并运用LASSO进行敏感参数筛选.分别构建多元线性、XGBoost、SVM、ANN和KNN共5种模型对植被氮含量进估测,结果表明基于小波系数的SVM方法为最优模型(验证集R2=0.72,RMSE和MAE分别为0.26和0.18).最后将此模型用于无人机Resonon数据进行反演估算并制图(验证集R2=0.41,RMSE和MAE分别为0.42和0.32).研究显示,将ASD和无人机影像与机器学习算法相结合,能够实现草原植被氮含量的估算,为牧场优化施肥、提高牧草品质提供基础数据与技术支撑.

, correspAuthors=王秀梅, 董建军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
** 高级实验师,
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金利山(2001-),男,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,主要从事高光谱遥感研究.发表论文2篇..

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金利山(2001-),男,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,主要从事高光谱遥感研究.发表论文2篇..

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金利山(2001-),男,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,主要从事高光谱遥感研究.发表论文2篇..

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ASD and UAV Resonon parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱设备地面-ASDUAV-Resonon
型号Field Spec 4Pika L
光谱范围(nm)350~2500400~1000
光谱分辨率(nm)3(350~1000)2.1
10(1001~2500)
光谱通道数(个)2151561
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241323852088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ASD和无人机Resonon参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱设备地面-ASDUAV-Resonon
型号Field Spec 4Pika L
光谱范围(nm)350~2500400~1000
光谱分辨率(nm)3(350~1000)2.1
10(1001~2500)
光谱通道数(个)2151561
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241483235655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Vegetation index and calculation formula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称计算公式文献
两波段植被指数归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)(R800R670)/(R800+R670)[18]
土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)1.5×(R800R670)/(R800+R670+0.5)[19]
归一化差异红边指数(NDRE)(R790R720)/(R790+R720)[20]
修改土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)1.16×(R800R670)/(R800+R670+0.16)[21]
绿色归一化植被指数(GNDVI)(R750R550)/(R750+R550)[22]
叶绿素红边指数(Clre)(R750)/(R720)−1[23]
叶绿素绿色指数(Clgreen)(R800)/(R560)−1[23]
植物生化指数(PBI)(R810)/R560)[24]
植物色素比率(PPR)(R550R450)/(R550+R450)[24]
两波段增强植被指数(EVI2)2.5×(R800R670)/(R800+2.4×R670+1)[25]
绿度指数(GI)(R554)/(R667)[26]
红边归一化植被指数(NDVI705)(R750R705)/(R750+R705)[27]
氮素反射指数(NRI)(R560R670)/(R560+R670)[28]
花青素反射指数(ARI)(1/R559)/(1/R721)[29]
三波段植被指数修正归一化差异指数(mND705)(R750R705)/(R750+R705−2R445)[30]
修正比值植被指数(mSR705)(R750R445)/(R705R445)[30]
Meris陆地叶绿素指数(MTCI)(R750R710)/(R710R680)[31]
转化叶绿素吸收指数(TCARI)3×[(R700R670)−0.2×(R700R550)(R700/R670)][32]
三角植被指数(TVI)0.5×[120×(R800R550)−200×(R670R550)][33]
光谱多边形植被指数(SPVI)0.4×[3.7×(R800R670)−1.2×(R530R670)][34]
增强植被指数(EVI)2.5×[(R864−R660)/(R864+6×R660−7.5×R487+1)][35]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241588093265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植被指数及计算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称计算公式文献
两波段植被指数归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)(R800R670)/(R800+R670)[18]
土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)1.5×(R800R670)/(R800+R670+0.5)[19]
归一化差异红边指数(NDRE)(R790R720)/(R790+R720)[20]
修改土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)1.16×(R800R670)/(R800+R670+0.16)[21]
绿色归一化植被指数(GNDVI)(R750R550)/(R750+R550)[22]
叶绿素红边指数(Clre)(R750)/(R720)−1[23]
叶绿素绿色指数(Clgreen)(R800)/(R560)−1[23]
植物生化指数(PBI)(R810)/R560)[24]
植物色素比率(PPR)(R550R450)/(R550+R450)[24]
两波段增强植被指数(EVI2)2.5×(R800R670)/(R800+2.4×R670+1)[25]
绿度指数(GI)(R554)/(R667)[26]
红边归一化植被指数(NDVI705)(R750R705)/(R750+R705)[27]
氮素反射指数(NRI)(R560R670)/(R560+R670)[28]
花青素反射指数(ARI)(1/R559)/(1/R721)[29]
三波段植被指数修正归一化差异指数(mND705)(R750R705)/(R750+R705−2R445)[30]
修正比值植被指数(mSR705)(R750R445)/(R705R445)[30]
Meris陆地叶绿素指数(MTCI)(R750R710)/(R710R680)[31]
转化叶绿素吸收指数(TCARI)3×[(R700R670)−0.2×(R700R550)(R700/R670)][32]
三角植被指数(TVI)0.5×[120×(R800R550)−200×(R670R550)][33]
光谱多边形植被指数(SPVI)0.4×[3.7×(R800R670)−1.2×(R530R670)][34]
增强植被指数(EVI)2.5×[(R864−R660)/(R864+6×R660−7.5×R487+1)][35]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241705533786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

'Trilateral parameters' and extraction method

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类型名称定义文献
光谱面积和位置参数Db蓝边490~530nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λbDb对应的波长位置[36]
Dy黄边560~640nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λyDy对应的波长位置[36]
Dr红边680~760nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λrDr对应的波长位置[36]
Rg绿峰反射率,波长520~560nm范围内的最大反射率[36]
λgRg对应的波长位置[37]
Rr红谷反射率,波长650~690nm范围内的最大反射率[37]
λaRr对应的波长位置[37]
SDb蓝边波长490~530nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
SDy黄边波长560~640nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
SDr红边波长680~760nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
光谱面积与位置的比值参数VI1绿峰反射率Rg与红谷反射率Rr的比值[38]
VI2绿峰反射率Rg与红谷反射率Rr的归一化值[38]
VI3红边面积SDr和蓝边面积SDb的比值[38]
VI4红边面积SDr和黄边面积SDy的比值[38]
VI5红边面积SDr和蓝边面积SDb的归一化值[38]
VI6红边面积SDr和黄边面积SDy的归一化值[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241810391396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

“三边参数”及提取方法

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类型名称定义文献
光谱面积和位置参数Db蓝边490~530nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λbDb对应的波长位置[36]
Dy黄边560~640nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λyDy对应的波长位置[36]
Dr红边680~760nm内一阶导数光谱的最大值[36]
λrDr对应的波长位置[36]
Rg绿峰反射率,波长520~560nm范围内的最大反射率[36]
λgRg对应的波长位置[37]
Rr红谷反射率,波长650~690nm范围内的最大反射率[37]
λaRr对应的波长位置[37]
SDb蓝边波长490~530nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
SDy黄边波长560~640nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
SDr红边波长680~760nm范围内一阶导数光谱的积分[37]
光谱面积与位置的比值参数VI1绿峰反射率Rg与红谷反射率Rr的比值[38]
VI2绿峰反射率Rg与红谷反射率Rr的归一化值[38]
VI3红边面积SDr和蓝边面积SDb的比值[38]
VI4红边面积SDr和黄边面积SDy的比值[38]
VI5红边面积SDr和蓝边面积SDb的归一化值[38]
VI6红边面积SDr和黄边面积SDy的归一化值[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057241940414830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Continuum removal parameters and definitions

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名称定义
最大吸收深度H吸收峰中的最大吸收值
吸收波段波长P吸收峰中最大吸收深度H对应的波长
吸收峰总面积A收峰中起始和终止波长内的波段深度的积分
吸收峰左面积LA吸收峰中左边吸收峰积分面积
吸收峰右面积RA吸收峰中右边吸收峰积分面积
对称度S吸收峰中左面积LA和右面积RA的比值
面积归一化最大吸收深度NMAD吸收峰最大吸收深度H与吸收峰总面积A的比值
), ArticleFig(id=1241057242036883831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

连续统去除参数及定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称定义
最大吸收深度H吸收峰中的最大吸收值
吸收波段波长P吸收峰中最大吸收深度H对应的波长
吸收峰总面积A收峰中起始和终止波长内的波段深度的积分
吸收峰左面积LA吸收峰中左边吸收峰积分面积
吸收峰右面积RA吸收峰中右边吸收峰积分面积
对称度S吸收峰中左面积LA和右面积RA的比值
面积归一化最大吸收深度NMAD吸收峰最大吸收深度H与吸收峰总面积A的比值
), ArticleFig(id=1241057242158518657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistical description of vegetation nitrogen content(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据MaxMinMeanSDCV
总体(229)3.551.452.490.4719.0
训练集(189)3.551.452.480.4718.9
验证集(40)3.421.452.490.4819.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241057243685245323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

植被氮含量统计描述(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据MaxMinMeanSDCV
总体(229)3.551.452.490.4719.0
训练集(189)3.551.452.480.4718.9
验证集(40)3.421.452.490.4819.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241057243827851672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

LASSO feature screening results

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变量类型变量个数变量
植被指数2EVI2、ARI、SPVI
“三边参数”3Db、Dr、VI6
连续统去除参数3HS、NMAD
小波系数26尺度1:WF536、WF608、WF620、WF621、WF690、WF691、WF693、WF699、WF703、WF738、WF739、WF995;尺度2:WF520、WF660、WF696、WF707;尺度3:WF657、WF717;尺度4:WF627、WF788、WF957;尺度5:WF401、WF573、WF876、WF927、WF962
), ArticleFig(id=1241057243957875101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

LASSO特征筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量个数变量
植被指数2EVI2、ARI、SPVI
“三边参数”3Db、Dr、VI6
连续统去除参数3HS、NMAD
小波系数26尺度1:WF536、WF608、WF620、WF621、WF690、WF691、WF693、WF699、WF703、WF738、WF739、WF995;尺度2:WF520、WF660、WF696、WF707;尺度3:WF657、WF717;尺度4:WF627、WF788、WF957;尺度5:WF401、WF573、WF876、WF927、WF962
), ArticleFig(id=1241057244083704235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Accuracy test of vegetation nitrogen content prediction model

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输入变量模型T-R2T-RMSET-MAEV-R2V-RMSEV-MAE
LASSO-植被指数多元线性回归0.380.370.290.430.380.29
XGBoost0.710.260.190.600.300.21
SVM0.720.260.170.680.280.19
ANN0.720.240.180.680.270.19
KNN0.720.240.170.650.280.19
LASSO-“三边参数”多元线性回归0.360.380.300.260.410.34
XGBoost0.570.320.250.500.360.29
SVM0.610.290.180.630.270.19
ANN0.630.290.200.640.290.22
KNN0.640.280.210.550.320.22
LASSO-统去除参数多元线性回归0.260.410.330.280.420.32
XGBoost0.420.370.300.200.440.32
SVM0.420.370.270.200.430.32
ANN0.440.350.260.220.420.30
KNN0.550.320.240.180.440.30
LASSO-小波系数多元线性回归0.500.330.270.530.330.27
XGBoost0.760.240.180.600.310.25
SVM0.830.190.120.720.260.18
ANN0.880.160.120.410.390.31
KNN0.620.260.220.580.310.24
), ArticleFig(id=1241057244217921975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220608185108, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

植被氮含量预测模型的精度检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入变量模型T-R2T-RMSET-MAEV-R2V-RMSEV-MAE
LASSO-植被指数多元线性回归0.380.370.290.430.380.29
XGBoost0.710.260.190.600.300.21
SVM0.720.260.170.680.280.19
ANN0.720.240.180.680.270.19
KNN0.720.240.170.650.280.19
LASSO-“三边参数”多元线性回归0.360.380.300.260.410.34
XGBoost0.570.320.250.500.360.29
SVM0.610.290.180.630.270.19
ANN0.630.290.200.640.290.22
KNN0.640.280.210.550.320.22
LASSO-统去除参数多元线性回归0.260.410.330.280.420.32
XGBoost0.420.370.300.200.440.32
SVM0.420.370.270.200.430.32
ANN0.440.350.260.220.420.30
KNN0.550.320.240.180.440.30
LASSO-小波系数多元线性回归0.500.330.270.530.330.27
XGBoost0.760.240.180.600.310.25
SVM0.830.190.120.720.260.18
ANN0.880.160.120.410.390.31
KNN0.620.260.220.580.310.24
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结合ASD和无人机高光谱的内蒙古典型草原植被氮反演
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金利山 1 , 王秀梅 1, * , 董建军 2, ** , 王若琛 1 , 温贺飞 2 , 孙煜焱 1 , 吴文博 2 , 张智航 1 , 康灿 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2713-2723
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2713-2723
结合ASD和无人机高光谱的内蒙古典型草原植被氮反演
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金利山1 , 王秀梅1, * , 董建军2, ** , 王若琛1, 温贺飞2, 孙煜焱1, 吴文博2, 张智航1, 康灿2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 2内蒙古大学生态环境学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010021
  • 金利山(2001-),男,甘肃武威人,硕士研究生,主要从事高光谱遥感研究.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
** 高级实验师,
Vegetation nitrogen inversion of typical grassland in Inner Mongolia combined with ASD and UAV hyperspectral
Li-shan JIN1 , Xiu-mei WANG1, * , Jian-jun DONG2, ** , Ruo-chen WANG1, He-fei WEN2, Yu-yan SUN1, Wen-bo WU2, Zhi-hang ZHANG1, Can KANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
  • 2.School of Ecological Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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采用地面遥感与无人机遥感相结合的方式对内蒙古典型草原植被氮含量进行估测.实验于2023年8~9月在内蒙古大学草地生态学研究基地进行,采集了地面ASD光谱数据和无人机Resonon数据.基于ASD数据构建了植被指数、“三边参数”、连续统去除参数以及小波系数4种光谱参数,并运用LASSO进行敏感参数筛选.分别构建多元线性、XGBoost、SVM、ANN和KNN共5种模型对植被氮含量进估测,结果表明基于小波系数的SVM方法为最优模型(验证集R2=0.72,RMSE和MAE分别为0.26和0.18).最后将此模型用于无人机Resonon数据进行反演估算并制图(验证集R2=0.41,RMSE和MAE分别为0.42和0.32).研究显示,将ASD和无人机影像与机器学习算法相结合,能够实现草原植被氮含量的估算,为牧场优化施肥、提高牧草品质提供基础数据与技术支撑.

高光谱  /  氮  /  内蒙古典型草原  /  反演模型

The combination of ground remote sensing and UAV remote sensing was used to estimate the nitrogen content of typical grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia. This experiment was carried out in the grassland ecology research base of Inner Mongolia University from August to September 2023, and the ground ASD spectral data and UAV Resonon data were collected. Based on ASD data, four spectral parameters of vegetation index, hyperspectral characteristic variable, continuum removal variable and wavelet coefficient were constructed, and LASSO was used to screen sensitive parameters. Five models of multiple linear, XGBoost, SVM, ANN and KNN were constructed to estimate the nitrogen content of vegetation. The results showed that the SVM method based on wavelet coefficients was the optimal model(validation set R2=0.72, RMSE and MAE were 0.26 and 0.18, respectively). Finally, the model was used to estimate and map the UAV Resonon data(validation set R2=0.41, RMSE and MAE were 0.42 and 0.32, respectively). The research showed that the combination of ASD and UAV images with machine learning algorithms could be used to realize the estimation of grassland vegetation nitrogen content, and was provided basic data and technical support for optimizing fertilization and improving forage quality.

hyperspectral  /  nitrogen  /  typical grassland in Inner Mongolia  /  inversion model
金利山, 王秀梅, 董建军, 王若琛, 温贺飞, 孙煜焱, 吴文博, 张智航, 康灿. 结合ASD和无人机高光谱的内蒙古典型草原植被氮反演. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2713 -2723 .
Li-shan JIN, Xiu-mei WANG, Jian-jun DONG, Ruo-chen WANG, He-fei WEN, Yu-yan SUN, Wen-bo WU, Zhi-hang ZHANG, Can KANG. Vegetation nitrogen inversion of typical grassland in Inner Mongolia combined with ASD and UAV hyperspectral[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2713 -2723 .
内蒙古草原作为我国重要牧区之一,天然草地占全国草原面积的20%,是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地[1-4].氮是支持草地植被生长发育的关键营养元素,影响着牧草品质[5-6].因此,准确估测草地植被氮含量,明晰其空间分布特征,对优化施肥、提高牧草品质具有重要作用[7-8].
传统的植被氮含量检测方法是破坏性采样,虽然可以取得高精度的结果,但耗时费力,还表现出应用范围小的缺点[9-10].遥感可以在宏观尺度上对草地植被进行快速、高效观测,得到区域植被氮的含量[11-12].
众多学者在植被参数反演领域进行研究.冯海宽等[13]借助无人机成像高光谱的植被指数与光谱特征参数,致力于提升冬小麦关键生育期氮含量估算精度;孙法福等[14]通过波段优化算法与相关性分析筛选敏感光谱指数,结合多种回归方法构建冬小麦叶片氮浓度估测模型;Gao等[15]基于高光谱及多种环境数据,发现支持向量机SVM模型在牧草P反演方面表现最优.这些研究为反演草原植被氮含量提供了思路与参考,但目前还缺乏将地面遥感和无人机遥感相结合,挖掘光谱特征,提高反演精度的研究.
无人机高光谱具有成本低、高时效的优势,能够快速获取大面积的高光谱数据.地面高光谱虽然在大区域监测方面存在一定局限性,但有高的光谱分辨率(1nm)识别植被氮含量敏感特征.因此本文结合ASD和无人机高光谱对内蒙古典型草原植被氮含量进行反演.采用植被指数、一阶导数变换、连续统去除变换、连续小波变换等4种光谱组合或变换方法突出光谱特征,并使用最小收缩算子法(LASSO)筛选高光谱敏感变量,构建基于ASD和无人机高光谱数据的草原植被氮估算模型.为牧场优化施肥,提高牧草品质提供基础数据与技术支持,对畜牧业草地的合理利用以及生态环境保护具有重要的参考价值.
研究区是内蒙古大学草地生态学研究基地,位于内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市(44°12.621′N,116°15.446′E).该区域属于温带半干旱大陆性气候,夏季炎热多雨,冬季寒冷干燥,年平均气温3.5℃,年均降水量270mm.实验区建群种为羊草(Leymus chinensis),优势种有糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)等[16].样地面积约1400m2,分为40个5m×6m的小区,设置2个刈割处理(刈割留茬6cm、CK对照)和4个施肥处理(N0P0对照、N1P0加氮100kg/hm2、N0P1加磷30kg/hm2、N1P1分别加氮100kg/hm2磷30kg/hm2).选用尿素和过磷酸钙作为施用氮、磷肥,所有肥料一次性作为基肥施用,不额外施肥.
实验于2023年7~8月在40个小区中进行两次取样,每个小区设置3个0.5m×0.5m的样方,共采集240组植被样品.采集高光谱数据后,将叶片放入120℃烘箱杀青2h,然后在65℃干燥48h.将叶片粉碎、研磨、过筛后称取0.02g草样粉末,锡纸包样后选用元素分析仪(Vario MACRO Cube)分析植物的氮含量.
本文选择ASD FieldSpec 4和Resonon同步采集冠层高光谱数据,参数见表1所示.
利用ASD FieldSpec 4地物光谱仪采集植被群落冠层反射率,得到地面高光谱数据.由于样地较小,用RTK记录地理坐标.获得ASD高光谱数据后,首先利用软件View SpecPro进行反射率转换,然后分别计算每组样品的平均反射率.最后,在降维变换前还需要进行SG滤波(Savitzky-Golay),降低光谱的随机信号噪声[17].
无人机Resonon光谱数据利用大疆六旋翼无人机(DJI Matrice 600Pro)搭载Resonon公司研发的Pika L推扫式高光谱成像仪拍摄样地范围高光谱影像.其中,飞行平台重量为10kg,最大载荷5kg,设置飞行高度为30m,速度2.6m/s,重叠率为40%,垂直分辨率1cm.Pika L高光谱成像仪测量波段范围为400~1000nm,光谱分辨率2.1nm.
Resonon数据首先要进行反射率转换.其次进行几何校正,根据DJI精灵4拍摄的正射影像,在Arc Gis软件中使用Georeferencing工具选择控制点进行手动地理配准,输出高精度的影像数据.之后在ENVI软件中使用Mosaic工具进行影像拼接,得到样地的整幅影像.最后,将影像重采样为空间分辨率为5cm的影像.
构建植被指数可以减少或消除背景噪声,减低对植被光谱信息的影响,增强对植被结构的研究的准确性.本文选取了21个植被指数(表2).
一阶导数变换能消除土壤背景噪音,同时根据导数光谱曲线的弯曲点、最大和最小反射率处的波长位置等,提取“三边参数”分析光谱差异.本文总结19个基于不同光谱位置和光谱面积的特征参数(表3).
小波变换是一种基于傅里叶变换的信号处理和分析的重要方法[39].能很好地描述信号的瞬时特性[40].小波变换可以在不改变原始波段范围和位置的情况下,对不同尺度对地物反射率进行缩放,检测光谱变化[41].因为mexh小波与植被光谱曲线特征相似,故采用mexh小波作为母小波基[42].在Matlab软件设置了9个缩放尺度,分别是21,22,…29.
连续统去除法是一种通过去除原始光谱中的连续性信息,突出光谱吸收特征的方法[43].此方法能抑制背景噪声,有效分离光谱吸收特征[44].本文提取7个参数用于特征筛选和模型建立(表4).
光谱变换后的特征参数采用LASSO进行筛选.LASSO是由Tibshirani[45]提出的一种用于处理多重共线性数据的有偏估计方法,可以在不产生显著影响的情况下将系数压缩到零,以推动部分特征系数稀疏化,从而能自动选择与目标变量相关的重要的特征.LASSO在R Studio中调用“glmnet”包实现.
机器学习回归是一种用于预测连续值输出的监督学习方法,可以显著提高建模的性能.本文采用极致梯度提升(XGBoost)、支持向量机(SVM)、人工神经网络(ANN)、K-近邻算法(KNN)建立氮含量估测模型.
XGBoost在GBDT的基础上进行了正则化、近似优化、特征分裂策略的改进和优化[46],使得XGBoost在训练速度、模型的准确性和泛化能力上都具有一定的优势[47].
SVM是基于监督学习的机器学习模型,常用于解决分类和回归问题[48].解决回归问题时,SVM仅存在一类样本点,SVM算法寻求的最优超平面是所有样本点与超平面的总偏差[49].本文将径向基函数作为核函数.
ANN是一种模拟人脑神经元之间信息传递、处理机制的数学模型[50].输入数据后,经过多层神经元计算和激活函数处理,得到最终输出结果.其训练过程是通过反向传播算法,不断调整神经元之间的权重和偏置,使神经网络的输出结果接近真实结果[51].本文采用的是单隐藏层神经网络结构.
KNN回归模型最早于1968年由Cover等[52]首先提出,其原理是将待测样本用其最近的k个相邻样本估计,把k个相邻样本属性的平均值赋给待测样本,最终将k个样本输出值的平均值作为预测值[53].
所有过程均在R Studio中完成,采用“tidymodels”包,完成数据集划分、参数优化和最终建模.并且,采用5折交叉验证进行重抽样,使用网格搜索对4种建模方法进行超参数优化.超参数包含XGBoost的“mtry”、“tree_depth”、“learn_rate”;SVM的“cost”、“margin”;ANN的“hidden_units”、“penalty”、“epochs”;KNN的“neighbors”、“weight_func”.最终,得到最优超参数的植被氮含量估算模型.
为了客观、全面地评价模型,选择决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)以及平均绝对误差(MAE)对模型进行综合评价,公式如下:
式中:Mi为实测值,为实测值的平均值,Pi为预测模型的预测值,为预测值的平均值,n为样本数.
实验共采集240个样本,剔除11个异常值,最终得到229个样本用于后续建模处理(表5).整个数据集中,植被冠层氮含量变化范围为1.45%~3.55%,均值为2.49%,SD为0.47,变异系数为19.0%.训练集和验证集的植被氮含量平均值分别为2.48%和2.49%,方差SD为0.47与0.48,CV为18.9%和19.3%,两者数据较为平均.
利用Arcgis提取了植被光谱曲线(图1).曲线具有绿色植被独有的绿峰、红谷以及红边特征,植被整体反射率较低,红边区域反射率值在0.25附近.
ASD和Resonon两种仪器采集的光谱数据在绿峰和红谷附近有所差异,其他位置基本一致(图2).两者Pearson相关系数为0.94(P<0.01),存在极显著相关.说明结合ASD来辅助无人机Resonon数据,对区域范围植被氮含量的估测是可靠的.
图3为植被指数与氮含量的相关性分析,两者之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),但相关系数较低.相关系数较高的植被指数为EVI2、SPVI和mSR,相关系数分别为0.46、0.36、0.33.而SAV、mND705、TCARI以及EVI等植被指数与氮含量之间相关性较弱(R<0.1),其中EVI与氮含量相关性最差(R<0.01).
图4为“三边参数”与氮含量之间的相关性分析,氮含量与“三边参数”存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.01),植被氮含量与Db、Dr、SDr、SDy以及VI6之间存在较好的相关性(|R|>0.4),与λrRg、Rr、VI4之间相关性较弱(|R|<0.1).其中与Dr和SDr之间呈现最大正相关关系(R=0.54),与SDy之间呈现最大负相关关系(R=-0.41).
图5为连续统去除参数与氮含量之间的相关性分析,植被氮含量与连续统去除参数之间整体相关性较弱,仅与最大吸收深度H和对称度S之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数为0.22.
图6为小波系数与植被氮含量相关系数热图.植被冠层光谱经过连续小波变换后,有效信息主要集中在中间的4~6尺度,而在1~3低尺度和7~9高尺度中相对较少.植被冠层氮含量的敏感小波特征区域在尺度5的491nm和541nm处,以及尺度6的817nm处,最佳小波特征为WF491,5(R2=0.363).
利用LASSO能从4种光谱变量中选择对氮含量有显著影响的变量.经过LASSO方法特征筛选后,能筛选出的与植被氮含量相关性较好的变量,而且变量数量显著减少(表6).
通过LASSO特征筛选得到了与植被氮含量显著相关的4组变量,分别建立多元线性回归、XGBoost、SVM、ANN以及KNN共5种回归模型,并对比不同算法间的差异确定最佳模型.
表7为植被氮含量预测模型的精度检验,4种机器学习模型精度均高于多元线性模型.基于LASSO-植被指数变量的4种机器学习模型验证集R2介于0.60~0.68之间,RMSE介于0.27~0.30之间,MAE介于0.19~0.21之间;LASSO-“三边参数”的4种机器学习模型验证集R2介于0.50~0.64之间,RMSE介于0.27~0.36之间,MAE介于0.19~0.29之间;LASSO-连续统去除参数的4种机器模型精度较差,验证集R2介于0.18~0.22之间,RMSE介于0.42~0.44之间,MAE介于0.30~0.32之间;基于LASSO-小波系数的4种机器学习模型验证集R2介于0.41~0.72之间,模型之间性能差距较大,但以SVM算法构建的植被氮含量反演模型精度最高,可以解释72%的氮含量变化,并且RMSE和MAE分别为0.26和0.18,模型误差较小.
图7为植被指数反演结果.KNN模型精度最高(R2=0.74),与多元线性模型相比R2提高了0.36.其余三种机器学习反演模型R2介于0.71~0.72之间,均具有较好的估测精度.在模型验证精度上,XGBoost模型验证R2为0.60,比建模精度下降了18%,KNN模型精度也下降了14%.相比之下,SVM和ANN模型验证精度仅有5%差异,模型更加稳定可靠.
图8为“三边参数”反演结果,多元线性模型的拟合效果较差(R2=0.36).与其相比,4种机器学习模型的建模R2精度有所提升,介于0.57~0.64之间.在模型验证精度上,ANN模型精度最高(R2=0.64),RMSE和MAE分别为0.29、0.22.预测点和实测点均匀分布在拟合线两侧,模型验证精度没有下降,表现稳定.
图9为连续统去除参数反演结果,五种模型拟合效果较差,建模R2介于0.26~0.55之间,RMSE和MAE分别介于0.32~0.41和0.24~0.33之间,模型验证R2介于0.18~0.28之间,RMSE和MAE分别介于0.42~0.44和0.30~0.32之间.预测值和实测值的点在1:1线附近分布凌乱,模型拟合效果较差.
图10为小波系数反演结果,ANN和SVM模型精度较高,建模R2分别为0.88和0.83,KNN模型和多元线性模型精度较差,R2分别为0.62与0.50.但在模型验证精度上,ANN模型验证精度较低,R2=0.41,RMSE和MAE分别是0.39和0.31,与建模精度相比出现下降,可能存在过拟合的现象.SVM模型验证精度R2为0.72,与建模精度差异较小,模型更加稳定,且RMSE和MAE分别为0.26、0.18,模型误差较低.
植被氮含量反演的最佳模型为基于小波系数的SVM模型,训练集和验证集分别反映了83%和72%的氮含量变化,对应的RMSE和MAE分别是0.19、0.12和0.26、0.18.该模型性能最佳,也具备较好的稳定性.
最终采用与ASD最佳反演模型相同的输入参数,构建基于无人机Resonon高光谱数据的SVM模型.模型训练集R2=0.43,RMSE和MAE分别为0.41和0.32,验证集R2=0.41,RMSE和MAE分别为0.42和0.32(图11).
将无人机影像数据输入到基于小波系数构建的SVM氮反演模型中,最终获得样地区域植被氮含量的空间分布(图12).
利用ASD和无人机高光谱进行草原植被氮含量估测,能帮助牧场提高牧草品质,对草地的合理利用提供帮助.高光谱数据包含大量冗余信息,可能会产生多重共线性和高维性问题[54].因此,本文探究不同光谱变换方法和机器学习算法估算植被氮含量的能力.
高光谱敏感参量的提取,以小波系数为自变量的反演模型精度最优,对应的小波特征的位置位于可见光和近红外(VNIR)区域.大多数研究都采用VNIR光谱指数来估算氮浓度[55].VNIR主要识别与叶绿素相关的氮[56].大部分敏感波段集中在红边和近红外区域,与植物生化参数之间存在着很强的相关性[57-58].此外,红边区域的某些波段和参数(如红边斜率、红边位置、红边斜率等)对植物的生化参数有较高的敏感性[59-60].
在模型选择上,采用多元线性、XGBoost、SVM、ANN和KNN五种建模方法.虽然小波系数-SVM方法取得了较好的模型性能,但机器学习模型解释性相对较差.后续需累积野外试验数据、增加样本数据量、增加植被冠层和叶片参数数据来尝试使用物理模型反演植被氮素含量.
本文虽然通过结合ASD非成像高光谱和无人机成像高光谱数据完成了区域草地植被氮含量的反演,但将基于ASD数据的最佳氮估测模型的参数选择和建模方法应用到Resonon数据上时,模型性能出现下降.这可能是由于ASD以较高的光谱分辨率(1nm)所获得的敏感光谱参数在应用到Resonon数据(2.1nm)上产生了差异所导致的,也可能是在数据采集阶段仪器受到噪音干扰产生了误差,后续将深入研究两种传感器数据融合的更优方法.
4.1 基于ASD数据的植被氮含量反演中,以小波系数-SVM方法构建的氮估测模型精度最高,训练集R2=0.83,RMSE和MAE分别为0.19和0.12,验证集R2=0.72,RMSE和MAE分别为0.26和0.18.
4.2 以小波系数-SVM方法构建基于无人机Resonon数据的植被氮含量反演模型,建模R2=0.43,RMSE和MAE分别为0.41和0.32,验证R2=0.41,RMSE和MAE分别为0.42和0.32.
4.3 对比不同光谱参数,小波系数对内蒙古典型草原植被N浓度敏感性要相对高于作其他参数,特别在尺度5和尺度6出现较高R2的小波系数.
4.4 对比4种不同的建模方法,SVM模型表现出较高的植被氮浓度估算精度与稳定性.机器学习具有较强的大数据处理能力,能对高光谱数据进行深入挖掘.
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2022LHMS03006)
  • 内蒙古工业大学博士研究生启动基金(DC2300001284)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(JY20220108)
  • 巴林-奈曼(金沙)阜新500KV输变电工程(内蒙段)生态监测辅助工作(RH2400001221)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-31
基金
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2022LHMS03006)
内蒙古工业大学博士研究生启动基金(DC2300001284)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(JY20220108)
巴林-奈曼(金沙)阜新500KV输变电工程(内蒙段)生态监测辅助工作(RH2400001221)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    2内蒙古大学生态环境学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010021

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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