Article(id=1241057220109062876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820699001, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820699001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820699001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820699001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2399, endPage=2412, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057221006644019, articleId=1241057220109062876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city, columnId=1241049967662518582, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Ozone Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, Jiangmen City was selected as a case study to investigate the characteristics and causes of heavy ozone(O3)pollution days. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)and an observation-based model coupled with the CB06chemical mechanism(OBM-CB06)were employed as the analytical methods, integrating pollutant concentrations, meteorological data, photolysis data, and volatile organic compound(VOC)concentrations. The findings showed that heavy ozone pollution in Jiangmen resulted primarily from the early morning accumulation of precursors due to meteorological conditions, followed by enhanced photochemical reactions and poor dispersion after the O3 concentration peaked. Notably, early morning concentrations of nitrogen oxides(NOx)and carbon monoxide(CO)in Jiangmen were significantly higher than those in surrounding cities. VOCs source apportionment revealed that mobile sources(29.91% to 31.25%)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(28.8% to 30.73%)were the major contributors. O3 sensitivity analysis demonstrated that O3 formation in Jiangmen was predominantly NOx-sensitive under heavy pollution conditions. A 20% reduction in NOx could effectively prevent heavy pollution, while a further 60% reduction might keep O3 concentrations within the mild pollution range. The relative incremental reactivity(RIR)of precursors also highlighted the importance of NOx control during heavy pollution days, as NOx exhibited the highest RIR values(0.95~0.99). O3 budget analysis revealed regional influences. Except at year-end, when stringent control measures effectively reduced regional impacts on heavy pollution days, heavy pollution episodes in other periods were largely influenced by upwind areas, particularly the central PRD region(e.g., Guangzhou-Foshan). Moreover, the regional contribution generally increased significantly after 15:00 on heavy pollution days, exceeding 60%. To mitigate heavy O3 pollution in Jiangmen, stricter control of NOx and other precursor emissions should be enforced. Furthermore, coordinated regional prevention and control measures should be implemented in collaboration with upwind cities, such as Foshan, Zhongshan, and Guangzhou.

, correspAuthors=Duo-hong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin SHEN, Duo-hong CHEN, Wang CHANG, Ri-dong CAI, Yu-jun LIN, Yong-xi HUANG, Xin ZHAO, Yan ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057230666125840, articleId=1241057220109062876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=江门市臭氧重污染日特征与成因分析, columnId=1241049969449292093, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=臭氧污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以江门市为例,通过整合污染物浓度、气象数据、光解数据以及挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分浓度等多元资料,综合利用正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)和基于观测的模型耦合CB06化学机制(OBM-CB06),对臭氧(O3)重污染日特征与成因进行了分析.研究发现,江门臭氧重污染主要由于气象条件导致清晨前体物累积,之后光化学反应有利,臭氧浓度峰值后扩散不利所致,尤其清晨氮氧化物(NOx)和一氧化碳(CO)浓度显著高于周边城市.VOCs源解析显示移动源(29.91%~31.25%)和液化石油气(LPG)使用源(28.8%~30.73%)是主要贡献来源.臭氧敏感性分析发现,重污染天气下江门市臭氧更倾向于对NOx敏感,NOx下降20%可有效避免重度污染,进一步降低60%则有望将臭氧浓度控制在轻度污染范围内.前体物相对增量反应活性(RIR)也反映了重污染天气下NOx控制的相对重要性,即NOx的RIR值最高(0.95~0.99).重污染日臭氧收支分析则揭示了区域影响,除年末在有力管控下,江门重污染天受区域影响较小,其他时段的重污染天受上风向地区(如珠三角中部广佛地区)的贡献显著;且日变化中,重污染日15:00之后区域贡献普遍显著上升(贡献率>60%).江门市在臭氧重污染天气下,应强化NOx等前体物排放控制,并与上风向城市如佛山、中山、广州等实施区域联防联控.

, correspAuthors=陈多宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授级高工,
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沈劲(1985-),男,广东清远人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为空气污染与空气质量模型.发表论文20余篇..

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沈劲(1985-),男,广东清远人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为空气污染与空气质量模型.发表论文20余篇..

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沈劲(1985-),男,广东清远人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为空气污染与空气质量模型.发表论文20余篇..

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Science of the Total Environment2021801:149603., articleTitle=Photochemical ozone pollution in five Chinese megacities in summer 2018, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057241743282526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, awardId=2023YFC3709205; 2023YFC3709203, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709205; 2023YFC3709203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057231026836020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057231031030326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, companyId=1241057231026836020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Secondary Air Pollution Research, Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057231039418935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, companyId=1241057231026836020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东省生态环境监测中心,生态环境部区域空气质量监测重点实验室,广东省环境保护大气二次污染研究重点实验室,广东 广州 510308)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057231186219595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057231194608206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, companyId=1241057231186219595, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057231219774032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, companyId=1241057231186219595, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东省大气环境与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057237049856055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Technology flowchart, figureFileSmall=IJ1uTtUAy1tm+FtCrcVrSg==, figureFileBig=f+QTXvYAFmfWF/Fi7OxLYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237150519359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, language=CN, label=图1, caption=技术路线, figureFileSmall=IJ1uTtUAy1tm+FtCrcVrSg==, figureFileBig=f+QTXvYAFmfWF/Fi7OxLYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237465092189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Heavy ozone pollution events in Guangdong Province over the past eight years, figureFileSmall=PBxv828TboGpEA1Uel1uKw==, figureFileBig=nVUUbU+exmaep1GsuIMYKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057237645447264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057220109062876, language=CN, label=图2, caption=广东省近8年臭氧重度污染事件

审图号:GS(2019)1822号

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虚线为重污染日气象和污染物浓度变化,箱体为当月变化

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图中VOC_X.X代表VOCs情景浓度与实际浓度比例为X.X

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Oth_P代表其他臭氧生成反应;Oth_L代表其他臭氧损失反应

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江门市臭氧重污染日特征与成因分析
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沈劲 1 , 陈多宏 1, * , 常旺 2 , 蔡日东 1 , 林玉君 1 , 黄泳熙 2 , 赵芯 2 , 周炎 1
中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2399-2412
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中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2399-2412
江门市臭氧重污染日特征与成因分析
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沈劲1 , 陈多宏1, * , 常旺2, 蔡日东1, 林玉君1, 黄泳熙2, 赵芯2, 周炎1
作者信息
  • 1.广东省生态环境监测中心,生态环境部区域空气质量监测重点实验室,广东省环境保护大气二次污染研究重点实验室,广东 广州 510308
  • 2.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东省大气环境与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510006
  • 沈劲(1985-),男,广东清远人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为空气污染与空气质量模型.发表论文20余篇..

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* 责任作者,教授级高工,
The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city
Jin SHEN1 , Duo-hong CHEN1, * , Wang CHANG2, Ri-dong CAI1, Yu-jun LIN1, Yong-xi HUANG2, Xin ZHAO2, Yan ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Secondary Air Pollution Research, Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
  • 2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以江门市为例,通过整合污染物浓度、气象数据、光解数据以及挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分浓度等多元资料,综合利用正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)和基于观测的模型耦合CB06化学机制(OBM-CB06),对臭氧(O3)重污染日特征与成因进行了分析.研究发现,江门臭氧重污染主要由于气象条件导致清晨前体物累积,之后光化学反应有利,臭氧浓度峰值后扩散不利所致,尤其清晨氮氧化物(NOx)和一氧化碳(CO)浓度显著高于周边城市.VOCs源解析显示移动源(29.91%~31.25%)和液化石油气(LPG)使用源(28.8%~30.73%)是主要贡献来源.臭氧敏感性分析发现,重污染天气下江门市臭氧更倾向于对NOx敏感,NOx下降20%可有效避免重度污染,进一步降低60%则有望将臭氧浓度控制在轻度污染范围内.前体物相对增量反应活性(RIR)也反映了重污染天气下NOx控制的相对重要性,即NOx的RIR值最高(0.95~0.99).重污染日臭氧收支分析则揭示了区域影响,除年末在有力管控下,江门重污染天受区域影响较小,其他时段的重污染天受上风向地区(如珠三角中部广佛地区)的贡献显著;且日变化中,重污染日15:00之后区域贡献普遍显著上升(贡献率>60%).江门市在臭氧重污染天气下,应强化NOx等前体物排放控制,并与上风向城市如佛山、中山、广州等实施区域联防联控.

臭氧  /  重污染事件  /  正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)  /  基于观测的模型(OBM)  /  污染特征

In this study, Jiangmen City was selected as a case study to investigate the characteristics and causes of heavy ozone(O3)pollution days. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)and an observation-based model coupled with the CB06chemical mechanism(OBM-CB06)were employed as the analytical methods, integrating pollutant concentrations, meteorological data, photolysis data, and volatile organic compound(VOC)concentrations. The findings showed that heavy ozone pollution in Jiangmen resulted primarily from the early morning accumulation of precursors due to meteorological conditions, followed by enhanced photochemical reactions and poor dispersion after the O3 concentration peaked. Notably, early morning concentrations of nitrogen oxides(NOx)and carbon monoxide(CO)in Jiangmen were significantly higher than those in surrounding cities. VOCs source apportionment revealed that mobile sources(29.91% to 31.25%)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(28.8% to 30.73%)were the major contributors. O3 sensitivity analysis demonstrated that O3 formation in Jiangmen was predominantly NOx-sensitive under heavy pollution conditions. A 20% reduction in NOx could effectively prevent heavy pollution, while a further 60% reduction might keep O3 concentrations within the mild pollution range. The relative incremental reactivity(RIR)of precursors also highlighted the importance of NOx control during heavy pollution days, as NOx exhibited the highest RIR values(0.95~0.99). O3 budget analysis revealed regional influences. Except at year-end, when stringent control measures effectively reduced regional impacts on heavy pollution days, heavy pollution episodes in other periods were largely influenced by upwind areas, particularly the central PRD region(e.g., Guangzhou-Foshan). Moreover, the regional contribution generally increased significantly after 15:00 on heavy pollution days, exceeding 60%. To mitigate heavy O3 pollution in Jiangmen, stricter control of NOx and other precursor emissions should be enforced. Furthermore, coordinated regional prevention and control measures should be implemented in collaboration with upwind cities, such as Foshan, Zhongshan, and Guangzhou.

ozone  /  heavy pollution days  /  positive matrix factorization  /  observation-based model  /  pollution characteristics
沈劲, 陈多宏, 常旺, 蔡日东, 林玉君, 黄泳熙, 赵芯, 周炎. 江门市臭氧重污染日特征与成因分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2399 -2412 .
Jin SHEN, Duo-hong CHEN, Wang CHANG, Ri-dong CAI, Yu-jun LIN, Yong-xi HUANG, Xin ZHAO, Yan ZHOU. The characteristics and causes of ozone severe pollution days in Jiangmen city[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2399 -2412 .
高浓度臭氧(O3)不仅对人体健康构成严重威胁[1],还对农作物、生态系统(如固碳能力)以及建筑物等造成不利影响[2-3].研究显示,臭氧污染导致珠三角地区人口过早死亡2238例[4],北半球和南半球小麦平均减产9.9%和6.2%[5],中国木本植物的净光合作用和总生物量分别降低28%和14%[6].
为应对大气污染,相关污染防控政策相继颁布.在中央及地方政府的高度重视下,细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染得到显著改善,而臭氧污染却仍然日益严重.特别是珠三角地区,其地处我国低纬度,太阳辐射强烈,温度高且湿度低,同时受海陆风和季风显著影响,加之作为典型城市群,污染物排放强度大,这些因素共同导致臭氧污染突出.数据显示,珠三角2020~2022年臭氧浓度水平由148μg/m3上升至174μg/m3;此外,2018~2022年以臭氧为首要污染物天数比例也从52.7%上升至84.3%,呈高速上升趋势.显然,臭氧已成为影响空气质量最主要的污染物,深入研究臭氧污染日的特征与成因对于改善我国空气质量、保护公众健康具有重要意义.近年来,众多学者对臭氧污染日进行了探究,主要集中在污染天气分型[7],挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源解析[8-9],过程分析[10-11],传输分析[12-13]等方面.相关研究表明,臭氧污染事件的发生与多种因素密切相关,包括特定的气象条件和区域传输特征.例如,在广州市的研究中,通过天气分型和响应曲面模型分析,不同风向对臭氧污染的影响存在显著差异[7].同时,研究还发现,安徽东南部,江苏中西部等地是臭氧污染的潜在源区,这表明区域间传输对局部臭氧浓度的显著贡献[13].尽管目前关于臭氧污染的研究相对全面,但以臭氧重度污染日(臭氧日最大八小时滑动平均浓度大于265μg/m3)为重点的深入分析不足,对极端臭氧污染事件及其影响机制和关键控制因素的认识仍然有限.
本文以珠三角典型城市—江门市为例,选取其2021~2023年的臭氧重污染事件作为研究对象,综合利用基于观测的模型(OBM)和正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF),从污染物浓度时空分布、VOCs源贡献、臭氧敏感性及生成/损失过程等多角度对臭氧重污染特征进行了深入剖析,以期为制定更为有效的臭氧污染控制策略提供科学依据.
本研究以珠三角典型城市—江门为例,通过整合多元数据集,包括污染物浓度、气象、光解以及VOCs组分数据,运用PMF模型对臭氧重污染日所在季度的前体物VOCs进行来源解析,并对重污染日特征组分进行深入分析(图1).同时,研究还利用OBM模型耦合CB06化学机制(OBM-CB06),对重污染日臭氧生成过程进行数值模拟;并通过扰动模型输入的前体物浓度进行敏感性实验.基于模拟实验结果,进行臭氧敏感性分析、相对增量反应活性(RIR)分析、生成/损失速率分析(ROPA/RODA)和收支分析,以全面理解臭氧重污染形成机制.最后,结合以上分析结果,总结臭氧重污染特征与成因,为制定有效的臭氧污染防治策略提供科学依据.建立的分析流程,为后续相关分析研究提供参考框架.
江门市位于珠三角西南端,属于亚热带季风气候区,受海洋性季风影响显著.在冷季,该地区主要受偏北风的影响;而在暖季,则盛行偏南风,气温较高,日照时间较长,同时也是台风高发季节.江门市南临南海,东北方向与工业重镇佛山市和中山市相邻,其他周边城市包括东部的珠海市、西部的阳江市以及西北部的云浮市.江门城市边缘区域除东北部外地形以山地为主,中心区域海拔较低.人口及经济活动主要集中在东北部地区,如东北部蓬江区、江海区、新会区、鹤山市,这些地区面积仅占全市30.16%,但人口占比达到46.86%,规模以上工业数占比更是高达72.24%;此外,城市东北部地区属于珠江水系,船舶活动频繁,水运发达.
本研究使用的空气质量监测数据来自国家空气质量监测站点在线监测结果,时间分辨率为小时.O3、氮氧化物(NO-NO2-NOx)、二氧化硫(SO2)和一氧化碳(CO)的测量均采用热电公司生产的高精度仪器,分别为49i、42i、43i和48i型号;仪器的质量控制与校准严格遵循《环境空气气态污染物(SO2、NO2、O3、CO)连续自动监测系统运行和质控技术规范》(HJ 818-2018)[14]执行.气象数据则来源于广东省生态气象中心,通过分布在各城市的在线气象监测仪器获取,时间分辨率为小时,参数主要包括温度、湿度、大气压力等;数据质控程序严格遵循仪器的质控要求,且数据在使用前经过了严格的质量分析,确保监测数据的有效率和异常值处理均符合相关标准规范,有效数据获取率达到90%以上.
光解速率和VOCs数据均来自广东省生态环境监测中心,时间分辨率为小时.光解速率采用聚光科技FS-100和Metcon UF-CCD在线测定,主要包括jO1D、JNO2、JH2O2、JHONO、JNO3_M、JNO3_R、JHCHO_R、JHCHO_M;仪器定期开展运行维护和现场检查,并且每年返回原厂检定.VOCs监测仪器为法国Chromatotec GC866VOCs在线分析仪(基于GC-FID分析原理)和武汉天虹TH-300B在线分析仪(基于GC-FID/MS分析原理).校准使用的标准气体均采用美国Linde公司的PAMS标准气体.仪器质控校准遵循《环境空气挥发性有机物气相色谱连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 1010-2018)[15],有效数据获取率达到80%以上,有效观测物种共115个,其中烷烃29种、烯烃11种、炔烃1种(乙炔)、芳香烃17种、含氧有机物(OVOCs)22种、卤代烃35种.
江门市VOC组分监测站包括江门西区(113.07°E,22.58°N)、鹤山花果山(112.93°E,22.72°N)和台山端芬(112.61°E,22.06°N).江门西区和鹤山花果山站点均位于城市东北部地区,其中江门西区位于城区,周边环境复杂,分布有居民区、餐饮企业、工业、密集路网、水系和成片植被等;鹤山花果山站点位于城郊,周边分布大面积植被、村落、工业和高速公路等;台山端芬站点位于江门市中南部郊区,周边环境相对单一,以植被位置为主,分布零星村落、工业.
本研究采用美国环境保护署(U.S. EPA)最新开发的PMF5.0模型进行VOCs来源解析.这是一种受体模型,旨在通过分析观测数据的变异性来确定潜在污染源及其贡献.因此,模型通常需要较大的观测样本集,以确保模型准确性和稳定性.理想情况下,样本数量应远超所涉及的因子数量[16-17].鉴于实际情况下人为源大气污染物排放的稳定性,本研究使用臭氧重污染天所在季度所有VOCs监测数据作为PMF模型的数据样本.模型通过优化和处理缺失或不准确数据,能够确定最佳的浓度矩阵和源分辨率,从而帮助理解不同源的相对贡献.为有效使用该模型,需要对数据标准差、可用数据权重以及逐点最小化目标函数Q有一定了解[18].其计算过程主要包括以下步骤:首先,通过对样品中各组分的浓度及其不确定性数据进行加权计算,以确定各组分不确定度.其次,应用最小二乘法进行计算,从而推算出污染源组成以及各个源贡献比例.输入数据的质量通过量化物种的信噪比(S/N=平均浓度/平均不确定性)来表征,S/N=0的物种被标记为“bad”,S/N<0.8的物种被标记为“weak”,其他物种被标记为“strong”.
在确定最佳因子数的过程中,本研究在3~8个因子的条件下利用PMF进行试运行.根据Q(Ture)/Q(Robust)(QT:所有数据得出的Q值;QR:除不确定性大于4外的所有数据得出的Q值)的小幅下降,得出最佳因子数[19].这一过程确保了模型的有效性和可靠性.
式中:Xij为第i个样本中第j个物种浓度,值得注意的是,用于源解析的物种浓度为江门市3个组分站观测浓度的平均值,×10-9gik为第i个样本中第k个源对其的贡献;fkj为第k个源中第j个物种的含量;eij为第i个样本中第j个物种残差;p为因子数目;n为样本数;m为物种数;μij为第i个样本中第j个物种的不确定度.μij由物种方法检测限MDLj(×10-9)、组分浓度Xij和误差系数EF(本研究取0.2)计算:
臭氧生成潜势(OFP)是评价VOCs物种对O3生成影响的重要指标.在计算OFP时,通常采用组分的最大增量反应活性(MIR)作为量化依据.MIR用于表征在臭氧生成对VOCs最为敏感的环境下,每增加一单位VOCs所导致的臭氧产量增加量.
式中:OFPi为第i个物种的臭氧生成潜势,×10-9;MIRi为第i个物种的最大增量反应活性,gO3/gVOC;[VOCs]i为第i个物种的体积分数,×10-9Ni/NO3表示第i个VOC物种与O3的相对分子质量之比.
羟基自由基(OH)的消耗速率(LOH)是用于定量评估VOCs组分反应活性的另一重要指标,常被用来估算VOCs物种与OH自由基反应对光化学反应的相对贡献.LOH的计算通过将各VOCs化合物实际测量浓度与其OH自由基反应系数的乘积来实现:
式中:LOH,i是第i个VOC物种的OH自由基消耗速率,×10-9s-1;[VOCs]i为监测到的第i个物种的体积分数,×10-9LOH,i为第i个物种与OH自由基的反应速率,s-1.
OBM是美国乔治亚理工学院Cardelino和Chameides在1995年开发的一个盒子模型[20].该模型是基于Carter和Atkinson提出的相对增量反应活性概念发展起来的.OBM利用组分浓度、气象要素等实际观测数据作为约束条件来模拟大气化学反应,是一种基于观测数据研究二次污染成因的分析方法.具体而言,将观测数据输入到盒子模型中,假设污染物充分混合,可以模拟大气光化学反应过程;此外,通过扰动前体物浓度(模拟污染源的削减),可以分析臭氧敏感性及不同前体物的相对增量反应活性.
OBM模型运用较广泛的有碳键机制(CBM)和主化学机制(MCM)等[21],研究采用CB06机制探究江门市臭氧重污染过程中O3敏感性以及生成与消耗机制.模型输入数据包括经纬度、高度(本研究取100m)、模拟时段、气象数据、光解速率、组分浓度等,数据时间分辨率为小时.
本研究中,敏感性实验的模拟时段设定为重污染日,VOCs和NOx浓度扰动范围设定为20%~120%,扰动步长为20%.对于每个情景,都可以计算得到一个O3日最大8h滑动平均浓度.将此浓度与对应的VOCs和NOx浓度作图以揭示臭氧与其前体物(VOCs、NOx)之间的复杂非线性关系,并判断臭氧所处控制区.当O3处于VOCs控制区时,减少VOCs的排放对O3浓度具有明显的控制效果;当O3处于NOx控制区时,减少NOx的排放对O3浓度具有明显控制效果;而当O3处于过渡区时,减少VOCs和NOx的排放对O3浓度具有同等的控制效果[22-23].
相对增量反应活性是衡量臭氧对单个/类前体物敏感性的一个重要指标[24].如式6所示,当RIR为正值时,说明该前体物浓度越高,越有利于臭氧生成;反之,越不利于臭氧生成.
式中:RIR(X)为前体物X的相对增量反应活性;P(X)和P(X-ΔX)分别为基准情景和控制情景下臭氧的净生成速率,×10-9s-1VX)和ΔVX)分别表示基准情景下前体物X体积分数和控制情景下前体物X体积分数的变化,本研究中ΔVX)为VX)×20%,×10-9.
大气环境中臭氧的浓度变化是光化学和物理过程共同作用的结果,臭氧浓度变化率可以由观测到的臭氧浓度导数来确定[24],臭氧收支的公式如下:
式中:是臭氧实际生成速率;P(O3)为臭氧净生成速率,通过OBM模拟获得;R(O3)为臭氧的传输或沉降速率.当R(O3)为正值时,表明研究区域臭氧生成受到其他区域传输影响,为负值时表明研究区域臭氧生成会输出或沉降到其他区域[25-26].
广东省近8年共出现了31城次臭氧重度污染(图2),这些重污染在时空分布上呈现出显著特征.根据数据分析,“十三五”期间(2016~2020年)共记录了23城次臭氧重度污染事件;而进入“十四五”,尽管截止2023年(2021~2023年)仅出现8城次,但这一数字已与“十三五”前三年持平,表明广东省臭氧污染形势依旧严峻.
在时间分布上,近八年臭氧重度污染事件主要集中在8~9月,占比61.29%;其中9月重污染城次最多,为15城次.这主要是由于秋季为季风转换季节,易出现风场辐合.在空间分布上,重度污染事件主要集中在珠三角地区,达30城次,占比96.77%;其中,江门市的情况最为严重,为13次,占比41.94%.臭氧重污染事件集中于珠三角主要是由于其污染物排放强度显著高于粤东、粤西两翼以及粤北山区.排放量估算显示,2022年单个珠三角城市NOx和VOCs排放量平均占全省的6.67%和7.15%,而单个周边城市排放量平均仅占全省的3.33%和2.97%.其次,粤中珠三角为珠江水系的冲积平原,地势平坦;而东、西两翼及粤北山区则以山地为主.平坦下垫面可能较粗糙下垫面受海陆风影响更为显著,进而使得珠三角地区具有相对更高的臭氧生成速率[27].江门市臭氧重污染突出则主要是由于风场导致前体物在江门积聚,同时气象条件有利臭氧生成(下文2.1.1和2.1.2).值得注意的是,在“十四五”期间,广佛地区(广州-佛山)实现了臭氧重污染事件清零,但江门依然是重污染天次最多的城市.因此,本研究以江门作为研究对象,综合考虑数据可用性等因素,对江门“十四五”(截止2023年)期间三次重污染事件进行研究,即2022年10月21日、2023年3月1日及2023年11月23日.
江门西区的臭氧浓度显示出显著的峰值,并且峰值后浓度下降速度相对缓慢(图3),尤其是相对广州南沙科大和东莞东城站点而言.这一现象可能与珠三角地区盛行东北风有关.在凌晨和清晨时段,江门西区NOx和CO浓度显著高于其他站点.例如,2022年10月21日06:00,江门西区NOx浓度比南沙科大站点高出370%;2023年3月1日09:00,CO浓度比东莞东城站点高出100%.然而,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度于周边城市相比,并未显示出明显偏高,这可能是由于江门VOCs排放强度相对广州、佛山、东莞较小.
对比重污染日江门西区站点与广州、佛山、东莞站点主要气象要素—温度、湿度和风速风向,发现气象差异主要体现在夜间和凌晨.在这些时段内,环境静稳,风场紊乱.例如,在2023年3月1日7:00,江门西区温度比南沙科大站点低约4℃,相对湿度则高出14%.较低的温度可能减弱大气热对流运动,降低污染物垂直扩散能力;而较高的湿度通常与较低风速相关,意味着空气流动减弱,从而限制了污染物水平扩散.日间,局地风场以东北风为主,珠三角夜间、凌晨累积的前体物向江门输送、积聚,从而加剧臭氧污染程度.
在重污染日,臭氧浓度的上升速度相比当月整体更为迅速,形成更高的浓度峰,并且峰值后的浓度下降速度相对缓慢(图4),从而导致臭氧重度污染事件的发生.例如,重污染日16时浓度相对当月平均水平高出100.36%~165.69%.该现象主要是由于重污染日清晨和夜间的不利扩散条件,导致NOx、VOCs和CO浓度在清晨时段累积,这些浓度普遍高于当月整体水平.累积的前体物随后促使臭氧快速上升,并形成了显著的浓度峰值;在峰值过后,温度开始逐渐低于当月整体水平,湿度逐渐偏高,风速进一步下降,这些气象条件变化再次限制了臭氧及其前体物扩散.
采用PMF对2023年春季(3~5月,3月1日重污染)和秋季(9~11月,10月21日重污染)江门市VOCs来源进行解析.经过多次试运行,最终确定五类因子.由于篇幅限制,以下仅对秋季解析结果因子判别进行详述(图5).
因子1主要对烷烃类组分有显著贡献,特别是正戊烷(0.57×10-9,59.04%)、异戊烷(1.18×10-9,58.06%)、正丁烷(1.57×10-9,45.20%)、异丁烷(0.92×10-9,41.81%)和丙烷(1.82×10-9,39.85%)等.正丁烷、异丁烷和丙烷是液化石油气(LPG)的典型示踪物[28-29];异戊烷和正戊烷比值介于1.8~4.6时,通常指示物种来源为燃料挥发[30].因此,可以推断因子1主要为LPG使用源.
因子2对乙酸乙酯的贡献最为显著(0.95×10-9,86.02%),乙酸乙酯通常与化学制造工业和制药行业密切相关[31-32].同时,该因子对丙醛(0.01×10-9,50.64%)、正己烷(0.96×10-9,48.64%)、四氯乙烯(0.01×10-9,45.55%)、三氯甲烷(0.01×10-9,40.86%)和二氯甲烷(0.41×10-9,39.98%)等组分的贡献也较高.丙酮常用于医药和农药行业[31,33];四氯乙烯用于金属脱脂溶剂、胶黏剂、干燥剂、脱漆剂、驱虫剂和脂肪类萃取剂等有机原料,主要用于干洗行业和金属清洗[34-35];二氯甲烷等卤代烃可能来自工业排放,如电子制造、炼铁炼焦过程等[36-38].因此,可以认为因子2主要为工业生产过程.
因子3主要对芳香烃类物质有较高贡献,例如苯乙烯(0.07×10-9,63.15%)、间/对二甲苯(0.48×10-9,48.12%)、邻二甲苯(0.18×10-9,44.50%)、乙苯(0.12×10-9,36.15%).这些芳香烃与工业溶剂的使用有关,如油漆、清洁剂和粘合剂等[39-40].因此,可以确定因子3主要为溶剂使用源.
因子4以异戊二烯贡献为主(0.14×10-9,100%).异戊二烯是植物排放的标志物种[41-42],因此可以判定因子4为天然源.
因子5对乙炔(0.81×10-9,58.50%)、乙烷(1.55×10-9,71.14%)、正十一烷(0.07×10-9,62.27%)、乙烯(0.73×10-9,51.99%)和苯(0.26×10-9,68.74%)等物种的贡献较为显著.C2~C6的直链烷烃是汽油车尾气排放的标志物,乙烯和乙炔是汽油燃烧的产物[32];C7~C12的长链烷烃可反映重型柴油车排放的影响[43];苯不仅与涂料、溶剂使用有关,还与机动车尾气排放相关[28].因此,可以判断因子5主要为移动源.
图6展示了2023年春季和秋季VOCs各来源贡献率分布.结果显示,春季移动源贡献率最高,达到29.91%,其次为LPG使用源(28.80%)、工业生产过程(16.69%)和石油化工(15.06%),溶剂使用源(9.54%)贡献率最低;相似地,秋季移动源同样占据主导地位(31.25%),其次为LPG使用源(30.73%)、工业生产过程(21.53%)和溶剂使用源(11.69%),天然源(4.81%)贡献率最低.本研究结果与Zou等[44]对广州秋季VOCs源解析结果接近,其生物源、溶剂使用源、工业部门、移动源、LPG使用&汽油蒸发对VOCs的贡献分别约6%~9%、10%~12%、16%~19%、30%~34%、32%~35%.此外,张月等[45]对深圳市夏秋季污染日北部工业区的VOCs进行了来源解析,其机动车排放&汽油挥发、天然源分别贡献28.7%、3%,与本研究结果差异不大;但同时,工艺过程排放和溶剂使用分别贡献26.8%和25%,在一定程度上高于本研究结果;此外,还解析出生物质燃烧贡献16.5%.这些差异可能主要来源于组分观测站周边环境的不同.由于当前对广东省范围内冬春季节VOCs源解析的研究较少,因此将本研究春季解析结果与周边省份冬春季源解析研究对比.例如,陆嘉晖等[46]对广西南宁冬季VOCs进行解析,其与本研究的共同源包括机动车尾气、工业工艺和溶剂使用,贡献率分别为30.1%、16.8%和12.5%,与本研究无显著差异;但其额外解析出固定燃烧及生物质燃烧(22.2%)、植被排放(7.1%)、汽油挥发(11.3%),这可能与两地产业结构、土地利用情况不同有关.
在春季和秋季,移动源和LPG使用源贡献率均较高,这反映了交通活动和液化石油气使用在VOCs排放中的重要性.然而,秋季相较于春季,多识别出天然源.这一差异是由于秋季较高温度促进了天然源排放;而在春季,天然源排放强度相对较低,且天然源释放的异戊二烯和单萜类化合物具有较高的化学活性,观测设备对这些物质的监测能力不足,导致PMF方法未能有效识别这些物质,从而影响了春季天然源贡献率的评估.经与其他相关研究对比分析以及本研究的季节性差异分析,认为本研究VOCs源解析结果较为合理可信.
本研究采用OFP与LOH作为定量评估VOC组分反应活性的指标,识别出重污染日对总OFP和LOH贡献最大的10种组分(图7).这十种组分对总OFP贡献占比68.92%~74.23%,对总LOH贡献占比86.20%~93.12%.值得注意的是,重污染日OFP前十物种主要为芳香烃类,LOH前十物种则主要为烷烃和含氧有机物(OVOCs).芳香烃由于大气化学反应活性及环境浓度较高,更容易发生化学损失,从而显著促进该地区的臭氧形成[42].对比其他相关研究,南京[38]和郑州[47]以烯烃的臭氧生成潜势最高,尤其是表征化工生产的乙烯、丙烯和表征植物排放的异戊二烯;而西安[48]、广州[49]以及珠三角[50]的相关研究则与本研究相似,芳香烃OFP处于较高水平.这些异同主要与区域间产业结构有关.
具体来看,在3个重污染日OFP排名中,间/对二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、异戊烷、正丁烷、异丁烷均位于前10名,这6个物种OFP占比分别为11.06%~20.14%、14.23%~18.99%、6.71%~7.02%、4%~4.63%、3.69%~4.94%、2.51%~6.93%;此外,Zhang等[51]研究中OFP前10物种也包含了除异丁烷外的上述5个物种.在LOH排名中,乙酸乙酯、正丁烷、乙烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、异丁烷、乙烯、乙炔、正己烷均出现在前10名,占比分别为11.42%~21.24%、12.09%~15.27%、7.15%~9.84%、7.28%~9.03%、8.39%~10.53%、7.52%~19.59%、5.50%~6.07%、4.53%~9.06%、4.00%~6.15%.这些数据揭示了在重污染日,这些特定的VOC组分对光化学臭氧生成和羟基自由基消耗的重要贡献.
本研究分析的江门三个重污染日的臭氧日最大8h滑动平均浓度分别为274、286和278μg/m3,分别超出中度污染上限(265μg/m3)3.39%、7.92%和4.9%,超出轻度污染上限(215μg/m3)27.44%、33.02%和29.3%,超出达标上限(160μg/m3)71.25%、78.75%、73.75%.若不考虑臭氧物理过程,研究假设浓度下降幅度达到超出各污染等级上限幅度,江门该日将处于相应污染等级.
以江门市组分站监测的VOCs组分浓度、NOx浓度、CO浓度、气象数据、光解速率为输入,进行臭氧浓度的敏感性实验.模拟结果如图8所示,三个重污染日敏感性结果较为一致.削减NOx浓度相对于削减VOCs浓度,臭氧浓度下降速度更加迅速,表明重污染天气下,江门市臭氧更倾向于NOx控制区.这与数年前的相关研究存在差异.例如,Meng等[52]利用光化学盒子模型对广州一监测站点2017年9~11月的臭氧敏感性进行探究,发现臭氧形成受VOCs限制;Tan等[53]利用OBM对广州2015年10月下旬臭氧敏感性进行测试,同样得出臭氧产生受VOCs限制.然而,近年越来越多的研究表明,广东省区域臭氧对NOx更为敏感.例如,梁艳妮等[54]基于OMI卫星和地面观测数据对广东省2015~2020年臭氧敏感性进行分析,发现NOx控制区面积不断增加,至2020年已占比86.4%;Song等[55]采用OBM对广东省2018~2019年两次臭氧污染事件进行分析,发现臭氧对NOx和VOCs敏感的观测站日占比分别约为67%和13%.上述现象可能由于近年来广东省对NOx的减排显著,如电厂、钢铁等部门的超低排放改造,导致大气中“NOx不足,VOCs过剩”,从而逐步转变为臭氧对NOx敏感.
在重污染日,无论如何控制NOx和VOCs浓度均难以实现达标,但可将重度污染降至中度甚至轻度污染.以2022年10月21日为例,若VOCs浓度上升20%,NOx浓度下降20%,仍可实现重度污染转为中度污染;若VOCs浓度保持不变或下降20%,NOx浓度下降20%可转为中度污染,下降80%可达到轻度污染;若VOCs浓度下降40%或更多,NOx保持不增长即可转为中度污染,如果NOx浓度同时下降60%或更多可转为轻度污染.
综合来看,为了在最小减排力度下避免重度污染,2022年10月21日NOx至少需下降20%,VOCs至少需保持不增长.类似的,2023年3月1日NOx和VOCs至少各下降20%,2023年11月23日NOx至少需下降20%.总的来说,江门市臭氧重污染天下进一步削减NOx至关重要.
江门市臭氧重污染日各类前体物相对增量反应活性如图9所示.RIR值的大小反映了臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性,值越大表明臭氧生成对该前体物越敏感[56].总体上,重污染日NOx相对增量反应活性最高,为0.95~0.99,这一结果再次强调了在臭氧重污染日中减排氮氧化物的重要性.其次是OVOCs,其RIR值介于0.82~0.95.CO相对增量反应活性整体最低,介于0.16~0.49.
此外,2022年10月21日和2023年11月23日臭氧前体物RIR分布较为一致,与2023年3月1日相比,CO、炔烃和卤代烃的RIR较低.这一差异可能主要是因为CO、炔烃和卤代烃在更大程度上来自工业源和/或燃烧源排放,而10月21日和11月23日正处于广东省大气污染防治百日攻坚期间,这一时期对工业等部门的管控力度可能相对其他时段(如3月份)更大,从而影响了这些前体物的RIR值.
江门臭氧重污染日(2022年10月21日,2023年3月1日和2023年11月21日),臭氧生成主要受“O3P=O3”反应控制(图10);而臭氧损失则以“O3+NO=NO2”反应为主,其次为“O3=O3P”,损失速率分别占总损失速率的89.52%~92.54%和7.02%~10%.
2022年10月21日日间(8~19时,下同)臭氧总生成速率和损失速率整体上低于2023年3月1日和11月23日.这一现象部分可归因于该日日间臭氧及其前体物浓度整体较低(图3图4).臭氧净生成速率峰值均在午间高温、强辐射条件下(12~13时)出现,分别为22.2×10-9,8×10-9和13.53×10-9h-1;日间时段臭氧平均净生成速率分别为6.12×10-9,2.08×10-9,3.89×10-9h-1,与南京(约4.9×10-9h-1)相当[57],低于成都(约9×10-9h-1)和武汉(约14×10-9h-1[58].
研究结果表明,2022年10月21日日间臭氧主要来源于本地生成(图11),本地平均净生成速率占实际平均生成速率的57.44%;其次是2023年11月23日,本地平均净生成速率占实际平均生成速率48.27%;而2023年3月1日本地平均净生成速率占比最小,仅为15.51%.这一现象除受风场影响外,还可能与江门东北方向的广佛地区通常为广东省大气污染防治百日攻坚的重点地区有关.广佛地区在有力的管控下,使得10月份和11月份对江门的传输影响减小,因此10月份和11月份期间重污染日受本地影响相对更大.然而,从时间变化角度来看,所有重污染日日间15时之后,区域贡献明显上升.例如,2022年10月21日15~19时平均传输速率占实际平均生成速率的62.97%.可见,在臭氧重污染天气下,加强区域联防联控措施是十分必要的.
3.1 江门市在臭氧重污染日凌晨,因扩散条件较差,NOx、VOCs和CO浓度于清晨达到高值.其中NOx和CO浓度显著高于周边城市.高浓度前体物随后促使臭氧浓度迅速攀升并形成显著峰值.峰值过后,随着温度下降、湿度增加、风速持续减小,不利气象条件使臭氧及前体物扩散受限,臭氧浓度下降缓慢.
3.2 移动源是江门春季和秋季最主要的贡献源,贡献率分别为29.91%和31.25%;其次是LPG使用源,贡献率为28.8%和30.73%.在臭氧重污染日的VOC组分OFP排名中,间/对二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、异戊烷、正丁烷、异丁烷均位于前十名;LOH排名中,乙酸乙酯、正丁烷、乙烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、异丁烷、乙烯、乙炔、正己烷均出现在前十名.
3.3 江门臭氧重污染天气下,臭氧形成主要受NOx控制.NOx下降20%即可有效避免臭氧重度污染,使其降至中度污染水平;NOx降幅进一步达到60%,则有望将臭氧浓度控制在轻度污染范围内.
3.4 江门臭氧重污染日NOx相对增量反应活性最高,为0.95~0.99;其次是OVOCs,其RIR值介于0.82~0.95;CO相对增量反应活性整体最低,介于0.16~0.49.
3.5 在年末(如年末百天内)的有力管控下,江门重污染天气主要受到本地源影响(占比约50%),而其他时段重污染天气中,则本地影响较小.从日变化来看,15时之后区域贡献普遍显著上升(>60%).
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3709205; 2023YFC3709203)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
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    1.广东省生态环境监测中心,生态环境部区域空气质量监测重点实验室,广东省环境保护大气二次污染研究重点实验室,广东 广州 510308
    2.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东省大气环境与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510006

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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