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A laboratory-scale AnMBR was established to investigate the methanogenic performance, organic matter removal efficiency, membrane fouling behavior, as well as the material flow and energy conservation and emission reduction under the optimal operating conditions during the treatment of methylamine wastewater. The results showed that as hydraulic retention time(HRT)decreased from 36h to 8h, average methane yield rose from 0.231L CH4/g COD to 0.287L CH4/g COD. COD removal was stable above 95%, methylamine removal hit 100%. But at 6h HRT, methylamine removal was only 44.3%, reactor performance dropped, and methane yield fell to 0.094L CH4/g COD. Membrane flux rose from 1LMH to 6LMH, transmembrane pressure(TMP)growth was slow. At 12h HRT, long operation made TMP exceed 20kPa. After replacing the membrane module, analysis show irreversible fouling inside, relate to microbial extracellular polymers. Considering comprehensively the methanogenic performance and the growth rate of TMP in each stage, the optimal operating condition is determined as HRT=8h. More than 80% of the influent COD is converted into methane, the generated bioenergy is significantly higher than the power consumption of the system operation, the net energy potential reaches 4.142kW·h/m3, and it can reduce carbon emissions by 2.239kg CO2/m3.

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搭建了实验室规模的AnMBR,考察了处理甲胺废水的产甲烷性能、有机物去除效果、膜污染行为以及最优工况下的物料流动和节能减排情况.结果表明,随着HRT从36h启动并逐渐缩短至8h,平均甲烷产率从0.231L CH4/g COD逐渐升高至0.287L CH4/g COD,运行过程中COD去除率稳定在95%以上,甲胺去除率高达100%,HRT进一步缩至6h后甲胺去除率仅为44.3%,甲胺的积累导致反应器性能下降,平均甲烷产率降至0.094L CH4/g COD.运行期间膜通量从1LMH逐渐升高至6LMH,跨膜压差(TMP)增长速度总体平缓,在HRT=12h时长时间的运行导致TMP超过20kPa的阈值,此时更换膜组件并进行膜污染分析,结果表明主要污染部分为膜内部积累的不可逆有机污染,这与微生物分泌的胞外聚合物有直接关联.对各阶段的产甲烷性能和TMP增长速度进行综合考量得出最优工况为HRT=8h,其中80%以上的进水COD转化为了甲烷,产生的生物能源显著高于系统运行的电力消耗,净能量潜力达到4.142kW·h/m3,且能够减少2.239kg CO2/m3的碳排放.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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陈松(2000-),男,安徽六安人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业废水厌氧生物处理..

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陈松(2000-),男,安徽六安人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业废水厌氧生物处理..

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陈松(2000-),男,安徽六安人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业废水厌氧生物处理..

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Physicochemical of the influent water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标单位数值
CODmg/L1466.12±34.31
甲醇mg/L655.56±33.61
一甲胺mg/L89.03±7.93
二甲胺mg/L94.12±8.72
三甲胺mg/L97.46±11.80
TNmg/L117.85±3.52
NH4+-Nmg/L9.23±1.94
SSmg/L5.1±0.1
pH值/9.6±0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241057239348334716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057218771079788, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

进水理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标单位数值
CODmg/L1466.12±34.31
甲醇mg/L655.56±33.61
一甲胺mg/L89.03±7.93
二甲胺mg/L94.12±8.72
三甲胺mg/L97.46±11.80
TNmg/L117.85±3.52
NH4+-Nmg/L9.23±1.94
SSmg/L5.1±0.1
pH值/9.6±0.1
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厌氧膜生物反应器处理甲胺废水效能评价
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陈松 1 , 赵鹤翔 1, 2 , 杜博文 2 , 杨俞 2 , 焦城璠 1 , 李倩 1, * , 李玉友 3
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2462-2469
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2462-2469
厌氧膜生物反应器处理甲胺废水效能评价
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陈松1 , 赵鹤翔1, 2, 杜博文2, 杨俞2, 焦城璠1, 李倩1, * , 李玉友3
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.华陆工程科技有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710065
  • 3.日本东北大学工学研究科,宫城 仙台 980-8579
  • 陈松(2000-),男,安徽六安人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业废水厌氧生物处理..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Efficiency evaluation of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for treating methylamine wastewater
Song CHEN1 , He-xiang ZHAO1, 2, Bo-wen DU2, Yu YANG2, Cheng-fan JIAO1, Qian LI1, * , Yu-you LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Environment and Municipal Engineering, XI’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xian 710055, China
  • 2.HuaLu Engineering & Technology Co., LTD, Xian 710065, China
  • 3.Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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搭建了实验室规模的AnMBR,考察了处理甲胺废水的产甲烷性能、有机物去除效果、膜污染行为以及最优工况下的物料流动和节能减排情况.结果表明,随着HRT从36h启动并逐渐缩短至8h,平均甲烷产率从0.231L CH4/g COD逐渐升高至0.287L CH4/g COD,运行过程中COD去除率稳定在95%以上,甲胺去除率高达100%,HRT进一步缩至6h后甲胺去除率仅为44.3%,甲胺的积累导致反应器性能下降,平均甲烷产率降至0.094L CH4/g COD.运行期间膜通量从1LMH逐渐升高至6LMH,跨膜压差(TMP)增长速度总体平缓,在HRT=12h时长时间的运行导致TMP超过20kPa的阈值,此时更换膜组件并进行膜污染分析,结果表明主要污染部分为膜内部积累的不可逆有机污染,这与微生物分泌的胞外聚合物有直接关联.对各阶段的产甲烷性能和TMP增长速度进行综合考量得出最优工况为HRT=8h,其中80%以上的进水COD转化为了甲烷,产生的生物能源显著高于系统运行的电力消耗,净能量潜力达到4.142kW·h/m3,且能够减少2.239kg CO2/m3的碳排放.

甲胺  /  工业废水  /  厌氧膜生物反应器  /  物料平衡  /  节能减排

A laboratory-scale AnMBR was established to investigate the methanogenic performance, organic matter removal efficiency, membrane fouling behavior, as well as the material flow and energy conservation and emission reduction under the optimal operating conditions during the treatment of methylamine wastewater. The results showed that as hydraulic retention time(HRT)decreased from 36h to 8h, average methane yield rose from 0.231L CH4/g COD to 0.287L CH4/g COD. COD removal was stable above 95%, methylamine removal hit 100%. But at 6h HRT, methylamine removal was only 44.3%, reactor performance dropped, and methane yield fell to 0.094L CH4/g COD. Membrane flux rose from 1LMH to 6LMH, transmembrane pressure(TMP)growth was slow. At 12h HRT, long operation made TMP exceed 20kPa. After replacing the membrane module, analysis show irreversible fouling inside, relate to microbial extracellular polymers. Considering comprehensively the methanogenic performance and the growth rate of TMP in each stage, the optimal operating condition is determined as HRT=8h. More than 80% of the influent COD is converted into methane, the generated bioenergy is significantly higher than the power consumption of the system operation, the net energy potential reaches 4.142kW·h/m3, and it can reduce carbon emissions by 2.239kg CO2/m3.

methylamine  /  industrial wastewater  /  anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)  /  material balance  /  conserve energy and reduce emissions
陈松, 赵鹤翔, 杜博文, 杨俞, 焦城璠, 李倩, 李玉友. 厌氧膜生物反应器处理甲胺废水效能评价. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2462 -2469 .
Song CHEN, He-xiang ZHAO, Bo-wen DU, Yu YANG, Cheng-fan JIAO, Qian LI, Yu-you LI. Efficiency evaluation of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for treating methylamine wastewater[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2462 -2469 .
甲胺是一类被广泛用于医药、农药、炸药、染料等多个行业的有机化学制品[1-2].其庞大的需求量产生了大量的甲胺废水,其中主要污染物为甲醇,甲胺等[3],具有生物毒性和刺激性[4].目前常用好氧活性污泥法处理甲胺废水,但却存在着能耗高、CO2排放量大的问题[5].近年来,随着污水资源化和“双碳目标”的提出,对于甲胺废水的处理急待向资源化、低碳化、低成本化转型[6-8].
厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)是厌氧生物处理和膜技术的结合,在膜的截留作用下能够避免污泥流失,促进厌氧产甲烷效率进一步提高,实现高效能源回收[9-11].AnMBR在工业废水中展现了良好的处理性能,Kong等[11]使用AnMBR处理3000mg COD/L的DMF废水,在OLR为3.14~4.16g COD/L/d时得到了94.45%的平均污染物去除率,甲烷产量稳定在1~1.5L/L反应器/d;Wang等[12]采用AnMBR处理甲醇废水获得了95%~98%的COD去除率,远高于升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)的78%~91%,并且其甲烷回收率高达88%~95%.然而甲胺废水具有pH值较高、碱性较强的特点,可能超出厌氧生物处理的最佳pH值范围,且甲胺的存在可能具有抑制微生物活性的不利因素[13],同时甲胺对微生物的刺激在一定程度上也可能影响膜污染过程.总之AnMBR处理甲胺废水的性能情况和整个环节中甲胺的具体影响均尚不清楚,因此其性能表现和最优工况有待探究.
近年来,能量和碳排放核算在水处理领域中日益普及,可直观反映各项环境潜力,为水处理研究提供积极意义[14].AnMBR回收生物能源的特点使其具备一定的环境友好性,然而在处理甲胺废水过程中其具体效能尚不明确.因此有必要对AnMBR处理甲胺废水进行全流程的量化计算,包括物料流动、能量收支和碳排放,以明确甲胺废水的资源化潜力和AnMBR的技术优势,并提供可比数据供未来研究参考.
然而目前缺乏AnMBR处理甲胺废水的相关研究报道,上述不明确内容尚待研究.本研究运行AnMBR对甲胺废水进行处理,监测反应器性能并探究其最优运行工况,同时对AnMBR处理甲胺废水的物料平衡、能量平衡以及碳减排进行分析,以评价其综合效能.本研究旨在实现甲胺废水的资源化处理,进一步拓宽AnMBR的应用场景,并为节能减排事业献计献策.
本研究使用小试规模的AnMBR处理实际工业甲胺废水,反应器运行示意图如图1所示.反应器工作容积1.5L,膜组件使用总面积为0.0312m2的0.20μm孔径PVDF平板膜,采取内置淹没的方式运行,进出水均使用计时器控制蠕动泵运送.设置沼气自循环曝气系统,以4L/min的平均流量持续曝气,在保证混合液混合均匀的同时,还起到冲刷膜表面的作用.运行温度由恒温水浴循环器控制在35℃的中温条件.反应器通过调整进出水流量来改变HRT,由36h逐渐缩短至8h,并使用膜压记录仪记录跨膜压差(TMP),当TMP大于20kPa时,表明膜污染严重,此时更换膜组件[15-16].
种泥来自于实验室长期培养的厌氧污泥,TS为(9.43±0.21)g/L,VS为(8.20±0.24)g/L.进水为工业甲胺废水,取自陕西兴化集团甲胺生产废水收集池,其具体理化指标见表1.
AnMBR运行过程中的产气量通过湿式气体流量计持续监测并折算为标准状态下体积.沼气组分(H2、N2、CH4、CO2)使用气相色谱仪(GC 7900,天美,中国)测定,溶解性甲烷采用顶空法测定[17].污染物成分(甲醇、甲胺)使用气相色谱仪(GC 9720Plus,福立,中国)测定.采用快速消解分光光度法(D6000,HACH,美国)测定COD浓度,纳氏试剂分光光度法测定NH4+-N浓度,过硫酸钾氧化—紫外分光光度法测定TN浓度.TS、VS浓度采用重量法测定.胞外聚合物采用离心法提取,蛋白和多糖分别使用Folin-酚法和苯酚-硫酸法测定.膜阻力分布通过膜过滤清水实验获得[18].
总输出能量(Eout)指甲烷热电联产产出的能量,包括热能(Eth)和电能(Ee),计算公式为:
式中:PCH4为处理甲胺废水的甲烷产率(L/m3);δ为甲烷的燃烧热,为35.8kJ/L CH4γthγe分别为甲烷热电联产时化学能转化为热能和电能的转换效率,本研究中分别为50%和35%[19].
总输入能量(Ein)为所有运行过程中消耗能量的部分组成,计算公式如下[20-22]
式中:Ep为水泵输送进出水消耗的电能,kW⋅h/ m3Ea为气体循环系统的耗电,kW⋅h/m3Eb为进水桶中的搅拌器消耗的电能,kW⋅h/m3Eh为维持反应器温度消耗的热能,kW⋅h/m3x为水泵的个数,为2个;y为曝气泵个数,为1个;z为搅拌器个数,为1个.
计算净能量潜力(Pe)和生物能量回收率(Rr),计算方法如下[20]
通过分别计算回用能量情况下的CO2排放当量(Ce,kg CO2/m3)和无能量回用情况下的CO2排放当量()以及碳中和率(Rc)来评价其减排能力[23],计算方法如下:
式中:Cd表示反应器直接释放的CO2,kg CO2/m3Cm表示转化为CH4的CO2(或者表示CH4燃烧发电产生的CO2),kg CO2/m3Cp分别表示AnMBR回收能量前后的耗电所排放的CO2,kg CO2/m3;∆CpCp的差值,表示通过回收生物能源所减少的CO2排放量,kg CO2/m3.
反应器在各运行条件下的COD质量平衡,所用方程式如下所示:
式中:CODtot为一段时间内随进水进入反应器的有机物(g);CODCH4biog为该时间段内产生的沼气中甲烷所贡献的COD当量(g);CODCH4diss为溶解在出水内随出水损失的溶解性甲烷的COD当量(g);CODbiom为反应器污泥增长所消耗的COD(g);CODperm为该时间段内出水排出的COD(g).
反应器的氮素质量平衡,所用方程式如下所示:
式中:TNin为一段时间内随进水进入反应器的总氮(g);NH4+-Nper为一段时间内随出水离开反应器的氨氮(g);Org-Nper为一段时间内随出水离开反应器的有机氮(g);TNbiom为反应器污泥增长所利用的总氮(g).
反应器在35℃的恒温条件下运行,初始阶段HRT为36h,随后逐步缩短至6h,以提高系统负荷,整个实验周期为160d.长期运行的结果如图2所示,如图3所示为不同阶段反应器的性能表现.在启动初期,由于微生物驯化尚未完全,COD的去除率较低,为80%左右.随后在HRT分别为24,12,8h阶段内,系统稳定运行,平均COD去除率超过95%,出水COD浓度维持在(47.36±9.94)mg/L,且未检出甲胺类污染物,从而证实了在24~8h的HRT范围内,甲胺得到了有效去除.在产气性能方面,稳定运行阶段每处理1L甲胺废水,能够产生0.457~0.533L的沼气,其中甲烷的纯度高达(82.67±1.14)%,这一数值优于多数现有污水处理工艺[24-25].甲烷产率为(0.273±0.014)L CH4/g COD,表明该系统具有较高的甲烷化效率.此外,体系的pH值和碱度分别稳定在7.6和350mg CaCO3/L左右,展现出良好的稳定性能,这归因于甲胺的有效降解产生稳定的氨氮浓度,为系统提供了必要的碱度. HRT缩短至6h后反应器的性能显著下降,COD去除率降至(33.53±11.44)%,出水中甲胺含量增多,甲胺去除率仅为(55.8±5.6)%,同时系统的产甲烷能力亦随之减弱,甲烷产率降至0.094L CH4/g COD.由于系统失去了对污染物的有效去除能力,导致无法维持pH值在安全范围内,进而上升至9以上.
由上可推断出当HRT为8h时,反应器展现出最优的处理性能,在具备较大处理水量的同时,还能够确保良好的污染物去除率和甲烷产率.HRT缩短至6h反应器的性能显著降低,这一现象的主要原因是甲胺具有一定的生物毒性,当浓度过高会对微生物产生抑制作用[26].在适中的负荷下,甲胺的供给速率低于系统内微生物的降解速率,从而可以有效地进行生物降解,然而当系统负荷超过某一临界值,甲胺的供给速率将超过其被微生物降解的速率,导致甲胺在体系内积累,对微生物造成毒性抑制作用,进而影响反应器性能[27].
膜污染是限制AnMBR性能的重要因素,可通过跨膜压差(TMP)的监测来判断膜污染情况[15-28].如图4(a)所示为本研究中长期运行期间TMP的变化趋势.在实验过程中,较长的HRT配合低通量操作(1~4LMH)导致TMP的增长相对平缓.经过逾百天的连续运行,膜污染逐渐累积,TMP呈现出缓慢上升的态势.当HRT缩短至12h后,通量的增大加剧了膜污染,在该阶段的后期,TMP的增长速度显著加快,最终超过了20kPa的阈值.此时更换膜组件并将HRT缩短至8h,即便在增加膜通量至6LMH的条件下,新的膜组件仍能够维持一个相对安全的TMP增长速率,一般AnMBR处理市政污水的平均通量通常在5~10LMH范围内[29],因此HRT=8h的膜过滤性能良好,保持较低膜污染速度的同时还具备理想的通量.如图4(b)所示为污泥混合液浓度变化,在本实验中,除了定期取样检测外没有进行额外的排泥操作,污泥混合液浓度整体上呈现上升趋势.但由于污泥增长速度缓慢,污泥浓度的增长幅度较小,总体上保持较低水平.本研究长期膜污染增长缓慢的原因之一便在于较低的运行通量和不高的污泥浓度.
膜污染现象亦与微生物胞外聚合物的积累密切相关[30].如图5(a)所示为混合液中胞外聚合物的浓度变化,包括溶解性微生物产物(SMP)、松散附着型EPS(LB-EPS)以及紧密附着型EPS(TB-EPS)中的多糖与蛋白质.其中,SMP与TB-EPS是主要的存在形式,并且随着HRT从24h逐步缩短,其浓度呈现上升趋势,其中蛋白的含量居多,特别是在24h和12h时,蛋白与多糖的比值分别达到了1.51和1.66.这可能是膜污染加剧的关键因素之一,因为蛋白质的疏水性质使其更易于在膜内聚集和结垢[31].如图5(b)所示为膜污染成分的分析结果,其中蛋白的含量大于多糖,这与胞外聚合物的特性相符,进一步证实了胞外聚合物在膜污染形成过程中的重要作用.此外,由于进水中的悬浮固体(SS)含量极低,且污泥浓度不高,膜污染物主要由溶解性有机物构成,并未形成致密的膜表面固体污染层[32].如图5(c)所示的膜阻力分布结果也支持了这一发现,表明主要的阻力源自不可逆的膜内部有机污染,而由泥饼层引起的阻力仅占很小比例,这表明泥饼层的形成并不显著.
根据以上解析结果可以得出,在HRT为8h的工况条件下,反应器TMP增长速度较为缓慢,可以实现较低的过滤成本持续运行,虽然该工况的污泥胞外聚合物含量略高于其他工况,但还是处于较低的水平,对膜污染影响不显著.因此,结合前文所述厌氧处理性能的结论,综合两方面可得出,8h的HRT为AnMBR处理甲胺废水的最佳工况条件,同时具备良好的处理性能和安全的过滤性能.
通过对最优工况的COD和氮素进行物质流动平衡计算,可深入分析AnMBR在处理甲胺废水时的物料转化情况.如图6所示为在最佳工况(HRT=8h)下反应器的物料平衡结果,进水中的COD有82.48%转化为气态甲烷,若将出水中的溶解性甲烷也考虑在内,该比例会进一步提升.此外仅有6.94%的COD被用于污泥的生长,这与AnMBR系统低污泥产率的特性相符[33-34].出水水质整体良好,残留在出水中的COD比例仅为4.24%.
在氮素转化方面,进水中的总氮(TN)有92.77%以有机氮形式存在,主要由甲胺贡献.AnMBR通过厌氧降解过程将甲胺转化为氨氮(NH4+-N),其中83.27%的氮素以氨氮形式随出水排出,这一结果表明甲胺得到了较有效的降解.另外,有8.57%的氮素被污泥吸收,用于其生物增殖,而剩余的7.81%则以有机氮的形式残留在出水中,这部分有机氮与出水中残留的COD是类似物质.总体而言,AnMBR在处理甲胺废水方面展现了显著的优势,包括高效的COD去除和较高的甲烷产率,以及较低的出水COD和污泥产率.
本研究对AnMBR处理甲胺废水的最优工况(HRT=8h)进行能量收支量化分析.值得注意的是,尽管在中温厌氧消化过程中加热耗能通常占据主要部分[21-35],但实际生产过程甲胺废水常与来自冷却塔的高温冷却水混合,使得甲胺废水本身便具有一定的温度,有报道称化工厂中的甲胺废水温度可达40~80℃[36-38],因此本研究忽略了AnMBR在处理甲胺废水时的加热耗能.如图7(a)所示为能量平衡分析的结果:总输入能量Ein=0.165kW·h/m3,总输出能量Eout=4.306kW·h/m3,净能量潜力Pe=4.142kW·h/m3,这一结果表明AnMBR在能源回收方面具有显著的潜力.
燃烧化石燃料是当前人类活动排放CO2的主要来源[39],回收能量可减少化石燃烧产生的碳排.本研究对最优工况(HRT=8h)的碳排放进行计算,如图7(b)所示为相关的CO2排放计算结果:厌氧处理过程中直接释放的CO2Cd=0.023kg CO2/m3,通过甲烷转化的CO2排放量Cm=0.851kg CO2/m3,而系统运行耗电导致的CO2排放量Cp=0.086kg CO2/m3.若能将产生的甲烷用于能源回收,将减少系统运行中电力消耗所对应的CO2排放,据此计算得出的CO2排放量Cp=-2.154kg CO2/m3,碳中和率达到了Rc=233.52%.这一结果说明,AnMBR技术在处理甲胺废水时不仅能够实现CO2的零排放,还能进一步减少环境中排放的CO2含量,为实现碳中和目标提供了有力支持.
3.1 AnMBR处理甲胺废水在HRT为8h条件下取得了最优运行工况,其中甲胺完全去除,COD去除率在95%以上,甲烷产率为0.283L CH4/g COD.
3.2 膜污染增长速度相对较慢,主要污染为不可逆的膜内部有机污染物.
3.3 物料平衡分析和能量收支计算可得,进水中的80%以上的COD转化为了甲烷,系统产出的生物能源超过消耗的电能,显示出AnMBR在碳减排方面的卓越能力.
  • 陕西省重点研发计划国际合作重点(2022KWZ-25)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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陕西省重点研发计划国际合作重点(2022KWZ-25)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.华陆工程科技有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710065
    3.日本东北大学工学研究科,宫城 仙台 980-8579

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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