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In this study, swine wastewater was treated using constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell(CW-MFC)technology. The pollutant removal efficiency, bioelectricity generation and microbial community structure were evaluated. The results showed that after treated the swine wastewater by the experimental system planted with umbrella grass(PCW-MFC), the average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, TP and sulfadiazine(SDZ)were increased by approximately 5%, 10%, and 3% respectively, and the output voltage, coulombic efficiency, and maximum power density were recorded as 415.93mV, 49.10%, and 51.12mW/m3, respectively. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were increased by umbrella grass, which played a key role in pollutant removal and bioelectricity generation.

, correspAuthors=Jun-yuan GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan-hong LI, Jun-yuan GUO, Qi-fan GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057221946176000, articleId=1241057218196467827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=植物在CW-MFC深度处理养猪废水中的作用:污染物去除、产电性能及微生物群落, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用人工湿地-微生物燃料电池技术(CW-MFC)深度处理养猪废水,评估了污染物去除效果、产电性能及微生物群落结构.结果表明,种植旱伞草的实验装置(PCW-MFC)对NH4+-N、TP、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)的平均去除率分别提升约5%、10%和3%,输出电压、库仑效率和最大功率密度分别达到415.93mV、49.10%和51.12mW/m3.旱伞草增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门等的相对丰度,这些微生物在污染物去除和生物产电中发挥了关键作用.

, correspAuthors=郭俊元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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李泉宏(2000-),男,四川宜宾人,硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057218196467827, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alpha diversity index analysis results(mean values)

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样本名ShannonSimpsonAceChaoCoverage
A13.760.09152913410.99
A25.490.02305529980.98
B13.030.188387771.00
B25.550.01294629100.99
), ArticleFig(id=1241057228598341734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057218196467827, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Alpha多样性指数分析结果(平均值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本名ShannonSimpsonAceChaoCoverage
A13.760.09152913410.99
A25.490.02305529980.98
B13.030.188387771.00
B25.550.01294629100.99
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植物在CW-MFC深度处理养猪废水中的作用:污染物去除、产电性能及微生物群落
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李泉宏 , 郭俊元 * , 高启帆
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2443-2450
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2443-2450
植物在CW-MFC深度处理养猪废水中的作用:污染物去除、产电性能及微生物群落
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李泉宏 , 郭俊元* , 高启帆
作者信息
  • 成都信息工程大学资源环境学院,四川 成都 610225
  • 李泉宏(2000-),男,四川宜宾人,硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究..

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* 责任作者,教授,
The role of plants in CW-MFC for advanced treatment of swine wastewater: pollutant removal, electricity generation and microbial community
Quan-hong LI , Jun-yuan GUO* , Qi-fan GAO
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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采用人工湿地-微生物燃料电池技术(CW-MFC)深度处理养猪废水,评估了污染物去除效果、产电性能及微生物群落结构.结果表明,种植旱伞草的实验装置(PCW-MFC)对NH4+-N、TP、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)的平均去除率分别提升约5%、10%和3%,输出电压、库仑效率和最大功率密度分别达到415.93mV、49.10%和51.12mW/m3.旱伞草增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门等的相对丰度,这些微生物在污染物去除和生物产电中发挥了关键作用.

人工湿地  /  微生物燃料电池  /  养猪废水  /  磺胺嘧啶  /  微生物群落

In this study, swine wastewater was treated using constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell(CW-MFC)technology. The pollutant removal efficiency, bioelectricity generation and microbial community structure were evaluated. The results showed that after treated the swine wastewater by the experimental system planted with umbrella grass(PCW-MFC), the average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, TP and sulfadiazine(SDZ)were increased by approximately 5%, 10%, and 3% respectively, and the output voltage, coulombic efficiency, and maximum power density were recorded as 415.93mV, 49.10%, and 51.12mW/m3, respectively. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were increased by umbrella grass, which played a key role in pollutant removal and bioelectricity generation.

constructed wetland  /  microbial fuel cell  /  swine wastewater  /  sulfadiazine  /  microbial community
李泉宏, 郭俊元, 高启帆. 植物在CW-MFC深度处理养猪废水中的作用:污染物去除、产电性能及微生物群落. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2443 -2450 .
Quan-hong LI, Jun-yuan GUO, Qi-fan GAO. The role of plants in CW-MFC for advanced treatment of swine wastewater: pollutant removal, electricity generation and microbial community[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2443 -2450 .
生猪养殖业的高速发展产生了大量含高浓度有机物、氮磷和抗生素的废水,对水生态环境构成了严峻挑战.应用于生猪养殖业的抗生素以四环素类和磺胺类为主,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)是较为典型的一种[1].养猪废水的处理以厌氧或好氧生物工艺为主,虽然处理出水(厌氧消化液)水质能够达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)[2],但残留的氮磷和抗生素类污染物浓度依然较高,需进一步处理.
人工湿地(CW)和微生物燃料电池(MFC)是备受关注的废水处理技术.CW具有投资少、操作方便等优点,已应用于各类废水的深度处理,但处理养猪废水厌氧消化液的性能还存在不足,COD去除率44.3%~53.0%[3].微生物燃料电池是利用微生物作用产电的技术,用于污水处理的CW和生物产电的MFC都依赖于微生物,因此,将二者耦合(CW-MFC)既能够提高废水处理效率,还能够促进产电.研究表明,CW-MFC的总氮和氨氮去除率分别比单独CW提高了20.0%和13.6%,电流密度高达156mA/m3[4].有研究认为,植物是提高CW-MFC去除污染物和产电性能的因素之一,能够使电压提高110mV[5].目前,对CW-MFC的研究虽然旨在提高污染物去除效率和产电量,但在处理猪废水中常的产电研究和微生物群落结构研究仍然缺乏.
本文采用垂直流人工湿地-微生物燃料电池技术对符合GB18596-2001的养猪废水进行深度处理,考察该技术的污染物去除和产电性能,评价植物在改善污染物去除和产电方面的重要作用,探讨与污染物去除和产电相关的微生物群落.力求为养猪废水处理的知情决策和未来进展提供一定的参考.
实验用养猪废水是符合GB18596-2001标准的处理出水,COD为(390.23±16.56)mg/L,氨氮为(74.78±3.49)mg/L,TP为(8.00±0.80)mg/L,SDZ为(1.00±0.1)mg/L,pH值为6.8.
实验装置如图1所示,主体为直径25cm、高65cm的圆柱体,底部连接不锈钢锥形布水器,筒壁上设置取样口.装置自下而上依次是砾石层、阳极区、填料层、阴极区、细砂层.砾石层厚10cm,粒径为8~10cm的砾石堆砌而成;阳极区厚5cm,粒径为3~8mm的活性炭与直径25cm的20目圆形铜网组成;填料层厚30cm,粒径3~5mm的竹制生物炭填充而成;阴极区和阳极区构造相同;最后是10cm厚的细砂层(<2mm).阳极和阴极通过钛线连接到外部1000 Ω电阻,形成闭合电路.植物选用旱伞草,根系发达、泌氧能力强.竹制生物炭是将干燥的竹片粉碎后,在马弗炉N2氛围中,500℃热解4h得到的.
实验开始前,对从成都某污水处理厂取得的活性污泥进行厌氧消化,并在装置阳极区进行接种,接种量为阳极区体积的1/3.驯化期约5周,废水通过蠕动泵从装置底部泵入,流速为1.3mL/min,总进水体积约7.5L,水力停留时间为4d,每2d测量一次输出电压,电压输出信号稳定视为驯化成功,认为装置运行稳定.之后,进入废水处理实验,实验分为两个阶段,以进水中添加SDZ为界限,每2d测量一次出水污染物含量和电化学指标.
废水中的COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP分别采用重铬酸钾法、水杨酸分光光度法、碱性过硫酸钾紫外分光光度法、钼酸盐分光光度法进行分析.SDZ采用高效液相色谱仪(Agilent 1200,USA)进行分析,色谱条件为:流动相乙腈-0.1%甲酸(25:75),流速1.0mL/min;柱温40℃;紫外检测波长270nm;进样量10μL.
使用数字万用表测定外接电阻两端电压U(V).功率密度PA(W/m3)、电流密度IA(A/m3)、库伦效率CE(%)的计算公式为:
式中:I是电流,A;R是外接电阻,Ω;A是阳极区体积,m3M是O2的分子质量,g/mol;F是法拉第常数,C/mol;q是流速,L/s;b是每物质的量O2提供的电子数,mol e-/mol O2;ΔCOD是进水和进水之间COD的变化,g/L.
从阳极和阴极区取样,7000r/min离心15min,弃上清液后-80℃保存备用.PCW-MFC阳极区和阴极区样品分别标记为A1和A2,NPCW-MFC阳极区和阴极区样品分别标记为B1和B2.提取样品DNA,以338F(5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGG CAGCAG-3’)和806R(5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)为引物进行PCR扩增,在Illumina Miseq PE300/NovaSeq PE250平台进行测序.使用UPARSE软件对序列进行97%相似性序列进行聚类,使用RDP分类器对每个序列的物种分类进行注释,并与Silva 16S rRNA数据库(版本138)进行比对,对齐阈值设定为70%.
图2(a)所示,实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC对废水中COD的平均去除率分别是93.73%和92.72%,实验第二阶段分别是94.36%和93.35%,是否种植旱伞草对COD去除影响不大.此外,SDZ未抑制CW-MFC对COD的去除,低抗生素浓度(如0.5mg/L)可能促进根际细菌多样性,提高微生物对COD的去除,而高浓度则通过抑制抗生素耐药细菌降低细菌多样性[6].报道称,当进水COD为50~300mg/L时,CW-MFC的COD平均去除率由63.92%提高到92.73%,而500mg/L时则降至80.29%[7].本研究在COD浓度400mg/L左右能够获得90%以上的去除率,说明CW-MFC对COD负荷具有更高的耐受性.
图2(b)所示,实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC对废水中NH4+-N的平均去除率分别是95.46%和92.56%,实验第二阶段分别是94.61%和89.35%.种植旱伞草后,NH4+-N去除率约有3%~5%的提升.NH4+-N的去除主要依靠填料吸附和硝化细菌的转化,本文实验装置结构和填料完全相同,NH4+-N去除率的提高更可能归因于植物对微生物的影响,以及植物本身对氮的吸收.植物根系的泌氧作用,使得根系周围形成好氧环境,而远离根系的区域趋于厌氧,有利于硝化和反硝化过程[8].SDZ使得NH4+-N去除率略有下降,可能是由于SDZ抑制了硝化细菌的活性.未种植旱伞草的CW-MFC,NH4+-N去除率下降更多.Tong等[9]报道称,低浓度抗生素对植物产生毒性兴奋效应,促进植物生长和氮吸收.尽管如此,NH4+-N去除率仍保持在较高水平,说明本文所构建的CW-MFC装置对SDZ具有较高的抗性.
图2(c)所示,实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC对废水中TN的平均去除率分别是47.45%和45.44%,实验第二阶段分别是37.50%和34.78%,与Feng等[10]应用生物炭基CW处理厌氧消化猪废水的去除率(30.92%~40.12%)非常相似.种植旱伞草对TN去除率无明显提高.Gu等[11]研究发现,在外部碳源有限的情况下,微生物可以利用植物根系分泌的有机物进行反硝化,种植组的TN去除率比非种植组高11%左右.也有研究表明,氮负荷较高的情况下,种植植物不利于脱氮[12].这些差异可能与填料类型、进水水质和植物种类等因素有关.NH4+-N去除率高达90%以上,但SDZ却使TN去除率显著降低(约10%),说明SDZ对微生物活性的抑制不利于TN的去除,有研究表明,SDZ可以通过抑制反硝化基因norBC的表达导致TN去除率降低[13].此外,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC进水中NO3--N浓度低(0.43mg/L),但出水中NO3--N浓度分别高达45.35和42.82mg/L,表明反硝化是限制TN去除率的主要步骤.
图2(d)所示,实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC对废水中TP的平均去除率分别是97.31%和89.10%,实验第二阶段分别是97.02%和88.95%.种植旱伞草显著提高了TP的去除.废水中SDZ对CW-MFC的除磷效果影响也不大.TP去除主要是通过植物吸收、填料吸附以及微生物降解,电极的耦合也有助于TP的去除[14].不论是PCW-MFC,还是NPCW-MFC,两个实验阶段的TP去除率基本相同,这主要是因为除磷微生物(如拟杆菌门)的丰度和多样性几乎相同.
图2(e)所示,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC对废水中SDZ的平均去除率分别是83.37%和80.54%,植物对CW-MFC去除废水中的SDZ有一定的促进作用,去除率增加了约3%.抗生素去除的途径包括光解和水解,基质吸附,植物的直接作用(吸收与降解)和间接作用(根际过程),以及微生物-抗生素相互作用(生物吸附、生物积累和生物降解)[15].
SDZ最大吸收波长位于215~267nm范围内[16],本文CW-MFC处理养猪废水的实验环境是可见光环境,SDZ在可见光环境中不易被光解.本文养猪废水的初始pH值为6.8,处理出水pH值保持在6.7~7.0之间,说明CW-MFC处理养猪废水过程中,植物(旱伞草)根际、填料或微生物等没有对废水pH值产生明显影响[17].SDZ在中性条件下性质稳定[18],因此,养猪废水处理过程中,SDZ的水解作用可以忽略.
通常,对数辛醇/水分配系数(Log Kow)值越小,化合物的亲水性越强.SDZ的Log Kow值为-0.09,说明其亲水性较强.报道称,生物炭对亲水性SDZ具有较好的吸附能力[19].然而,本文的两组实验装置,基质和电极配置相同、运行条件相同、所处理废水水质相同,唯一的区别是其中一组种植了旱伞草植物,另外一组没有种植.因此,两组实验装置对SDZ去除效果的差异主要归因于旱伞草植物的直接或间接作用.
植物直接吸收抗生素的能力与抗生素的LogKow值相关,当Log Kow在1~4之间时,植物更容易积累抗生素[20].SDZ的Log Kow值只有-0.09,意味着植物的吸收作用较弱,相应地,植物降解在SDZ去除中也是较弱的.在PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的基质和电极配置相同、运行条件相同的前提下,植物对废水中SDZ的平均去除率的提升,可能是植物通过根际效应影响微生物所导致的.从微生物群落结构分析来看,种植旱伞草增加了微生物群落中变形菌门的比例,变形菌门在抗生素和抗生素抗性基因去除中起着至关重要的作用.
图3(a)所示,CW-MFC启动运行的最初25d内,输出电压缓慢上升到112mV,这是微生物驯化和生物膜形成阶段产电能力较弱的缘故.随后电压迅速上升,在35d后稳定在400mV以上.实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的平均输出电压分别为443.50和423.86mV,实验第二阶段分别下降至388.36和369.32mV.种植旱伞草大幅提高了输出电压,原因是旱伞草为产电微生物提供了良好的栖息地,增加了产电微生物的丰度,从而改善了电化学性能.Mu等[21]发现CW-MFC中COD去除率与产电量正相关,原因是电活性细菌降解有机物产生电子,通过外部电路到达阴极发电.本研究中两个实验阶段COD的去除水平几乎相同,有机物的降解不影响发电量.因此,在实验第二阶段平均输出电压的下降,主要是由于SDZ使得耐药较差的微生物活性被抑制甚至死亡,从而降低了产电能力.
图3(a)所示,功率密度和输出电压的变化趋势是相似的. PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的最大功率密度分别为51.12和43.12mW/m3,高于同类研究的21.33mW/m3[22].COD去除率的提高导致功率密度的增加,从而使更多的有机物可以被生物降解,释放更多的电子,功率输出性能更好.CW-MFC产生电流,使电极极化,从而增加内阻.根据极化曲线法测定装置内阻,PCW-MFC的内阻为496.02Ω,NPCW-MFC的内阻为551.98Ω.带旱伞草的CW-MFC具有更低的内阻值,这是由于植物根系在阴极上充当电子受体,提供更多的溶解氧,促进阴极反应速率,从而降低了与阴极极化相关的内阻.
图3(b)所示,CW-MFC启动运行阶段,平均库仑效率相对较低(<10%),随后得到了很大的提高,在实验第一阶段,PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的平均库仑效率分别为52.91%和58.21%.实验第二阶段分别为45.29%和48.33%,说明SDZ抑制了产电微生物的多样性和活性,从而降低了电化学性能和平均库仑效率.与文献报道的单独微生物燃料电池的库伦效率(50%~70%)相比[23],本文CW-MFC的库伦效率偏低,这是因为:电极体积在CW-MFC中所占比例相对较小;异养微生物与产电细菌竞争碳源和栖息地,限制了产电细菌的粘附和生长[24].
采用Simpson和Shannon评价微生物群落均匀性,Shannon值越高、Simpson值越低,代表物种分布更均匀;采用Chao和Ace评价微生物群落丰富度,数值越高,微生物群落丰富度越高;采用Coverage评价微生物群落覆盖度.Alpha多样性指数分析结果如表1所示,Coverage≥97%,表明样品中微生物序列均被测出,阴极Chao、Ace和Shannon值均显著高于阳极,而阴极Simpson值则低于阳极,表明阴极的微生物群落更加丰富和多样化.此外,PCW-MFC阴极和阳极的Chao和Ace指数均高于NPCW-MFC,表明种植旱伞草增强了微生物群落丰富度,这可能是由于植物根系分泌物为微生物生长提供了碳源和营养物质[25].
图4中的主成分分析(PCoA)揭示了PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的物种多样性差异,PCoA轴1和2分别占细菌群落变化总量的85.32%和8.59%.主成分PC1将阳极和阴极样本分离,表明阳极与阴极区域微生物丰度存在显著差异.主成分PC2将PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的阳极样本分离,在实验装置结构组成与实验条件相同的条件下,阳极样本的显著差异只能归因于植物的影响.PCW- MFC阳极和NPCW-MFC阳极样品通过第二主成分PC2聚为两组,表明种植旱伞草对微生物群落组成的分布有一定的影响.上述的微生物丰度和多样性的差异是污染物去除率和产电量不同的主要原因.
PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC阳极和阴极的门水平微生物群落组成分布(占比大于1%)如图5所示,主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和脱硫菌门(Desulfobacterota).变形菌门在PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC中分别占(38.58±2.07)%和(27.47±1.75)%.在PCW-MFC中,变形菌门在阴极和阳极的比例分别为(68.74±3.21)%和(8.42±0.42)%,在NPCW-MFC中分别为(47.94±2.86)%和(6.99±1.22)%.显然,种植旱伞草增加了微生物群落中变形菌门的比例.厚壁菌门在PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC阴极层中的比例分别为(25.23±2.22)%、(19.97±1.96)%,说明旱伞草增加了阴极中厚壁菌门的比例,这可能与根系的泌氧行为有关.
变形菌门在抗生素和抗生素抗性基因去除中起着至关重要的作用[26],这可能是PCW-MFC对SDZ去除率高于NPCW- MFC的原因之一.厚壁菌门是参与生物脱氮过程的主要微生物之一[27],解释了PCW-MFC对TN去除率高的现象.变形菌门还被认为是电化学活性细菌,而厚壁菌门被认为在生物产电方面有着积极作用,这些微生物比例的提高说明产电性能得到了改善,这是PCW-MFC的产电量优于NPCW-MFC的原因[28].拟杆菌门在PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC的阴极层中均占有较高的比例,分别为(17.57±1.35)%和(19.97±1.96)%.拟杆菌门在生物除磷和有机物降解中发挥着重要作用[29],这与本文中观察到的COD和TP去除率高相一致.PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC阴极层中绿弯菌门的比例分别为(9.15±0.82)%和(17.15±1.98)%,绿弯菌门是典型的CO2固定微生物,大多数为自养型,PCW-MFC中绿弯菌门比例低是由于受到植物根系分泌物的影响,因植物根系提供了有机碳源,从而降低了自养微生物的比例.
属水平微生物群落组成分布如图6所示,norank_f_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17是PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC阴极中最丰富的属,分别占(14.05±1.02)%和(13.11±0.93)%,该属具有厌氧/兼性代谢和有机化合物降解能力,并且具有电活性[30].Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1(PCW-MFC中占(6.59±0.47)%;NPCW-MFC(4.94±0.31)%)能够分解含氮有机物,植物根系分泌物对Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1的相对丰度有积极的影响[31],PCW-MFC中种植了旱伞草,根际微环境的改变增加了其丰度.Turicibacter属于厚壁菌门,参与生物脱氮.阳极优势属包括Rhodanobacter(PCW-MFC和NPCW-MFC中的占比分别为(29.20±0.95)%和(0.09±0.02)%)、Methylocystis(占比(6.43±0.54)%和(8.16±0.83)%)、norank_f_Anaerolineaceae(占比(2.13±0.22)%和(11.44±0.48)%)和Dechloromonas(占比(6.14±1.09)%和(3.32±0.47)%).Rhodanobacter是一个反硝化细菌属,PCW-MFC中比例高,是TN去除率高的原因[32].
3.1 旱伞草的种植提高了污染物去除效果和发电性能.然而,废水中SDZ抑制了电化学活性菌的活性,导致平均输出电压和库仑效率下降.
3.2 微生物群落分析表明,旱伞草的种植显著影响了CW-MFC中微生物群落的多样性和丰富度,从而促进了污染物的去除和发电.
3.3 从实际推广应用角度看,CW-MFC在养猪废水处理中的实际应用还有待进一步研究,尤其是不同植物种植策略下的污染物去除和产电作用.
3.4 阐明植物对微生物群落的精确调控过程,以及抗生素对CW-MFC处理猪废水中微生物活性和/或微生物群落反应的抑制作用,对于该技术的实际推广应用至关重要.
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0349)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
基金
四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0349)
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    成都信息工程大学资源环境学院,四川 成都 610225

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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